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US20190269765A1 - Methods for treating pulmonary disease using inter-alpha inhibitor proteins - Google Patents

Methods for treating pulmonary disease using inter-alpha inhibitor proteins Download PDF

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Publication number
US20190269765A1
US20190269765A1 US16/331,408 US201716331408A US2019269765A1 US 20190269765 A1 US20190269765 A1 US 20190269765A1 US 201716331408 A US201716331408 A US 201716331408A US 2019269765 A1 US2019269765 A1 US 2019269765A1
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subject
pneumonia
lαl
pαl
lαlps
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Yow-Pin Lim
Denice Spero
Richard Andrews
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Prothera Biologics Inc
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Prothera Biologics Inc
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Assigned to PROTHERA BIOLOGICS, INC. reassignment PROTHERA BIOLOGICS, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: ANDREWS, RICHARD, LIM, YOW-PIN, SPERO, DENICE
Publication of US20190269765A1 publication Critical patent/US20190269765A1/en
Assigned to PROTHERA BIOLOGICS, INC. reassignment PROTHERA BIOLOGICS, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: LIM, YOW-PIN, ANDREWS, RICHARD, SPERO, DENICE
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/55—Protease inhibitors
    • A61K38/57—Protease inhibitors from animals; from humans
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/55—Protease inhibitors
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/0019—Injectable compositions; Intramuscular, intravenous, arterial, subcutaneous administration; Compositions to be administered through the skin in an invasive manner
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/81—Protease inhibitors
    • C07K14/8107—Endopeptidase (E.C. 3.4.21-99) inhibitors
    • C07K14/811—Serine protease (E.C. 3.4.21) inhibitors
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
    • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the treatment of acute pulmonary disease, including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and pneumonia.
  • ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome
  • ARDS Acute respiratory distress syndrome
  • ARDS Acute respiratory distress syndrome
  • Patients that have experienced trauma, hemorrhage, severe pneumonia, influenza, and/or sepsis are at risk of developing ARDS.
  • mortality from ARDS remains over 40%.
  • Each year over 100,000 people are estimated to die from complications of ARDS in the United States.
  • Pneumonia is a common but critical illness characterized by inflammation of the lungs, which most often results from an infection of the lungs. There are over 450 million reported cases of pneumonia and an estimated 4 million deaths resulting from pneumonia each year. Pneumonia is particularly severe among children, the elderly, and patients with chronic disease. Pneumonia can be further classified in terms of location of onset, such as community-acquired or hospital-acquired pneumonia. Community-acquired pneumonia occurs in approximately 1.3 million individuals in the United States each year.
  • ARDS and pneumonia The inflammatory process in the lung that is associated with ARDS and pneumonia is a major contributor to the progression of disease and its adverse outcomes.
  • Current therapy for ARDS and pneumonia focuses on treating the cause of the injury or disease, such as by administration of antibiotics for infection, and therapy also focuses on treating disease related symptoms, such as fluid accumulation and associated reductions in oxygen transport in the alveoli.
  • the invention features methods for treating and preventing acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and pneumonia in a subject in need thereof by administering inter-alpha inhibitor proteins (l ⁇ lps), for example, l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l, to the subject.
  • ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome
  • l ⁇ lps inter-alpha inhibitor proteins
  • the invention features a method of treating or reducing the likelihood of developing acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or pneumonia in a subject in need thereof including administering to the subject inter-alpha inhibitor proteins (l ⁇ lps).
  • ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome
  • l ⁇ lps inter-alpha inhibitor proteins
  • the l ⁇ lps include l ⁇ l, P ⁇ l, a heavy chain, a light chain, or a combination thereof.
  • the l ⁇ lps include l ⁇ l, P ⁇ l, and/or bikunin.
  • the l ⁇ lps include l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l.
  • the l ⁇ lps include l ⁇ l and P ⁇ l.
  • the heavy chain is selected from the group consisting of H1, H2, H3, H4, and H5.
  • the light chain is bikunin.
  • the ARDS or the pneumonia is caused by an infection caused by bacteria.
  • the bacteria are antibiotic resistant bacteria.
  • the method extends a treatment period prior to development of sepsis or organ failure in the subject, relative to an untreated subject.
  • the method includes treating one or more symptoms of the ARDS including mild, moderate or severe hypoxemia as determined by Partial Pressure of arterial oxygen/Fraction of inspired oxygen (PaO 2 /FiO 2 ) or positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), bilateral opacities, respiratory failure, shortness of breath, labored breathing, cough, fever, increased heart rate, low blood pressure, confusion, extreme tiredness, rapid breathing, organ failure, chest pain, bluish coloring of nails or lips, an change in the level of one or more inflammatory markers, or need for mechanical ventilation.
  • PaO 2 /FiO 2 Partial Pressure of arterial oxygen/Fraction of inspired oxygen
  • PEEP positive end-expiratory pressure
  • the one or more inflammatory markers is selected from the group consisting of TNF-alpha, IL-6, C5a, DAMPs, ERK, NF- ⁇ B, IL-10, and a serine protease and combinations thereof.
  • the change in the level of one or more inflammatory markers is an increase, e.g., relative to a healthy subject. In other embodiments, the change in the level of one or more inflammatory markers is a decrease, e.g., relative to a healthy subject.
  • the subject has one or more symptoms of ARDS including shortness of breath, cough, fever, rapid heart rate, low blood pressure, rapid breathing, chest pain, bluish coloring of nails, or bluish coloring of lips.
  • symptoms of ARDS including shortness of breath, cough, fever, rapid heart rate, low blood pressure, rapid breathing, chest pain, bluish coloring of nails, or bluish coloring of lips.
  • the ARDS is acute respiratory failure (ARF).
  • ARF acute respiratory failure
  • the ARDS results from sepsis, pneumonia, ventilation induced pneumonia, trauma, damage to the brain, a blood transfusion, babesiosis, lung contusion, lung transplant, aspiration of stomach contents, drug abuse, drug overdose, a burn, pancreatitis, near drowning, inhalation of chemical fumes, or administration of resuscitation fluid.
  • the chemical fumes are selected from the group consisting of smoke, phosgene, chlorine gas, acrolein, ammonia, ethylene oxide, formaldehyde, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen sulfide, methyl bromide, sodium azide, sulfur dioxide, cadmium fume, mercury fume, mustard gas, nickel carbonyl, oxides of nitrogen, ozone.
  • the ARDS results from sepsis.
  • the sepsis is infectious sepsis or sterile sepsis.
  • the resuscitation fluid includes colloid solutions.
  • the colloid solution includes hydroxyethyl starch solution.
  • the colloid solution includes albumin.
  • the trauma is acidosis.
  • the method includes treating one or more symptoms of the pneumonia including symptoms included in the CRB-65 test, the CURB-65 test, or the pneumonia severity index (PSI), cough, fever, shaking chills, shortness of breath, wheezing, chest pain, headache, excessive sweating, clammy skin, loss of appetite, low energy, fatigue, confusion, muscle pain, or muscle weakness.
  • PSI pneumonia severity index
  • the subject has one or more symptoms of pneumonia including cough, fever, shaking chills, shortness of breath, wheezing, chest pain, headache, excessive sweating, clammy skin, loss of appetite, low energy, fatigue, confusion, muscle pain, muscle weakness, or inflammation.
  • the pneumonia is hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), health care-associated pneumonia (HCAP), nursing home-acquired pneumonia (NHAP), ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), or community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).
  • HAP hospital-acquired pneumonia
  • HCAP health care-associated pneumonia
  • NHAP nursing home-acquired pneumonia
  • VAP ventilator-associated pneumonia
  • CAP community-acquired pneumonia
  • the CAP is severe CAP (sCAP).
  • the pneumonia results from an infection of lung tissue.
  • the infection is a bacterial infection, a viral infection, a fungal infection, a parasite infection, or an infection caused by another type of microorganism.
  • the bacterial infection is caused by an Enterobacteriaceae species (spp.), Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus anthracis, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bordetella pertussis, Moraxella catarrhalis, Coxiella burnetii, Chlamydophila pneumoniae , a L egionella spp., or Mycoplasma pneumoniae .
  • the Staphylococcus aureus is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
  • the Legionella species is Legionella pneumonophila .
  • the viral infection is caused by an influenza virus, parainfluenza, swine origin influenza, Respiratory syncytial virus, Human parainfluenza virus, an Adenovirus, a Metapneumovirus, Severe acute respiratory syndrome virus, herpes simplex virus (HSV), Varicella-zoster virus (VZV), measles virus, Rubella virus, Cytomegalovirus (CMV), smallpox virus, dengue virus, rhinovirus, bocavirus, or Middle East respiratory syndrome virus.
  • the influenza virus is an influenza virus A or an influenza virus B.
  • the fungal infection is caused by Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides immitis, Coccidioides posadasii, Pneumocystis jirovecii, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Sporothrix schenckii, Cryptococcus neoformans, Cryptococcus gattii, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis , a Candida spp., an Aspergillus spp., or a Mucor spp.
  • the symptoms e.g., of the ARDS or the pneumonia
  • the lung insult is or is caused by sepsis, pneumonia, ventilation-induced pneumonia, trauma, damage to the brain, a blood transfusion, babesiosis, lung contusion, lung transplant, aspiration of stomach contents, drug abuse, drug overdose, a burn, pancreatitis, near drowning, inhalation of chemical fumes, lung transplant, a large volume of fluid used during post-trauma resuscitation, or infection of lung tissue.
  • the lung insult is or is caused by sepsis.
  • the sepsis is infectious sepsis or sterile sepsis.
  • the chemical fumes are selected from the group consisting of smoke, phosgene, acrolein, ammonia, ethylene oxide, formaldehyde, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen sulfide, methyl bromide, sodium azide, sulfur dioxide, cadmium fume, mercury fume, mustard gas, nickel carbonyl, oxides of nitrogen, ozone or chlorine gas.
  • the method includes reducing inflammation and/or promoting repair in lung tissue.
  • the method includes reducing fluid in lung tissue.
  • the lung tissue is alveolar lung tissue.
  • the method includes administering l ⁇ lps to the subject prior to development of sepsis in the subject.
  • the method includes administering l ⁇ lps to the subject prior to organ failure in the subject.
  • the method includes measuring the levels of l ⁇ lps in a biological sample derived from the subject prior to administration of the l ⁇ lps. In some embodiments, the method includes measuring the levels of l ⁇ l, P ⁇ l, a heavy chain (e.g., H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, or combinations thereof), a light chain, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the method includes measuring the levels of l ⁇ l, P ⁇ l, and/or bikunin. In some embodiments, the method includes measuring the levels of l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l. In some embodiments, the method includes measuring the levels of l ⁇ l and P ⁇ l.
  • the method includes measuring the levels of l ⁇ l and P ⁇ l.
  • the method includes measuring the levels of histones or histone/l ⁇ l/P ⁇ l complexes in a biological sample derived from the subject.
  • the subject exhibits decreased levels of l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l relative to a healthy subject.
  • the level of l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l of a healthy subject is about 300 mg/L to about 1000 mg/L of circulating l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l.
  • the subject exhibits increased levels of histones relative to a healthy subject.
  • the subject exhibits increased levels of histone/l ⁇ l/P ⁇ l complexes relative to an untreated subject.
  • the method includes restoring or exceeding the level of l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l in the lung tissue of the subject to that of a healthy subject.
  • the level of l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l of a healthy subject is about 300 mg/L to about 1000 mg/L of circulating l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l.
  • the method includes administering a single dose or multiple doses of the l ⁇ lps sufficient to restore or exceed the level of the l ⁇ lps in the lung tissue of the subject.
  • the single dose includes about 1 mg/kg to about 50 mg/kg.
  • the method further includes measuring the level of one or more biomarkers associated with the ARDS or the pneumonia in a biological sample derived from the subject.
  • the one or more biomarkers include histone, histone/P ⁇ l complexes, histone/l ⁇ l complexes, histone l ⁇ l/P ⁇ l complexes, TNF- ⁇ , IL-6, IL-10, IL-1, IL-1ra, IL1B, IL-8, MCP-1, MIP-2, CRP, PCT, cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant/KC, UTI, a complement component, or fragments thereof.
  • the complement component is selected from the group consisting of C1, C2, C3, C3a, C3b, C4, C4b, C5, C5a, C5b, C6, C7, C8, C9, membrane attack complex, Factor B, Factor D, MASP-1, and MASP-2.
  • the biological sample derived from the subject is a blood sample, a urine sample, a sputum sample, or a bronchiolar lavage fluid sample.
  • the blood sample is whole blood, serum, plasma, or a combination thereof.
  • the method further includes administering a second treatment for the ARDS or the pneumonia.
  • the second treatment includes one or more of an antibiotic, an antiviral agent, an antifungal agent, an antiparasitic agent, an anti-inflammatory agent, a bronchodilator, a vasopressor, a sedative, or mechanical ventilation.
  • the method further includes administering an inhibitor of complement activation.
  • the method includes neutralization of histones and extracellular histones.
  • the administration of the l ⁇ lps inhibits activation of one or more complement components.
  • the complement components include C1, C2, C3, C3a, C3b, C4, C4b, C5, C5a, C5b, C6, C7, C8, C9, membrane attack complex, Factor B, Factor D, MASP-1, MASP-2, or fragments thereof.
  • the administration of the l ⁇ lps reduces the likelihood of death or hospitalization time for the subject.
  • the method includes administering a composition including l ⁇ lps (e.g., l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l). In some embodiments, the method includes administering a composition including l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l. In some embodiments, the method includes administering a composition including l ⁇ l and P ⁇ l. In some embodiments, the composition includes a dosage of l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l of about 1 mg/kg to about 50 mg/kg. In some embodiments, the composition includes a dosage of the l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l of about 5 mg/kg to about 15 mg/kg.
  • l ⁇ lps e.g., l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l
  • the method includes administering a composition including l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l. In some embodiments, the composition includes a dosage of l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l of about 1 mg/kg to about 50 mg/kg. In some embodiments, the composition includes a dosage of the l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇
  • the composition is administered to the subject one or more times every 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, or 24 hours, every 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6, days, or every 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks.
  • the composition further includes a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, diluent, or carrier.
  • the composition is formulated as a solid.
  • the composition is formulated as a liquid.
  • the composition is formulated for inhalation, insufflation, nebulization, or injection, or is formulated for oral, rectal, topical, or intraperitoneal administration.
  • the injection is intravenous injection.
  • the composition has a half-life of greater than 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 7.5, or 10 hours.
  • the composition further includes an antibiotic, an antiviral agent, an antifungal agent, an anti-parasitic agent, an anti-inflammatory agent, a vasopressor, a sedative, or a bronchodilator.
  • the antibiotic agent includes amoxicillin, penicillin, doxycycline, clarithromycin, benzylpenicillin, azithromycin, daptomycin, linezolid, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, gatifloxcin, gentamicin, macrolides, cephalosporins, azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, cefuroxime, amoxillin-potassium clavulanate, erythromycin, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, doxycycline monohydrate, cefepime, ampicillin, cefpodoxime, ceftriaxone, cefazolin, erythromycin ethylsuccinate, meropenem, piperacillin-tazobactam, amikacin, erythromycin stearate, cefepime in dextrose, doxycycline hyclate, ampicillin-sulbactam, cefta
  • the antiviral agent includes zanamivir, oseltamivir, permivir, ribavirin, acyclovir, ganciclovir, foscarnet, or cidofovir.
  • the antifungal agent includes amphotericin, caspofungin, voriconazole, itraconazole, posaconazole, fluconazole, or flucytosine.
  • the antiparasitic agent includes nitazoxanide, melarsoprol, eflornithine, metronidazole, tinidazole, miltefosine, mebendazole, pyrantel pamoate, thiabendazole, diethylcarbamazine, ivermectin, albendazole, praziquantel, or rifampin.
  • the anti-inflammatory agent includes a corticosteroid, a statin, a steroid, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, or a glucocorticoid.
  • the bronchodilator includes a beta 2 agonist, a xanthine, ipratropium, oxitropium, a muscarinic receptor antagonist, ipratropium, oxitropium, theophylline, theobromine, caffeine, salbutamol, isoproterenol, albuterol, levalburerol, pirbuterol, metaproterenol, terbutaline, salmeterol, or formoterol.
  • the vasopressor includes epinephrine, isoproterenol, phenylephrine, norepinephrine, dobutamine, ephedrine, or droxidopa.
  • the sedative includes propofol, diprivan, morphine, fentanyl, midazolam, lorazepam, precede, infumorph, dexmedetomidine, or alfentanil.
  • the composition further includes an inhibitor of complement activation.
  • the composition inhibits activation of one or more complement components.
  • the complement components include C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, or fragments thereof.
  • the subject is a mammal.
  • the mammal is human.
  • the human is an infant, a child, or an adult.
  • the subject is a child or is an adult at or above the age of 65 years old.
  • the mammal is a horse, a dog, a cat, a rabbit, or a pig.
  • the subject has the ARDS or the pneumonia.
  • the subject is not hospitalized. In other embodiments, the subject is hospitalized. In some embodiments, the subject is in an intensive care unit.
  • the subject requires ventilator-assisted breathing.
  • the ventilator-assisted breathing is mechanical ventilator-assisted breathing.
  • the mechanical ventilator-assisted breathing is invasive mechanical ventilator-assisted breathing.
  • the mechanical ventilator-assisted breathing is non-invasive mechanical ventilator-assisted breathing.
  • the mechanical ventilator-assisted breathing is pressure-limited or volume-limited.
  • the subject has one or more organ failures. In some embodiments, the subject has two or more organ failures. In some embodiments, the subject has failures of the liver failure, kidney, intestine, heart, or brain. In some embodiments, the subject has respiratory failure.
  • the subject is identified as being in need of treatment using one or more of the following: chest imaging, arterial blood gas level, partial pressure of oxygen (PaO 2 ) levels, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO 2 ) levels, blood pH, pathogen specific test, or sputum evaluation.
  • the chest imaging is chest X-ray.
  • the subject is identified as having mild, moderate or severe hypoxemia as determined by PaO 2 /FiO 2 or positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP).
  • PEEP positive end-expiratory pressure
  • the subject is identified as having bilateral opacities consistent with edema.
  • the subject is identified as having confusion, blood urea nitrogen being equal to one more than 20 mg/dL, respiratory rate being equal to or greater than 30 breaths per minute, systolic blood pressure being less than 90 mm Hg, diastolic blood pressure being equal to or less than 60 mm Hg, or is 65 or older.
  • the subject is identified as being a nursing home resident; having neoplastic disease; having a history of liver, heart, cerebrovascular, or renal disease; being in a state of altered mental state; having a respiratory rate greater than or equal to 30 breaths per minute; having a systolic blood pressure above 90 mmHg, having a temperature above 35° C.
  • the administration of the l ⁇ lps reduces the physiological response to inflammatory mediators such as cytokines, chemokines, complement, or histones.
  • the subject has undergone a lung transplant. In some embodiments, the subject is scheduled to undergo a lung transplant.
  • the method includes administering the l ⁇ lps (e.g., l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l) to the subject at least 10, 15, 20, 30, 60, or 120 minutes after a lung insult.
  • the lung insult occurs as a result of radiation treatment, chemotherapy, or exposure to high altitude, swimming, or diving.
  • the method includes administering the l ⁇ lps (e.g., l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l) to the subject at least 10, 15, 20, 30, 60, or 120 minutes before a lung insult.
  • the lung insult occurs as a result of surgery.
  • the l ⁇ lps (e.g., l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l) are administered at physiological proportions.
  • the l ⁇ lps are at about 80% to about 100% purity (e.g., about 80%, about 81%, about 82%, about 83%, about 84%, about 85%, about 86%, about 87%, about 88%, about 89%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 100% purity).
  • ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome
  • ARDS refers to an acute form of lung injury characterized by widespread inflammation of the lungs that may include, for example, diffuse alveolar injury, surfactant dysfunction, an innate immune response, and/or abnormal coagulation.
  • ARDS is also typically characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates and severe hypoxemia in the absence of evidence for cardiogenic pulmonary edema.
  • the severity of hypoxemia necessary to make the diagnosis of ARDS can be defined by the ratio of the partial pressure of oxygen in the patient's arterial blood (PaO 2 ) to the fraction of oxygen in the inspired air (FiO 2 ) (PaO 2 /FiO 2 ).
  • a definition of ARDS depends on the relationship of the timing of the onset of clinical symptoms to the lung injury, radiographic changes, origin of edema, and severity of the symptoms based on the measurement of PaO 2 /FiO 2 ratio on 5 cm of H 2 O continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP).
  • CPAP continuous positive airway pressure
  • ARDS The American-European Consensus Conference on ARDS (AECC) classified ARDS in terms of a PaO 2 /FiO 2 ratio of less than 200 mm Hg, whereas acute lung injury (ALI), which is less severe than ARDS, was characterized by a PaO 2 /FiO 2 of less than 300 mm Hg (Bernard et al., Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 143(3 Pt 1):818-824, 1994). It is to be understood that the term “ARDS” encompasses any suitable clinical definition for ARDS known in the art, including the 2012 Berlin definition or the 1994 AECC definition.
  • acute respiratory failure refers to a condition in which fluid builds up in the air sacs of the lung, thereby reducing the release of oxygen into the blood stream (hypoxemia) and removal of CO 2 (hypercapnia) and leading to a hypoxic condition in the subject.
  • the hypoxic condition can reduce oxygen delivery to organs, which can result in organ failure.
  • Failure to remove CO 2 from blood can result in respiratory acidosis characterized by an increase in blood pH.
  • CAP communicated pneumonia
  • community-acquired pneumonia or “CAP” refers to pneumonia acquired by a patient outside a hospital or long-term care facility. While CAP can occur in a patient of any age, CAP is typically considered a disease predominantly of the elderly, with incidence rising steeply above about 70 years of age. In patients above 65 years of age, CAP can be associated with more severe disease and fewer of the classical symptoms such as fever and chest pain as compared to younger patients. CAP-associated mortality is greatest within about the first 5 days of hospitalization.
  • complement activation refers to the activation of complement components that react with one another to induce a series of inflammatory responses that help to fight infection.
  • the complement system activates through a triggered-enzyme cascade.
  • complement components refers to complement system proteins in the classical pathway, lectin pathway, and the alternate complement pathways, including but not limited to C1, C2, C3 (e.g., C3a and C3b), C4 (e.g., C4b), C5 (e.g., C5a and C5b), C6, C7, C8, C9, membrane attack complex, Factor B, Factor D, mannan-binding lectin associated serine protease 1 (MASP-1), and MASP-2, and fragments thereof.
  • C1, C2, C3 e.g., C3a and C3b
  • C4 e.g., C4b
  • C5 e.g., C5a and C5b
  • C6, C7, C8, C9 membrane attack complex
  • MASP-1 mannan-binding lectin associated serine protease 1
  • MASP-2 mannan-binding lectin associated serine protease 1
  • HCAP health care-associated pneumonia
  • NHAP nursing home or long-term care facility
  • NHAP nursing home-acquired pneumonia
  • chemotherapy chemotherapy
  • wound care within about 30 days of onset of pneumonia.
  • NHAP is currently the largest subgroup of HCAP.
  • NHAP is associated with a relatively high mortality rate, which may in part be due to the fact that patients are typically older, have greater comorbidity, and more severe functional impairment than a typical CAP patient.
  • hospital-acquired pneumonia refers to a pneumonia contracted by a patient while present in a medical facility such as a hospital. Hospital-acquired pneumonia may be contracted by a patient, for example, at least about 48-72 hours after being admitted to a hospital.
  • inter-alpha inhibitor proteins refers to large, multi-component glycoproteins in a family of structurally related serine protease inhibitors. l ⁇ lps have been shown to be important in the inhibition of an array of proteases including neutrophil elastase, plasmin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, Granzyme K, preprotein convertase, furin, cathepsin G, and acrosin. In human plasma, l ⁇ lps are found at relatively high concentrations (400-800 mg/L).
  • this family of inhibitors typically includes a combination of polypeptide chains (light and heavy chains) covalently linked by a chondroitin sulfate chain.
  • the heavy chains of l ⁇ lps (H1, H2, and H3) are also called hyaluronic acid (HA) binding proteins.
  • the major forms of l ⁇ lps found in human plasma are inter-alpha-inhibitor (l ⁇ l), which contains two heavy chains (H1 and H2) and a single light chain (L), and pre-alpha-inhibitor (P ⁇ l), which contains one heavy (H3) and one light chain (L).
  • Another l ⁇ lp is the light chain (also termed bikunin (bi-kunitz inhibitor) with two Kunitz domains), which is known to broadly inhibit plasma serine proteases.
  • Another l ⁇ lp is the heavy chain-related molecule H4, which circulates in the blood without linkage to bikunin.
  • Yet another l ⁇ lp is the heavy chain-related molecule H5.
  • l ⁇ l and P ⁇ l present in the plasma fraction have an apparent molecular weight of between about 60 kDa to about 280 kDa.
  • the term “pneumonia” refers to an inflammatory condition in the lung which is the result of an infection caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other microorganisms such as parasites (e.g., protozoan parasites). Pneumonia is typically diagnosed with chest X-rays, by clinical assessments, sputum culture, and/or blood culture. In a patient having pneumonia, the air sacs fill with fluid (e.g., pus) and may become solid. The infection and related inflammation may affect both lungs, one lung, or only certain lobes of a lung.
  • fluid e.g., pus
  • pneumonia encompasses any suitable clinical definition or classification of pneumonia known in the art, for example, the CRB-65 criteria, CURB-65 criteria (see, e.g., Lim et al., Thorax 58(5):377-382, 2003) or the pneumonia severity index (PSI) (see, e.g., Fine et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 336(4):243-250, 1997). These criteria are also described in Wente et al. Respiratory Medicine 109:157-169, 2015, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • pneumonia encompasses any suitable type of pneumonia, including but not limited to hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), health care-associated pneumonia (HCAP), nursing home-acquired pneumonia (NHAP), ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), and community acquired pneumonia (CAP), including severe CAP (sCAP).
  • HAP hospital-acquired pneumonia
  • HCAP health care-associated pneumonia
  • NHAP nursing home-acquired pneumonia
  • VAP ventilator-associated pneumonia
  • CAP community acquired pneumonia
  • sCAP severe CAP
  • reducing fluid in lung tissue refers to a decrease in the volume of fluid in the lungs using, e.g., a method such as aspiration, administration of a therapeutic (e.g., a diuretic or a heart medication), or surgery to reduce excess fluid in lungs.
  • the reduction may be relative to a reference or a control treatment (e.g., a placebo or a reference therapeutic agent).
  • the reduction may also be relative to a volume of fluid in a subject prior to onset of treatment, or at a time point following treatment.
  • the phrase “reducing the likelihood of developing” refers to prophylactic treatment of a patient who susceptible to, or otherwise at risk of, a particular disease, syndrome, or condition (e.g., the conditions described herein, such as acute pulmonary disease (e.g., ARDS or pneumonia)) or is at risk of a current disease, syndrome, or condition increasing in its degree of severity, for example, a patient having CAP who is at risk of progressing to severe community acquired pneumonia (sCAP).
  • a particular disease, syndrome, or condition e.g., the conditions described herein, such as acute pulmonary disease (e.g., ARDS or pneumonia)
  • a current disease, syndrome, or condition increasing in its degree of severity
  • sCAP severe community acquired pneumonia
  • the term “respiratory failure” refers to a condition resulting from inadequate gas exchange by the respiratory system in which insufficient oxygen passes from the lungs into blood and CO 2 is expelled.
  • the term “sepsis” refers to a systemic response to an infection (referred to herein as “infectious sepsis”) or to a non-infectious process associated with acute tissue injury and innate immune activation (referred to interchangeably herein as “sterile inflammation” or “sterile sepsis”), which can lead to tissue damage, organ failure, and death.
  • Infectious sepsis can result from an infection caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other microorganisms such as parasites (e.g., protozoan parasites).
  • Sterile sepsis can occur after hemorrhagic shock, polytrauma, pancreatitis, transplant rejection, autoimmune disease, or ischemia/reperfusion and is not associated with the presence of a known infection.
  • sCAP severe community acquired pneumonia
  • sCAP refers to a type of CAP wherein the patients require admission to the intensive care unit.
  • a patient with sCAP may have septic shock and/or acute respiratory failure, which may require intubation and mechanical ventilation.
  • the term “subject” refers to a mammal, including, but not limited to, a human or non-human mammal, such as a primate, bovine, equine, porcine, ovine, feline, or canine.
  • the subject may be a patient.
  • treating refers to reducing or ameliorating a disorder and/or symptoms associated therewith. It will be appreciated that, although not precluded, treating a disorder or condition does not require that the disorder or symptoms associated therewith be completely eliminated.
  • ventilator-assisted breathing refers to non-spontaneous breathing through the assistance of a machine that assists the patient to exchange O 2 and CO 2 in the lungs.
  • VAP ventilator-associated pneumonia
  • the invention features methods of treating subjects having or at risk of ARDS and/or pneumonia and methods of reducing the likelihood of progression of a disease (e.g., ARDS and/or pneumonia) in a subject in need thereof by administering inter-alpha inhibitor proteins (I ⁇ lps), for example, l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l, to the subject.
  • I ⁇ lps inter-alpha inhibitor proteins
  • the invention provides methods of treating subjects that present with ARDS, pneumonia, or symptoms thereof.
  • the invention also provides methods of reducing the likelihood of developing ARDS or pneumonia in subjects that are susceptible or prone to developing ARDS or pneumonia, for example, due to a predisposition or an expected insult, such as physical trauma or exposure to an infective agent.
  • Subjects suitable for treatment using the methods of the invention are those identified as having ARDS or pneumonia. These subjects may be further diagnosed as having a subcategory of ARDS or pneumonia.
  • a subject that has ARDS may have, for example, acute respiratory failure (ARF).
  • a subject that has pneumonia may have, for example, hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), healthcare-associated pneumonia (HCAP), ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), nursing home-associated pneumonia (NHAP), or community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), such as severe community-acquired pneumonia (sCAP).
  • HAP hospital-acquired pneumonia
  • HCAP healthcare-associated pneumonia
  • VAP ventilator-associated pneumonia
  • NHAP nursing home-associated pneumonia
  • CAP community-acquired pneumonia
  • sCAP severe community-acquired pneumonia
  • a subject may have clinical, specific, or non-specific symptoms or signs of ARDS or pneumonia.
  • clinical symptoms of ARDS include one or more of the following: the presence of dyspnea; tachypnea; hypoxemia; respiratory failure; presentation with a ratio of partial pressure of arterial oxygen to fraction of inspired oxygen (PaO 2 /FiO 2 ) of about 300 mm Hg or less (e.g., about 300 mm Hg, about 250 mm Hg, about 225 mm Hg, about 200 mm Hg, about 175 mm Hg, about 150 mm Hg, about 125 mm Hg, about 100 mm Hg, about 75 mm Hg, or about 50 mm Hg); the presence of unilateral or bilateral infiltrates on frontal chest radiograph; a measured level of pulmonary artery wedge pressure of 18 mm Hg or less, or no clinical evidence of left atrial hypertension.
  • Additional non-limiting examples of ARDS symptoms include shortness of breath (e.g., severe shortness of breath
  • a medical professional may diagnose clinical pneumonia to determine if the subject is suitable for treatment using the methods of this invention by assessing the subject using the parameters included in CRB-65 criteria, the CURB-65 criteria and/or the pneumonia severity index (PSI). These criteria are described, for example, in Welte et al. Respiratory Medicine 109:157-169, 2015; see, e.g., Table 2.
  • the parameters assessed in the CRB-65 criteria include one or more of the following: confusion, respiratory rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and age.
  • the subject scores one point each for the presence of the following clinical factors: confusion (defined as an abbreviated mental test score (AMTS) of 8 or less), respiratory rate being equal to or greater than 30 breaths per minute, systolic blood pressure being less than 90 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure being equal to or less than 60 mm Hg, and being 65 years of age or older.
  • AMD abbreviated mental test score
  • the physician can determine the severity of pneumonia, with a score of 1 being the least severe form of pneumonia and a score of 4 being the most severe form of pneumonia.
  • the parameters assessed in the CURB-65 criteria include one or more of the following: confusion, blood urea nitrogen level, respiratory rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and age.
  • the subject scores one point each for the presence of the following clinical factors: confusion (defined as an abbreviated mental test score (AMTS) of 8 or less), blood urea nitrogen greater than 7 mmol/l, respiratory rate being equal to or greater than 30 breaths per minute, systolic blood pressure being less than 90 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure being equal to or less than 60 mm Hg, and being 65 years of age or older.
  • AMD abbreviated mental test score
  • the physician can determine the severity of pneumonia, with a score of 1 being the least severe form of pneumonia and a score of 5 being the most severe form of pneumonia.
  • the PSI factors may also be used to diagnose pneumonia and to determine its severity.
  • the PSI index includes a total of 20 parameters (3 demographic, 5 comorbid conditions, 5 physical examination findings, and 7 laboratory or imaging variables). Any combination of the PSI factors may be used to diagnose pneumonia and/or determine its severity.
  • Non-limiting examples of PSI factors that increase the severity of pneumonia include being a nursing home resident, being under 5 years of age, having neoplastic disease, having a history of disease (e.g., liver disease, congestive heart failure, cerebrovascular disease, or renal disease), being in an altered mental state, and laboratory findings (e.g., one or more of a respiratory rate greater than or equal to 30 breaths per minute, systolic blood pressure above 90 mmHg, temperature above 35° C.
  • a medical professional may use the severity criteria developed by the American Thoracic Society (ATS) to diagnose sCAP.
  • ATS factors that increase the severity of community acquired pneumonia are having a respiratory rate above 30 breaths per minute, a PaO 2 /FiO 2 equal to or above 250 mm Hg, multilobar infiltrates, confusion and/or disorientation, uremia (e.g., BUN level greater than or equal to 20 mg/dL), leukopenia (e.g., WBC count of less than 4 ⁇ 10 9 cells/L), thrombocytopenia (e.g., platelet count being less than 100 ⁇ 10 9 cells), hypothermia (e.g., core temperature being less than 36° C.), hypotension, receiving invasive mechanical ventilation, or being in need of vasopressors.
  • uremia e.g., BUN level greater than or equal to 20 mg/dL
  • leukopenia e.g., WBC count of less than 4 ⁇ 10 9 cells/L
  • a subject may be diagnosed as having pneumonia based on the presence of one or more additional symptoms.
  • additional symptoms of pneumonia include one or more of cough, fever, shaking chills, shortness of breath, wheezing, chest pain (e.g. stabbing chest pain that gets worse when the subject breathes deeply, or when the subject coughs), headache, excessive sweating, clammy skin, loss of appetite, low energy (e.g., fatigue), confusion, muscle pain, or muscle weakness.
  • clinical diagnostic tools may also be used to diagnose ARDS and pneumonia in a subject.
  • Non-limiting examples of such clinical diagnostic tools include one or more of chest X-ray, arterial blood gas level, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO 2 ) level, blood pH, sputum evaluation, bronchoscopy, and others known in the art.
  • PaCO 2 partial pressure of carbon dioxide
  • the underlying physiological reason causing the subject to develop ARDS or pneumonia may be an infection (e.g., a bacterial infection, a viral infection, a fungal infection, or an infection by another type of microorganism (e.g., a parasite, such as a protozoan parasite)).
  • an infection e.g., a bacterial infection, a viral infection, a fungal infection, or an infection by another type of microorganism (e.g., a parasite, such as a protozoan parasite)).
  • a parasite such as a protozoan parasite
  • Determining the type of microorganism that is causing the infection associated with ARDS or pneumonia can be useful, as the type of treatment(s), for example, type of therapeutic agent (e.g., antibiotic agent) suitable for the subject may be determined accordingly.
  • type of therapeutic agent e.g., antibiotic agent
  • Non-limiting examples of bacteria that can cause a bacterial infection that may lead to, exacerbate, or occur as a result of ARDS or pneumonia include, e.g., Enterobacteriaceae species (spp.), Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus (e.g., methicillin-resistant S.
  • MRSA Bacillus anthracis
  • Haemophilus influenzae Haemophilus influenzae
  • Klebsiella pneumoniae Escherichia coli
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bordetella pertussis
  • Moraxella catarrhalis Coxiella burnetii
  • Chlamydophila pneumoniae Mycoplasma pneumoniae
  • Legionella spp. Legionella pneumophila
  • gram negative bacteria gram positive bacteria
  • Cardiac disease, cerebrovascular disease, age of greater than 65 years, and nursing home residency have been shown to be independent risk factors for infection by Enterobacteriaceae .
  • the bacteria causing an infection can be sensitive to common antibiotics or can be antibiotic-resistant. In some cases, relatively uncommon pathogens such as gram negative bacteria and MRSA may be resistant to first-line empirical antibiotic treatment.
  • Non-limiting examples of antibiotic-resistant bacteria include Clostridium difficile , carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae , multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter , drug-resistant Campylobacter , fluconazole-resistant Candida , extended spectrum Enterobacteriaceae , vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus , multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa , drug-resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella , drug-resistant Salmonella serotype typhi, drug-resistant Shigella , methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae , drug-resistant Tuberculosis, vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus , erythromycin-resistant Group A Streptococcus , and clindamycin-resistant Group B Streptococcus.
  • MRSA methicillin-resistant Sta
  • Non-limiting examples of viruses that can cause a viral infection that may lead to, exacerbate, or occur as a result of ARDS or pneumonia include, e.g., Influenza virus A, Influenza virus B, parainfluenza, swine origin influenza, Respiratory syncytial virus, Human parainfluenza viruses, Adenoviruses, Metapneumovirus, Severe acute respiratory syndrome virus, herpes simplex virus (HSV), Varicella-zoster virus (VZV), measles virus, Rubella virus, Cytomegalovirus (CMV), smallpox virus, dengue virus, rhinovirus, bocavirus, Middle East respiratory syndrome virus, and others known in the art.
  • Influenza virus A Influenza virus B
  • parainfluenza parainfluenza
  • swine origin influenza Respiratory syncytial virus
  • Human parainfluenza viruses Adenoviruses
  • Metapneumovirus Severe acute respiratory syndrome virus
  • HSV herpes
  • Determining the kind of virus that is causing the infection associated with ARDS or pneumonia can be important as the type of treatment (e.g., the antiviral agent) suitable for the subject may be determined accordingly.
  • Mortality due to viral pneumonia may be similar to that associated with bacterial pneumonia.
  • Non-limiting examples of fungi that can cause a fungal infection that may lead to, exacerbate, or occur as a result of ARDS or pneumonia include Candida spp. (e.g., Candida albicans ), Aspergillus spp., Mucor spp., Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides immitis, Coccidioides posadasii, Pneumocystis jirovecii, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Sporothrix schenckii, Cryptococcus neoformans, Cryptococcus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Aspergillus species, Mucor species and others known in the art.
  • Candida spp. e.g., Candida albicans
  • Aspergillus spp. e.g., Mucor spp.
  • Histoplasma capsulatum e.g., Coccidioides immitis, Coccidioides posa
  • Determining the kind of fungus that is causing the infection associated with ARDS or pneumonia can be important as the type of treatment (e.g., the type of antifungal agent) suitable for the subject may be determined accordingly.
  • Subjects that have not yet developed ARDS or pneumonia, but that might be susceptible to developing ARDS or pneumonia due to an expected insult are also suitable for treatment using the methods of this invention.
  • Non-limiting examples of such subjects are those who have undergone a lung transplant or are scheduled to undergo a lung transplant.
  • the subject to be treated according to the methods described herein is a mammal, such as a human (e.g., an infant, a child, or an adult human).
  • the subject may also be a non-human mammal, such as a horse, a dog, a cat, a rabbit, or a pig.
  • the subject may be hospitalized (e.g., in an intensive care unit).
  • the subject may be stable, and thus treatable in an outpatient clinic or in their home.
  • the subject may have spontaneous breathing that is inadequate to maintain life. Such subjects may require artificial ventilation in order to assist with or to replace spontaneous breathing.
  • This may involve treatment with a mechanical ventilator.
  • a mechanical ventilator may operate in two different modes. The first mode is positive pressure ventilation, where air is pushed into the trachea of the subject. The second mode is negative pressure ventilation, where air is sucked into the lungs.
  • a mechanical ventilator operating in either the first mode or the second mode can be used in the context of the invention.
  • the mechanical ventilator-assisted breathing may be pressure-limited or volume-limited. Treatment with a mechanical ventilator may occur before or after treatment of the subject with an l ⁇ lp (e.g., l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l) according to the methods of treatment described below.
  • ARDS or pneumonia can lead to organ failure and sepsis.
  • the sepsis may be infectious sepsis or sterile sepsis.
  • Sterile sepsis can also lead to ARDS and organ failure.
  • Noninfectious stimuli including mechanical trauma, ischemia, toxins, minerals, crystals, chemicals, and antigens can trigger inflammation resulting in sterile sepsis.
  • Organ failure involves organ dysfunction to such a degree that normal homeostasis cannot be maintained without external clinical intervention.
  • the organ failure may involve liver failure, kidney failure, intestine failure, heart failure, or brain failure, for example.
  • the subject may have respiratory failure.
  • a subject having ARDS or pneumonia that develops organ failure or sepsis can be treated by administering l ⁇ lps (e.g., l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l) and/or a composition that includes l ⁇ lps (e.g., l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l) according to the methods described herein.
  • l ⁇ lps e.g., l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l
  • a composition that includes l ⁇ lps e.g., l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l
  • subjects suitable for treatment using the methods of the invention include subjects with an acute lung injury or insult that develops into ARDS or pneumonia.
  • insults or injuries include sepsis (including infectious sepsis and sterile sepsis), systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), pneumonia, ventilation-induced pneumonia, trauma, a blood transfusion, babesiosis, lung contusion, aspiration of stomach contents, drug abuse, drug overdose, a burn, pancreatitis, near drowning, inhalation of a chemical agent (e.g., chemical fumes, for example, chemical fumes selected from the group consisting of smoke, phosgene, acrolein, ammonia, ethylene oxide, formaldehyde, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen sulfide, methyl bromide, sodium azide, sulfur dioxide, cadmium fume, mercury fume, mustard gas, nickel carbonyl, oxides of nitrogen, ozone and chlorine gas), lung transplant, administration of a chemical agent (
  • Each of the subjects identified above as having an acute lung injury or insult, such as ARDS or pneumonia, or likely to develop an acute lung injury or insult, and those that subsequently develop other conditions, such as sepsis (e.g., infectious sepsis or sterile sepsis), can be treated by the methods of the invention.
  • the methods of the invention involve administering inter-alpha inhibitor proteins (l ⁇ lps) (e.g., inter-alpha inhibitor (l ⁇ l) and/or pre-alpha inhibitor (P ⁇ l)) or a composition containing l ⁇ lps (e.g., l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l) to a subject having ARDS or pneumonia, a subject likely to develop ARDS or pneumonia, a subject with sterile sepsis associated with ARDS, or a subject having sepsis (e.g., infectious sepsis or sterile sepsis) associated with ARDS or pneumonia.
  • l ⁇ lps can be administered to a subject having or likely to develop acute respiratory failure (ARF).
  • ARF acute respiratory failure
  • ARDS can include the 2012 Berlin definition or the 1994 AECC definition.
  • Pneumonia can include hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), healthcare-associated pneumonia (HCAP), nursing home-acquired pneumonia (NHAP), ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), such as severe community acquired pneumonia (sCAP).
  • HAP hospital-acquired pneumonia
  • HCAP healthcare-associated pneumonia
  • NHAP nursing home-acquired pneumonia
  • VAP ventilator-associated pneumonia
  • CAP community-acquired pneumonia
  • Subjects in need of treatment can be identified using the clinical and symptomatic criteria described herein, or other approaches known in the art.
  • the methods of the invention can extend the period that the subject can be treated prior to developing sepsis (including infectious sepsis or sterile sepsis), SIRS, or organ failure, thereby prolonging the life span of the subject and/or the treatment window for the subject; for example, by minutes (e.g., 30 to 60 minutes or more), hours (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, or 24 hours or more), days (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 days or more), or weeks (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4 or more weeks).
  • minutes e.g., 30 to 60 minutes or more
  • hours e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, or 24 hours or more
  • days e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 days or more
  • weeks e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4 or more weeks.
  • the methods may reduce the hospitalization time of the subject (e.g., by 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or more).
  • the patient may be discharged from the hospital 1-10 hours, 1-7 days, or 1-2 weeks sooner than a patient that is not treated with l ⁇ lps.
  • the methods can reduce the likelihood of death of the subject (e.g., by 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or more), relative to an untreated subject having the same condition.
  • the methods can include predicting a response to treatment by l ⁇ lps (e.g., l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l) that includes assaying a sample obtained from a subject to detect the level of l ⁇ lps. Any suitable approach to determine the level of l ⁇ lps may be used, for example, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), western blotting, or mass spectrometry.
  • ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
  • the subject in need of treatment can be identified as having decreased levels of l ⁇ lps (e.g., l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l) as compared to a healthy subject. Measuring the levels of the l ⁇ lps allows for identification of a subject that may respond favorably to administration of l ⁇ lps (e.g., l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l) and/or compositions thereof.
  • the methods of treating and reducing the likelihood of developing ARDS and/or pneumonia can include restoring the levels of l ⁇ lps (e.g., l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l) in the lung tissue of a subject to a level corresponding to that of a healthy subject.
  • a healthy subject may be one that does not have ARDS (e.g., ARF) or pneumonia (e.g., CAP (e.g., sCAP), HAP, HCAP, VAP, or NHAP).
  • the dose of l ⁇ lps (e.g., l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l) administered to a subject can be sufficient to restore the level of l ⁇ lps (e.g., l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l) to the level of a healthy subject.
  • the methods can also include administering l ⁇ lps (e.g., l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l) to a level that exceeds that of a healthy subject.
  • the level of l ⁇ l or P ⁇ l of a healthy subject is about 500 mg/L to about 1200 mg/L (e.g., about 500 mg/L, about 600 mg/L, about 700 mg/L, about 800 mg/L, about 900 mg/L, about 1000 mg/L, about 1100 mg/L, or about 1200 mg/L) of circulating l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l.
  • a subject may also be identified as having ARDS or pneumonia or in need of treatment for ARDS and/or pneumonia by detecting the level of one or more biomarkers associated with ARDS and/or pneumonia.
  • the method may include measuring the level of one or more biomarkers selected from l ⁇ lps (e.g., l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l), histone (e.g., extracellular histone), histone/P ⁇ l, histone/l ⁇ l, histone l ⁇ l/P ⁇ l complexes, TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-10, IL-1, IL-1ra, IL1B, IL-8, MCP-1, MIP-2, C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT), cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant/KC, UTI, complement components (e.g., C1, C2, C3 (e.g., C3a and C3b), C4 (e.g., C4b), C5 (e.
  • the level of one or more biomarkers selected from l ⁇ lps e.g., l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l
  • histone e.g., extracellular histone
  • histone/P ⁇ l histone/l ⁇ l
  • histone l ⁇ l/P ⁇ l complexes TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-10, IL-1, IL-1ra, IL1B, IL-2, IL-4, IL-8, IL-15
  • MCP-1, MIP-2, CRP, PCT cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant/KC
  • complement components e.g., C1, C2, C3 (e.g., C3a and C3b), C4 (e.g., C4b), C5 (e.g., C5a and C5b), C6, C7, C8, C9, membrane attack complex, Factor B, Factor D, MASP-1, and MASP-2), or fragments thereof
  • biomarkers associated with ARDS are known in the art. Exemplary, non-limiting levels of biomarkers associated with ARDS, which may be indicative of the presence and/or severity of ARDS, are provided by Tzouvelekis et al., Respir. Res. 6(1):62, 2005, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • the level of TNF-alpha associated with ARDS may be about 400 pg/ml or greater.
  • the level of IL-1 B associated with ARDS can be about 400 pg/ml or greater.
  • the level of IL-2 associated with ARDS can be about 200 pg/ml or greater. In other instances, the level of IL-2 associated with ARDS can be about 173 pg/ml or greater (see, e.g., Agouridakis et al., Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 32(11):862-7, 2002).
  • the level of IL-4 associated with ARDS can be about 200 pg/ml or greater.
  • the level of IL-6 associated with ARDS can be about 400 pg/ml or greater.
  • the level of IL-8 associated with ARDS can be about 400 pg/ml or greater.
  • the level of IL-15 associated with ARDS can be about 250 pg/ml or greater.
  • the level of a biomarker for ARDS can be measured in any suitable biological sample, for example, blood (e.g., whole blood, plasma, or serum), bronchial lavage fluid (BALF), sputum, urine, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), a tissue biopsy, and the like. Any of the preceding levels may be a plasma level.
  • the level of one or more biomarkers selected from l ⁇ lps e.g., l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l
  • histone e.g., extracellular histone
  • histone/P ⁇ l histone/l ⁇ l
  • histone l ⁇ l/P ⁇ l complexes TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-10, IL-1, IL-1ra, IL1B, IL-8, MCP-1, MIP-2, CRP
  • procalcitonin PCT
  • cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant/KC UTI
  • complement components e.g., C1, C2, C3 (e.g., C3a and C3b), C4 (e.g., C4b), C5 (e.g., C5a and C5b), C6, C7, C8, C9, membrane attack complex, Factor B, Factor D,
  • MASP-1, and MASP-2 may be changed (e.g., increased or decreased) relative to a reference level.
  • Appropriate levels for biomarkers associated with pneumonia are known in the art. Exemplary, non-limiting levels of biomarkers associated with pneumonia (e.g., CAP or sCAP), which may be indicative of the presence and/or severity of pneumonia, are provided by Seligman et al., Clinics 67(11):1321-1325, 2012 and Mira et al., Crit. Care. 12(Suppl. 6):S5, 2008, which are incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • Levels of l ⁇ lps associated with sepsis whose cause of sepsis is CAP are provided by Opal et al., Crit. Care Med. 2007; 35(2); 387-392, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • the level of PCT in healthy patients is usually undetectable or low, and is typically less than 0.1 ng/ml in serum.
  • the level of PCT associated with pneumonia may be, for example, greater than about 0.1 ng/ml, e.g., from about 0.1 ng/ml to about 2 ng/ml.
  • the level of PCT may be greater than about 2 ng/ml (e.g., about 2 ng/ml, about 3 ng/ml, about 4 ng/ml, about 5 ng/ml, about 10 ng/ml, or greater).
  • the level of CRP in healthy patients is typically less than about 3 mg/L.
  • the level of CRP associated with pneumonia may be greater than about 10 mg/L (e.g., about 10 mg/L, about 11 mg/L, about 12 mg/L, about 13 mg/L, about 14 mg/L, about 15 mg/L, or greater).
  • the level of a biomarker for pneumonia can be measured in any suitable biological sample, for example, blood (e.g., whole blood, plasma, or serum), bronchial lavage fluid (BALF), sputum, urine, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), a tissue biopsy, and the like. Any of the preceding levels may be a serum level.
  • blood e.g., whole blood, plasma, or serum
  • BALF bronchial lavage fluid
  • sputum sputum
  • urine e.g., cerebrospinal fluid
  • CSF cerebrospinal fluid
  • the methods of the invention can also include monitoring the progress of a subject being treated with l ⁇ lps (e.g., l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l) by determining the pre-treatment level of l ⁇ lps (e.g., l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l); administering a therapeutically effective amount of l ⁇ lps (e.g., l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l), a composition thereof, and/or a secondary treatment to the subject; and determining the level of l ⁇ lps (e.g., l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l) in the subject after an initial period of treatment with the l ⁇ lps.
  • l ⁇ lps e.g., l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l
  • An increase in the level of l ⁇ lps in the subject following treatment with l ⁇ lps indicates that the subject is likely to have a favorable clinical response to treatment with l ⁇ lps, a composition thereof, or a combination thereof with a secondary treatment.
  • a decrease or plateau in a detectable level of l ⁇ lps can indicate that a subject may benefit from continued administration of l ⁇ lps or an increase in the dosage of l ⁇ lps administered to the subject.
  • the progress of a patient following treatment with an l ⁇ lp(s), or a co-administered secondary treatment can be monitored and assessed by measuring the level of one or more biomarkers, e.g., inflammatory factors (e.g., TNF-alpha, IL-6, C5a, damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), ERK, NF- ⁇ B levels, increased IL-10, and/or decreased serine proteases) as indicators of treatment efficacy.
  • the administration of l ⁇ lps (e.g., l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l) to the subject may reduce the physiological response of the subject to cytokines (e.g., TNF-alpha) or free radicals.
  • l ⁇ lps may down-regulate pro-inflammatory mediators such as TNF-alpha and/or IL-6; up-regulate anti-inflammatory mediators such as IL-10; inhibit serine proteases such as trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, plasmin, granzyme K, preprotein convertase furin; block complement activation (e.g., C5a); block endogenous damage signals (DAMPs) such as extracellular histones; inhibit endothelial inflammation such as that caused by ERK/NF- ⁇ B pathways; and/or bind virtonectin and/or other matrix proteins in extracellular matrix, thereby promoting epithelial and/or endothelial repair via cellular proliferation and/or migration; and/or downregulation of adhesion factors such as ICAM, VCAM, and selectins, thereby reducing extravasation of immune cells into the tissues.
  • pro-inflammatory mediators such as TNF-alpha and/or IL-6
  • Reductions in the level of one or more of the inflammatory factors indicate treatment efficacy with the l ⁇ lps (s), or a co-administered secondary treatment.
  • the inflammatory factors e.g., TNF-alpha, IL-6, C5a, DMAPs, ERK, and NF- ⁇ B levels
  • increases in the level of IL-10 relative to an untreated ARDS and/or pneumonia patient, indicate treatment efficacy with the l ⁇ lps (s), or a co-administered secondary treatment.
  • Any of the methods described herein can further involve reducing inflammation and fluid in lung tissue and alveolar lung tissue.
  • l ⁇ lps e.g., l ⁇ l and P ⁇ l
  • l ⁇ lps can reach sites of tissue injury via extravasation, and modify inflammatory and reparative processes when administered to the subject, such as restoring columnar epithelial structure and reducing abnormal nuclei in the airways of the lung.
  • the methods of the invention reduce the need for ventilation of the subject, for example, by days (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 days), weeks (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks), or months (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or 12 months) relative to untreated patients.
  • days e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 days
  • weeks e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks
  • months e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or 12 months
  • the methods of the invention described above can include the administration of l ⁇ l and P ⁇ l as the l ⁇ lps.
  • one or more of bikunin, H4, and H5 can be administered alone or in combination with l ⁇ l and P ⁇ l as the l ⁇ lps.
  • l ⁇ lps e.g., l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l
  • a composition containing such proteins and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, diluent, or carrier can be administered to the subject by any suitable route, including, for example, parenterally, by inhalation spray, topically, nasally, buccally, by oral administration, inhalation, suppository, or by injection.
  • Administration by injection includes, for example, intravenous, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, intracutaneous, intramuscular, intraarticular, intraarterial, intrasynovial, intrasternal, intrathecal, intralesional and intracranial injection. If the patient is hospitalized, the preferred method of administration is by intravenous injection.
  • the l ⁇ lps e.g., l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l
  • the l ⁇ lps (e.g., l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l) or the composition containing such proteins may be administered to the subject one or more times every 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, or 24 hours; one or more times every 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 days; or one or more times every 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks.
  • the l ⁇ lps (e.g., l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l) or the composition containing such proteins are administered as a continuous infusion.
  • compositions may be administered to the subject at least 10, 15, 20, 30, 60, or 120 minutes before an insult or injury to the lungs as described herein (e.g., a surgery or use of a ventilator). In other instances, the compositions may be administered to the subject at least 10, 15, 20, 30, 60, or 120 minutes after an insult or injury to the lungs as described herein (e.g., a surgery or use of a ventilator).
  • compositions may also be administered upon diagnosis of ARDS or pneumonia or development of complications from ARDS or pneumonia (e.g., sepsis (e.g., infectious sepsis or sterile sepsis) or organ failure.
  • ARDS or pneumonia e.g., sepsis (e.g., infectious sepsis or sterile sepsis) or organ failure.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable composition of the invention includes l ⁇ lps (e.g., l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l) in a dosage known in the art (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,932,365, International Patent Application Publication No. WO2009154695, and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2009/0190194, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).
  • compositions of the invention can be administered in a dosage ranging from about 1 mg/kg to 50 mg/kg, preferably dosages between 10 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg.
  • the dose can be administered one or more times every 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, or 24 hours, every 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6, days, or every 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks, or as needed. Lower or higher doses than those recited above may be advantageous.
  • Specific dosage and treatment regimens for any particular subject will depend upon a variety of factors, including the activity of the specific composition employed, the age, body weight, general health status, sex, diet, time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, the severity and course of the disease (e.g., the patient's condition and/or symptoms), the subject's disposition to the disease, and the judgment of the treating medical professional (e.g., the physician).
  • the l ⁇ lps may be combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form.
  • a maintenance dose of an l ⁇ lp composition or combination therapy may be administered, if necessary. Subsequently, the dosage or frequency of administration, or both, may be reduced, as a function of the reduction in symptoms, to a level at which the improved condition is retained. When the symptoms have been alleviated to a desired level, treatment may cease. Subjects may, however, require intermittent treatment on a long-term basis upon any recurrence of disease symptoms.
  • Improvement of the condition may also be judged based upon the level of l ⁇ l in a biological sample derived from the patient (e.g., blood (e.g., whole blood, plasma, or serum), bronchial lavage fluid (BALF), sputum, urine, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), or a tissue biopsy (e.g., a liver biopsy).
  • a biological sample derived from the patient e.g., blood (e.g., whole blood, plasma, or serum), bronchial lavage fluid (BALF), sputum, urine, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), or a tissue biopsy (e.g., a liver biopsy).
  • the invention provides methods of treating or reducing the likelihood of developing ARDS or pneumonia that involve administration of l ⁇ lps (e.g., l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l), a composition that includes l ⁇ lps (e.g., l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l) and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier, or diluent, or such compositions combined with a secondary treatment, as is described herein.
  • l ⁇ lps e.g., l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l
  • the compositions can be formulated as a solid or a liquid.
  • the compositions can be formulated for administration by any suitable means including those described herein.
  • l ⁇ lps for administration are particularly preferred.
  • l ⁇ lps and compositions containing the same may be formulated for intravenous, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, intracutaneous, intramuscular, intraarticular, intraarterial, intrasynovial, intrasternal, intrathecal, intralesional and intracranial injection or infusion techniques.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions may be in the form of a sterile injectable preparation, for example, as a sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspension.
  • This suspension may be formulated according to techniques known in the art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents (such as, for example, TWEEN® 80) and suspending agents.
  • the sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent.
  • acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are mannitol, water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution.
  • sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium.
  • any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides.
  • Fatty acids, such as oleic acid and its glyceride derivatives are useful in the preparation of injectables, as are natural pharmaceutically-acceptable oils, such as olive oil or castor oil, especially in their polyoxyethylated versions.
  • oil solutions or suspensions may also contain a long-chain alcohol diluent or dispersant, or carboxymethyl cellulose or similar dispersing agents which are commonly used in the formulation of pharmaceutically acceptable dosage forms such as emulsions and or suspensions.
  • a long-chain alcohol diluent or dispersant or carboxymethyl cellulose or similar dispersing agents which are commonly used in the formulation of pharmaceutically acceptable dosage forms such as emulsions and or suspensions.
  • Other commonly used surfactants such as the TWEEN® or SPAN® ranges and/or other similar emulsifying agents or bioavailability enhancers which are commonly used in the manufacture of pharmaceutically acceptable solid, liquid, or other dosage forms may also be used for the purposes of formulation.
  • compositions may also be formulated for oral administration in any orally acceptable dosage form including, but not limited to, capsules, tablets, emulsions and aqueous suspensions, dispersions and solutions.
  • carriers which are commonly used include lactose and com starch.
  • Lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate, are also typically added.
  • useful diluents include lactose and dried corn starch.
  • the l ⁇ lps may be mixed with a pharmaceutical excipient to form a solid pre-formulation composition containing a homogeneous mixture.
  • the active ingredient is typically dispersed evenly throughout the composition so that the composition can be readily subdivided into equally effective unit dosage forms such as tablets, pills and capsules.
  • This solid pre-formulation can then be subdivided into unit dosage forms of the type described above containing from, for example, 1 mg/kg to about 50 mg/kg of l ⁇ lps (e.g., l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l).
  • the solid pre-formulation can contain about 10 mg/kg to 30 mg/kg of l ⁇ lps (e.g., l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l).
  • the tablets or pills of the present invention can be coated or otherwise compounded to provide a dosage form affording the advantage of prolonged action.
  • the tablet or pill can comprise an inner dosage and an outer dosage component, the latter being in the form of an envelope over the former.
  • the two components can be separated by an enteric layer which serves to resist disintegration in the stomach and permit the inner component to pass intact into the duodenum or to be delayed in release.
  • enteric layers or coatings such materials including a number of polymeric acids and mixtures of polymeric acids with such materials as shellac, cetyl alcohol, and cellulose acetate.
  • aqueous solutions suitably flavored syrups, aqueous or oil suspensions, and flavored emulsions with edible oils such as cottonseed oil, sesame oil, coconut oil, or peanut oil, as well as elixirs and similar pharmaceutical vehicles.
  • compositions for inhalation or insufflation include solutions and suspensions in pharmaceutically acceptable aqueous or organic solvents, or mixtures thereof, and powders.
  • the liquid or solid compositions may contain suitable pharmaceutically acceptable excipients as described herein and/or known in the art.
  • the compositions can be administered by the oral or nasal respiratory route for local or systemic effect.
  • Compositions can be nebulized by use of inert gases. Nebulized solutions may be breathed directly from the nebulizing device or the nebulizing device can be attached to a face masks tent, or intermittent positive pressure breathing machine. Solution, suspension, or powder compositions can be administered orally or nasally from devices which deliver the formulation in an appropriate manner.
  • compositions are prepared according to techniques well-known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation and may be prepared as solutions in saline, employing benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption promoters to enhance bioavailability, fluorocarbons, and/or other solubilizing or dispersing agents known in the art.
  • Topical administration of the compositions is useful when the desired treatment involves areas or organs readily accessible by topical application.
  • the composition should be formulated with a suitable ointment containing the active components suspended or dissolved in a carrier.
  • Carriers for topical administration of the compositions of this invention include, but are not limited to mineral oil, liquid petroleum, white petroleum, propylene glycol, polyoxyethylenepolyoxypropylene composition, emulsifying wax and water.
  • the pharmaceutical composition can be formulated with a suitable lotion or cream containing the active composition suspended or dissolved in a carrier with suitable emulsifying agents.
  • Suitable carriers include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, sorbitan monostearate, polysorbate 60, cetyl esters wax, cetearyl alcohol, 2-octyldodecanol, benzyl alcohol, and water.
  • compositions may also be administered in the form of suppositories for rectal administration.
  • These compositions can be prepared by mixing a composition of this invention with a suitable non-irritating excipient which is solid at room temperature but liquid at the rectal temperature and therefore will melt in the rectum to release the active components.
  • suitable non-irritating excipient include, but are not limited to, cocoa butter, beeswax and polyethylene glycols.
  • Topically-transdermal patches are also included in this invention.
  • compositions administered to a subject can be in the form of one or more of the pharmaceutical compositions described above. These compositions can be sterilized by conventional sterilization techniques or may be sterile filtered. Aqueous solutions can be packaged for use as is, or lyophilized, the lyophilized preparation being combined with a sterile aqueous carrier prior to administration.
  • compositions may include, but are not limited to, ion exchangers, alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin, self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) such as da-tocopherol polyethyleneglycol 1000 succinate, surfactants used in pharmaceutical dosage forms such as TWEEN® surfactants or other similar polymeric delivery matrices, serum proteins such as human serum albumin, buffer substances such as phosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids, water, salts or electrolytes, such as protamine sulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, zinc salts, colloidal silica, magnesium trisilicate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulose-based substances, polyethylene glycol, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyacrylates, waxes, polyethylene-
  • Other delivery systems can include time-release, delayed release or sustained release delivery systems. Such systems can avoid repeated administrations of compositions of the invention, increasing convenience to the subject and the physician.
  • Many types of release delivery systems are available and known to those of ordinary skill in the art. They include polymer base systems such as polylactides (U.S. Pat. No. 3,773,919; European Patent No. 58,481), poly(lactide-glycolide), copolyoxalates, polycaprolactones, polyesteramides, polyorthoesters, polyhydroxybutyric acids, such as poly-D-(-)-3-hydroxybutyric acid (European Patent No.
  • sustained-release compositions include semi-permeable polymer matrices in the form of shaped articles, e.g., films, or microcapsules.
  • Delivery systems also include non-polymer systems that are: lipids including sterols such as cholesterol, cholesterol esters and fatty acids or neutral fats such as mono- di- and tri-glycerides; hydrogel release systems such as biologically-derived bioresorbable hydrogel (i.e., chitin hydrogels or chitosan hydrogels); sylastic systems; peptide based systems; wax coatings; compressed tablets using conventional binders and excipients; partially fused implants; and the like.
  • lipids including sterols such as cholesterol, cholesterol esters and fatty acids or neutral fats such as mono- di- and tri-glycerides
  • hydrogel release systems such as biologically-derived bioresorbable hydrogel (i.e., chitin hydrogels or chitosan hydrogels); sylastic
  • the proportion or concentration of l ⁇ lps (e.g., l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l) in the composition can vary depending upon a number of factors including dosage, chemical characteristics (e.g., hydrophobicity), and the route of administration.
  • the l ⁇ lps (e.g., l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l) may be present in the composition in a physiological proportion.
  • Physiological proportions may be, for example, the proportions found in a person or animal that is healthy and/or the ratio of l ⁇ l and P ⁇ l that appears naturally in human plasma.
  • Physiological proportions are typically from between about 60% to about 80% l ⁇ l and between about 20% to about 40% P ⁇ l. However, it is to be understood that physiological proportions may vary from these ranges, for example, due to normal variation in genetic makeup of subjects.
  • l ⁇ lps e.g., l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l
  • compositions thereof can have a half-life of, for example, greater than about 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 7.5, or 10 hours.
  • l ⁇ lps e.g., l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l
  • compositions thereof can have a half-life of greater than about 5 hours or, preferably, greater than about 10 hours. Longer half-lives are preferred, for example, because fewer doses are required to be administered to a subject over time.
  • the pH of the compositions typically will be between about 3 and about 11, for example, between about 5 and 9, between about 6 and 7, or between about 7 and 8.
  • the use of certain of the foregoing excipients, carriers, or stabilizers may result in the formation of pharmaceutical salts.
  • l ⁇ lps for use in the compositions of the invention can be obtained from, e.g., human plasma and blood by methods known in the art (See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 9,139,641, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).
  • the l ⁇ lps can be obtained at a purity of 80% to 100% (e.g., about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 100%) from a natural source (e.g., blood) and used to prepare a composition of the invention (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,932,365, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).
  • a natural source e.g., blood
  • compositions may include any suitable l ⁇ lp, for example, l ⁇ l, P ⁇ l, a heavy chain, a light chain, or any combination thereof.
  • the composition may include l ⁇ l, P ⁇ l, and/or bikunin.
  • the composition may include l ⁇ l and P ⁇ l.
  • the heavy chain can be H1, H2, H3, H4, or H5.
  • the light chain can be bikunin.
  • the methods of the invention also include administering or co-administering a second treatment in addition to l ⁇ lps (e.g., l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l) or a composition thereof for the treatment of ARDS or pneumonia.
  • the second treatment may include administering to the subject an antibiotic agent, an antiviral agent, an antifungal agent, an antiparasitic agent, an anti-inflammatory agent, a bronchodilator agent, a complement inhibitor, a vasopressor, a sedative, or mechanical ventilation.
  • each agent is present at a dosage level of between about 1 to 100%, and more preferably between about 5 to 95%, of the dosage normally administered in a monotherapy regimen.
  • the agent(s) of the second treatment may be administered separately, as part of a multiple dose regimen, from the l ⁇ lps (e.g., l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l) or the composition thereof.
  • the l ⁇ lps and agent(s) of the second treatment can be administered simultaneously or sequentially in any order.
  • the agent(s) of the second treatment may be part of a single dosage form, e.g., mixed together with the l ⁇ lps (e.g., l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l) in a single composition.
  • agents that can be administered in combination with l ⁇ lps e.g., l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l
  • l ⁇ lps e.g., l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l
  • compositions thereof are discussed below.
  • the second treatment may include an antibiotic agent that is used to treat a bacterial infection.
  • antibiotic agents include amoxicillin, penicillin, doxycycline, clarithromycin, benzylpenicillin, azithromycin, daptomycin, linezolid, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, gatifloxcin, gentamicin, macrolides, cephalosporins, azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, cefuroxime, amoxillin-potassium clavulanate, erythromycin, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, doxycycline monohydrate, cefepime, ampicillin, cefpodoxime, ceftriaxone, cefazolin, erythromycin ethylsuccinate, meropenem, piperacillin-tazobactam, amikacin, erythromycin stearate, cefepime in dextrose, doxycycline
  • the second treatment may include an antiviral agent that is used to treat a viral infection.
  • antiviral agents include zanamivir, oseltamivir, permivir, ribavirin, acyclovir, ganciclovir, foscarnet, cidofovir, and others known in the art.
  • the second treatment may include an antifungal agent that is used to treat a fungal infection.
  • antifungal agents include amphotericin, caspofungin, voriconazole, itraconazole, posaconazole, fluconazole, flucytosine, and others known in the art.
  • the second treatment may include an antiparastic agent that is used to treat a parasitic infection (e.g., a parasitic protozoan infection.
  • a parasitic infection e.g., a parasitic protozoan infection.
  • antiparasitic agents include nitazoxanide, melarsoprol, eflornithine, metronidazole, tinidazole, miltefosine, mebendazole, pyrantel pamoate, thiabendazole, diethylcarbamazine, ivermectin, albendazole, praziquantel, rifampin, and others known in the art.
  • the second treatment may include an anti-inflammatory agent that is used to treat or reduce inflammation.
  • anti-inflammatory agents include corticosteroids, statins, steroids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, glucocorticoids, and others known the art.
  • the second treatment may include a bronchodilator that is used to relax the bronchial muscles allowing airways to be larger and air to pass through the lungs.
  • bronchodilators include beta 2 agonists, xanthines, ipratropium, oxitropium, muscarinic receptor antagonists, ipratropium, oxitropium, theophylline, theobromine, caffeine, salbutamol, isoproterenol, albuterol, levalburerol, pirbuterol, metaproterenol, terbutaline, salmeterol, formoterol, and others known in the art.
  • the second treatment may include a vasopressor that causes vasoconstriction and/or an increase in blood pressure.
  • vasopressors include epinephrine, isoproterenol, phenylephrine, norepinephrine, dobutamine, ephedrine, droxidopa, and others known in the art.
  • the second treatment may include a sedative.
  • sedatives include propofol, diprivan, morphine, fentanyl, midazolam, lorazepam, precede, infumorph, dexmedetomidine, alfentanil, and others known in the art.
  • the second treatment may include an inhibitor of complement activation.
  • the composition may inhibit activation of one or more complement components such as C1, C2, C3 (e.g., C3a and C3b), C4 (e.g., C4b), C5 (e.g., C5a and C5b), C6, C7, C8, C9, membrane attack complex, Factor B, Factor D, MASP-1, and MASP-2, or fragments thereof.
  • complement components such as C1, C2, C3 (e.g., C3a and C3b), C4 (e.g., C4b), C5 (e.g., C5a and C5b), C6, C7, C8, C9, membrane attack complex, Factor B, Factor D, MASP-1, and MASP-2, or fragments thereof.
  • the complement inhibitors may include protease inhibitors such as C1-INH and Rhucin/rhC11 NH, soluble complement regulators such as sCR1/TP10, CAB-2/MLN-2222, therapeutic antibodies such as eculizumab/SOLIRIS®, Pexelizumna, ofatumumab, complement component inhibitors such as compstatin, receptor antagonists such as PMX-53 and rhMBL.
  • protease inhibitors such as C1-INH and Rhucin/rhC11 NH
  • soluble complement regulators such as sCR1/TP10, CAB-2/MLN-2222
  • therapeutic antibodies such as eculizumab/SOLIRIS®, Pexelizumna, ofatumumab
  • complement component inhibitors such as compstatin
  • receptor antagonists such as PMX-53 and rhMBL.
  • Therapeutic efficacy can optionally be assayed by measuring, for example, the biological function of the treated tissue or organ (e.g., lung). Such methods are standard in the art. For example, lung function is assayed using spirometry, lung volume, and diffusion capacity tests. Other methods for assaying organ function are known to the skilled artisan and are described,
  • the methods for treating a subject for ARDS or pneumonia can include the steps of determining the pre-treatment levels of l ⁇ lps (e.g., l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l); and administering a therapeutically effective amount of l ⁇ lps to the subject.
  • Pre-treatment levels of l ⁇ lps e.g., l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l
  • Post-treatment levels are the levels of l ⁇ lps (e.g., l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l) measured after administration of l ⁇ lps.
  • the methods include determining the post-treatment levels of one or more of l ⁇ l and P ⁇ l after an initial period of treatment with l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l.
  • a modulation in the level of l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l is an indication that the treatment is producing a favorable clinical response.
  • the level of l ⁇ lps may be determined, for example, by immunological methods.
  • l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l complexes and/or other biomarkers can be detected and/or measured by a variety of detection methods including, for example, gas phase ion spectrometry methods, optical methods, electrochemical methods, atomic force microscopy, radio frequency methods, surface plasmon resonance, ellipsometry, and immunological methods.
  • Immune cells can be measured using any suitable method, for example, blood tests (e.g., microscopic analysis), flow cytometry, and others known in the art.
  • An immunoassay can be used to detect and analyze l ⁇ lps (e.g., l ⁇ l and P ⁇ l) and/or other biomarker proteins in a sample.
  • This method can include: (a) providing an antibody that specifically binds to l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l; (b) contacting a sample with the antibody; and (c) detecting the presence of a complex of the antibody bound to the proteins in the sample.
  • Suitable antibodies for use of the invention include, MAb 69.31, MAb 69.26, anti-l ⁇ lp polyclonal antibody, and anti-bikunin monoclonal or polyclonal antibody.
  • Example 1 Treatment of Patient Having Pneumonia
  • a 65-year old male presents to the hospital.
  • the patient explains that he cannot breathe very well, his breaths are short and rapid, and he feels like he is gasping for air.
  • the patient further complains of sharp chest pain and coughing.
  • the clinician notes that the patient has diminished vital signs, a fever, and bluish coloring of his nail beds.
  • the clinician also listens to the patient's lungs (e.g., using a stethoscope) while the patient inhales and exhales. The clinician hears crackles and other noises in the lungs.
  • the patient is admitted to the hospital for suspected pneumonia, put on antibiotics, and then is sent for a chest X-ray.
  • the clinician Upon examination of the patient's X-ray, the clinician confirms the initial diagnosis of pneumonia. The clinician also may order laboratory studies such as a blood culture, which may take 48 hours for the first read and 5 days for the full read.
  • the levels of l ⁇ lps e.g., l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l
  • a biological sample derived from the patient e.g., plasma
  • the level of l ⁇ lps is low, and a therapy that includes l ⁇ lps (e.g., l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l) is selected for the patient.
  • the patient's level of l ⁇ l proteins is normal (or even elevated), but l ⁇ lps may still be selected for the patient. If warranted by the patient's CURB-65 score, the patient can be sent to the intensive care unit (ICU).
  • ICU intensive care unit
  • the patient will be administered a therapeutically effective dose of l ⁇ lps (e.g., l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l).
  • the effective dose that will be administered intravenously to the patient will be between 1 mg/kg to 50 mg/kg (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50 mg/kg), preferably between 10 mg/kg to 30 mg/kg.
  • the patient will be further treated with a secondary treatment containing one or more antibiotic agents such as amoxicillin, penicillin, doxycycline, clarithromycin, benzylpenicillin, azithromycin, gentamicin, macrolides, or cephalosporins.
  • the patient will be administered the composition one or more times every 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, or 24 hours at the beginning of his therapy.
  • the frequency of the therapy may decrease to one or more times every 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6, days, or one or more times every 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks.
  • the patient will be provided with ventilation assistance should he have trouble breathing by himself.
  • Example 2 Treatment of Patient Having Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder
  • a 60 year old female patient suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder is scheduled to undergo a lung transplant.
  • the patient In preparation for her surgery, the patient is prescribed 5 mg/kg of l ⁇ lps (such as l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l) to be administered twice a day, every day for a week prior to the surgery.
  • l ⁇ lps such as l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l
  • Example 3 Treatment of Patient Having Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
  • the clinician notes that the patient has extreme shortness of breath, labored breathing, cough, and fever.
  • the clinician orders a chest X-ray and the patient's chest imaging shows the presence of extensive bilateral infiltrates.
  • the patient is diagnosed with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which is confirmed by additional laboratory tests measuring the patient's PaO 2 /FiO 2 levels, which is ⁇ 200 mmHg.
  • ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome
  • the patient will be administered a therapeutically effective dose of l ⁇ lps (e.g., l ⁇ l and/or P ⁇ l).
  • the effective dose that will be administered intravenously to the patient will be between 1 mg/kg to 50 mg/kg, preferably between 5 mg/kg to 15 mg/kg (e.g., 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15 mg/kg).
  • the patient will be administered the composition one or more times every 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, or 24 hours at the beginning of his therapy. As the patient progresses, the frequency of the therapy may decrease to one or more times every 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6, days, or one or more times every 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks.
  • the patient will be provided with ventilation assistance should he have trouble breathing by himself.

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WO2021222565A1 (fr) * 2020-04-30 2021-11-04 Oncour Pharma, Inc. Particules chargées négativement pour le traitement du choc cytokinique (cc) et du syndrome de détresse respiratoire aiguë (sdra)
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WO2022234101A1 (fr) * 2021-05-06 2022-11-10 Jazz Pharmaceuticals Ireland Limited Défibrotide pour le traitement et la prévention du syndrome de détresse respiratoire aiguë
CN118750490A (zh) * 2024-06-11 2024-10-11 中国人民解放军空军军医大学 盐酸右美托咪定在制备糜烂性毒剂中毒救治药物中的应用

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