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US20180336892A1 - Detecting a trigger of a digital assistant - Google Patents

Detecting a trigger of a digital assistant Download PDF

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Publication number
US20180336892A1
US20180336892A1 US15/920,091 US201815920091A US2018336892A1 US 20180336892 A1 US20180336892 A1 US 20180336892A1 US 201815920091 A US201815920091 A US 201815920091A US 2018336892 A1 US2018336892 A1 US 2018336892A1
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
electronic device
audio
user
audio signals
digital assistant
Prior art date
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Abandoned
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US15/920,091
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English (en)
Inventor
Yoon Kim
John Bridle
Joshua D. Atkins
Feipeng Li
Mehrez Souden
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Apple Inc
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Apple Inc
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Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from DKPA201770421A external-priority patent/DK179558B1/en
Application filed by Apple Inc filed Critical Apple Inc
Priority to US15/920,091 priority Critical patent/US20180336892A1/en
Assigned to APPLE INC. reassignment APPLE INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BRIDLE, JOHN, ATKINS, JOSHUA D., LI, FEIPENG, KIM, YOON, SOUDEN, Mehrez
Priority to US16/181,138 priority patent/US20190074009A1/en
Publication of US20180336892A1 publication Critical patent/US20180336892A1/en
Priority to US17/111,132 priority patent/US11532306B2/en
Priority to US18/080,550 priority patent/US20230111509A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • H04R27/00—Public address systems

Definitions

  • This relates generally to intelligent automated assistants and, more specifically, to detecting a trigger of a digital assistant.
  • Intelligent automated assistants can provide a beneficial interface between human users and electronic devices.
  • Such assistants can allow users to interact with devices or systems using natural language in spoken and/or text forms.
  • a user can provide a speech input containing a user request to a digital assistant operating on an electronic device.
  • the digital assistant can interpret the user's intent from the speech input and operationalize the user's intent into tasks.
  • the tasks can then be performed by executing one or more services of the electronic device, and a relevant output responsive to the user request can be returned to the user.
  • an electronic device samples, via one or more microphones, audio signals from the surrounding environment to detect whether a trigger for initiating a digital assistant session (e.g., “Hey Siri”) is spoken by a user.
  • the sampled audio signals can include interfering audio signals such as speech from competing speakers (e.g., people other the user in physical proximity to the electronic device), audio outputs from noise sources (e.g., a television in the room), reverberations, etc.
  • the electronic device may fail to detect a spoken trigger from a user due to the interfering noises or may incorrectly detect a spoken trigger from an interfering audio signal (e.g., mistaking “History” uttered by a competing speaker for “Hey Siri”).
  • the electronic device may fail to distinguish portions of the sampled audio signals that are directed to the digital assistant and portions of the sampled audio signals that are not directed to the digital assistant (e.g., conversation between two speakers). This in turn results in a confusing and inefficient user experience, as the electronic device may initiate a digital assistant session when the user has not uttered a spoken trigger, fail to initiate a digital assistant session when the user has uttered the spoken trigger, and/or misinterpret user's requests to the digital assistant.
  • An example method includes, at an electronic device having one or more processors, memory, and a plurality of microphones, sampling, at each of the plurality of microphones of the electronic device, an audio signal to obtain a plurality of audio signals; processing the plurality of audio signals to obtain a plurality of audio streams; determining, based on the plurality of audio streams, whether any of the plurality of audio signals corresponds to a spoken trigger.
  • the method further includes, in accordance with a determination that the plurality of audio signals corresponds to the spoken trigger: initiating, by the electronic device, a session of a digital assistant; and in accordance with a determination that the plurality of audio signals does not correspond to the spoken trigger: foregoing initiating a session of the digital assistant.
  • An example method includes, sampling, using a first microphone of a first electronic device, a first audio signal; sampling, using a second microphone of a second electronic device different from the first electronic device, a second audio signal; and determining, at a third electronic device, whether any of the first audio signal and the second audio signal corresponds to a spoken trigger.
  • the method further includes, in accordance with a determination that the first audio signal or the second audio signal correspond to a spoken trigger: initiating, by a fourth electronic device, a session of a digital assistant; and in accordance with a determination that the first audio signal and the second audio signal do not correspond to the spoken trigger: foregoing, by the fourth electronic device, initiating a session of the digital assistant.
  • Example non-transitory computer-readable media are disclosed herein.
  • An example non-transitory computer-readable storage medium stores one or more programs.
  • the one or more programs comprise instructions, which when executed by one or more processors of an electronic device with a plurality of microphones, cause the electronic device to sample, at each of the plurality of microphones of the electronic device, an audio signal to obtain a plurality of audio signals; process the plurality of audio signals to obtain a plurality of audio streams; determine, based on the plurality of audio streams, whether any of the plurality of audio signals corresponds to a spoken trigger: in accordance with a determination that the plurality of audio signals corresponds to the spoken trigger: initiate, by the electronic device, a session of a digital assistant; in accordance with a determination that the plurality of audio signals does not correspond to the spoken trigger: forego initiating a session of the digital assistant.
  • One or more example non-transitory computer-readable storage media store one or more programs.
  • the one or more programs comprise instructions, which when executed by one or more processors of one or more electronic devices, cause the one or more electronic devices to: sample, using a first microphone of a first electronic device of the one or more electronic devices, a first audio signal; sample, using a second microphone of a second electronic device of the one or more electronic devices, a second audio signal, where the first electronic device is different from the first electronic device.
  • the one or more programs further comprise instructions that cause the one or more electronic devices to determine, at a third electronic device of the one or more electronic devices, whether any of the first audio signal and the second audio signal corresponds to a spoken trigger; in accordance with a determination that the first audio signal or the second audio signal correspond to a spoken trigger: initiate, by a fourth electronic device of the one or more electronic devices, a session of a digital assistant; in accordance with a determination that the first audio signal and the second audio signal do not correspond to the spoken trigger: forego, by the fourth electronic device, initiating a session of the digital assistant.
  • An example electronic device comprises one or more processors; a memory; a plurality of microphones, and one or more programs, where the one or more programs are stored in the memory and configured to be executed by the one or more processors, the one or more programs including instructions for sampling, at each of the plurality of microphones of the electronic device, an audio signal to obtain a plurality of audio signals; processing the plurality of audio signals to obtain a plurality of audio streams; determining, based on the plurality of audio streams, whether any of the plurality of audio signals corresponds to a spoken trigger: in accordance with a determination that the plurality of audio signals corresponds to the spoken trigger: initiating, by the electronic device, a session of a digital assistant; in accordance with a determination that the plurality of audio signals does not correspond to the spoken trigger: foregoing initiating a session of the digital assistant.
  • An example electronic device comprises means for sampling, at each of a plurality of microphones of the electronic device, an audio signal to obtain a plurality of audio signals; means for processing the plurality of audio signals to obtain a plurality of audio streams; means for determining, based on the plurality of audio streams, whether any of the plurality of audio signals corresponds to a spoken trigger: means for in accordance with a determination that the plurality of audio signals corresponds to the spoken trigger: initiating, by the electronic device, a session of a digital assistant; means for in accordance with a determination that the plurality of audio signals does not correspond to the spoken trigger: foregoing initiating a session of the digital assistant.
  • An example system includes one or more processors of one or more electronic devices; one or more memories of the one or more electronic devices; and one or more programs stored in the one or more memories and configured to be executed by the one or more processors.
  • the one or more programs include instructions for: sampling, using a first microphone of a first electronic device of the one or more electronic devices, a first audio signal; sampling, using a second microphone of a second electronic device of the one or more electronic devices, a second audio signal, where the first electronic device is different from the first electronic device; determining, at a third electronic device of the one or more electronic devices, whether any of the first audio signal and the second audio signal corresponds to a spoken trigger; in accordance with a determination that the first audio signal or the second audio signal correspond to a spoken trigger: initiating, by a fourth electronic device of the one or more electronic devices, a session of a digital assistant; in accordance with a determination that the first audio signal and the second audio signal do not correspond to the spoken trigger: foregoing, by the fourth
  • An example system comprises means for sampling, using a first microphone of a first electronic device, a first audio signal; means for sampling, using a second microphone of a second electronic device different from the first electronic device, a second audio signal; means for determining, at a third electronic device, whether any of the first audio signal and the second audio signal corresponds to a spoken trigger; means for, in accordance with a determination that the first audio signal or the second audio signal correspond to a spoken trigger: initiating, by a fourth electronic device, a session of a digital assistant; means for, in accordance with a determination that the first audio signal and the second audio signal do not correspond to the spoken trigger: foregoing, by the fourth electronic device, initiating a session of the digital assistant.
  • Processing multiple audio signals sampled by multiple microphones to obtain multiple audio streams (e.g., audio beams) and using the multiple audio streams to detect a trigger of the digital assistant allow the electronic device to rely on audio streams associated with multiple directions to detect a trigger.
  • These audio streams provide rich information to the digital assistant, allowing the digital assistant to accurately detect a spoken trigger uttered from different directions, minimize the impact of interfering audio signals, and correctly interpret user requests to the digital assistant.
  • Improving the accuracy of the digital assistant in this manner enhances the operability of the device and makes the user-device interface more efficient (e.g., by improving interpretation of user requests, by reducing mistakes by the digital assistant, and by reducing repetitive user inputs) which, additionally, reduces power usage and improves battery life of the device by enabling the user to use the device more quickly and efficiently.
  • Sampling multiple audio signals using the microphones from a plurality of electronic devices and detecting a trigger based on these audio signals allow the digital assistant to accurately detect the trigger even if the user is far away from a particular one of the plurality of electronic devices. Further, having an electronic device (e.g., with the highest processing power) from the plurality of electronic device analyze the sampled audio signals relieves the other electronic devices from allocating local resources for the analysis, thus allowing the other electronic devices to operate more efficiently.
  • Efficiently and accurately sampling and analyzing audio signals enhance the operability of the devices and make the user-device interfaces more efficient (e.g., by improving interpretation of user requests, by reducing mistakes by the digital assistant, and by reducing repetitive user inputs) which, additionally, reduces power usage and improves battery life of the devices by enabling the user to use the devices more quickly and efficiently.
  • Determining whether the sampled audio signals include a spoken trigger using one electronic device (e.g., with the highest processing power) while initiating a digital assistant session using another electronic device (e.g., with the optimal hardware and/or software) allows the digital assistant to accurately detect the spoken trigger and provide an optimal response to the user request without requiring the user to determine which electronic device to trigger.
  • Reducing the number of user inputs and reducing the cognitive burden on the user enhance the operability of the devices and make the user-device interfaces more efficient (e.g., by improving interpretation of user requests, by reducing mistakes by the digital assistant, and by reducing repetitive user inputs) which, additionally, reduces power usage and improves battery life of the devices by enabling the user to use the devices more quickly and efficiently.
  • FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a system and environment for implementing a digital assistant, according to various examples.
  • FIG. 2A is a block diagram illustrating a portable multifunction device implementing the client-side portion of a digital assistant, according to various examples.
  • FIG. 2B is a block diagram illustrating exemplary components for event handling, according to various examples.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates a portable multifunction device implementing the client-side portion of a digital assistant, according to various examples.
  • FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an exemplary multifunction device with a display and a touch-sensitive surface, according to various examples.
  • FIG. 5A illustrates an exemplary user interface for a menu of applications on a portable multifunction device, according to various examples.
  • FIG. 5B illustrates an exemplary user interface for a multifunction device with a touch-sensitive surface that is separate from the display, according to various examples.
  • FIG. 6A illustrates a personal electronic device, according to various examples.
  • FIG. 6B is a block diagram illustrating a personal electronic device, according to various examples.
  • FIG. 7A is a block diagram illustrating a digital assistant system or a server portion thereof, according to various examples.
  • FIG. 7B illustrates the functions of the digital assistant shown in FIG. 7A , according to various examples.
  • FIG. 7C illustrates a portion of an ontology, according to various examples.
  • FIG. 8 illustrates a process for detecting a trigger of a digital assistant, according to various examples.
  • FIG. 9 illustrates a process for detecting a trigger of a digital assistant, according to various examples.
  • FIG. 10 illustrates exemplary user interfaces of an electronic device in accordance with some embodiments.
  • audio signals sampled by an electronic device can include a spoken trigger of a digital assistant as well as interfering audio signals.
  • Examples of the present invention are directed to detecting a trigger of the digital assistant based on a plurality of audio signals sampled by a plurality of microphones.
  • Such techniques can enhance the operability of the device and make the user-device interface more efficient (e.g., by improving interpretation of user requests, by reducing mistakes by the digital assistant, and by repetitive user inputs) which, additionally, reduces power usage and improves battery life of the device by enabling the user to use the device more quickly and efficiently.
  • first could be termed a second input
  • first input could be termed a first input
  • second input could be termed a first input
  • the first input and the second input are both inputs and, in some cases, are separate and different inputs.
  • if may be construed to mean “when” or “upon” or “in response to determining” or “in response to detecting,” depending on the context.
  • phrase “if it is determined” or “if [a stated condition or event] is detected” may be construed to mean “upon determining” or “in response to determining” or “upon detecting [the stated condition or event]” or “in response to detecting [the stated condition or event],” depending on the context.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of system 100 according to various examples.
  • system 100 implements a digital assistant.
  • digital assistant refers to any information processing system that interprets natural language input in spoken and/or textual form to infer user intent, and performs actions based on the inferred user intent.
  • the system performs one or more of the following: identifying a task flow with steps and parameters designed to accomplish the inferred user intent, inputting specific requirements from the inferred user intent into the task flow; executing the task flow by invoking programs, methods, services, APIs, or the like; and generating output responses to the user in an audible (e.g., speech) and/or visual form.
  • audible e.g., speech
  • a digital assistant is capable of accepting a user request at least partially in the form of a natural language command, request, statement, narrative, and/or inquiry.
  • the user request seeks either an informational answer or performance of a task by the digital assistant.
  • a satisfactory response to the user request includes a provision of the requested informational answer, a performance of the requested task, or a combination of the two.
  • a user asks the digital assistant a question, such as “Where am I right now?” Based on the user's current location, the digital assistant answers, “You are in Central Park near the west gate.” The user also requests the performance of a task, for example, “Please invite my friends to my girlfriend's birthday party next week.” In response, the digital assistant can acknowledge the request by saying “Yes, right away,” and then send a suitable calendar invite on behalf of the user to each of the user's friends listed in the user's electronic address book. During performance of a requested task, the digital assistant sometimes interacts with the user in a continuous dialogue involving multiple exchanges of information over an extended period of time. There are numerous other ways of interacting with a digital assistant to request information or performance of various tasks. In addition to providing verbal responses and taking programmed actions, the digital assistant also provides responses in other visual or audio forms, e.g., as text, alerts, music, videos, animations, etc.
  • a digital assistant is implemented according to a client-server model.
  • the digital assistant includes client-side portion 102 (hereafter “DA client 102 ”) executed on user device 104 and server-side portion 106 (hereafter “DA server 106 ”) executed on server system 108 .
  • DA client 102 communicates with DA server 106 through one or more networks 110 .
  • DA client 102 provides client-side functionalities such as user-facing input and output processing and communication with DA server 106 .
  • DA server 106 provides server-side functionalities for any number of DA clients 102 each residing on a respective user device 104 .
  • DA server 106 includes client-facing I/O interface 112 , one or more processing modules 114 , data and models 116 , and I/O interface to external services 118 .
  • the client-facing I/O interface 112 facilitates the client-facing input and output processing for DA server 106 .
  • One or more processing modules 114 utilize data and models 116 to process speech input and determine the user's intent based on natural language input. Further, one or more processing modules 114 perform task execution based on inferred user intent.
  • DA server 106 communicates with external services 120 through network(s) 110 for task completion or information acquisition. I/O interface to external services 118 facilitates such communications.
  • User device 104 can be any suitable electronic device.
  • user device 104 is a portable multifunctional device (e.g., device 200 , described below with reference to FIG. 2A ), a multifunctional device (e.g., device 400 , described below with reference to FIG. 4 ), or a personal electronic device (e.g., device 600 , described below with reference to FIG. 6A-B .)
  • a portable multifunctional device is, for example, a mobile telephone that also contains other functions, such as PDA and/or music player functions.
  • portable multifunction devices include the Apple Watch®, iPhone®, iPod Touch®, and iPad® devices from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.
  • user device 104 is a non-portable multifunctional device.
  • user device 104 is a desktop computer, a game console, a speaker, a television, or a television set-top box.
  • user device 104 includes a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch screen displays and/or touchpads).
  • user device 104 optionally includes one or more other physical user-interface devices, such as a physical keyboard, a mouse, and/or a joystick.
  • electronic devices such as multifunctional devices, are described below in greater detail.
  • Examples of communication network(s) 110 include local area networks (LAN) and wide area networks (WAN), e.g., the Internet.
  • Communication network(s) 110 is implemented using any known network protocol, including various wired or wireless protocols, such as, for example, Ethernet, Universal Serial Bus (USB), FIREWIRE, Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), Wi-MAX, or any other suitable communication protocol.
  • Server system 108 is implemented on one or more standalone data processing apparatus or a distributed network of computers.
  • server system 108 also employs various virtual devices and/or services of third-party service providers (e.g., third-party cloud service providers) to provide the underlying computing resources and/or infrastructure resources of server system 108 .
  • third-party service providers e.g., third-party cloud service providers
  • user device 104 communicates with DA server 106 via second user device 122 .
  • Second user device 122 is similar or identical to user device 104 .
  • second user device 122 is similar to devices 200 , 400 , or 600 described below with reference to FIGS. 2A, 4, and 6A -B.
  • User device 104 is configured to communicatively couple to second user device 122 via a direct communication connection, such as Bluetooth, NFC, BTLE, or the like, or via a wired or wireless network, such as a local Wi-Fi network.
  • second user device 122 is configured to act as a proxy between user device 104 and DA server 106 .
  • DA client 102 of user device 104 is configured to transmit information (e.g., a user request received at user device 104 ) to DA server 106 via second user device 122 .
  • DA server 106 processes the information and return relevant data (e.g., data content responsive to the user request) to user device 104 via second user device 122 .
  • user device 104 is configured to communicate abbreviated requests for data to second user device 122 to reduce the amount of information transmitted from user device 104 .
  • Second user device 122 is configured to determine supplemental information to add to the abbreviated request to generate a complete request to transmit to DA server 106 .
  • This system architecture can advantageously allow user device 104 having limited communication capabilities and/or limited battery power (e.g., a watch or a similar compact electronic device) to access services provided by DA server 106 by using second user device 122 , having greater communication capabilities and/or battery power (e.g., a mobile phone, laptop computer, tablet computer, or the like), as a proxy to DA server 106 . While only two user devices 104 and 122 are shown in FIG. 1 , it should be appreciated that system 100 , in some examples, includes any number and type of user devices configured in this proxy configuration to communicate with DA server system 106 .
  • the digital assistant shown in FIG. 1 includes both a client-side portion (e.g., DA client 102 ) and a server-side portion (e.g., DA server 106 ), in some examples, the functions of a digital assistant are implemented as a standalone application installed on a user device. In addition, the divisions of functionalities between the client and server portions of the digital assistant can vary in different implementations. For instance, in some examples, the DA client is a thin-client that provides only user-facing input and output processing functions, and delegates all other functionalities of the digital assistant to a backend server.
  • FIG. 2A is a block diagram illustrating portable multifunction device 200 with touch-sensitive display system 212 in accordance with some embodiments.
  • Touch-sensitive display 212 is sometimes called a “touch screen” for convenience and is sometimes known as or called a “touch-sensitive display system.”
  • Device 200 includes memory 202 (which optionally includes one or more computer-readable storage mediums), memory controller 222 , one or more processing units (CPUs) 220 , peripherals interface 218 , RF circuitry 208 , audio circuitry 210 , speaker 211 , microphone 213 , input/output (I/O) subsystem 206 , other input control devices 216 , and external port 224 .
  • memory 202 which optionally includes one or more computer-readable storage mediums
  • memory controller 222 includes one or more processing units (CPUs) 220 , peripherals interface 218 , RF circuitry 208 , audio circuitry 210 , speaker 211 , microphone 213 , input/output (I/O) subsystem
  • Device 200 optionally includes one or more optical sensors 264 .
  • Device 200 optionally includes one or more contact intensity sensors 265 for detecting intensity of contacts on device 200 (e.g., a touch-sensitive surface such as touch-sensitive display system 212 of device 200 ).
  • Device 200 optionally includes one or more tactile output generators 267 for generating tactile outputs on device 200 (e.g., generating tactile outputs on a touch-sensitive surface such as touch-sensitive display system 212 of device 200 or touchpad 455 of device 400 ).
  • These components optionally communicate over one or more communication buses or signal lines 203 .
  • the term “intensity” of a contact on a touch-sensitive surface refers to the force or pressure (force per unit area) of a contact (e.g., a finger contact) on the touch-sensitive surface, or to a substitute (proxy) for the force or pressure of a contact on the touch-sensitive surface.
  • the intensity of a contact has a range of values that includes at least four distinct values and more typically includes hundreds of distinct values (e.g., at least 256).
  • Intensity of a contact is, optionally, determined (or measured) using various approaches and various sensors or combinations of sensors. For example, one or more force sensors underneath or adjacent to the touch-sensitive surface are, optionally, used to measure force at various points on the touch-sensitive surface.
  • force measurements from multiple force sensors are combined (e.g., a weighted average) to determine an estimated force of a contact.
  • a pressure-sensitive tip of a stylus is, optionally, used to determine a pressure of the stylus on the touch-sensitive surface.
  • the size of the contact area detected on the touch-sensitive surface and/or changes thereto, the capacitance of the touch-sensitive surface proximate to the contact and/or changes thereto, and/or the resistance of the touch-sensitive surface proximate to the contact and/or changes thereto are, optionally, used as a substitute for the force or pressure of the contact on the touch-sensitive surface.
  • the substitute measurements for contact force or pressure are used directly to determine whether an intensity threshold has been exceeded (e.g., the intensity threshold is described in units corresponding to the substitute measurements).
  • the substitute measurements for contact force or pressure are converted to an estimated force or pressure, and the estimated force or pressure is used to determine whether an intensity threshold has been exceeded (e.g., the intensity threshold is a pressure threshold measured in units of pressure).
  • intensity of a contact as an attribute of a user input allows for user access to additional device functionality that may otherwise not be accessible by the user on a reduced-size device with limited real estate for displaying affordances (e.g., on a touch-sensitive display) and/or receiving user input (e.g., via a touch-sensitive display, a touch-sensitive surface, or a physical/mechanical control such as a knob or a button).
  • the term “tactile output” refers to physical displacement of a device relative to a previous position of the device, physical displacement of a component (e.g., a touch-sensitive surface) of a device relative to another component (e.g., housing) of the device, or displacement of the component relative to a center of mass of the device that will be detected by a user with the user's sense of touch.
  • a component e.g., a touch-sensitive surface
  • another component e.g., housing
  • the tactile output generated by the physical displacement will be interpreted by the user as a tactile sensation corresponding to a perceived change in physical characteristics of the device or the component of the device.
  • a touch-sensitive surface e.g., a touch-sensitive display or trackpad
  • the user is, optionally, interpreted by the user as a “down click” or “up click” of a physical actuator button.
  • a user will feel a tactile sensation such as an “down click” or “up click” even when there is no movement of a physical actuator button associated with the touch-sensitive surface that is physically pressed (e.g., displaced) by the user's movements.
  • movement of the touch-sensitive surface is, optionally, interpreted or sensed by the user as “roughness” of the touch-sensitive surface, even when there is no change in smoothness of the touch-sensitive surface. While such interpretations of touch by a user will be subject to the individualized sensory perceptions of the user, there are many sensory perceptions of touch that are common to a large majority of users.
  • a tactile output is described as corresponding to a particular sensory perception of a user (e.g., an “up click,” a “down click,” “roughness”)
  • the generated tactile output corresponds to physical displacement of the device or a component thereof that will generate the described sensory perception for a typical (or average) user.
  • device 200 is only one example of a portable multifunction device, and that device 200 optionally has more or fewer components than shown, optionally combines two or more components, or optionally has a different configuration or arrangement of the components.
  • the various components shown in FIG. 2A are implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of both hardware and software, including one or more signal processing and/or application-specific integrated circuits.
  • Memory 202 includes one or more computer-readable storage mediums.
  • the computer-readable storage mediums are, for example, tangible and non-transitory.
  • Memory 202 includes high-speed random access memory and also includes non-volatile memory, such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid-state memory devices.
  • Memory controller 222 controls access to memory 202 by other components of device 200 .
  • a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of memory 202 is used to store instructions (e.g., for performing aspects of processes described below) for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device, such as a computer-based system, processor-containing system, or other system that can fetch the instructions from the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device and execute the instructions.
  • the instructions e.g., for performing aspects of the processes described below
  • Peripherals interface 218 is used to couple input and output peripherals of the device to CPU 220 and memory 202 .
  • the one or more processors 220 run or execute various software programs and/or sets of instructions stored in memory 202 to perform various functions for device 200 and to process data.
  • peripherals interface 218 , CPU 220 , and memory controller 222 are implemented on a single chip, such as chip 204 . In some other embodiments, they are implemented on separate chips.
  • RF (radio frequency) circuitry 208 receives and sends RF signals, also called electromagnetic signals.
  • RF circuitry 208 converts electrical signals to/from electromagnetic signals and communicates with communications networks and other communications devices via the electromagnetic signals.
  • RF circuitry 208 optionally includes well-known circuitry for performing these functions, including but not limited to an antenna system, an RF transceiver, one or more amplifiers, a tuner, one or more oscillators, a digital signal processor, a CODEC chipset, a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, memory, and so forth.
  • an antenna system an RF transceiver, one or more amplifiers, a tuner, one or more oscillators, a digital signal processor, a CODEC chipset, a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, memory, and so forth.
  • SIM subscriber identity module
  • RF circuitry 208 optionally communicates with networks, such as the Internet, also referred to as the World Wide Web (WWW), an intranet and/or a wireless network, such as a cellular telephone network, a wireless local area network (LAN) and/or a metropolitan area network (MAN), and other devices by wireless communication.
  • the RF circuitry 208 optionally includes well-known circuitry for detecting near field communication (NFC) fields, such as by a short-range communication radio.
  • NFC near field communication
  • the wireless communication optionally uses any of a plurality of communications standards, protocols, and technologies, including but not limited to Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), high-speed downlink packet access (HSDPA), high-speed uplink packet access (HSDPA), Evolution, Data-Only (EV-DO), HSPA, HSPA+, Dual-Cell HSPA (DC-HSPDA), long term evolution (LTE), near field communication (NFC), wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA), code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), Bluetooth, Bluetooth Low Energy (BTLE), Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) (e.g., IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g, IEEE 802.11n, and/or IEEE 802.11ac), voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), Wi-MAX, a protocol for e mail (e.g., Internet message access protocol (IMAP) and/or post office protocol (POP)), instant messaging (e.g
  • Audio circuitry 210 , speaker 211 , and microphone 213 provide an audio interface between a user and device 200 .
  • Audio circuitry 210 receives audio data from peripherals interface 218 , converts the audio data to an electrical signal, and transmits the electrical signal to speaker 211 .
  • Speaker 211 converts the electrical signal to human-audible sound waves.
  • Audio circuitry 210 also receives electrical signals converted by microphone 213 from sound waves. Audio circuitry 210 converts the electrical signal to audio data and transmits the audio data to peripherals interface 218 for processing. Audio data are retrieved from and/or transmitted to memory 202 and/or RF circuitry 208 by peripherals interface 218 .
  • audio circuitry 210 also includes a headset jack (e.g., 312 , FIG.
  • the headset jack provides an interface between audio circuitry 210 and removable audio input/output peripherals, such as output-only headphones or a headset with both output (e.g., a headphone for one or both ears) and input (e.g., a microphone).
  • removable audio input/output peripherals such as output-only headphones or a headset with both output (e.g., a headphone for one or both ears) and input (e.g., a microphone).
  • I/O subsystem 206 couples input/output peripherals on device 200 , such as touch screen 212 and other input control devices 216 , to peripherals interface 218 .
  • I/O subsystem 206 optionally includes display controller 256 , optical sensor controller 258 , intensity sensor controller 259 , haptic feedback controller 261 , and one or more input controllers 260 for other input or control devices.
  • the one or more input controllers 260 receive/send electrical signals from/to other input control devices 216 .
  • the other input control devices 216 optionally include physical buttons (e.g., push buttons, rocker buttons, etc.), dials, slider switches, joysticks, click wheels, and so forth.
  • input controller(s) 260 are, optionally, coupled to any (or none) of the following: a keyboard, an infrared port, a USB port, and a pointer device such as a mouse.
  • the one or more buttons optionally include an up/down button for volume control of speaker 211 and/or microphone 213 .
  • the one or more buttons optionally include a push button (e.g., 306 , FIG. 3 ).
  • a quick press of the push button disengages a lock of touch screen 212 or begin a process that uses gestures on the touch screen to unlock the device, as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/322,549, “Unlocking a Device by Performing Gestures on an Unlock Image,” filed Dec. 23, 2005, U.S. Pat. No. 7,657,849, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • a longer press of the push button (e.g., 306 ) turns power to device 200 on or off. The user is able to customize a functionality of one or more of the buttons.
  • Touch screen 212 is used to implement virtual or soft buttons and one or more soft keyboards.
  • Touch-sensitive display 212 provides an input interface and an output interface between the device and a user.
  • Display controller 256 receives and/or sends electrical signals from/to touch screen 212 .
  • Touch screen 212 displays visual output to the user.
  • the visual output includes graphics, text, icons, video, and any combination thereof (collectively termed “graphics”). In some embodiments, some or all of the visual output correspond to user-interface objects.
  • Touch screen 212 has a touch-sensitive surface, sensor, or set of sensors that accepts input from the user based on haptic and/or tactile contact.
  • Touch screen 212 and display controller 256 (along with any associated modules and/or sets of instructions in memory 202 ) detect contact (and any movement or breaking of the contact) on touch screen 212 and convert the detected contact into interaction with user-interface objects (e.g., one or more soft keys, icons, web pages, or images) that are displayed on touch screen 212 .
  • user-interface objects e.g., one or more soft keys, icons, web pages, or images
  • a point of contact between touch screen 212 and the user corresponds to a finger of the user.
  • Touch screen 212 uses LCD (liquid crystal display) technology, LPD (light emitting polymer display) technology, or LED (light emitting diode) technology, although other display technologies may be used in other embodiments.
  • Touch screen 212 and display controller 256 detect contact and any movement or breaking thereof using any of a plurality of touch sensing technologies now known or later developed, including but not limited to capacitive, resistive, infrared, and surface acoustic wave technologies, as well as other proximity sensor arrays or other elements for determining one or more points of contact with touch screen 212 .
  • projected mutual capacitance sensing technology is used, such as that found in the iPhone® and iPod Touch® from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.
  • a touch-sensitive display in some embodiments of touch screen 212 is analogous to the multi-touch sensitive touchpads described in the following U.S. Pat. No. 6,323,846 (Westerman et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 6,570,557 (Westerman et al.), and/or U.S. Pat. No. 6,677,932 (Westerman), and/or U.S. Patent Publication 2002/0015024A1, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • touch screen 212 displays visual output from device 200
  • touch-sensitive touchpads do not provide visual output.
  • a touch-sensitive display in some embodiments of touch screen 212 is as described in the following applications: (1) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/381,313, “Multipoint Touch Surface Controller,” filed May 2, 2006; (2) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/840,862, “Multipoint Touchscreen,” filed May 6, 2004; (3) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/903,964, “Gestures For Touch Sensitive Input Devices,” filed Jul. 30, 2004; (4) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/048,264, “Gestures For Touch Sensitive Input Devices,” filed Jan. 31, 2005; (5) U.S. patent application Ser. No.
  • Touch screen 212 has, for example, a video resolution in excess of 100 dpi. In some embodiments, the touch screen has a video resolution of approximately 160 dpi.
  • the user makes contact with touch screen 212 using any suitable object or appendage, such as a stylus, a finger, and so forth.
  • the user interface is designed to work primarily with finger-based contacts and gestures, which can be less precise than stylus-based input due to the larger area of contact of a finger on the touch screen.
  • the device translates the rough finger-based input into a precise pointer/cursor position or command for performing the actions desired by the user.
  • device 200 in addition to the touch screen, device 200 includes a touchpad (not shown) for activating or deactivating particular functions.
  • the touchpad is a touch-sensitive area of the device that, unlike the touch screen, does not display visual output.
  • the touchpad is a touch-sensitive surface that is separate from touch screen 212 or an extension of the touch-sensitive surface formed by the touch screen.
  • Power system 262 includes a power management system, one or more power sources (e.g., battery, alternating current (AC)), a recharging system, a power failure detection circuit, a power converter or inverter, a power status indicator (e.g., a light-emitting diode (LED)) and any other components associated with the generation, management and distribution of power in portable devices.
  • power sources e.g., battery, alternating current (AC)
  • AC alternating current
  • a recharging system e.g., a recharging system
  • a power failure detection circuit e.g., a power failure detection circuit
  • a power converter or inverter e.g., a power converter or inverter
  • a power status indicator e.g., a light-emitting diode (LED)
  • Device 200 also includes one or more optical sensors 264 .
  • FIG. 2A shows an optical sensor coupled to optical sensor controller 258 in I/O subsystem 206 .
  • Optical sensor 264 includes charge-coupled device (CCD) or complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) phototransistors.
  • CMOS complementary metal-oxide semiconductor
  • Optical sensor 264 receives light from the environment, projected through one or more lenses, and converts the light to data representing an image.
  • imaging module 243 also called a camera module
  • optical sensor 264 captures still images or video.
  • an optical sensor is located on the back of device 200 , opposite touch screen display 212 on the front of the device so that the touch screen display is used as a viewfinder for still and/or video image acquisition.
  • an optical sensor is located on the front of the device so that the user's image is obtained for video conferencing while the user views the other video conference participants on the touch screen display.
  • the position of optical sensor 264 can be changed by the user (e.g., by rotating the lens and the sensor in the device housing) so that a single optical sensor 264 is used along with the touch screen display for both video conferencing and still and/or video image acquisition.
  • Device 200 optionally also includes one or more contact intensity sensors 265 .
  • FIG. 2A shows a contact intensity sensor coupled to intensity sensor controller 259 in I/O subsystem 206 .
  • Contact intensity sensor 265 optionally includes one or more piezoresistive strain gauges, capacitive force sensors, electric force sensors, piezoelectric force sensors, optical force sensors, capacitive touch-sensitive surfaces, or other intensity sensors (e.g., sensors used to measure the force (or pressure) of a contact on a touch-sensitive surface).
  • Contact intensity sensor 265 receives contact intensity information (e.g., pressure information or a proxy for pressure information) from the environment.
  • contact intensity information e.g., pressure information or a proxy for pressure information
  • At least one contact intensity sensor is collocated with, or proximate to, a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch-sensitive display system 212 ). In some embodiments, at least one contact intensity sensor is located on the back of device 200 , opposite touch screen display 212 , which is located on the front of device 200 .
  • Device 200 also includes one or more proximity sensors 266 .
  • FIG. 2A shows proximity sensor 266 coupled to peripherals interface 218 .
  • proximity sensor 266 is coupled to input controller 260 in I/O subsystem 206 .
  • Proximity sensor 266 is performed as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/241,839, “Proximity Detector In Handheld Device”; Ser. No. 11/240,788, “Proximity Detector In Handheld Device”; Ser. No. 11/620,702, “Using Ambient Light Sensor To Augment Proximity Sensor Output”; Ser. No. 11/586,862, “Automated Response To And Sensing Of User Activity In Portable Devices”; and Ser. No.
  • the proximity sensor turns off and disables touch screen 212 when the multifunction device is placed near the user's ear (e.g., when the user is making a phone call).
  • Device 200 optionally also includes one or more tactile output generators 267 .
  • FIG. 2A shows a tactile output generator coupled to haptic feedback controller 261 in I/O subsystem 206 .
  • Tactile output generator 267 optionally includes one or more electroacoustic devices such as speakers or other audio components and/or electromechanical devices that convert energy into linear motion such as a motor, solenoid, electroactive polymer, piezoelectric actuator, electrostatic actuator, or other tactile output generating component (e.g., a component that converts electrical signals into tactile outputs on the device).
  • Contact intensity sensor 265 receives tactile feedback generation instructions from haptic feedback module 233 and generates tactile outputs on device 200 that are capable of being sensed by a user of device 200 .
  • At least one tactile output generator is collocated with, or proximate to, a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch-sensitive display system 212 ) and, optionally, generates a tactile output by moving the touch-sensitive surface vertically (e.g., in/out of a surface of device 200 ) or laterally (e.g., back and forth in the same plane as a surface of device 200 ).
  • at least one tactile output generator sensor is located on the back of device 200 , opposite touch screen display 212 , which is located on the front of device 200 .
  • Device 200 also includes one or more accelerometers 268 .
  • FIG. 2A shows accelerometer 268 coupled to peripherals interface 218 .
  • accelerometer 268 is coupled to an input controller 260 in I/O subsystem 206 .
  • Accelerometer 268 performs, for example, as described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20050190059, “Acceleration-based Theft Detection System for Portable Electronic Devices,” and U.S. Patent Publication No. 20060017692, “Methods And Apparatuses For Operating A Portable Device Based On An Accelerometer,” both of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.
  • information is displayed on the touch screen display in a portrait view or a landscape view based on an analysis of data received from the one or more accelerometers.
  • Device 200 optionally includes, in addition to accelerometer(s) 268 , a magnetometer (not shown) and a GPS (or GLONASS or other global navigation system) receiver (not shown) for obtaining information concerning the location and orientation (e.g., portrait or landscape) of device 200 .
  • the software components stored in memory 202 include operating system 226 , communication module (or set of instructions) 228 , contact/motion module (or set of instructions) 230 , graphics module (or set of instructions) 232 , text input module (or set of instructions) 234 , Global Positioning System (GPS) module (or set of instructions) 235 , Digital Assistant Client Module 229 , and applications (or sets of instructions) 236 .
  • memory 202 stores data and models, such as user data and models 231 .
  • memory 202 ( FIG. 2A ) or 470 ( FIG. 4 ) stores device/global internal state 257 , as shown in FIGS. 2A and 4 .
  • Device/global internal state 257 includes one or more of: active application state, indicating which applications, if any, are currently active; display state, indicating what applications, views or other information occupy various regions of touch screen display 212 ; sensor state, including information obtained from the device's various sensors and input control devices 216 ; and location information concerning the device's location and/or attitude.
  • Operating system 226 e.g., Darwin, RTXC, LINUX, UNIX, OS X, iOS, WINDOWS, or an embedded operating system such as VxWorks
  • Operating system 226 includes various software components and/or drivers for controlling and managing general system tasks (e.g., memory management, storage device control, power management, etc.) and facilitates communication between various hardware and software components.
  • Communication module 228 facilitates communication with other devices over one or more external ports 224 and also includes various software components for handling data received by RF circuitry 208 and/or external port 224 .
  • External port 224 e.g., Universal Serial Bus (USB), FIREWIRE, etc.
  • USB Universal Serial Bus
  • FIREWIRE FireWire
  • the external port is a multi-pin (e.g., 30-pin) connector that is the same as, or similar to and/or compatible with, the 30-pin connector used on iPod® (trademark of Apple Inc.) devices.
  • Contact/motion module 230 optionally detects contact with touch screen 212 (in conjunction with display controller 256 ) and other touch-sensitive devices (e.g., a touchpad or physical click wheel).
  • Contact/motion module 230 includes various software components for performing various operations related to detection of contact, such as determining if contact has occurred (e.g., detecting a finger-down event), determining an intensity of the contact (e.g., the force or pressure of the contact or a substitute for the force or pressure of the contact), determining if there is movement of the contact and tracking the movement across the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., detecting one or more finger-dragging events), and determining if the contact has ceased (e.g., detecting a finger-up event or a break in contact).
  • Contact/motion module 230 receives contact data from the touch-sensitive surface. Determining movement of the point of contact, which is represented by a series of contact data, optionally includes determining speed (magnitude), velocity (magnitude and direction), and/or an acceleration (a change in magnitude and/or direction) of the point of contact. These operations are, optionally, applied to single contacts (e.g., one finger contacts) or to multiple simultaneous contacts (e.g., “multitouch”/multiple finger contacts). In some embodiments, contact/motion module 230 and display controller 256 detect contact on a touchpad.
  • contact/motion module 230 uses a set of one or more intensity thresholds to determine whether an operation has been performed by a user (e.g., to determine whether a user has “clicked” on an icon).
  • at least a subset of the intensity thresholds are determined in accordance with software parameters (e.g., the intensity thresholds are not determined by the activation thresholds of particular physical actuators and can be adjusted without changing the physical hardware of device 200 ). For example, a mouse “click” threshold of a trackpad or touch screen display can be set to any of a large range of predefined threshold values without changing the trackpad or touch screen display hardware.
  • a user of the device is provided with software settings for adjusting one or more of the set of intensity thresholds (e.g., by adjusting individual intensity thresholds and/or by adjusting a plurality of intensity thresholds at once with a system-level click “intensity” parameter).
  • Contact/motion module 230 optionally detects a gesture input by a user.
  • Different gestures on the touch-sensitive surface have different contact patterns (e.g., different motions, timings, and/or intensities of detected contacts).
  • a gesture is, optionally, detected by detecting a particular contact pattern.
  • detecting a finger tap gesture includes detecting a finger-down event followed by detecting a finger-up (liftoff) event at the same position (or substantially the same position) as the finger-down event (e.g., at the position of an icon).
  • detecting a finger swipe gesture on the touch-sensitive surface includes detecting a finger-down event followed by detecting one or more finger-dragging events, and subsequently followed by detecting a finger-up (liftoff) event.
  • Graphics module 232 includes various known software components for rendering and displaying graphics on touch screen 212 or other display, including components for changing the visual impact (e.g., brightness, transparency, saturation, contrast, or other visual property) of graphics that are displayed.
  • graphics includes any object that can be displayed to a user, including, without limitation, text, web pages, icons (such as user-interface objects including soft keys), digital images, videos, animations, and the like.
  • graphics module 232 stores data representing graphics to be used. Each graphic is, optionally, assigned a corresponding code. Graphics module 232 receives, from applications etc., one or more codes specifying graphics to be displayed along with, if necessary, coordinate data and other graphic property data, and then generates screen image data to output to display controller 256 .
  • Haptic feedback module 233 includes various software components for generating instructions used by tactile output generator(s) 267 to produce tactile outputs at one or more locations on device 200 in response to user interactions with device 200 .
  • Text input module 234 which is, in some examples, a component of graphics module 232 , provides soft keyboards for entering text in various applications (e.g., contacts 237 , email 240 , IM 241 , browser 247 , and any other application that needs text input).
  • applications e.g., contacts 237 , email 240 , IM 241 , browser 247 , and any other application that needs text input.
  • GPS module 235 determines the location of the device and provides this information for use in various applications (e.g., to telephone 238 for use in location-based dialing; to camera 243 as picture/video metadata; and to applications that provide location-based services such as weather widgets, local yellow page widgets, and map/navigation widgets).
  • applications e.g., to telephone 238 for use in location-based dialing; to camera 243 as picture/video metadata; and to applications that provide location-based services such as weather widgets, local yellow page widgets, and map/navigation widgets).
  • Digital assistant client module 229 includes various client-side digital assistant instructions to provide the client-side functionalities of the digital assistant.
  • digital assistant client module 229 is capable of accepting voice input (e.g., speech input), text input, touch input, and/or gestural input through various user interfaces (e.g., microphone 213 , accelerometer(s) 268 , touch-sensitive display system 212 , optical sensor(s) 229 , other input control devices 216 , etc.) of portable multifunction device 200 .
  • Digital assistant client module 229 is also capable of providing output in audio (e.g., speech output), visual, and/or tactile forms through various output interfaces (e.g., speaker 211 , touch-sensitive display system 212 , tactile output generator(s) 267 , etc.) of portable multifunction device 200 .
  • output is provided as voice, sound, alerts, text messages, menus, graphics, videos, animations, vibrations, and/or combinations of two or more of the above.
  • digital assistant client module 229 communicates with DA server 106 using RF circuitry 208 .
  • User data and models 231 include various data associated with the user (e.g., user-specific vocabulary data, user preference data, user-specified name pronunciations, data from the user's electronic address book, to-do lists, shopping lists, etc.) to provide the client-side functionalities of the digital assistant. Further, user data and models 231 include various models (e.g., speech recognition models, statistical language models, natural language processing models, ontology, task flow models, service models, etc.) for processing user input and determining user intent.
  • models e.g., speech recognition models, statistical language models, natural language processing models, ontology, task flow models, service models, etc.
  • digital assistant client module 229 utilizes the various sensors, subsystems, and peripheral devices of portable multifunction device 200 to gather additional information from the surrounding environment of the portable multifunction device 200 to establish a context associated with a user, the current user interaction, and/or the current user input.
  • digital assistant client module 229 provides the contextual information or a subset thereof with the user input to DA server 106 to help infer the user's intent.
  • the digital assistant also uses the contextual information to determine how to prepare and deliver outputs to the user. Contextual information is referred to as context data.
  • the contextual information that accompanies the user input includes sensor information, e.g., lighting, ambient noise, ambient temperature, images or videos of the surrounding environment, etc.
  • the contextual information can also include the physical state of the device, e.g., device orientation, device location, device temperature, power level, speed, acceleration, motion patterns, cellular signals strength, etc.
  • information related to the software state of DA server 106 e.g., running processes, installed programs, past and present network activities, background services, error logs, resources usage, etc., and of portable multifunction device 200 is provided to DA server 106 as contextual information associated with a user input.
  • the digital assistant client module 229 selectively provides information (e.g., user data 231 ) stored on the portable multifunction device 200 in response to requests from DA server 106 .
  • digital assistant client module 229 also elicits additional input from the user via a natural language dialogue or other user interfaces upon request by DA server 106 .
  • Digital assistant client module 229 passes the additional input to DA server 106 to help DA server 106 in intent deduction and/or fulfillment of the user's intent expressed in the user request.
  • digital assistant client module 229 can include any number of the sub-modules of digital assistant module 726 described below.
  • Applications 236 include the following modules (or sets of instructions), or a subset or superset thereof:
  • Examples of other applications 236 that are stored in memory 202 include other word processing applications, other image editing applications, drawing applications, presentation applications, JAVA-enabled applications, encryption, digital rights management, voice recognition, and voice replication.
  • contacts module 237 are used to manage an address book or contact list (e.g., stored in application internal state 292 of contacts module 237 in memory 202 or memory 470 ), including: adding name(s) to the address book; deleting name(s) from the address book; associating telephone number(s), e-mail address(es), physical address(es) or other information with a name; associating an image with a name; categorizing and sorting names; providing telephone numbers or e-mail addresses to initiate and/or facilitate communications by telephone 238 , video conference module 239 , e-mail 240 , or IM 241 ; and so forth.
  • an address book or contact list e.g., stored in application internal state 292 of contacts module 237 in memory 202 or memory 470 , including: adding name(s) to the address book; deleting name(s) from the address book; associating telephone number(s), e-mail address(es), physical address(es) or other information with a name; associ
  • telephone module 238 are used to enter a sequence of characters corresponding to a telephone number, access one or more telephone numbers in contacts module 237 , modify a telephone number that has been entered, dial a respective telephone number, conduct a conversation, and disconnect or hang up when the conversation is completed.
  • the wireless communication uses any of a plurality of communications standards, protocols, and technologies.
  • video conference module 239 includes executable instructions to initiate, conduct, and terminate a video conference between a user and one or more other participants in accordance with user instructions.
  • e-mail client module 240 includes executable instructions to create, send, receive, and manage e-mail in response to user instructions.
  • e-mail client module 240 makes it very easy to create and send e-mails with still or video images taken with camera module 243 .
  • the instant messaging module 241 includes executable instructions to enter a sequence of characters corresponding to an instant message, to modify previously entered characters, to transmit a respective instant message (for example, using a Short Message Service (SMS) or Multimedia Message Service (MMS) protocol for telephony-based instant messages or using XMPP, SIMPLE, or IMPS for Internet-based instant messages), to receive instant messages, and to view received instant messages.
  • SMS Short Message Service
  • MMS Multimedia Message Service
  • XMPP extensible Markup Language
  • SIMPLE Session Initiation Protocol
  • IMPS Internet Messaging Protocol
  • transmitted and/or received instant messages include graphics, photos, audio files, video files and/or other attachments as are supported in an MMS and/or an Enhanced Messaging Service (EMS).
  • EMS Enhanced Messaging Service
  • instant messaging refers to both telephony-based messages (e.g., messages sent using SMS or MMS) and Internet-based messages (e.g., messages sent using XMPP, SIMPLE, or IMPS).
  • workout support module 242 includes executable instructions to create workouts (e.g., with time, distance, and/or calorie burning goals); communicate with workout sensors (sports devices); receive workout sensor data; calibrate sensors used to monitor a workout; select and play music for a workout; and display, store, and transmit workout data.
  • create workouts e.g., with time, distance, and/or calorie burning goals
  • communicate with workout sensors sports devices
  • receive workout sensor data calibrate sensors used to monitor a workout
  • select and play music for a workout and display, store, and transmit workout data.
  • camera module 243 includes executable instructions to capture still images or video (including a video stream) and store them into memory 202 , modify characteristics of a still image or video, or delete a still image or video from memory 202 .
  • image management module 244 includes executable instructions to arrange, modify (e.g., edit), or otherwise manipulate, label, delete, present (e.g., in a digital slide show or album), and store still and/or video images.
  • modify e.g., edit
  • present e.g., in a digital slide show or album
  • browser module 247 includes executable instructions to browse the Internet in accordance with user instructions, including searching, linking to, receiving, and displaying web pages or portions thereof, as well as attachments and other files linked to web pages.
  • calendar module 248 includes executable instructions to create, display, modify, and store calendars and data associated with calendars (e.g., calendar entries, to-do lists, etc.) in accordance with user instructions.
  • widget modules 249 are mini-applications that can be downloaded and used by a user (e.g., weather widget 249 - 1 , stocks widget 249 - 2 , calculator widget 249 - 3 , alarm clock widget 249 - 4 , and dictionary widget 249 - 5 ) or created by the user (e.g., user-created widget 249 - 6 ).
  • a widget includes an HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) file, a CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) file, and a JavaScript file.
  • a widget includes an XML (Extensible Markup Language) file and a JavaScript file (e.g., Yahoo! Widgets).
  • the widget creator module 250 are used by a user to create widgets (e.g., turning a user-specified portion of a web page into a widget).
  • search module 251 includes executable instructions to search for text, music, sound, image, video, and/or other files in memory 202 that match one or more search criteria (e.g., one or more user-specified search terms) in accordance with user instructions.
  • search criteria e.g., one or more user-specified search terms
  • video and music player module 252 includes executable instructions that allow the user to download and play back recorded music and other sound files stored in one or more file formats, such as MP3 or AAC files, and executable instructions to display, present, or otherwise play back videos (e.g., on touch screen 212 or on an external, connected display via external port 224 ).
  • device 200 optionally includes the functionality of an MP3 player, such as an iPod (trademark of Apple Inc.).
  • notes module 253 includes executable instructions to create and manage notes, to-do lists, and the like in accordance with user instructions.
  • map module 254 are used to receive, display, modify, and store maps and data associated with maps (e.g., driving directions, data on stores and other points of interest at or near a particular location, and other location-based data) in accordance with user instructions.
  • maps e.g., driving directions, data on stores and other points of interest at or near a particular location, and other location-based data
  • online video module 255 includes instructions that allow the user to access, browse, receive (e.g., by streaming and/or download), play back (e.g., on the touch screen or on an external, connected display via external port 224 ), send an e-mail with a link to a particular online video, and otherwise manage online videos in one or more file formats, such as H.264.
  • instant messaging module 241 is used to send a link to a particular online video. Additional description of the online video application can be found in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/936,562, “Portable Multifunction Device, Method, and Graphical User Interface for Playing Online Videos,” filed Jun. 20, 2007, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/968,067, “Portable Multifunction Device, Method, and Graphical User Interface for Playing Online Videos,” filed Dec. 31, 2007, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
  • Each of the above-identified modules and applications corresponds to a set of executable instructions for performing one or more functions described above and the methods described in this application (e.g., the computer-implemented methods and other information processing methods described herein).
  • These modules e.g., sets of instructions
  • video player module can be combined with music player module into a single module (e.g., video and music player module 252 , FIG. 2A ).
  • memory 202 stores a subset of the modules and data structures identified above. Furthermore, memory 202 stores additional modules and data structures not described above.
  • device 200 is a device where operation of a predefined set of functions on the device is performed exclusively through a touch screen and/or a touchpad.
  • a touch screen and/or a touchpad as the primary input control device for operation of device 200 , the number of physical input control devices (such as push buttons, dials, and the like) on device 200 is reduced.
  • the predefined set of functions that are performed exclusively through a touch screen and/or a touchpad optionally include navigation between user interfaces.
  • the touchpad when touched by the user, navigates device 200 to a main, home, or root menu from any user interface that is displayed on device 200 .
  • a “menu button” is implemented using a touchpad.
  • the menu button is a physical push button or other physical input control device instead of a touchpad.
  • FIG. 2B is a block diagram illustrating exemplary components for event handling in accordance with some embodiments.
  • memory 202 FIG. 2A
  • 470 FIG. 4
  • memory 202 FIG. 2A
  • 470 FIG. 4
  • event sorter 270 e.g., in operating system 226
  • application 236 - 1 e.g., any of the aforementioned applications 237 - 251 , 255 , 480 - 490 .
  • Event sorter 270 receives event information and determines the application 236 - 1 and application view 291 of application 236 - 1 to which to deliver the event information.
  • Event sorter 270 includes event monitor 271 and event dispatcher module 274 .
  • application 236 - 1 includes application internal state 292 , which indicates the current application view(s) displayed on touch-sensitive display 212 when the application is active or executing.
  • device/global internal state 257 is used by event sorter 270 to determine which application(s) is (are) currently active, and application internal state 292 is used by event sorter 270 to determine application views 291 to which to deliver event information.
  • application internal state 292 includes additional information, such as one or more of: resume information to be used when application 236 - 1 resumes execution, user interface state information that indicates information being displayed or that is ready for display by application 236 - 1 , a state queue for enabling the user to go back to a prior state or view of application 236 - 1 , and a redo/undo queue of previous actions taken by the user.
  • Event monitor 271 receives event information from peripherals interface 218 .
  • Event information includes information about a sub-event (e.g., a user touch on touch-sensitive display 212 , as part of a multi-touch gesture).
  • Peripherals interface 218 transmits information it receives from I/O subsystem 206 or a sensor, such as proximity sensor 266 , accelerometer(s) 268 , and/or microphone 213 (through audio circuitry 210 ).
  • Information that peripherals interface 218 receives from I/O subsystem 206 includes information from touch-sensitive display 212 or a touch-sensitive surface.
  • event monitor 271 sends requests to the peripherals interface 218 at predetermined intervals. In response, peripherals interface 218 transmits event information. In other embodiments, peripherals interface 218 transmits event information only when there is a significant event (e.g., receiving an input above a predetermined noise threshold and/or for more than a predetermined duration).
  • event sorter 270 also includes a hit view determination module 272 and/or an active event recognizer determination module 273 .
  • Hit view determination module 272 provides software procedures for determining where a sub-event has taken place within one or more views when touch-sensitive display 212 displays more than one view. Views are made up of controls and other elements that a user can see on the display.
  • the application views (of a respective application) in which a touch is detected correspond to programmatic levels within a programmatic or view hierarchy of the application. For example, the lowest level view in which a touch is detected is called the hit view, and the set of events that are recognized as proper inputs is determined based, at least in part, on the hit view of the initial touch that begins a touch-based gesture.
  • Hit view determination module 272 receives information related to sub events of a touch-based gesture.
  • hit view determination module 272 identifies a hit view as the lowest view in the hierarchy which should handle the sub-event. In most circumstances, the hit view is the lowest level view in which an initiating sub-event occurs (e.g., the first sub-event in the sequence of sub-events that form an event or potential event).
  • the hit view typically receives all sub-events related to the same touch or input source for which it was identified as the hit view.
  • Active event recognizer determination module 273 determines which view or views within a view hierarchy should receive a particular sequence of sub-events. In some embodiments, active event recognizer determination module 273 determines that only the hit view should receive a particular sequence of sub-events. In other embodiments, active event recognizer determination module 273 determines that all views that include the physical location of a sub-event are actively involved views, and therefore determines that all actively involved views should receive a particular sequence of sub-events. In other embodiments, even if touch sub-events were entirely confined to the area associated with one particular view, views higher in the hierarchy would still remain as actively involved views.
  • Event dispatcher module 274 dispatches the event information to an event recognizer (e.g., event recognizer 280 ). In embodiments including active event recognizer determination module 273 , event dispatcher module 274 delivers the event information to an event recognizer determined by active event recognizer determination module 273 . In some embodiments, event dispatcher module 274 stores in an event queue the event information, which is retrieved by a respective event receiver 282 .
  • operating system 226 includes event sorter 270 .
  • application 236 - 1 includes event sorter 270 .
  • event sorter 270 is a stand-alone module, or a part of another module stored in memory 202 , such as contact/motion module 230 .
  • application 236 - 1 includes a plurality of event handlers 290 and one or more application views 291 , each of which includes instructions for handling touch events that occur within a respective view of the application's user interface.
  • Each application view 291 of the application 236 - 1 includes one or more event recognizers 280 .
  • a respective application view 291 includes a plurality of event recognizers 280 .
  • one or more of event recognizers 280 are part of a separate module, such as a user interface kit (not shown) or a higher level object from which application 236 - 1 inherits methods and other properties.
  • a respective event handler 290 includes one or more of: data updater 276 , object updater 277 , GUI updater 278 , and/or event data 279 received from event sorter 270 .
  • Event handler 290 utilizes or calls data updater 276 , object updater 277 , or GUI updater 278 to update the application internal state 292 .
  • one or more of the application views 291 include one or more respective event handlers 290 .
  • one or more of data updater 276 , object updater 277 , and GUI updater 278 are included in a respective application view 291 .
  • a respective event recognizer 280 receives event information (e.g., event data 279 ) from event sorter 270 and identifies an event from the event information.
  • Event recognizer 280 includes event receiver 282 and event comparator 284 .
  • event recognizer 280 also includes at least a subset of: metadata 283 , and event delivery instructions 288 (which include sub-event delivery instructions).
  • Event receiver 282 receives event information from event sorter 270 .
  • the event information includes information about a sub-event, for example, a touch or a touch movement.
  • the event information also includes additional information, such as location of the sub-event.
  • the event information also includes speed and direction of the sub-event.
  • events include rotation of the device from one orientation to another (e.g., from a portrait orientation to a landscape orientation, or vice versa), and the event information includes corresponding information about the current orientation (also called device attitude) of the device.
  • Event comparator 284 compares the event information to predefined event or sub-event definitions and, based on the comparison, determines an event or sub event, or determines or updates the state of an event or sub-event.
  • event comparator 284 includes event definitions 286 .
  • Event definitions 286 contain definitions of events (e.g., predefined sequences of sub-events), for example, event 1 ( 287 - 1 ), event 2 ( 287 - 2 ), and others.
  • sub-events in an event ( 287 ) include, for example, touch begin, touch end, touch movement, touch cancellation, and multiple touching.
  • the definition for event 1 ( 287 - 1 ) is a double tap on a displayed object.
  • the double tap for example, comprises a first touch (touch begin) on the displayed object for a predetermined phase, a first liftoff (touch end) for a predetermined phase, a second touch (touch begin) on the displayed object for a predetermined phase, and a second liftoff (touch end) for a predetermined phase.
  • the definition for event 2 ( 287 - 2 ) is a dragging on a displayed object.
  • the dragging for example, comprises a touch (or contact) on the displayed object for a predetermined phase, a movement of the touch across touch-sensitive display 212 , and liftoff of the touch (touch end).
  • the event also includes information for one or more associated event handlers 290 .
  • event definition 287 includes a definition of an event for a respective user-interface object.
  • event comparator 284 performs a hit test to determine which user-interface object is associated with a sub-event. For example, in an application view in which three user-interface objects are displayed on touch-sensitive display 212 , when a touch is detected on touch-sensitive display 212 , event comparator 284 performs a hit test to determine which of the three user-interface objects is associated with the touch (sub-event). If each displayed object is associated with a respective event handler 290 , the event comparator uses the result of the hit test to determine which event handler 290 should be activated. For example, event comparator 284 selects an event handler associated with the sub-event and the object triggering the hit test.
  • the definition for a respective event ( 287 ) also includes delayed actions that delay delivery of the event information until after it has been determined whether the sequence of sub-events does or does not correspond to the event recognizer's event type.
  • a respective event recognizer 280 determines that the series of sub-events do not match any of the events in event definitions 286 , the respective event recognizer 280 enters an event impossible, event failed, or event ended state, after which it disregards subsequent sub-events of the touch-based gesture. In this situation, other event recognizers, if any, that remain active for the hit view continue to track and process sub-events of an ongoing touch-based gesture.
  • a respective event recognizer 280 includes metadata 283 with configurable properties, flags, and/or lists that indicate how the event delivery system should perform sub-event delivery to actively involved event recognizers.
  • metadata 283 includes configurable properties, flags, and/or lists that indicate how event recognizers interact, or are enabled to interact, with one another.
  • metadata 283 includes configurable properties, flags, and/or lists that indicate whether sub-events are delivered to varying levels in the view or programmatic hierarchy.
  • a respective event recognizer 280 activates event handler 290 associated with an event when one or more particular sub-events of an event are recognized.
  • a respective event recognizer 280 delivers event information associated with the event to event handler 290 .
  • Activating an event handler 290 is distinct from sending (and deferred sending) sub-events to a respective hit view.
  • event recognizer 280 throws a flag associated with the recognized event, and event handler 290 associated with the flag catches the flag and performs a predefined process.
  • event delivery instructions 288 include sub-event delivery instructions that deliver event information about a sub-event without activating an event handler. Instead, the sub-event delivery instructions deliver event information to event handlers associated with the series of sub-events or to actively involved views. Event handlers associated with the series of sub-events or with actively involved views receive the event information and perform a predetermined process.
  • data updater 276 creates and updates data used in application 236 - 1 .
  • data updater 276 updates the telephone number used in contacts module 237 , or stores a video file used in video player module.
  • object updater 277 creates and updates objects used in application 236 - 1 .
  • object updater 277 creates a new user-interface object or updates the position of a user-interface object.
  • GUI updater 278 updates the GUI.
  • GUI updater 278 prepares display information and sends it to graphics module 232 for display on a touch-sensitive display.
  • event handler(s) 290 includes or has access to data updater 276 , object updater 277 , and GUI updater 278 .
  • data updater 276 , object updater 277 , and GUI updater 278 are included in a single module of a respective application 236 - 1 or application view 291 . In other embodiments, they are included in two or more software modules.
  • event handling of user touches on touch-sensitive displays also applies to other forms of user inputs to operate multifunction devices 200 with input devices, not all of which are initiated on touch screens.
  • mouse movement and mouse button presses optionally coordinated with single or multiple keyboard presses or holds; contact movements such as taps, drags, scrolls, etc. on touchpads; pen stylus inputs; movement of the device; oral instructions; detected eye movements; biometric inputs; and/or any combination thereof are optionally utilized as inputs corresponding to sub-events which define an event to be recognized.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates a portable multifunction device 200 having a touch screen 212 in accordance with some embodiments.
  • the touch screen optionally displays one or more graphics within user interface (UI) 300 .
  • UI user interface
  • a user is enabled to select one or more of the graphics by making a gesture on the graphics, for example, with one or more fingers 302 (not drawn to scale in the figure) or one or more styluses 303 (not drawn to scale in the figure).
  • selection of one or more graphics occurs when the user breaks contact with the one or more graphics.
  • the gesture optionally includes one or more taps, one or more swipes (from left to right, right to left, upward and/or downward), and/or a rolling of a finger (from right to left, left to right, upward and/or downward) that has made contact with device 200 .
  • inadvertent contact with a graphic does not select the graphic.
  • a swipe gesture that sweeps over an application icon optionally does not select the corresponding application when the gesture corresponding to selection is a tap.
  • Device 200 also includes one or more physical buttons, such as “home” or menu button 304 .
  • menu button 304 is used to navigate to any application 236 in a set of applications that is executed on device 200 .
  • the menu button is implemented as a soft key in a GUI displayed on touch screen 212 .
  • device 200 includes touch screen 212 , menu button 304 , push button 306 for powering the device on/off and locking the device, volume adjustment button(s) 308 , subscriber identity module (SIM) card slot 310 , headset jack 312 , and docking/charging external port 224 .
  • Push button 306 is, optionally, used to turn the power on/off on the device by depressing the button and holding the button in the depressed state for a predefined time interval; to lock the device by depressing the button and releasing the button before the predefined time interval has elapsed; and/or to unlock the device or initiate an unlock process.
  • device 200 also accepts verbal input for activation or deactivation of some functions through microphone 213 .
  • Device 200 also, optionally, includes one or more contact intensity sensors 265 for detecting intensity of contacts on touch screen 212 and/or one or more tactile output generators 267 for generating tactile outputs for a user of device 200 .
  • FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an exemplary multifunction device with a display and a touch-sensitive surface in accordance with some embodiments.
  • Device 400 need not be portable.
  • device 400 is a laptop computer, a desktop computer, a tablet computer, a multimedia player device, a navigation device, an educational device (such as a child's learning toy), a gaming system, or a control device (e.g., a home or industrial controller).
  • Device 400 typically includes one or more processing units (CPUs) 410 , one or more network or other communications interfaces 460 , memory 470 , and one or more communication buses 420 for interconnecting these components.
  • CPUs processing units
  • Communication buses 420 optionally include circuitry (sometimes called a chipset) that interconnects and controls communications between system components.
  • Device 400 includes input/output (I/O) interface 430 comprising display 440 , which is typically a touch screen display.
  • I/O interface 430 also optionally includes a keyboard and/or mouse (or other pointing device) 450 and touchpad 455 , tactile output generator 457 for generating tactile outputs on device 400 (e.g., similar to tactile output generator(s) 267 described above with reference to FIG. 2A ), sensors 459 (e.g., optical, acceleration, proximity, touch-sensitive, and/or contact intensity sensors similar to contact intensity sensor(s) 265 described above with reference to FIG. 2A ).
  • sensors 459 e.g., optical, acceleration, proximity, touch-sensitive, and/or contact intensity sensors similar to contact intensity sensor(s) 265 described above with reference to FIG. 2A ).
  • Memory 470 includes high-speed random access memory, such as DRAM, SRAM, DDR RAM, or other random access solid state memory devices; and optionally includes non-volatile memory, such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices, optical disk storage devices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid state storage devices. Memory 470 optionally includes one or more storage devices remotely located from CPU(s) 410 . In some embodiments, memory 470 stores programs, modules, and data structures analogous to the programs, modules, and data structures stored in memory 202 of portable multifunction device 200 ( FIG. 2A ), or a subset thereof. Furthermore, memory 470 optionally stores additional programs, modules, and data structures not present in memory 202 of portable multifunction device 200 .
  • memory 470 of device 400 optionally stores drawing module 480 , presentation module 482 , word processing module 484 , website creation module 486 , disk authoring module 488 , and/or spreadsheet module 490 , while memory 202 of portable multifunction device 200 ( FIG. 2A ) optionally does not store these modules.
  • Each of the above-identified elements in FIG. 4 is, in some examples, stored in one or more of the previously mentioned memory devices.
  • Each of the above-identified modules corresponds to a set of instructions for performing a function described above.
  • the above-identified modules or programs (e.g., sets of instructions) need not be implemented as separate software programs, procedures, or modules, and thus various subsets of these modules are combined or otherwise rearranged in various embodiments.
  • memory 470 stores a subset of the modules and data structures identified above. Furthermore, memory 470 stores additional modules and data structures not described above.
  • FIG. 5A illustrates an exemplary user interface for a menu of applications on portable multifunction device 200 in accordance with some embodiments. Similar user interfaces are implemented on device 400 .
  • user interface 500 includes the following elements, or a subset or superset thereof:
  • icon labels illustrated in FIG. 5A are merely exemplary.
  • icon 522 for video and music player module 252 is optionally labeled “Music” or “Music Player.”
  • Other labels are, optionally, used for various application icons.
  • a label for a respective application icon includes a name of an application corresponding to the respective application icon.
  • a label for a particular application icon is distinct from a name of an application corresponding to the particular application icon.
  • FIG. 5B illustrates an exemplary user interface on a device (e.g., device 400 , FIG. 4 ) with a touch-sensitive surface 551 (e.g., a tablet or touchpad 455 , FIG. 4 ) that is separate from the display 550 (e.g., touch screen display 212 ).
  • Device 400 also, optionally, includes one or more contact intensity sensors (e.g., one or more of sensors 457 ) for detecting intensity of contacts on touch-sensitive surface 551 and/or one or more tactile output generators 459 for generating tactile outputs for a user of device 400 .
  • one or more contact intensity sensors e.g., one or more of sensors 457
  • tactile output generators 459 for generating tactile outputs for a user of device 400 .
  • the device detects inputs on a touch-sensitive surface that is separate from the display, as shown in FIG. 5B .
  • the touch-sensitive surface e.g., 551 in FIG. 5B
  • the touch-sensitive surface has a primary axis (e.g., 552 in FIG. 5B ) that corresponds to a primary axis (e.g., 553 in FIG. 5B ) on the display (e.g., 550 ).
  • the device detects contacts (e.g., 560 and 562 in FIG.
  • finger inputs e.g., finger contacts, finger tap gestures, finger swipe gestures
  • one or more of the finger inputs are replaced with input from another input device (e.g., a mouse-based input or stylus input).
  • a swipe gesture is, optionally, replaced with a mouse click (e.g., instead of a contact) followed by movement of the cursor along the path of the swipe (e.g., instead of movement of the contact).
  • a tap gesture is, optionally, replaced with a mouse click while the cursor is located over the location of the tap gesture (e.g., instead of detection of the contact followed by ceasing to detect the contact).
  • multiple user inputs are simultaneously detected, it should be understood that multiple computer mice are, optionally, used simultaneously, or a mouse and finger contacts are, optionally, used simultaneously.
  • FIG. 6A illustrates exemplary personal electronic device 600 .
  • Device 600 includes body 602 .
  • device 600 includes some or all of the features described with respect to devices 200 and 400 (e.g., FIGS. 2A-4 ).
  • device 600 has touch-sensitive display screen 604 , hereafter touch screen 604 .
  • touch screen 604 has one or more intensity sensors for detecting intensity of contacts (e.g., touches) being applied.
  • the one or more intensity sensors of touch screen 604 (or the touch-sensitive surface) provide output data that represents the intensity of touches.
  • the user interface of device 600 responds to touches based on their intensity, meaning that touches of different intensities can invoke different user interface operations on device 600 .
  • device 600 has one or more input mechanisms 606 and 608 .
  • Input mechanisms 606 and 608 are physical. Examples of physical input mechanisms include push buttons and rotatable mechanisms.
  • device 600 has one or more attachment mechanisms. Such attachment mechanisms, if included, can permit attachment of device 600 with, for example, hats, eyewear, earrings, necklaces, shirts, jackets, bracelets, watch straps, chains, trousers, belts, shoes, purses, backpacks, and so forth. These attachment mechanisms permit device 600 to be worn by a user.
  • FIG. 6B depicts exemplary personal electronic device 600 .
  • device 600 includes some or all of the components described with respect to FIGS. 2A, 2B, and 4 .
  • Device 600 has bus 612 that operatively couples I/O section 614 with one or more computer processors 616 and memory 618 .
  • I/O section 614 is connected to display 604 , which can have touch-sensitive component 622 and, optionally, touch-intensity sensitive component 624 .
  • I/O section 614 is connected with communication unit 630 for receiving application and operating system data, using Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, near field communication (NFC), cellular, and/or other wireless communication techniques.
  • Device 600 includes input mechanisms 606 and/or 608 .
  • Input mechanism 606 is a rotatable input device or a depressible and rotatable input device, for example.
  • Input mechanism 608 is a button, in some examples.
  • Input mechanism 608 is a microphone, in some examples.
  • Personal electronic device 600 includes, for example, various sensors, such as GPS sensor 632 , accelerometer 634 , directional sensor 640 (e.g., compass), gyroscope 636 , motion sensor 638 , and/or a combination thereof, all of which are operatively connected to I/O section 614 .
  • sensors such as GPS sensor 632 , accelerometer 634 , directional sensor 640 (e.g., compass), gyroscope 636 , motion sensor 638 , and/or a combination thereof, all of which are operatively connected to I/O section 614 .
  • Memory 618 of personal electronic device 600 is a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium, for storing computer-executable instructions, which, when executed by one or more computer processors 616 , for example, cause the computer processors to perform the techniques and processes described below.
  • the computer-executable instructions for example, are also stored and/or transported within any non-transitory computer-readable storage medium for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device, such as a computer-based system, processor-containing system, or other system that can fetch the instructions from the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device and execute the instructions.
  • Personal electronic device 600 is not limited to the components and configuration of FIG. 6B , but can include other or additional components in multiple configurations.
  • the term “affordance” refers to a user-interactive graphical user interface object that is, for example, displayed on the display screen of devices 200 , 400 , 600 , and/or 1008 ( FIGS. 2A, 4, 6A -B, and 10 ).
  • an image e.g., icon
  • a button e.g., button
  • text e.g., hyperlink
  • the term “focus selector” refers to an input element that indicates a current part of a user interface with which a user is interacting.
  • the cursor acts as a “focus selector” so that when an input (e.g., a press input) is detected on a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touchpad 455 in FIG. 4 or touch-sensitive surface 551 in FIG. 5B ) while the cursor is over a particular user interface element (e.g., a button, window, slider or other user interface element), the particular user interface element is adjusted in accordance with the detected input.
  • a touch screen display e.g., touch-sensitive display system 212 in FIG.
  • a detected contact on the touch screen acts as a “focus selector” so that when an input (e.g., a press input by the contact) is detected on the touch screen display at a location of a particular user interface element (e.g., a button, window, slider, or other user interface element), the particular user interface element is adjusted in accordance with the detected input.
  • an input e.g., a press input by the contact
  • a particular user interface element e.g., a button, window, slider, or other user interface element
  • focus is moved from one region of a user interface to another region of the user interface without corresponding movement of a cursor or movement of a contact on a touch screen display (e.g., by using a tab key or arrow keys to move focus from one button to another button); in these implementations, the focus selector moves in accordance with movement of focus between different regions of the user interface.
  • the focus selector is generally the user interface element (or contact on a touch screen display) that is controlled by the user so as to communicate the user's intended interaction with the user interface (e.g., by indicating, to the device, the element of the user interface with which the user is intending to interact).
  • a focus selector e.g., a cursor, a contact, or a selection box
  • a press input is detected on the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., a touchpad or touch screen) will indicate that the user is intending to activate the respective button (as opposed to other user interface elements shown on a display of the device).
  • the term “characteristic intensity” of a contact refers to a characteristic of the contact based on one or more intensities of the contact. In some embodiments, the characteristic intensity is based on multiple intensity samples. The characteristic intensity is, optionally, based on a predefined number of intensity samples, or a set of intensity samples collected during a predetermined time period (e.g., 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10 seconds) relative to a predefined event (e.g., after detecting the contact, prior to detecting liftoff of the contact, before or after detecting a start of movement of the contact, prior to detecting an end of the contact, before or after detecting an increase in intensity of the contact, and/or before or after detecting a decrease in intensity of the contact).
  • a predefined time period e.g., 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10 seconds
  • a characteristic intensity of a contact is, optionally based on one or more of: a maximum value of the intensities of the contact, a mean value of the intensities of the contact, an average value of the intensities of the contact, a top 10 percentile value of the intensities of the contact, a value at the half maximum of the intensities of the contact, a value at the 90 percent maximum of the intensities of the contact, or the like.
  • the duration of the contact is used in determining the characteristic intensity (e.g., when the characteristic intensity is an average of the intensity of the contact over time).
  • the characteristic intensity is compared to a set of one or more intensity thresholds to determine whether an operation has been performed by a user.
  • the set of one or more intensity thresholds includes a first intensity threshold and a second intensity threshold.
  • a contact with a characteristic intensity that does not exceed the first threshold results in a first operation
  • a contact with a characteristic intensity that exceeds the first intensity threshold and does not exceed the second intensity threshold results in a second operation
  • a contact with a characteristic intensity that exceeds the second threshold results in a third operation.
  • a comparison between the characteristic intensity and one or more thresholds is used to determine whether or not to perform one or more operations (e.g., whether to perform a respective operation or forgo performing the respective operation) rather than being used to determine whether to perform a first operation or a second operation.
  • a portion of a gesture is identified for purposes of determining a characteristic intensity.
  • a touch-sensitive surface receives a continuous swipe contact transitioning from a start location and reaching an end location, at which point the intensity of the contact increases.
  • the characteristic intensity of the contact at the end location is based on only a portion of the continuous swipe contact, and not the entire swipe contact (e.g., only the portion of the swipe contact at the end location).
  • a smoothing algorithm is applied to the intensities of the swipe contact prior to determining the characteristic intensity of the contact.
  • the smoothing algorithm optionally includes one or more of: an unweighted sliding-average smoothing algorithm, a triangular smoothing algorithm, a median filter smoothing algorithm, and/or an exponential smoothing algorithm.
  • these smoothing algorithms eliminate narrow spikes or dips in the intensities of the swipe contact for purposes of determining a characteristic intensity.
  • the intensity of a contact on the touch-sensitive surface is characterized relative to one or more intensity thresholds, such as a contact-detection intensity threshold, a light press intensity threshold, a deep press intensity threshold, and/or one or more other intensity thresholds.
  • the light press intensity threshold corresponds to an intensity at which the device will perform operations typically associated with clicking a button of a physical mouse or a trackpad.
  • the deep press intensity threshold corresponds to an intensity at which the device will perform operations that are different from operations typically associated with clicking a button of a physical mouse or a trackpad.
  • the device when a contact is detected with a characteristic intensity below the light press intensity threshold (e.g., and above a nominal contact-detection intensity threshold below which the contact is no longer detected), the device will move a focus selector in accordance with movement of the contact on the touch-sensitive surface without performing an operation associated with the light press intensity threshold or the deep press intensity threshold.
  • a characteristic intensity below the light press intensity threshold e.g., and above a nominal contact-detection intensity threshold below which the contact is no longer detected
  • these intensity thresholds are consistent between different sets of user interface figures.
  • An increase of characteristic intensity of the contact from an intensity below the light press intensity threshold to an intensity between the light press intensity threshold and the deep press intensity threshold is sometimes referred to as a “light press” input.
  • An increase of characteristic intensity of the contact from an intensity below the deep press intensity threshold to an intensity above the deep press intensity threshold is sometimes referred to as a “deep press” input.
  • An increase of characteristic intensity of the contact from an intensity below the contact-detection intensity threshold to an intensity between the contact-detection intensity threshold and the light press intensity threshold is sometimes referred to as detecting the contact on the touch-surface.
  • a decrease of characteristic intensity of the contact from an intensity above the contact-detection intensity threshold to an intensity below the contact-detection intensity threshold is sometimes referred to as detecting liftoff of the contact from the touch-surface.
  • the contact-detection intensity threshold is zero. In some embodiments, the contact-detection intensity threshold is greater than zero.
  • one or more operations are performed in response to detecting a gesture that includes a respective press input or in response to detecting the respective press input performed with a respective contact (or a plurality of contacts), where the respective press input is detected based at least in part on detecting an increase in intensity of the contact (or plurality of contacts) above a press-input intensity threshold.
  • the respective operation is performed in response to detecting the increase in intensity of the respective contact above the press-input intensity threshold (e.g., a “down stroke” of the respective press input).
  • the press input includes an increase in intensity of the respective contact above the press-input intensity threshold and a subsequent decrease in intensity of the contact below the press-input intensity threshold, and the respective operation is performed in response to detecting the subsequent decrease in intensity of the respective contact below the press-input threshold (e.g., an “up stroke” of the respective press input).
  • the device employs intensity hysteresis to avoid accidental inputs sometimes termed “jitter,” where the device defines or selects a hysteresis intensity threshold with a predefined relationship to the press-input intensity threshold (e.g., the hysteresis intensity threshold is X intensity units lower than the press-input intensity threshold or the hysteresis intensity threshold is 75%, 90%, or some reasonable proportion of the press-input intensity threshold).
  • the hysteresis intensity threshold is X intensity units lower than the press-input intensity threshold or the hysteresis intensity threshold is 75%, 90%, or some reasonable proportion of the press-input intensity threshold.
  • the press input includes an increase in intensity of the respective contact above the press-input intensity threshold and a subsequent decrease in intensity of the contact below the hysteresis intensity threshold that corresponds to the press-input intensity threshold, and the respective operation is performed in response to detecting the subsequent decrease in intensity of the respective contact below the hysteresis intensity threshold (e.g., an “up stroke” of the respective press input).
  • the press input is detected only when the device detects an increase in intensity of the contact from an intensity at or below the hysteresis intensity threshold to an intensity at or above the press-input intensity threshold and, optionally, a subsequent decrease in intensity of the contact to an intensity at or below the hysteresis intensity, and the respective operation is performed in response to detecting the press input (e.g., the increase in intensity of the contact or the decrease in intensity of the contact, depending on the circumstances).
  • the descriptions of operations performed in response to a press input associated with a press-input intensity threshold or in response to a gesture including the press input are, optionally, triggered in response to detecting either: an increase in intensity of a contact above the press-input intensity threshold, an increase in intensity of a contact from an intensity below the hysteresis intensity threshold to an intensity above the press-input intensity threshold, a decrease in intensity of the contact below the press-input intensity threshold, and/or a decrease in intensity of the contact below the hysteresis intensity threshold corresponding to the press-input intensity threshold.
  • the operation is, optionally, performed in response to detecting a decrease in intensity of the contact below a hysteresis intensity threshold corresponding to, and lower than, the press-input intensity threshold.
  • FIG. 7A illustrates a block diagram of digital assistant system 700 in accordance with various examples.
  • digital assistant system 700 is implemented on a standalone computer system.
  • digital assistant system 700 is distributed across multiple computers.
  • some of the modules and functions of the digital assistant are divided into a server portion and a client portion, where the client portion resides on one or more user devices (e.g., devices 104 , 122 , 200 , 400 , 600 , or 1008 ) and communicates with the server portion (e.g., server system 108 ) through one or more networks, e.g., as shown in FIG. 1 .
  • digital assistant system 700 is an implementation of server system 108 (and/or DA server 106 ) shown in FIG.
  • digital assistant system 700 is only one example of a digital assistant system, and that digital assistant system 700 can have more or fewer components than shown, can combine two or more components, or can have a different configuration or arrangement of the components.
  • the various components shown in FIG. 7A are implemented in hardware, software instructions for execution by one or more processors, firmware, including one or more signal processing and/or application specific integrated circuits, or a combination thereof.
  • Digital assistant system 700 includes memory 702 , one or more processors 704 , input/output (I/O) interface 706 , and network communications interface 708 . These components can communicate with one another over one or more communication buses or signal lines 710 .
  • memory 702 includes a non-transitory computer-readable medium, such as high-speed random access memory and/or a non-volatile computer-readable storage medium (e.g., one or more magnetic disk storage devices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid-state memory devices).
  • a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as high-speed random access memory and/or a non-volatile computer-readable storage medium (e.g., one or more magnetic disk storage devices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid-state memory devices).
  • I/O interface 706 couples input/output devices 716 of digital assistant system 700 , such as displays, keyboards, touch screens, and microphones, to user interface module 722 .
  • I/O interface 706 in conjunction with user interface module 722 , receives user inputs (e.g., voice input, keyboard inputs, touch inputs, etc.) and processes them accordingly.
  • digital assistant system 700 includes any of the components and I/O communication interfaces described with respect to devices 200 , 400 , 600 , or 1008 in FIGS. 2A, 4, 6A -B, and 10 respectively.
  • digital assistant system 700 represents the server portion of a digital assistant implementation, and can interact with the user through a client-side portion residing on a user device (e.g., devices 104 , 200 , 400 , 600 , or 1008 ).
  • a user device e.g., devices 104 , 200 , 400 , 600 , or 1008 .
  • the network communications interface 708 includes wired communication port(s) 712 and/or wireless transmission and reception circuitry 714 .
  • the wired communication port(s) receives and send communication signals via one or more wired interfaces, e.g., Ethernet, Universal Serial Bus (USB), FIREWIRE, etc.
  • the wireless circuitry 714 receives and sends RF signals and/or optical signals from/to communications networks and other communications devices.
  • the wireless communications use any of a plurality of communications standards, protocols, and technologies, such as GSM, EDGE, CDMA, TDMA, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, VoIP, Wi-MAX, or any other suitable communication protocol.
  • Network communications interface 708 enables communication between digital assistant system 700 with networks, such as the Internet, an intranet, and/or a wireless network, such as a cellular telephone network, a wireless local area network (LAN), and/or a metropolitan area network (MAN), and other devices.
  • networks such as the Internet, an intranet, and/or a wireless network, such as a cellular telephone network, a wireless local area network (LAN), and/or a metropolitan area network (MAN), and other devices.
  • networks such as the Internet, an intranet, and/or a wireless network, such as a cellular telephone network, a wireless local area network (LAN), and/or a metropolitan area network (MAN), and other devices.
  • networks such as the Internet, an intranet, and/or a wireless network, such as a cellular telephone network, a wireless local area network (LAN), and/or a metropolitan area network (MAN), and other devices.
  • LAN wireless local area network
  • MAN metropolitan area network
  • memory 702 stores programs, modules, instructions, and data structures including all or a subset of: operating system 718 , communications module 720 , user interface module 722 , one or more applications 724 , and digital assistant module 726 .
  • memory 702 or the computer-readable storage media of memory 702 , stores instructions for performing the processes described below.
  • processors 704 execute these programs, modules, and instructions, and reads/writes from/to the data structures.
  • Operating system 718 e.g., Darwin, RTXC, LINUX, UNIX, iOS, OS X, WINDOWS, or an embedded operating system such as VxWorks
  • Operating system 718 includes various software components and/or drivers for controlling and managing general system tasks (e.g., memory management, storage device control, power management, etc.) and facilitates communications between various hardware, firmware, and software components.
  • Communications module 720 facilitates communications between digital assistant system 700 with other devices over network communications interface 708 .
  • communications module 720 communicates with RF circuitry 208 of electronic devices such as devices 200 , 400 , and 600 shown in FIG. 2A, 4, 6A -B, respectively.
  • Communications module 720 also includes various components for handling data received by wireless circuitry 714 and/or wired communications port 712 .
  • User interface module 722 receives commands and/or inputs from a user via I/O interface 706 (e.g., from a keyboard, touch screen, pointing device, controller, and/or microphone), and generate user interface objects on a display. User interface module 722 also prepares and delivers outputs (e.g., speech, sound, animation, text, icons, vibrations, haptic feedback, light, etc.) to the user via the I/O interface 706 (e.g., through displays, audio channels, speakers, touch-pads, etc.).
  • outputs e.g., speech, sound, animation, text, icons, vibrations, haptic feedback, light, etc.
  • Applications 724 include programs and/or modules that are configured to be executed by one or more processors 704 .
  • applications 724 include user applications, such as games, a calendar application, a navigation application, or an email application.
  • applications 724 include resource management applications, diagnostic applications, or scheduling applications, for example.
  • Memory 702 also stores digital assistant module 726 (or the server portion of a digital assistant).
  • digital assistant module 726 includes the following sub-modules, or a subset or superset thereof: input/output processing module 728 , speech-to-text (STT) processing module 730 , natural language processing module 732 , dialogue flow processing module 734 , task flow processing module 736 , service processing module 738 , and speech synthesis processing module 740 .
  • STT speech-to-text
  • Each of these modules has access to one or more of the following systems or data and models of the digital assistant module 726 , or a subset or superset thereof: ontology 760 , vocabulary index 744 , user data 748 , task flow models 754 , service models 756 , and ASR systems 758 .
  • the digital assistant can perform at least some of the following: converting speech input into text; identifying a user's intent expressed in a natural language input received from the user; actively eliciting and obtaining information needed to fully infer the user's intent (e.g., by disambiguating words, games, intentions, etc.); determining the task flow for fulfilling the inferred intent; and executing the task flow to fulfill the inferred intent.
  • I/O processing module 728 interacts with the user through I/O devices 716 in FIG. 7A or with a user device (e.g., devices 104 , 200 , 400 , or 600 ) through network communications interface 708 in FIG. 7A to obtain user input (e.g., a speech input) and to provide responses (e.g., as speech outputs) to the user input.
  • I/O processing module 728 optionally obtains contextual information associated with the user input from the user device, along with or shortly after the receipt of the user input.
  • the contextual information includes user-specific data, vocabulary, and/or preferences relevant to the user input.
  • the contextual information also includes software and hardware states of the user device at the time the user request is received, and/or information related to the surrounding environment of the user at the time that the user request was received.
  • I/O processing module 728 also sends follow-up questions to, and receive answers from, the user regarding the user request. When a user request is received by I/O processing module 728 and the user request includes speech input, I/O processing module 728 forwards the speech input to STT processing module 730 (or speech recognizer) for speech-to-text conversions.
  • STT processing module 730 includes one or more ASR systems 758 .
  • the one or more ASR systems 758 can process the speech input that is received through I/O processing module 728 to produce a recognition result.
  • Each ASR system 758 includes a front-end speech pre-processor.
  • the front-end speech pre-processor extracts representative features from the speech input. For example, the front-end speech pre-processor performs a Fourier transform on the speech input to extract spectral features that characterize the speech input as a sequence of representative multi-dimensional vectors.
  • each ASR system 758 includes one or more speech recognition models (e.g., acoustic models and/or language models) and implements one or more speech recognition engines.
  • Examples of speech recognition models include Hidden Markov Models, Gaussian-Mixture Models, Deep Neural Network Models, n-gram language models, and other statistical models.
  • Examples of speech recognition engines include the dynamic time warping based engines and weighted finite-state transducers (WFST) based engines.
  • the one or more speech recognition models and the one or more speech recognition engines are used to process the extracted representative features of the front-end speech pre-processor to produce intermediate recognitions results (e.g., phonemes, phonemic strings, and sub-words), and ultimately, text recognition results (e.g., words, word strings, or sequence of tokens).
  • the speech input is processed at least partially by a third-party service or on the user's device (e.g., device 104 , 200 , 400 , or 600 ) to produce the recognition result.
  • STT processing module 730 produces recognition results containing a text string (e.g., words, or sequence of words, or sequence of tokens)
  • the recognition result is passed to natural language processing module 732 for intent deduction.
  • STT processing module 730 produces multiple candidate text representations of the speech input. Each candidate text representation is a sequence of words or tokens corresponding to the speech input.
  • each candidate text representation is associated with a speech recognition confidence score.
  • STT processing module 730 includes and/or accesses a vocabulary of recognizable words via phonetic alphabet conversion module 731 .
  • Each vocabulary word is associated with one or more candidate pronunciations of the word represented in a speech recognition phonetic alphabet.
  • the vocabulary of recognizable words includes a word that is associated with a plurality of candidate pronunciations.
  • the vocabulary includes the word “tomato” that is associated with the candidate pronunciations of / / and / /.
  • vocabulary words are associated with custom candidate pronunciations that are based on previous speech inputs from the user.
  • Such custom candidate pronunciations are stored in STT processing module 730 and are associated with a particular user via the user's profile on the device.
  • the candidate pronunciations for words are determined based on the spelling of the word and one or more linguistic and/or phonetic rules.
  • the candidate pronunciations are manually generated, e.g., based on known canonical pronunciations.
  • the candidate pronunciations are ranked based on the commonness of the candidate pronunciation. For example, the candidate pronunciation / / is ranked higher than / /, because the former is a more commonly used pronunciation (e.g., among all users, for users in a particular geographical region, or for any other appropriate subset of users).
  • candidate pronunciations are ranked based on whether the candidate pronunciation is a custom candidate pronunciation associated with the user. For example, custom candidate pronunciations are ranked higher than canonical candidate pronunciations. This can be useful for recognizing proper nouns having a unique pronunciation that deviates from canonical pronunciation.
  • candidate pronunciations are associated with one or more speech characteristics, such as geographic origin, nationality, or ethnicity.
  • the candidate pronunciation / / is associated with the United States, whereas the candidate pronunciation / / is associated with Great Britain.
  • the rank of the candidate pronunciation is based on one or more characteristics (e.g., geographic origin, nationality, ethnicity, etc.) of the user stored in the user's profile on the device. For example, it can be determined from the user's profile that the user is associated with the United States. Based on the user being associated with the United States, the candidate pronunciation / / (associated with the United States) is ranked higher than the candidate pronunciation / / (associated with Great Britain). In some examples, one of the ranked candidate pronunciations is selected as a predicted pronunciation (e.g., the most likely pronunciation).
  • STT processing module 730 When a speech input is received, STT processing module 730 is used to determine the phonemes corresponding to the speech input (e.g., using an acoustic model), and then attempt to determine words that match the phonemes (e.g., using a language model). For example, if STT processing module 730 first identifies the sequence of phonemes / / corresponding to a portion of the speech input, it can then determine, based on vocabulary index 744 , that this sequence corresponds to the word “tomato.”
  • STT processing module 730 uses approximate matching techniques to determine words in an utterance. Thus, for example, the STT processing module 730 determines that the sequence of phonemes / / corresponds to the word “tomato,” even if that particular sequence of phonemes is not one of the candidate sequence of phonemes for that word.
  • Natural language processing module 732 (“natural language processor”) of the digital assistant takes the n-best candidate text representation(s) (“word sequence(s)” or “token sequence(s)”) generated by STT processing module 730 , and attempts to associate each of the candidate text representations with one or more “actionable intents” recognized by the digital assistant.
  • An “actionable intent” (or “user intent”) represents a task that can be performed by the digital assistant, and can have an associated task flow implemented in task flow models 754 .
  • the associated task flow is a series of programmed actions and steps that the digital assistant takes in order to perform the task.
  • the scope of a digital assistant's capabilities is dependent on the number and variety of task flows that have been implemented and stored in task flow models 754 , or in other words, on the number and variety of “actionable intents” that the digital assistant recognizes.
  • the effectiveness of the digital assistant also dependents on the assistant's ability to infer the correct “actionable intent(s)” from the user request expressed in natural language.
  • natural language processing module 732 in addition to the sequence of words or tokens obtained from STT processing module 730 , natural language processing module 732 also receives contextual information associated with the user request, e.g., from I/O processing module 728 .
  • the natural language processing module 732 optionally uses the contextual information to clarify, supplement, and/or further define the information contained in the candidate text representations received from STT processing module 730 .
  • the contextual information includes, for example, user preferences, hardware, and/or software states of the user device, sensor information collected before, during, or shortly after the user request, prior interactions (e.g., dialogue) between the digital assistant and the user, and the like.
  • contextual information is, in some examples, dynamic, and changes with time, location, content of the dialogue, and other factors.
  • the natural language processing is based on, e.g., ontology 760 .
  • Ontology 760 is a hierarchical structure containing many nodes, each node representing either an “actionable intent” or a “property” relevant to one or more of the “actionable intents” or other “properties.”
  • an “actionable intent” represents a task that the digital assistant is capable of performing, i.e., it is “actionable” or can be acted on.
  • a “property” represents a parameter associated with an actionable intent or a sub-aspect of another property.
  • a linkage between an actionable intent node and a property node in ontology 760 defines how a parameter represented by the property node pertains to the task represented by the actionable intent node.
  • ontology 760 is made up of actionable intent nodes and property nodes.
  • each actionable intent node is linked to one or more property nodes either directly or through one or more intermediate property nodes.
  • each property node is linked to one or more actionable intent nodes either directly or through one or more intermediate property nodes.
  • ontology 760 includes a “restaurant reservation” node (i.e., an actionable intent node).
  • Property nodes “restaurant,” “date/time” (for the reservation), and “party size” are each directly linked to the actionable intent node (i.e., the “restaurant reservation” node).
  • property nodes “cuisine,” “price range,” “phone number,” and “location” are sub-nodes of the property node “restaurant,” and are each linked to the “restaurant reservation” node (i.e., the actionable intent node) through the intermediate property node “restaurant.”
  • ontology 760 also includes a “set reminder” node (i.e., another actionable intent node).
  • Property nodes “date/time” (for setting the reminder) and “subject” (for the reminder) are each linked to the “set reminder” node.
  • the property node “date/time” is linked to both the “restaurant reservation” node and the “set reminder” node in ontology 760 .
  • An actionable intent node along with its linked concept nodes, is described as a “domain.”
  • each domain is associated with a respective actionable intent, and refers to the group of nodes (and the relationships there between) associated with the particular actionable intent.
  • ontology 760 shown in FIG. 7C includes an example of restaurant reservation domain 762 and an example of reminder domain 764 within ontology 760 .
  • the restaurant reservation domain includes the actionable intent node “restaurant reservation,” property nodes “restaurant,” “date/time,” and “party size,” and sub-property nodes “cuisine,” “price range,” “phone number,” and “location.”
  • Reminder domain 764 includes the actionable intent node “set reminder,” and property nodes “subject” and “date/time.”
  • ontology 760 is made up of many domains. Each domain shares one or more property nodes with one or more other domains.
  • the “date/time” property node is associated with many different domains (e.g., a scheduling domain, a travel reservation domain, a movie ticket domain, etc.), in addition to restaurant reservation domain 762 and reminder domain 764 .
  • FIG. 7C illustrates two example domains within ontology 760
  • other domains include, for example, “find a movie,” “initiate a phone call,” “find directions,” “schedule a meeting,” “send a message,” and “provide an answer to a question,” “read a list,” “providing navigation instructions,” “provide instructions for a task” and so on.
  • a “send a message” domain is associated with a “send a message” actionable intent node, and further includes property nodes such as “recipient(s),” “message type,” and “message body.”
  • the property node “recipient” is further defined, for example, by the sub-property nodes such as “recipient name” and “message address.”
  • ontology 760 includes all the domains (and hence actionable intents) that the digital assistant is capable of understanding and acting upon. In some examples, ontology 760 is modified, such as by adding or removing entire domains or nodes, or by modifying relationships between the nodes within the ontology 760 .
  • nodes associated with multiple related actionable intents are clustered under a “super domain” in ontology 760 .
  • a “travel” super-domain includes a cluster of property nodes and actionable intent nodes related to travel.
  • the actionable intent nodes related to travel includes “airline reservation,” “hotel reservation,” “car rental,” “get directions,” “find points of interest,” and so on.
  • the actionable intent nodes under the same super domain (e.g., the “travel” super domain) have many property nodes in common.
  • the actionable intent nodes for “airline reservation,” “hotel reservation,” “car rental,” “get directions,” and “find points of interest” share one or more of the property nodes “start location,” “destination,” “departure date/time,” “arrival date/time,” and “party size.”
  • each node in ontology 760 is associated with a set of words and/or phrases that are relevant to the property or actionable intent represented by the node.
  • the respective set of words and/or phrases associated with each node are the so-called “vocabulary” associated with the node.
  • the respective set of words and/or phrases associated with each node are stored in vocabulary index 744 in association with the property or actionable intent represented by the node. For example, returning to FIG. 7B , the vocabulary associated with the node for the property of “restaurant” includes words such as “food,” “drinks,” “cuisine,” “hungry,” “eat,” “pizza,” “fast food,” “meal,” and so on.
  • the vocabulary associated with the node for the actionable intent of “initiate a phone call” includes words and phrases such as “call,” “phone,” “dial,” “ring,” “call this number,” “make a call to,” and so on.
  • the vocabulary index 744 optionally includes words and phrases in different languages.
  • Natural language processing module 732 receives the candidate text representations (e.g., text string(s) or token sequence(s)) from STT processing module 730 , and for each candidate representation, determines what nodes are implicated by the words in the candidate text representation. In some examples, if a word or phrase in the candidate text representation is found to be associated with one or more nodes in ontology 760 (via vocabulary index 744 ), the word or phrase “triggers” or “activates” those nodes. Based on the quantity and/or relative importance of the activated nodes, natural language processing module 732 selects one of the actionable intents as the task that the user intended the digital assistant to perform. In some examples, the domain that has the most “triggered” nodes is selected.
  • the candidate text representations e.g., text string(s) or token sequence(s)
  • the domain having the highest confidence value (e.g., based on the relative importance of its various triggered nodes) is selected. In some examples, the domain is selected based on a combination of the number and the importance of the triggered nodes. In some examples, additional factors are considered in selecting the node as well, such as whether the digital assistant has previously correctly interpreted a similar request from a user.
  • User data 748 includes user-specific information, such as user-specific vocabulary, user preferences, user address, user's default and secondary languages, user's contact list, and other short-term or long-term information for each user.
  • natural language processing module 732 uses the user-specific information to supplement the information contained in the user input to further define the user intent. For example, for a user request “invite my friends to my birthday party,” natural language processing module 732 is able to access user data 748 to determine who the “friends” are and when and where the “birthday party” would be held, rather than requiring the user to provide such information explicitly in his/her request.
  • natural language processing module 732 is implemented using one or more machine learning mechanisms (e.g., neural networks).
  • the one or more machine learning mechanisms are configured to receive a candidate text representation and contextual information associated with the candidate text representation. Based on the candidate text representation and the associated contextual information, the one or more machine learning mechanism are configured to determine intent confidence scores over a set of candidate actionable intents.
  • Natural language processing module 732 can select one or more candidate actionable intents from the set of candidate actionable intents based on the determined intent confidence scores.
  • an ontology e.g., ontology 760
  • natural language processing module 732 identifies an actionable intent (or domain) based on the user request
  • natural language processing module 732 generates a structured query to represent the identified actionable intent.
  • the structured query includes parameters for one or more nodes within the domain for the actionable intent, and at least some of the parameters are populated with the specific information and requirements specified in the user request. For example, the user says “Make me a dinner reservation at a sushi place at 7 .” In this case, natural language processing module 732 is able to correctly identify the actionable intent to be “restaurant reservation” based on the user input.
  • a structured query for a “restaurant reservation” domain includes parameters such as ⁇ Cuisine ⁇ , ⁇ Time ⁇ , ⁇ Date ⁇ , ⁇ Party Size ⁇ , and the like.
  • the user's utterance contains insufficient information to complete the structured query associated with the domain. Therefore, other necessary parameters such as ⁇ Party Size ⁇ and ⁇ Date ⁇ is not specified in the structured query based on the information currently available.
  • natural language processing module 732 populates some parameters of the structured query with received contextual information. For example, in some examples, if the user requested a sushi restaurant “near me,” natural language processing module 732 populates a ⁇ location ⁇ parameter in the structured query with GPS coordinates from the user device.
  • natural language processing module 732 identifies multiple candidate actionable intents for each candidate text representation received from STT processing module 730 . Further, in some examples, a respective structured query (partial or complete) is generated for each identified candidate actionable intent. Natural language processing module 732 determines an intent confidence score for each candidate actionable intent and ranks the candidate actionable intents based on the intent confidence scores. In some examples, natural language processing module 732 passes the generated structured query (or queries), including any completed parameters, to task flow processing module 736 (“task flow processor”). In some examples, the structured query (or queries) for the m-best (e.g., m highest ranked) candidate actionable intents are provided to task flow processing module 736 , where m is a predetermined integer greater than zero. In some examples, the structured query (or queries) for the m-best candidate actionable intents are provided to task flow processing module 736 with the corresponding candidate text representation(s).
  • Task flow processing module 736 is configured to receive the structured query (or queries) from natural language processing module 732 , complete the structured query, if necessary, and perform the actions required to “complete” the user's ultimate request.
  • the various procedures necessary to complete these tasks are provided in task flow models 754 .
  • task flow models 754 include procedures for obtaining additional information from the user and task flows for performing actions associated with the actionable intent.
  • task flow processing module 736 needs to initiate additional dialogue with the user in order to obtain additional information, and/or disambiguate potentially ambiguous utterances.
  • task flow processing module 736 invokes dialogue flow processing module 734 to engage in a dialogue with the user.
  • dialogue flow processing module 734 determines how (and/or when) to ask the user for the additional information and receives and processes the user responses. The questions are provided to and answers are received from the users through I/O processing module 728 .
  • dialogue flow processing module 734 presents dialogue output to the user via audio and/or visual output, and receives input from the user via spoken or physical (e.g., clicking) responses.
  • dialogue flow processing module 734 when task flow processing module 736 invokes dialogue flow processing module 734 to determine the “party size” and “date” information for the structured query associated with the domain “restaurant reservation,” dialogue flow processing module 734 generates questions such as “For how many people?” and “On which day?” to pass to the user. Once answers are received from the user, dialogue flow processing module 734 then populates the structured query with the missing information, or pass the information to task flow processing module 736 to complete the missing information from the structured query.
  • task flow processing module 736 proceeds to perform the ultimate task associated with the actionable intent. Accordingly, task flow processing module 736 executes the steps and instructions in the task flow model according to the specific parameters contained in the structured query.
  • the task flow model for the actionable intent of “restaurant reservation” includes steps and instructions for contacting a restaurant and actually requesting a reservation for a particular party size at a particular time.
  • task flow processing module 736 performs the steps of: (1) logging onto a server of the ABC Café or a restaurant reservation system such as OPENTABLE®, (2) entering the date, time, and party size information in a form on the website, (3) submitting the form, and (4) making a calendar entry for the reservation in the user's calendar.
  • task flow processing module 736 performs the steps of: (1) logging onto a server of the ABC Café or a restaurant reservation system such as OPENTABLE®, (2) entering the date, time, and party size information in a form on the website, (3) submitting the form, and (4) making a calendar entry for the reservation in the user's calendar.
  • task flow processing module 736 employs the assistance of service processing module 738 (“service processing module”) to complete a task requested in the user input or to provide an informational answer requested in the user input.
  • service processing module 738 acts on behalf of task flow processing module 736 to make a phone call, set a calendar entry, invoke a map search, invoke or interact with other user applications installed on the user device, and invoke or interact with third-party services (e.g., a restaurant reservation portal, a social networking website, a banking portal, etc.).
  • the protocols and application programming interfaces (API) required by each service are specified by a respective service model among service models 756 .
  • Service processing module 738 accesses the appropriate service model for a service and generate requests for the service in accordance with the protocols and APIs required by the service according to the service model.
  • service processing module 738 establishes a network connection with the online reservation service using the web address stored in the service model, and send the necessary parameters of the reservation (e.g., time, date, party size) to the online reservation interface in a format according to the API of the online reservation service.
  • natural language processing module 732 , dialogue flow processing module 734 , and task flow processing module 736 are used collectively and iteratively to infer and define the user's intent, obtain information to further clarify and refine the user intent, and finally generate a response (i.e., an output to the user, or the completion of a task) to fulfill the user's intent.
  • the generated response is a dialogue response to the speech input that at least partially fulfills the user's intent. Further, in some examples, the generated response is output as a speech output.
  • the generated response is sent to speech synthesis processing module 740 (e.g., speech synthesizer) where it can be processed to synthesize the dialogue response in speech form.
  • the generated response is data content relevant to satisfying a user request in the speech input.
  • task flow processing module 736 receives multiple structured queries from natural language processing module 732 , task flow processing module 736 initially processes the first structured query of the received structured queries to attempt to complete the first structured query and/or execute one or more tasks or actions represented by the first structured query.
  • the first structured query corresponds to the highest ranked actionable intent.
  • the first structured query is selected from the received structured queries based on a combination of the corresponding speech recognition confidence scores and the corresponding intent confidence scores.
  • task flow processing module 736 can proceed to select and process a second structured query of the received structured queries that corresponds to a lower ranked actionable intent.
  • the second structured query is selected, for example, based on the speech recognition confidence score of the corresponding candidate text representation, the intent confidence score of the corresponding candidate actionable intent, a missing necessary parameter in the first structured query, or any combination thereof.
  • Speech synthesis processing module 740 is configured to synthesize speech outputs for presentation to the user. Speech synthesis processing module 740 synthesizes speech outputs based on text provided by the digital assistant. For example, the generated dialogue response is in the form of a text string. Speech synthesis processing module 740 converts the text string to an audible speech output. Speech synthesis processing module 740 uses any appropriate speech synthesis technique in order to generate speech outputs from text, including, but not limited, to concatenative synthesis, unit selection synthesis, diphone synthesis, domain-specific synthesis, formant synthesis, articulatory synthesis, hidden Markov model (HMM) based synthesis, and sinewave synthesis.
  • HMM hidden Markov model
  • speech synthesis processing module 740 is configured to synthesize individual words based on phonemic strings corresponding to the words. For example, a phonemic string is associated with a word in the generated dialogue response. The phonemic string is stored in metadata associated with the word. Speech synthesis processing module 740 is configured to directly process the phonemic string in the metadata to synthesize the word in speech form.
  • speech synthesis is performed on a remote device (e.g., the server system 108 ), and the synthesized speech is sent to the user device for output to the user. For example, this can occur in some implementations where outputs for a digital assistant are generated at a server system. And because server systems generally have more processing power or resources than a user device, it is possible to obtain higher quality speech outputs than would be practical with client-side synthesis.
  • FIG. 8 illustrates process 800 for detecting a trigger of a digital assistant, according to various examples.
  • Process 800 is performed, for example, using one or more electronic devices implementing a digital assistant.
  • process 800 is performed using a client-server system (e.g., system 100 ), and the blocks of process 800 are divided up in any manner between the server (e.g., DA server 106 ) and a client device.
  • the blocks of process 800 are divided up between the server and multiple client devices (e.g., a mobile phone and a smart watch).
  • client devices e.g., a mobile phone and a smart watch
  • process 800 is performed using only a client device (e.g., user device 104 ) or only multiple client devices.
  • some blocks are, optionally, combined, the order of some blocks is, optionally, changed, and some blocks are, optionally, omitted.
  • additional steps may be performed in combination with the process 800 .
  • an electronic device samples, at each of a plurality of microphones of the electronic device, an audio signal to obtain a plurality of audio signals.
  • a first microphone of the plurality of microphones is associated with (e.g., is configured to face) a first direction
  • a second microphone of the plurality of microphones is associated with (e.g., is configured to face) a second direction different from the first direction.
  • the electronic device can comprise six microphones and each of the six microphones can face a different direction and sample an audio signal from that direction, obtaining six sample audio signals in total.
  • the electronic device can be a phone, laptop computer, desktop computer, tablet, wearable device (e.g., smart watch), speaker, set-top box, television, home automation device (e.g., thermostat), or any combination or subcombination thereof.
  • the plurality of audio signals can include a spoken trigger (e.g., “Hey Siri”) uttered by a user for triggering a digital assistant, in some examples, followed by a request directed to the digital assistant (e.g., “What's the weather?”).
  • the plurality of audio signals can further include interfering signals including but limited to: speech from competing speakers (e.g., people other than the user in physical proximity to the electronic device), audio outputs from noise sources (e.g., a television in the room), reverberations, etc.
  • the electronic device 1008 samples, via multiple microphones, a plurality of audio signals, which include a natural-language speech input 1034 from user 1000 (“Hey Siri, what's the weather?”) as well as an audio output 1036 from electronic device 1006 (“Coming up on the History Channel”).
  • a natural-language speech input 1034 from user 1000 (“Hey Siri, what's the weather?”
  • an audio output 1036 from electronic device 1006 (“Coming up on the History Channel”).
  • the electronic device processes the plurality of audio signals to obtain a plurality of audio streams.
  • each audio signal is processed to obtain a respective audio stream.
  • multiple audio signals are processed to obtain an audio stream of the plurality of audio streams.
  • the plurality of audio streams includes one or more audio beams.
  • the electronic device processes multiple audio signals to obtain a single audio beam (e.g., via beamforming techniques) of the plurality of audio beams.
  • at least one audio beam of the plurality of audio beams is obtained using source separation techniques.
  • the electronic device when there are a number of active audio sources (e.g., the user and one or more competing speakers in physical proximity to the electronic device), the electronic device is able to steer a spatial null in the direction of the interfering sources so as to obtain an independent representation of the audio from the source of interest.
  • the electronic device 1008 may steer a spatial null in the direction of the electronic device 1006 (television) so as to obtain an independent representation of the speech input 1034 from the user 1000 .
  • the electronic device has six microphones, each of which samples an audio signal, and processes the six audio signals to obtain six audio beams. It should be appreciated that more or fewer audio beams can be obtained by the electronic device based on the six audio signals.
  • the electronic device modifies at least one audio beam of the plurality of audio beams for better speech recognition result(s) in a subsequent speech recognition analysis.
  • the modification of the audio beam is based on hardware configurations of the electronic device, software configurations of the electronic device, audio characteristics of the audio beam, and/or the speech recognizer to process the audio beam.
  • the electronic device can modify an audio beam such that the audio beam takes on audio characteristics of a near-field speech sampled by the particular type of microphone (e.g., by minimizing characteristics and/or aspects of the audio beam that are caused by the hardware configuration, software configuration, and/or environmental factors specific to the electronic device).
  • the electronic device further adjusts the audio beam to minimize reverberation, distortion, and/or echo. After adjusting the audio beam, the electronic device passes the plurality of audio beams to a speech recognizer for speech recognition.
  • the electronic device determines, based on the plurality of audio streams (e.g., audio beams), whether any of the plurality of audio signals corresponds to a spoken trigger (e.g., “Hey Siri”).
  • determining whether any of the plurality of audio signals corresponds to the spoken trigger comprises determining whether each of the plurality of audio streams includes the spoken trigger.
  • determining whether any of the plurality of audio signals corresponds to the spoken trigger comprises determining whether any combination or subcombination of the plurality of audio streams includes the spoken trigger.
  • each of the plurality of audio streams is associated with directional information, and the electronic device determines whether any of the plurality of audio signals corresponds to a spoken trigger based on the directional information. For example, the electronic device may combine multiple audio streams into a single audio stream (e.g., a single audio beam) based on the directional information of the multiple audio streams, and determine whether the single audio stream includes a spoken trigger.
  • the electronic device determines whether any of the plurality of audio signals corresponds to a spoken trigger based on one or more confidence scores (or trigger scores).
  • the electronic device can obtain one or more trigger scores corresponding to one or more audio streams of the plurality of audio streams.
  • a trigger score indicates a confidence level that a trigger phrase (e.g., “Hey Siri”) is included in an audio stream.
  • the electronic device performs speech recognition analysis on an audio stream (e.g., using STT processing module 730 ) and obtains the trigger phrase as a recognition result, the electronic device can, as part of the speech recognition process, assign a speech recognition confidence score to the recognition result.
  • the trigger score can be based on the speech recognition confidence score.
  • the electronic device provides each of the plurality of audio streams to a neural network to obtain a respective trigger score.
  • the electronic device 1008 detects a trigger phrase “Hey Siri” in an audio stream that includes the speech input 1034 (“Hey Siri, what's the weather?”) and assigns the recognition result with a first trigger score. Further, the electronic device 1008 detects a trigger phrase “Hey Siri” in another audio stream including audio 1036 (“Coming up on the History Channel”) and assigns the recognition result with a second trigger score (e.g., lower than the first trigger score). Based on the one or more trigger scores, the electronic device determines whether any of the plurality of audio signals corresponds to the spoken trigger. For example, the electronic device determines that the audio signals include a spoken trigger because the highest trigger score exceeds a predetermined threshold value.
  • the electronic device determines whether any of the plurality of audio signals corresponds to a spoken trigger based on acoustic information associated with a user of the electronic device (e.g., a user who is authorized to access the digital assistant). For example, the electronic device can prompt for, and receive from the user, a sample utterance (e.g., as part of a setup process or configuration process of the digital assistant) and, based on the sample utterance, obtain acoustic information associated with the user.
  • a sample utterance e.g., as part of a setup process or configuration process of the digital assistant
  • the electronic device can determine a likelihood that an audio stream includes speech from the user by, for example, determining whether the acoustic characteristics (e.g., prosodic characteristics, frequency, volume, volume consistency) of the recognized speech is consistent with the acoustic information associated with the user. For example, with reference to FIG. 10 , the electronic device 1008 may determine that an audio beam that includes the speech input 1034 (“Hey Siri, what's the weather?”) comprises a trigger phrase because the acoustic characteristics of the speech input match the acoustic information associated with the user 1000 .
  • the speech input 1034 (“Hey Siri, what's the weather?”
  • the electronic device 1008 may determine that another audio stream that includes the audio 1036 (“Coming up on the History Channel”) does not include a trigger phrase because the acoustic characteristics of the audio 1036 do not match the acoustic information associated with the user 1000 . In this manner, the electronic device minimizes instances in which a speaker who is not associated with the electronic device (e.g., not authorized to access the electronic device) triggers the digital assistant. Additional description of user-specific acoustic models is provided in U.S. Provisional Patent Application 62/505,680, “USER-SPECIFIC ACOUSTIC MODELS,” filed May 12, 2017, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • the electronic device determines whether any of the plurality of audio signals corresponds to a spoken trigger by performing speech recognition and/or natural-language processing on one or more of the audio streams (e.g. audio beams). For example, the electronic device can perform speech recognition analysis on one or more of the audio streams to obtain one or more speech recognition results (e.g., a plurality of words). Further, the electronic device can perform natural-language processing on the speech recognition results to obtain one or more parsing results (e.g., semantic parses, syntactic parses). Further still, the electronic device can perform natural-language processing on the speech recognition results to obtain one or more actionable intents (or representations of user intents). Additionally, for at least one of the plurality of recognized words, the electronic device can obtain information indicative of acoustic characteristics of the uttered word and/or a direction associated with the uttered word.
  • speech recognition results e.g., a plurality of words
  • parsing results e.g., semantic parses, syntactic par
  • the electronic device can determine whether any of the plurality of audio signals corresponds to a spoken trigger based on the above-described information (e.g., one or more recognized words, one or more parse results, one or more intents, directions associated with the words, acoustic characteristics associated with the words).
  • the electronic device can determine whether a particular combination (or subcombination) of the plurality of words in a particular sequence is semantically meaningful (e.g., consistent with syntactic rules and/or grammatical rules). Further, the electronic device can determine whether the particular combination (or subcombination) of the plurality of words is associated with the same audio source (e.g., associated with a same direction).
  • the electronic device can determine whether the particular combination (or subcombination) of the plurality of words is indicative of an authorized speaker (e.g., having audio characteristics consistent with those of the user of the electronic device). Further still, the electronic device can determine whether the particular combination (or subcombination) of the plurality of words corresponds to an actionable intent recognized by the digital assistant.
  • the electronic device determines that a plurality of audio signals corresponds to a spoken trigger if a plurality of words recognized from the plurality of audio streams (or a combination or subcombination thereof) is semantically meaningful, is associated with the same audio source, is associated with the same speaker, and/or corresponds to an actionable intent of the digital assistant.
  • the electronic device 1008 obtains an audio beam that includes the audio 1036 (“Coming up on the History Channel”) and determines that the audio beam does not include a trigger of the digital assistant at least because the audio does not have audio characteristics consistent with those of the user 1000 and/or does not correspond to an actionable intent recognized by the digital assistant.
  • the electronic device determines whether any of the plurality of audio signals corresponds to a spoken trigger by providing one or more candidate audio streams to a validator for further analysis.
  • the electronic device identifies a set of candidate audio streams, each of which is determined by the electronic device to include a spoken trigger (e.g., with varying levels of confidence).
  • the electronic device provides one or more candidate audio streams of the set of candidate audio streams to a validator (e.g., on a remote device).
  • the validator includes one or more software modules.
  • the validator is implemented on the electronic device, on one or more remote electronic devices, or a combination thereof.
  • At least a part of the validator is provided locally by the electronic device, and the electronic device passes data corresponding to the set of candidate audio streams to a software module on the electronic device.
  • at least a part of the validator is provided by a remote electronic device (e.g., DA server 106 ), and the electronic device transmits data corresponding to the set of candidate audio streams to the remote electronic device. Thereafter, the electronic device obtains validation information from the validator.
  • the one or more candidate audio streams are a subset of the set of candidate audio streams, and the electronic device selects the one or more candidate audio streams from the set of candidate audio streams using one or more predetermined criteria. For example, the electronic device can select the one or more candidate audio streams based on respective trigger scores associated with the one or more candidate audio streams (e.g., providing candidate audio streams with the highest trigger scores to the validator). As another example, the electronic device can select the one or more candidate audio streams based on respective entropy information associated with the one or more candidate audio streams (e.g., providing candidate audio streams with the highest entropy to the validator).
  • Entropy information associated with a candidate audio stream may be calculated based on one or more outputs related to the spoken trigger (e.g., posterior probability related to the trigger phrase “Hey Siri”) provided by the STT processing module of the electronic device (e.g., using Deep Neural Network Models of the STT processing module 730 ).
  • the output(s) are indicative of how “crisply” the trigger phrase is represented in the audio stream.
  • the electronic device can select the one or more candidate audio streams based on the respective time at which a trigger is detected by the electronic device from each of the candidate audio streams. For example, if the electronic device determines that a first candidate audio stream includes a spoken trigger before determining that a second candidate audio stream includes a spoken trigger, the electronic device may provide the first candidate audio stream, and not the second candidate audio stream, to the validator.
  • the electronic device initiates a session of the digital assistant.
  • the electronic device initiates a session of the digital assistant by providing an audio output by the digital assistant (e.g., “Yes?”) and/or starting to sample additional audio inputs.
  • the digital assistant provides the audio output based on the directional information associated with the plurality of audio streams. For example, if the electronic device detects a spoken trigger in a particular audio stream of the plurality of audio streams (each of which is associated with directional information), the electronic device can select a speaker facing the direction associated with the particular audio stream.
  • the electronic device foregoes initiating a session of the digital assistant.
  • the electronic device in accordance with a determination that the plurality of audio signals corresponds to the spoken trigger, identifies a first segment of an audio stream of the plurality of audio streams, identifies a second segment of the audio stream, and determines whether the first segment and the second segment correspond to a same user. In some examples, the electronic device determines whether the first segment and the second segment correspond to a same user by comparing acoustic information associated with the first segment with acoustic information associated with the second segment. For example, with reference to FIG. 10 , the electronic device can identify a first segment “Hey Siri what's the” and a second segment “weather” and determine that the two segments are associated with the same user based on the similar acoustic characteristics. On the other hand, the electronic device can identify a first segment “Hey Siri what's the” and a second segment “History Channel” and determine that the two segments are not associated with the same user based on the different acoustic characteristics of the two segments.
  • the electronic device determines whether the first segment and the second segment correspond to a same user by identifying a first entropy associated with the first segment, identifying a second entropy associated with the second segment, and comparing a first entropy with a second entropy. For example the electronic device 1008 can determine that a first segment “Hey Siri what's the” and a second segment “weather” are associated with the same user because the entropy associated with the first segment is similar or identical to the entropy associated with the second segment.
  • the electronic device determines whether the first segment and the second segment correspond to a same user by identifying a parse result based on the first segment and the second segment. For example, with reference to FIG. 10 , the electronic device can identify a first segment “Hey Siri what's the”, a second segment “weather”, and a third segment “on the History Channel”. Further, the electronic device can determine that the combination of the first segment and the second segment (i.e., “Hey Siri what's the weather”) yields a semantically meaningful parse result. Accordingly, the electronic device determines that the first segment and the second segment are associated with the same user.
  • the electronic device can determine that the combination of the first segment and the third segment (i.e., “Hey Siri on the History Channel”) is not semantically meaningful and thus the two segments are not associated with the same user.
  • the electronic device in accordance with a determination that the first segment and the second segment correspond to the same user, the electronic device further determines whether that user is an authorized user of the electronic device (e.g., is authorized to access the digital assistant), for instance, based on the acoustic characteristics of the first and second segments.
  • the electronic device obtains a user intent (or a representation of user intent).
  • the electronic device selects a set of microphones to sample subsequent audio inputs. For example, if the electronic device detects the spoken trigger from one or more audio streams of the plurality of audio streams, the electronic device can select one or more microphones corresponding to the one or more audio streams to sample subsequent audio signals. For example, with reference to FIG. 10 , if the electronic device 1008 detects the spoken trigger “Hey Siri” from a particular audio beam associated with a direction toward the user 1000 , the electronic device can select one or more microphones corresponding to the audio beam to sample subsequent audio signals.
  • a microphone corresponds to the audio beam if it is associated with (e.g., is configured to face) the direction of the audio beam and/or if the microphone has sampled an audio signal that formed the audio beam. Further, the electronic device 1008 may disable the rest of microphones on the electronic device (e.g., for a predetermined period of time). Further, the electronic device 1008 may suppress the recognition and interpretation of any audio signal associated with a speaker different from the user 1000 (e.g., by assigning a low speech recognition confidence score, a low intent confidence score).
  • the electronic device may select a different set of microphones to sample subsequent audio signals.
  • the selection of the set of microphones may be based on directional information of the audio signals sampled by the electronic device or based on the detected physical presence of the user. Additional description of detecting physical presence of people is provided in U.S. Patent Application 62/506,981, “INTELLIGENT AUTOMATED ASSISTANT FOR MEDIA EXPLORATION,” filed May 16, 2017, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • the above-described techniques are exemplary techniques for processing audio signals by the electronic device.
  • the above-described techniques can be used for detecting a trigger of the digital assistant as well as for processing any subsequent audio signals sampled by the electronic device.
  • the above-described techniques can be used to select microphones to sample audio signals (e.g., as the user moves around the room), select speakers to provide audio outputs, to determine whether an audio signal includes a request to the digital assistant from an authorized user, and to determine whether two segments of audio are associated with a same user and/or a same user request.
  • the electronic device detects a trigger of a digital assistant based on audio signals sampled by another electronic device.
  • the electronic device is a first electronic device and receives, from a second electronic device, information corresponding to an audio signal detected at the second electronic device.
  • the second electronic device is associated with a different device type than the first electronic device.
  • the electronic device 1008 can receive, from electronic device 1002 (e.g., a smart watch), information corresponding to an audio signal detected at the electronic device 1002 .
  • the electronic device 1008 has more processing power (e.g., more local memory) than the electronic device 1002 .
  • the information received from the second electronic device includes: directional information of the audio signal detected at the second electronic device, a device type associated with the second electronic device, location information of one or more microphones of the second electronic device, portions of the audio signal detected at the second electronic device, or any combination thereof.
  • the first electronic device determines whether the audio signal detected at the second electronic device corresponds to a spoken trigger.
  • the electronic device 1008 can receive, from the electronic device 1002 , information including a device type of the electronic device 1002 (e.g., smart watch), location of the microphone(s) on the electronic device 1002 (e.g., GPS coordinates), and directional information of the sampled signal (e.g., corresponding to speech input 1034 ). Based on the received information, the electronic device 1008 can determine whether the audio signal detected at the electronic device 1002 includes a spoken trigger. The electronic device 1008 can further combine the audio signal detected at the electronic 1002 with any of the audio signal detected locally to determine whether a spoken trigger can be detected from the combined audio signal.
  • a device type of the electronic device 1002 e.g., smart watch
  • location of the microphone(s) on the electronic device 1002 e.g., GPS coordinates
  • directional information of the sampled signal e.g., corresponding to speech input 1034 .
  • the electronic device 1008 can determine whether the audio signal detected at the electronic device 1002 includes a spoken trigger.
  • process 800 may be implemented by any device (or component thereof) described herein, including but not limited to, devices 104 , 200 , 400 , 600 , and 1008 . It would be clear to a person having ordinary skill in the art how other processes are implemented based on the components depicted in FIGS. 1-4, 6A -B, and 7 A-C.
  • FIG. 9 illustrates process 900 for detecting a trigger of a digital assistant, according to various examples.
  • Process 900 is performed, for example, using one or more electronic devices implementing a digital assistant.
  • process 900 is performed using a client-server system (e.g., system 100 ), and the blocks of process 900 are divided up in any manner between the server (e.g., DA server 106 ) and a client device.
  • the blocks of process 900 are divided up between the server and multiple client devices (e.g., a mobile phone and a smart watch).
  • client devices e.g., a mobile phone and a smart watch
  • process 900 is performed using only a client device (e.g., user device 104 ) or only multiple client devices.
  • some blocks are, optionally, combined, the order of some blocks is, optionally, changed, and some blocks are, optionally, omitted.
  • additional steps may be performed in combination with the process 900 .
  • a first electronic device samples, using a first microphone of the first electronic device, a first audio signal.
  • a second electronic device samples, using a second microphone of the second electronic device, a second audio signal.
  • the second electronic device is different from the first electronic device.
  • each of the first electronic device and the second electronic device can be a phone, laptop computer, desktop computer, tablet, wearable device (e.g., smart watch), speaker, set-top box, television, home automation device (e.g., thermostat), or any combination or subcombination thereof.
  • electronic device 1004 (a phone) samples a first audio signal using a microphone on the device 1004
  • electronic device 1002 (a smart watch) samples a second audio signal using a different microphone on the device 1002 .
  • a third electronic device determines whether any of the first audio signal and the second audio signal corresponds to a spoken trigger.
  • the third electronic device can be one of the first electronic device and the second electronic device (e.g., one of the phone 1004 and the smart watch 1002 ), an electronic device different from the first electronic device and the second electronic device (e.g., speaker 1008 ), or a remote device (e.g., DA server 106 ).
  • the third electronic device e.g., speaker 1008
  • the third electronic device has more processing power than the first electronic device and/or the second electronic device.
  • the third electronic device obtains information corresponding to the first audio signal and the second audio signal.
  • the information can include: location information of the first microphone and/or the second microphone, directional information of the first audio signal and/or the second audio signal, a device type associated with the first electronic device and/or the second electronic device, or any combination thereof.
  • the third electronic device determines whether the first audio signal, the second audio signal, and/or a combination of the first audio signal and the second audio signal corresponds to a spoken trigger. In some examples, the third electronic device makes the determination using any of the techniques described above with respect to FIG. 8 .
  • a fourth electronic device initiates a session of the digital assistant.
  • the fourth electronic device in accordance with a determination that the first audio signal and the second audio signal do not correspond to the spoken trigger, the fourth electronic device foregoes initiating a session of the digital assistant.
  • the fourth electronic device can be any one of the first electronic device (e.g., the phone 1004 ), the second electronic device (e.g., the smart watch 1002 ), the third electronic device (e.g., the speaker 1008 ), or a different electronic device.
  • initiating a session of the digital assistant comprises providing, by the digital assistant, an audio output (e.g., “Hello”).
  • the fourth electronic device obtains directional information associated with an audio source (e.g., the user 1000 ) based on the first audio signal and the second audio signal and provides the audio output based on the directional information.
  • the electronic device 1008 determines a direction from which the speech input 1034 is originated (e.g., direction toward the user 1000 ) based on the first audio signal sampled by the electronic device 1004 (phone) and the second audio signal sampled by the electronic device 1002 (smart watch). Thereafter, the electronic device 1008 provides an audio output (e.g., “the weather outside is . . . ”) using a speaker associated with (e.g., configured to face) the direction of the audio source, while foregoing providing the audio output using the rest of the speakers on the electronic device 1008 .
  • an audio output e.g., “the weather outside is . . . ”
  • process 900 may be implemented by any device (or component thereof) described herein, including but not limited to, devices 104 , 200 , 400 , 600 , and 1008 . It would be clear to a person having ordinary skill in the art how other processes are implemented based on the components depicted in FIGS. 1-4, 6A -B, and 7 A-C.
  • a computer-readable storage medium e.g., a non-transitory computer readable storage medium
  • the computer-readable storage medium storing one or more programs for execution by one or more processors of an electronic device, the one or more programs including instructions for performing any of the methods or processes described herein.
  • an electronic device e.g., a portable electronic device
  • an electronic device e.g., a portable electronic device
  • a processing unit configured to perform any of the methods or processes described herein.
  • an electronic device e.g., a portable electronic device

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  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
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  • Human Computer Interaction (AREA)
  • Multimedia (AREA)
  • Computational Linguistics (AREA)
  • Audiology, Speech & Language Pathology (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Otolaryngology (AREA)
  • Quality & Reliability (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Artificial Intelligence (AREA)
  • User Interface Of Digital Computer (AREA)
  • Telephone Function (AREA)
  • Machine Translation (AREA)
  • Circuit For Audible Band Transducer (AREA)
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US17/111,132 US11532306B2 (en) 2017-05-16 2020-12-03 Detecting a trigger of a digital assistant
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US201762507042P 2017-05-16 2017-05-16
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DKPA201770420 2017-05-31
DKPA201770420A DK179930B1 (en) 2017-05-16 2017-05-31 DETECTING A TRIGGER OF A DIGITAL ASSISTANT
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US17/111,132 Active US11532306B2 (en) 2017-05-16 2020-12-03 Detecting a trigger of a digital assistant
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US18/080,550 Abandoned US20230111509A1 (en) 2017-05-16 2022-12-13 Detecting a trigger of a digital assistant

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EP3570277A3 (fr) 2020-01-01
KR102249298B1 (ko) 2021-05-07
AU2019202136A1 (en) 2019-04-18
EP3570277A2 (fr) 2019-11-20

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