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US20180305315A1 - Pd-1/pd-l1 inhibitors - Google Patents

Pd-1/pd-l1 inhibitors Download PDF

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Publication number
US20180305315A1
US20180305315A1 US15/957,739 US201815957739A US2018305315A1 US 20180305315 A1 US20180305315 A1 US 20180305315A1 US 201815957739 A US201815957739 A US 201815957739A US 2018305315 A1 US2018305315 A1 US 2018305315A1
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United States
Prior art keywords
cycloalkyl
alkyl
alkylc
heterocyclyl
independently
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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US15/957,739
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English (en)
Inventor
Evangelos Aktoudianakis
Todd Appleby
Aesop Cho
Zhimin Du
Michael Graupe
Juan A. Guerrero
Salman Y. Jabri
Lateshkumar Thakorlal Lad
Paulo A. Machicao Tello
Jonathan William Medley
Samuel E. Metobo
Prasenjit Kumar Mukherjee
Devan Naduthambi
Gregory Notte
Eric Q. Parkhill
Barton W. Phillips
Scott Preston Simonovich
Neil H. Squires
Chandrasekar Venkataramani
Peiyuan Wang
William J. Watkins
Jie Xu
Kin Shing Yang
Christopher Allen Ziebenhaus
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Gilead Sciences Inc
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Gilead Sciences Inc
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Publication date
Application filed by Gilead Sciences Inc filed Critical Gilead Sciences Inc
Priority to US15/957,739 priority Critical patent/US20180305315A1/en
Assigned to GILEAD SCIENCES, INC. reassignment GILEAD SCIENCES, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: MACHICAO TELLO, PAULO A, WANG, PEIYUAN
Assigned to GILEAD SCIENCES, INC. reassignment GILEAD SCIENCES, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: VENKATARAMANI, CHANDRASEKAR, GRAUPE, MICHAEL, SIMONOVICH, SCOTT PRESTON, WATKINS, WILLIAM J
Assigned to GILEAD SCIENCES, INC. reassignment GILEAD SCIENCES, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: JABRI, SALMAN Y, METOBO, SAMUEL E, AKTOUDIANAKIS, EVANGELOS, APPLEBY, TODD, CHO, AESOP, DU, ZHIMIN, GUERRERO, JUAN A, LAD, Lateshkumar Thakorlal, MEDLEY, Jonathan William, MUKHERJEE, Prasenjit Kumar, NADUTHAMBI, DEVAN, NOTTE, GREGORY, PARKHILL, ERIC Q, PHILLIPS, BARTON W, SQUIRES, NEIL H, XU, JIE, YANG, Kin Shing, ZIEBENHAUS, CHRISTOPHER ALLEN
Publication of US20180305315A1 publication Critical patent/US20180305315A1/en
Priority to US17/098,171 priority patent/US20210323922A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D213/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D213/62—Oxygen or sulfur atoms
    • C07D213/69—Two or more oxygen atoms
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    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
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    • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/4427—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems
    • A61K31/4439—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems containing a five-membered ring with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. omeprazole
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    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/4427—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems
    • A61K31/444—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems containing a six-membered ring with nitrogen as a ring heteroatom, e.g. amrinone
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    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/445—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine
    • A61K31/4523—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine containing further heterocyclic ring systems
    • A61K31/4545—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine containing further heterocyclic ring systems containing a six-membered ring with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. pipamperone, anabasine
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    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/4965—Non-condensed pyrazines
    • A61K31/497—Non-condensed pyrazines containing further heterocyclic rings
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    • A61K31/535—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with at least one nitrogen and one oxygen as the ring hetero atoms, e.g. 1,2-oxazines
    • A61K31/5375—1,4-Oxazines, e.g. morpholine
    • A61K31/5377—1,4-Oxazines, e.g. morpholine not condensed and containing further heterocyclic rings, e.g. timolol
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    • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D213/24—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms
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    • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D213/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
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    • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D213/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
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    • C07D213/63—One oxygen atom
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    • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D213/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D213/78—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms, with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C07D295/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms
    • C07D295/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms
    • C07D295/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms substituted by singly bound oxygen or sulfur atoms
    • C07D295/084—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms substituted by singly bound oxygen or sulfur atoms with the ring nitrogen atoms and the oxygen or sulfur atoms attached to the same carbon chain, which is not interrupted by carbocyclic rings
    • C07D295/088—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms substituted by singly bound oxygen or sulfur atoms with the ring nitrogen atoms and the oxygen or sulfur atoms attached to the same carbon chain, which is not interrupted by carbocyclic rings to an acyclic saturated chain
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    • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D401/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
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    • C07D401/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing three or more hetero rings
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Definitions

  • the present disclosure generally relates to compounds useful as inhibitors of PD-1, PD-L1 or the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction.
  • compounds, compositions comprising such compounds, and methods for their use are provided herein.
  • Programmed death-1 (CD279) is a receptor on T cells that has been shown to suppress activating signals from the T cell receptor when bound by either of its ligands, Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1, CD274, B7-H1) or PD-L2 (CD273, B7-DC).
  • PD-1 expressing T cells contact cells expressing its ligands, functional activities in response to antigenic stimuli, including proliferation, cytokine secretion, and cytotoxicity are reduced.
  • PD-1/PD-Ligand interactions down regulate immune responses during resolution of an infection or tumor, or during the development of self-tolerance.
  • T cell exhaustion B cells also display PD-1/PD-ligand suppression and “exhaustion.”
  • Blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 ligation using antibodies to PD-L1 has been shown to restore and augment T cell activation in many systems. Patients with advanced cancer benefit from therapy with a monoclonal antibody to PD-L1. Preclinical animal models of tumors and chronic infections have shown that blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway by monoclonal antibodies can enhance the immune response and result in tumor rejection or control of infection. Antitumor immunotherapy via PD-1/PD-L1 blockade may augment therapeutic immune response to a number of histologically distinct tumors.
  • Interference with the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction has also shown enhanced T cell activity in chronic infection systems.
  • Chronic lymphocytic chorio meningitis virus infection of mice also exhibits improved virus clearance and restored immunity with blockade of PD-L1.
  • Humanized mice infected with HIV-1 show enhanced protection against viremia and viral depletion of CD4+ T cells.
  • Blockade of PD-1/PD-L1 through monoclonal antibodies to PD-L1 can restore in vitro antigen-specific functionality to T cells from HIV patients, HCV patients or HBV.
  • agents that block PD-1, PD-L1 and/or the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction are desired.
  • Small molecule agents that block or inhibit PD-1, PD-L1 and/or the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction are particularly desired.
  • Applicants have discovered small molecule compounds that have activity as inhibitors of PD-1, PD-L1 or inhibitors of the interaction of PD-1 with PD-L1, and thus may be useful for treating patients having cancer.
  • the present disclosure further provides a compound of formula (I):
  • the present disclosure further provides a compound of formula (I):
  • Ar E and Ar W are each independently a cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl;
  • each m is independently 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4;
  • Q E and Q W are each independently aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl
  • both Ar E and Ar W are optionally substituted bicyclic rings, wherein neither is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring.
  • both L E and L W are —O—.
  • both L E and L W are -Q-O—CH 2 —Ar—.
  • each of Ar E , Ar W , Q E , and Q W are monocyclic, provided at least two are heteroaryl, and neither of R E , and R W is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring.
  • At least one L is a bond, and none of Ar E , Ar W , Q E , Q W , R E , and R W is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring.
  • both Ar E and Ar W are optionally substituted bicyclic rings, wherein neither is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring; or both L E and L W are —O—; b) both L E and L W are -Q-O—CH 2 —Ar—; c) each of Ar E , Ar W , Q E , and Q W are monocyclic, provided at least two are heteroaryl, and neither of R E , and R W is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring; or d) at least one L is a bond, and none of Ar E , Ar W , Q E , Q W , R E , and R W is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring.
  • the present disclosure provides a method of inhibiting PD-1, PD-L1 and/or the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction comprising administering a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers or tautomer thereof, to a patient in need thereof.
  • the present disclosure provides a method of treating cancer comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, or tautomer thereof, to a patient in need thereof.
  • One embodiment provides the use of a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers or tautomer thereof, for the treatment of cancer or a condition in a patient that is amenable to treatment by inhibiting PD-1, PD-L1 or the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction comprising administering said compound of formula (I) to said patient in need thereof.
  • a method for treating a cancer wherein the cancer is pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, renal cancer, hepatocellular cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, gastric cancer, esophageal cancer, head and neck cancer, melanoma, neuroendocrine cancer, CNS cancer, brain cancer, bone cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, non-small cell lung cancer, small-cell lung cancer or colon cancer, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, or tautomer thereof to a patient in need thereof.
  • formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, or tautomer thereof
  • a method for treating a cancer or a condition in a patient that is amenable to treatment by inhibiting PD-1, PD-L1 or the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction selected from pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, renal cancer, hepatocellular cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, gastric cancer, esophageal cancer, head and neck cancer, melanoma, neuroendocrine cancer, CNS cancer, brain cancer, bone cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, non-small cell lung cancer, small-cell lung cancer and colon cancer comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, or tautomer thereof to a patient in need thereof, further comprising at least one additional anticancer agent or therapy selected from nivolumab, pembrolizumab, atezolizumab, ipilimumab
  • a method for treating HBV comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, or tautomer thereof to a patient in need thereof.
  • a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers or tautomer thereof for the treatment of cancer or a condition in a patient selected from lymphoma, multiple myeloma, and leukemia.
  • Additional diseases or conditions include, but are not limited to acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), myeloproliferative disease (MPD), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), multiple myeloma (MM), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), follicular lymphoma, Waldestrom's macroglobulinemia (WM), T-cell lymphoma, B-cell lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL).
  • ALL acute lymphocytic leukemia
  • AML acute myeloid leukemia
  • CLL chronic lymphocytic leukemia
  • SLL small lymphocytic lymphoma
  • MDS myelodysplastic syndrome
  • MDS myeloprol
  • the present disclosure provides a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers or tautomer thereof, in combination with at least one additional anti-cancer agent selected from rituxan, doxorubicin, gemcitabine, nivolumab, pembrolizumab, and ipilimumab.
  • the present disclosure provides a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers or tautomer thereof, in combination with at least one additional check-point inhibitor selected from nivolumab, pembrolizumab, atezolizumab, and ipilimumab.
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers or tautomer thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers or tautomer thereof, and at least one additional anticancer agent and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers or tautomer thereof, at least one additional therapeutic agent suitable for treating an HBV infection, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
  • the present disclosure provides a kit that includes a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers or tautomer thereof, a label and/or instructions for use of the compound in the treatment of cancer or a disease or condition mediated by PD-1, PD-L1 activity or the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction.
  • the present disclosure provides a kit that includes a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers or tautomer thereof, at least one additional anticancer agent, a label(s) and/or instructions for use of the compound(s) in the treatment of a disease or condition mediated by PD-1, PD-L1 activity or PD-1/PD-L1 interaction.
  • the present disclosure provides articles of manufacture that include a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof, and a container.
  • the container may be a vial, jar, ampoule, preloaded syringe, or an intravenous bag.
  • the present disclosure provides a compound of formula (I) for use in therapy.
  • the present disclosure provides a compound of formula (I) for use in the manufacture of a medicament for treating cancer.
  • a dash (“—”) that is not between two letters or symbols is used to indicate a point of attachment for a substituent. For example, —C(O)NH 2 is attached through the carbon atom.
  • a dash at the front or end of a chemical group is a matter of convenience; chemical groups may be depicted with or without one or more dashes without losing their ordinary meaning. Unless chemically or structurally required, no directionality is indicated or implied by the order in which a chemical group is written or named.
  • C u-v indicates that the following group has from u to v carbon atoms.
  • C 1-6 alkyl indicates that the alkyl group has from 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
  • references to “about” a value or parameter herein includes (and describes) embodiments that are directed to that value or parameter per se.
  • the term “about” includes the indicated amount ⁇ 10%.
  • the term “about” includes the indicated amount ⁇ 5%.
  • the term “about” includes the indicated amount ⁇ 1%.
  • to the term “about X” includes description of “X”.
  • the singular forms “a” and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
  • reference to “the compound” includes a plurality of such compounds and reference to “the assay” includes reference to one or more assays and equivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art.
  • substituted means that any one or more hydrogen atoms on the designated atom or group is replaced with one or more substituents other than hydrogen, provided that the designated atom's normal valence is not exceeded.
  • the one or more substituents include, but are not limited to, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, acyl, amino, amido, amidino, aryl, azido, carbamoyl, carboxyl, carboxyl ester, cyano, guanidino, halo, haloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocycloalkyl, hydroxy, hydrazino, imino, oxo, nitro, alkylsulfinyl, sulfonic acid, alkylsulfonyl, thiocyanate, thiol, thione, or combinations thereof.
  • the above definitions are not intended to include impermissible substitution patterns (e.g., methyl substituted with 5 fluorines or heteroaryl groups having two adjacent oxygen ring atoms). Such impermissible substitution patterns are well known to the skilled artisan.
  • substituted may describe other chemical groups defined herein.
  • substituted aryl includes, but is not limited to, “alkylaryl.” Unless specified otherwise, where a group is described as optionally substituted, any substituents of the group are themselves unsubstituted.
  • a “substituted” group also includes embodiments in which a monoradical substituent is bound to a single atom of the substituted group (e.g., forming a branch), and also includes embodiments in which the substituent may be a diradical bridging group bound to two adjacent atoms of the substituted group, thereby forming a fused ring on the substituted group.
  • Alkyl refers to an unbranched or branched saturated hydrocarbon chain. As used herein, alkyl has 1 to 20 carbon atoms (i.e., C 1-20 alkyl), 1 to 8 carbon atoms (i.e., C 1-8 alkyl), 1 to 6 carbon atoms (i.e., C 1-6 alkyl), or 1 to 4 carbon atoms (i.e., C 1-4 alkyl).
  • alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, 2-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, 2-hexyl, 3-hexyl, and 3-methylpentyl.
  • butyl includes n-butyl (i.e., —(CH 2 ) 3 CH 3 ), sec-butyl (i.e., —CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 ), isobutyl (i.e., —CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) 2 ) and tert-butyl (i.e., —C(CH 3 ) 3 ); and “propyl” includes n-propyl (i.e., —(CH 2 ) 2 CH 3 ) and isopropyl (i.e., —CH(CH 3 ) 2 ).
  • Alkenyl refers to an aliphatic group containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond and having from 2 to 20 carbon atoms (i.e., C 2-20 alkenyl), 2 to 8 carbon atoms (i.e., C 2-8 alkenyl), 2 to 6 carbon atoms (i.e., C 2-6 alkenyl), or 2 to 4 carbon atoms (i.e., C 2-4 alkenyl).
  • alkenyl groups include ethenyl, propenyl, butadienyl (including 1,2-butadienyl, and 1,3-butadienyl).
  • Alkynyl refers to an aliphatic group containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bond and having from 2 to 20 carbon atoms (i.e., C 2-20 alkynyl), 2 to 8 carbon atoms (i.e., C 2-8 alkynyl), 2 to 6 carbon atoms (i.e., C 2-6 alkynyl), or 2 to 4 carbon atoms (i.e., C 2-4 alkynyl).
  • alkynyl also includes those groups having one triple bond and one double bond.
  • Alkoxy refers to the group “alkyl-O—” or “—O-alkyl”. Examples of alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, iso-propoxy, n-butoxy, tert-butoxy, sec-butoxy, n-pentoxy, n-hexoxy, and 1,2-dimethylbutoxy.
  • Haloalkoxy refers to an alkoxy group as defined above, wherein one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by a halogen.
  • Amino refers to the group —NR y R z wherein R y and R z are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl; each of which may be optionally substituted.
  • Aryl refers to a monoradical or diradical aromatic carbocyclic group having a single ring (e.g., monocyclic) or multiple rings (e.g., bicyclic or tricyclic) including fused ring systems wherein one or more fused rings is/are fully or partially unsaturated.
  • aryl has 6 to 20 ring carbon atoms (i.e., C 6-20 aryl), 6 to 12 carbon ring atoms (i.e., C 6-12 aryl), or 6 to 10 carbon ring atoms (i.e., C 6-10 aryl).
  • Non-limiting examples of aryl groups as used herein include phenyl, naphthyl, fluorenyl, indanyl, tetrahydroindanuyl, and anthryl.
  • Aryl does not encompass or overlap in any way with heteroaryl defined below. If one or more aryl groups are fused with a heteroaryl ring, the resulting ring system is heteroaryl.
  • the classification of mono or diradical indicates whether the aryl group terminates the chain (monoradical) or is within a chain (diradical). The above definition does not preclude additional substituents on the aryl group.
  • the aryl group in “A-aryl-B” is a diradical whereas the aryl group in “A-B-aryl” is monoradical, though additional substituents may be present on each aryl group.
  • alkylsulfinyl refers to the group —SO-alkyl, where alkyl is as defined above, and includes optionally substituted alkyl groups as also defined above.
  • alkylsulfonyl refers to the group —SO 2 -alkyl, where alkyl is as defined above, and includes optionally substituted alkyl groups as also defined above.
  • Cycloalkyl refers to a saturated or partially saturated cyclic alkyl group having a single ring or multiple rings including fused, bridged, and spiro ring systems.
  • cycloalkyl has from 3 to 20 ring carbon atoms (i.e., C 3-20 cycloalkyl), 3 to 12 ring carbon atoms (i.e., C 3-12 cycloalkyl), 3 to 10 ring carbon atoms (i.e., C 3-10 cycloalkyl), 3 to 8 ring carbon atoms (i.e., C 3-8 cycloalkyl), or 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms (i.e., C 3-6 cycloalkyl).
  • Examples of cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl.
  • cycloalkenyl groups means the non-aromatic carbocyclic group having at least one double bond.
  • Cyanoalkyl refers to an alkyl group substituted with cyano (CN).
  • Halogen or “halo” includes fluoro, chloro, bromo, and iodo.
  • haloalkyl refers to a monoradical or diradical having the indicated carbon atoms of the alkyl group wherein one or more hydrogen atoms have been substituted by a halogen.
  • haloalkyl groups include —CH 2 F, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CHFCH 2 F, —CF 2 —, —CHF—, and the like.
  • haloalkoxy e.g., —O—C 1-3 haloalkyl, refers to an alkoxy group wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of the alkyl group have been substituted by a halogen.
  • haloalkoxy groups include —OCH 2 F, —OCHF 2 , —OCF 3 , —OCH 2 CF 3 , —OCHFCH 2 F, and the like.
  • alkenyl and alkynyl analogs e.g., C 2-4 haloalkenyl, —O—C 2-4 haloalkynyl
  • Heteroalkyl refers to an alkyl group in which one or more of the carbon atoms (and any associated hydrogen atoms) are each independently replaced with the same or different heteroatomic group.
  • the term “heteroalkyl” includes unbranched or branched saturated chain having carbon and heteroatoms. By way of example, 1, 2 or 3 carbon atoms may be independently replaced with the same or different heteroatomic group.
  • Heteroatomic groups include, but are not limited to, —NR—, —O—, —S—, —SO—, —SO 2 —, and the like, where R is H, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocycloalkyl, each of which may be optionally substituted.
  • heteroalkyl groups include —OCH 3 , —CH 2 OCH 3 , —SCH 3 , —CH 2 SCH 3 , —NRCH 3 , and —CH 2 NRCH 3 , where R is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl, or heteroaryl, each of which may be optionally substituted.
  • heteroalkyl includes 1 to 10 carbon atoms, 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or 1 to 4 carbon atoms; and 1 to 3 heteroatoms, 1 to 2 heteroatoms, or 1 heteroatom.
  • Heteroaryl refers to a monoradical or diradical aromatic group having a single ring, multiple rings, or multiple fused rings, with one or more ring heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
  • the term includes fused ring systems wherein one or more fused rings is/are fully or partially unsaturated.
  • heteroaryl include 1 to 20 ring carbon atoms (i.e., C 1-20 heteroaryl), 3 to 12 ring carbon atoms (i.e., C 3-12 heteroaryl), or 3 to 8 carbon ring atoms (i.e., C 3-8 heteroaryl); and 1 to 5 heteroatoms, 1 to 4 heteroatoms, 1 to 3 ring heteroatoms, 1 to 2 ring heteroatoms, or 1 ring heteroatom independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
  • heteroaryl groups include pyrimidinyl, purinyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, benzothiazolyl, benzodioxanyl, indolinyl, and pyrazolyl.
  • the classification of mono or diradical indicates whether the heteroaryl group terminates the chain (monoradical) or is within a chain (diradical).
  • the above definition does not preclude additional substituents on the heteroaryl group.
  • the heteroaryl group in “A-heteroaryl-B” is a diradical whereas the heteroaryl group in “A-B-heteroaryl” is monoradical, though additional substituents may be present on each heteroaryl group.
  • Heteroaryl does not encompass or overlap with aryl as defined above.
  • Heterocycloalkyl refers to a saturated or unsaturated cyclic alkyl group, with one or more ring heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur.
  • a heterocycloalkyl may be a single ring or multiple rings wherein the multiple rings may be fused, bridged, or spiro.
  • heterocycloalkyl has 2 to 20 ring carbon atoms (i.e., C 2-20 heterocycloalkyl), 2 to 12 ring carbon atoms (i.e., C 2-12 heterocycloalkyl), 2 to 10 ring carbon atoms (i.e., C 2-10 heterocycloalkyl), 2 to 8 ring carbon atoms (i.e., C 2-8 heterocycloalkyl), 3 to 12 ring carbon atoms (i.e., C 3-12 heterocycloalkyl), 3 to 8 ring carbon atoms (i.e., C 3-8 heterocycloalkyl), or 3 to 6 ring carbon atoms (i.e., C 3-6 heterocycloalkyl); having 1 to 5 ring heteroatoms, 1 to 4 ring heteroatoms, 1 to 3 ring heteroatoms, 1 to 2 ring heteroatoms, or 1 ring heteroatom independently selected from nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.
  • heterocycloalkyl groups include pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, oxetanyl, dioxolanyl, azetidinyl, and morpholinyl.
  • bridged-heterocycloalkyl refers to a four- to ten-membered cyclic moiety connected at two non-adjacent atoms of the heterocycloalkyl with one or more (e.g., 1 or 2) four- to ten-membered cyclic moiety having at least one heteroatom where each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
  • bridged-heterocycloalkyl includes bicyclic and tricyclic ring systems.
  • spiro-heterocycloalkyl refers to a ring system in which a three- to ten-membered heterocycloalkyl has one or more additional ring, wherein the one or more additional ring is three- to ten-membered cycloalkyl or three- to ten-membered heterocycloalkyl, where a single atom of the one or more additional ring is also an atom of the three- to ten-membered heterocycloalkyl.
  • spiro-heterocycloalkyl examples include bicyclic and tricyclic ring systems, such as 2-oxa-7-azaspiro[3.5]nonanyl, 2-oxa-6-azaspiro[3.4]octanyl, and 6-oxa-1-azaspiro[3.3]heptanyl.
  • heterocyclyl refers to a monoradical or diradical saturated or unsaturated group having a single ring or multiple condensed rings, having from 3 to 12 carbon atoms, from 1 to 6 hetero atoms, or from 1 to 4 heteroatoms, selected from nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and/or oxygen within the ring. Where the group does not terminate the molecule, it is a diradical and is construed as such i.e., also referred to as heterocyclylene or heterocyclene.
  • heterocyclyl groups include, but are not limited to, pyrrolidin-2-one, azetidine, piperidine, pyrrolidine, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine, morpholine, piperazin-2-one, 2,6-diazaspiro[3.3]heptane, 2,6-diazaspiro[3.4]octan-7-one, 2,5-diazaspiro[3.4]octan-6-one, 2,7-diazaspiro[4.4]nonan-3-one, 2,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecan-1-one, 1,7-diazaspiro[3.5]nonan-2-one, 2,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decan-3-one, piperazine, 2-azaspiro[3.3]heptane, and 2-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane.
  • heterocyclyl includes heterocycloalkenyl groups (i.e., the heterocyclyl group having at least one double bond), bridged-heterocyclyl groups, fused-heterocyclyl groups, and spiro-heterocyclyl groups.
  • a heterocyclyl may be a single ring or multiple rings wherein the multiple rings may be fused, bridged, or spiro. Any non-aromatic ring containing at least one heteroatom is considered a heterocyclyl, regardless of the attachment (i.e., can be bound through a carbon atom or a heteroatom).
  • heterocyclyl is intended to encompass any non-aromatic ring containing at least one heteroatom, which ring may be fused to an aryl or heteroaryl ring, regardless of the attachment to the remainder of the molecule.
  • a heterocyclyl may contain one or more oxo and/or thioxo groups.
  • acyl refers to a group —C( ⁇ O)R, wherein R is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, or heteroaryl; each of which may be optionally substituted, as defined herein.
  • R is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, or heteroaryl; each of which may be optionally substituted, as defined herein.
  • Examples of acyl include formyl, acetyl, cyclohexylcarbonyl, cyclohexylmethyl-carbonyl, and benzoyl.
  • N-alkylated means an alkyl group is substituted for one of the hydrogen atoms of a mono substituted amine, or a di-substituted amine group or a tri substituted amine group.
  • alkylation is on a tri-substituted amine group an alkonium salt is generated i.e., a positive charge is generated on the nitrogen atom.
  • N-alkylation is commonly associated with alkyl substitution on a ring nitrogen atom.
  • oxo refers to a group ⁇ O.
  • esters or “carboxyl ester” refers to the group —C(O)OR, where R is alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, which may be optionally further substituted, for example, by alkyl, alkoxy, halogen, CF 3 , amino, substituted amino, cyano or —SO n R f , in which R f is alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, and n is 0, 1 or 2.
  • substituted amino refers to the group —NRR, where each R is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, each of which may be optionally substituted, or a group as described or exemplified herein, or where both R groups are joined to form a heterocyclic group (e.g., morpholino) as described or exemplified herein, which also may be optionally substituted.
  • R is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, each of which may be optionally substituted, or a group as described or exemplified herein, or where both R groups are joined to form a heterocyclic group (e.g., morpholino) as described or exemplified herein, which also may be optionally substituted.
  • amido refers to the group —C(O)NRR where each R is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, each of which may be optionally substituted, or a group as described or exemplified herein, or where both R groups are joined to form a heterocyclic group (e.g., morpholino) as described or exemplified herein, which also may be optionally substituted.
  • R is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl, each of which may be optionally substituted, or a group as described or exemplified herein, or where both R groups are joined to form a heterocyclic group (e.g., morpholino) as described or exemplified herein, which also may be optionally substituted.
  • sulfoxide refers to a group —SOR, in which R is alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, each of which may be optionally substituted.
  • sulfone refers to a group —SO 2 R, in which R is alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, each of which may be optionally substituted.
  • alkylcycloalkyl As used herein, the terms “alkylcycloalkyl,” “alkylaryl,” “alkylheteroaryl” and “alkylheterocyclyl” are intended to refer to a cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl group which is bound to the remainder of the molecule via an alkyl moiety, where the terms “alkyl,” “cycloalkyl,” “aryl,” “heteroaryl” and “heterocyclyl” are as defined herein.
  • Exemplary alkylaryl groups include benzyl, phenethyl, and the like.
  • a divalent group such as a divalent “alkyl” group, a divalent “aryl” group, etc.
  • a divalent group such as a divalent “alkyl” group, a divalent “aryl” group, etc.
  • combinations of groups are referred to herein as one moiety, e.g., arylalkyl, the last mentioned group contains the atom by which the moiety is attached to the rest of the molecule.
  • a group is represented by a bond
  • multiple adjacent groups whether the same or different, when represented by bonds, constitute a single bond.
  • the group “-L 1 -V 1 -L 2 -” constitutes a single bond if each of L 1 , V 1 and L 2 is a bond.
  • a given group (moiety) is described herein as being attached to a second group and the site of attachment is not explicit, the given group may be attached at any available site of the given group or to any available site of the second group.
  • an “alkyl-substituted phenyl”, where the attachment sites are not explicit, may have any available site of the alkyl group attached to any available site of the phenyl group.
  • an “available site” is a site of the group at which hydrogen of the group may be replaced with a substituent.
  • “Isomers” are different compounds that have the same molecular formula. Isomers include stereoisomers, enantiomers and diastereomers.
  • Steps are isomers that differ only in the way the atoms are arranged in space.
  • Enantiomers are a pair of stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other. A 1:1 mixture of a pair of enantiomers is a “racemic” mixture. The term “(+)” is used to designate a racemic mixture where appropriate.
  • “Diastereoisomers” are stereoisomers that have at least two asymmetric atoms, but which are not mirror-images of each other.
  • the compounds of the disclosure may possess one or more asymmetric centers and may be produced as a racemic mixture or as individual enantiomers or diastereoisomers.
  • the number of stereoisomers present in any given compound of a given formula depends upon the number of asymmetric centers present (there are 2 n stereoisomers possible where n is the number of asymmetric centers).
  • the individual stereoisomers may be obtained by resolving a racemic or non-racemic mixture of an intermediate at some appropriate stage of the synthesis or by resolution of the compound by conventional means.
  • the absolute stereochemistry is specified according to the Cahn Ingold Prelog R S system.
  • the stereochemistry at each chiral carbon may be specified by either R or S.
  • a resolved compound whose absolute configuration is unknown may be designated (+) or ( ⁇ ) depending on the direction (dextro- or laevorotary) that it rotates the plane of polarized light at the wavelength of the sodium D line.
  • Tautomeric isomers are in equilibrium with one another.
  • amide containing compounds may exist in equilibrium with imidic acid tautomers. Regardless of which tautomer is shown, and regardless of the nature of the equilibrium among tautomers, the compounds are understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to comprise both amide and imidic acid tautomers. Thus, the amide containing compounds are understood to include their imidic acid tautomers. Likewise, the imidic acid containing compounds are understood to include their amide tautomers.
  • polymorph refers to different crystal structures of a crystalline compound.
  • the different polymorphs may result from differences in crystal packing (packing polymorphism) or differences in packing between different conformers of the same molecule (conformational polymorphism).
  • solvate refers to a complex formed by combining a compound of formula (I), or any other formula as disclosed herein and a solvent.
  • hydrate refers to the complex formed by the combining of a compound of formula (I), or any formula disclosed herein, and water.
  • prodrug refers to compounds of formula (I), or derivatives of formula (I) disclosed herein, that include chemical groups which, in vivo, can be converted and/or can be split off from the remainder of the molecule to provide for the active drug.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable salts or biologically active metabolites thereof of the prodrug of a compound of formula (I) are also within the ambit of the present disclosure.
  • any formula or structure given herein, including formula (I), or any formula disclosed herein, is intended to represent unlabeled forms as well as isotopically labeled forms of the compounds.
  • Isotopically labeled compounds have structures depicted by the formulas given herein except that one or more atoms are replaced by an isotope having a selected atomic mass or mass number.
  • isotopes that can be incorporated into compounds of the disclosure include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, fluorine and chlorine, such as, but not limited to 2 H (deuterium, D), 3 H (tritium), 11 C, 13 C, 14 C, 15 N, 18 F, 31 P, 32 P, 35 S, 36 Cl, and 125 I.
  • isotopically labeled compounds of the present disclosure for example those into which radioactive isotopes such as 3 H, 13 C and 14 C are incorporated, are within the ambit of the present disclosure.
  • isotopically labelled compounds may be useful in metabolic studies, reaction kinetic studies, detection or imaging techniques, such as positron emission tomography (PET) or single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) including drug or substrate tissue distribution assays or in treatment of patients.
  • PET positron emission tomography
  • SPECT single-photon emission computed tomography
  • Such isotopically labeled analogs of compounds of the present disclosure may also be useful for treatment of diseases disclosed herein because they may provide improved pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic properties over the unlabeled forms of the same compounds.
  • Such isotopically leveled forms of or analogs of compounds herein are within the ambit of the present disclosure.
  • One of skill in the art is able to prepare and use such isotopically labeled forms following procedures for isotopically labeling compounds or aspects of compounds to arrive at isotopic or radiolabeled analogs of compounds disclosed herein.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a given compound refers to salts that retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the given compound, and which are not biologically or otherwise undesirable.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts can be prepared from inorganic and organic bases. Salts derived from inorganic bases include, by way of example only, sodium, potassium, lithium, ammonium, calcium and magnesium salts.
  • Salts derived from organic bases include, but are not limited to, salts of primary, secondary and tertiary amines, such as alkyl amines, dialkyl amines, trialkyl amines, substituted alkyl amines, di(substituted alkyl) amines, tri(substituted alkyl) amines, alkenyl amines, dialkenyl amines, trialkenyl amines, substituted alkenyl amines, di(substituted alkenyl) amines, tri(substituted alkenyl) amines, cycloalkyl amines, di(cycloalkyl) amines, tri(cycloalkyl) amines, substituted cycloalkyl amines, di-substituted cycloalkyl amine, tri-substituted cycloalkyl amines, cycloalkenyl amines, di(cycloal
  • Amines are of general structure N(R 30 )(R 31 )(R 32 ), wherein mono-substituted amines have two of the three substituents on nitrogen (R 30 , R 31 , and R 32 ) as hydrogen, di-substituted amines have one of the three substituents on nitrogen (R 30 , R 31 , and R 32 ) as hydrogen, whereas tri-substituted amines have none of the three substituents on nitrogen (R 30 , R 31 , and R 32 ) as hydrogen.
  • R 30 , R 31 , and R 32 are selected from a variety of substituents such as hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocyclyl, and the like.
  • Suitable amines include, by way of example only, isopropyl amine, trimethyl amine, diethyl amine, tri(iso-propyl) amine, tri(n-propyl) amine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, 2-dimethylamino ethanol, lysine, arginine, histidine, caffeine, procaine, hydrabamine, choline, betaine, ethylenediamine, glucosamine, N-alkylglucamines, theobromine, purines, piperazine, piperidine, morpholine, N-ethylpiperidine, and the like.
  • Salts derived from inorganic acids include hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like.
  • Salts derived from organic acids include acetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, malic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, p-toluene-sulfonic acid, salicylic acid, and the like.
  • “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” or “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial, and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents and the like. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is well known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the active ingredient, or unless otherwise indicated herein, its use in the therapeutic compositions is contemplated. Supplementary active ingredients can also be incorporated into the compositions.
  • anticancer agent is any drug that is effective in the treatment of a malignant, or cancerous disease. Effectiveness may mean inhibition, partial, or full remission, prolongation of life, improvement in quality of life, or cure.
  • anticancer drugs including chemical compositions as disclosed herein or known to one of skill in the art e.g., PD-1, PD-L1, PD-1/PD-L1 interaction inhibitors, alkylating agents, antimetabolites, natural products, and hormones.
  • additional anticancer agent means the use or combination of a second, third, fourth, fifth, etc., anticancer agent(s) in addition to a compound according to formula (I) disclosed herein.
  • anticancer therapy means any currently known therapeutic methods for the treatment of cancer.
  • blockade agent or “check point inhibitors” are classes of immune oncology agents that inhibit PD-1, PD-L1, or the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction.
  • treatment means any administration of a compound or compounds according to the present disclosure to a subject (e.g., a human) having or susceptible to a condition or disease disclosed herein for the purpose of: 1) preventing or protecting against the disease or condition, that is, causing the clinical symptoms not to develop; 2) inhibiting the disease or condition, that is, arresting or suppressing the development of clinical symptoms; or 3) relieving the disease or condition that is causing the regression of clinical symptoms.
  • a subject e.g., a human
  • the term “treatment” or “treating” refers to relieving the disease or condition or causing the regression of clinical symptoms.
  • the term “preventing” refers to the prophylactic treatment of a patient in need thereof.
  • the prophylactic treatment can be accomplished by providing an appropriate dose of a therapeutic agent to a subject at risk of suffering from an ailment, thereby substantially averting onset of the ailment.
  • the presence of a genetic mutation or the predisposition to having a mutation may not be alterable.
  • prophylactic treatment (prevention) as used herein has the potential to avoid/ameliorate the symptoms or clinical consequences of having the disease engendered by such genetic mutation or predisposition.
  • prophylaxis is intended as an element of “treatment” to encompass both “preventing” and “suppressing” as defined herein.
  • protection is meant to include “prophylaxis.”
  • patient typically refers to a “mammal” which includes, without limitation, human, monkeys, rabbits, mice, domestic animals, such as dogs and cats, farm animals, such as cows, horses, or pigs, and laboratory animals.
  • patient refers to a human in need of treatment as defined herein.
  • PD-1 inhibitors PD-L1 inhibitors
  • PD-1/PD-L1 interaction inhibitors methods of using such compounds and compositions comprising such compounds optionally in combination with one or more additional anticancer agents or therapies.
  • group or variable is independently selected the list that follows. It is further contemplated that all embodiments directed to compounds include any pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, solvate, prodrug or tautomer thereof.
  • the present disclosure further provides a compound of formula (I):
  • the present disclosure further provides a compound of formula (I):
  • Ar E and Ar W are each independently a cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl;
  • Ar E and Ar W are each independently a cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl;
  • Ar E and Ar W are each independently an aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl
  • Ar W and Ar E are each independently selected from phenyl, pyridinyl, indanyl, and indolinyl;
  • Ar W is the same as Ar E and is selected from phenyl, pyridinyl, indanyl, and indolinyl;
  • the group Ar W is selected from phenyl, pyridinyl, indanyl, naphthyl, indazolyl, indolinyl, quinolinyl, quinazolinyl, benzimidazolinyl, benzthiazolyl, thiazolyl, and thienyl.
  • the group Ar W is selected from phenyl, pyridinyl, indanyl, indolinyl, quinolinyl, and benzimidazolinyl.
  • the group Ar E is selected from phenyl, pyridinyl, indanyl, naphthyl, indazolyl, indolinyl, quinolinyl, quinazolinyl, benzimidazolinyl, benzthiazolyl, thiazolyl, and thienyl. In another embodiment, the group Ar E is selected from phenyl, pyridinyl, indanyl, indolinyl, quinolinyl, and benzimidazolinyl.
  • the groups Ar W and Ar E are the same. In one embodiment, the groups Ar W and Ar E are the same and have the same substituents. In one embodiment, the groups Ar W and Ar E are both phenyl each optionally substituted with methyl. In one embodiment, the groups Ar W and Ar E are both phenyl each optionally substituted with chloro. In one embodiment, the groups Ar W and Ar E are both indanyl each optionally substituted with methyl. In one embodiment, the groups Ar W and Ar E are both indolinyl each optionally substituted with methyl. In one embodiment, the groups Ar W and Ar E are both benzimidazole each optionally substituted with methyl. In one embodiment, the groups Ar W and Ar E are both indolyl.
  • the groups Ar W and Ar E are both indolyl each optionally substituted with methyl.
  • the groups Ar W and Ar E are different and are independently selected from phenyl, indanyl, thienyl, benzimidazolyl, indolyl, and indolinyl.
  • the optional substituents on Ar W and Ar E are independently selected from halo, cyano, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-3 haloalkyl, C 2-5 alkynyl, and —O—C 1-6 alkyl.
  • Ar E is the same as Ar W and each is optionally substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently selected from methyl, chloro, bromo, CN, —OCF 3 , CF 3 , CH 2 CF 3 , and ethyl.
  • Ar E is different from Ar W and each is optionally substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently selected from methyl, chloro, bromo, CN, —OCF 3 , CF 3 , CH 2 CF 3 , and ethyl.
  • Ar W is indolinyl and Ar E is indolinyl each optionally substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently selected from methyl, ethyl, methoxy, chloro, and CF 3 .
  • Ar W is phenyl and Ar E is phenyl each optionally substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently selected from methyl, ethyl, methoxy, chloro, and CF 3 .
  • the optional substituents on Ar W and Ar E are independently selected from CN, Cl, F, —OCF 3 , —O—CH 3 , CH 3 , and C 2 H 5 .
  • the optional substituents on Ar W and Ar E are independently selected from CN, Cl, F, —OCF 3 , —OCH 3 , —CH 3 , and —C 2 H 5 .
  • the optional substituents on Ar W and Ar E is CH 3 .
  • the present disclosure provides a compound of formula (I) wherein the group —Ar W —Ar E — is selected from:
  • each ring is optionally substituted with 1 or 2 groups independently selected from halo, cyano, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-3 haloalkyl, —OC 1-6 alkyl, and —OC 1-3 haloalkyl.
  • L E and L W are each independently a bond, —O—, —(CR 3 R 4 ) m —, —(CR 3 R 4 ) m O(CR 3 R 4 ) m —, —(CR 3 R 4 ) m NR 3 (CR 3 R 4 ) m —, —C(O)—, C 2-6 alkenylene, C 2-6 alkynylene,
  • L E and L W are each independently a bond, —(CR 3 R 4 ) m —, —(CR 3 R 4 ) m O(CR 3 R 4 ) m —,
  • L E and L W are each independently a bond, —(CR 3 R 4 ) m —, —(CR 3 R 4 ) m O(CR 3 R 4 ) m —, —C(O)—,
  • L E and L W are each independently O—, —S—, —SO—, —SO 2 —, —(CR 3 R 4 ) m NR 3 (CR 3 R 4 ) m —, —C(O)—, —(CR 3 R 4 ) m C(O)NR 3 (CR 3 R 4 ) m —, or —(CR 3 R 4 ) m NR 3 C(O)(CR 3 R 4 ) m —,
  • L E and L W are each independently a bond, —(CR 3 R 4 ) m —, —O(CR 3 R 4 ) m , —(CR 3 R 4 ) m O, or —C(O)—,
  • L E and L W are each independently a bond, —(CR 3 R 4 ) m —, —O(CR 3 R 4 ) m , —(CR 3 R 4 ) m O, or —C(O)—:
  • L E and L W are each independently a bond, —CH 2 —, —OCH 2 , —CH 2 O— or —C(O)—.
  • L W is —O(CR 3 R 4 ) m — or —(CR 3 R 4 ) m O—.
  • L W is —(CR 3 R 4 ) m —. In another embodiment, L W is —NR 3 (CHR 4 ) n or —(CHR 4 ) n NR 3 —. In another embodiment, L W is —NR 3 (CHR 4 ) m . In another embodiment, the group L W is —C(O)—. In yet another embodiment, L W is a bond.
  • L E is —(CR 3 R 4 ) m O— or —(CR 3 R 4 ) m O—.
  • L E is —(CR 3 R 4 ) m —. In another embodiment, L E is —NR 3 (CHR 4 ) n or —(CHR 4 ) n NR 3 —. In another embodiment, L E is —NR 3 (CHR 4 ) m . In another embodiment, the group L E is —C(O)—. In yet another embodiment, L E is a bond.
  • one of L W and L E is a bond and the other is —OCH 2 — or —CH 2 O—.
  • Q E and Q W are each independently an aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl
  • Q E and Q W are each independently an aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl optionally substituted with R N ;
  • Q E and Q W are each independently an aryl, or heteroaryl group optionally substituted with R N ;
  • Q E and Q W are each independently phenyl, pyridine, indanyl, naphthyl, indolyl, indolinyl, benzthiazolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, or thienyl; wherein each phenyl, pyridine, indanyl, naphthyl, indolyl, indolinyl, benzthiazolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, or thienyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from halo, —OR a , —N 3 , —NO 2 , —CN, —NR a R b , —C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, and —C 1-6 alkylC 3-8 cycloalkyl.
  • Q E and Q W are each independently phenyl, pyridine, indanyl, naphthyl, indolyl, indolinyl, benzthiazolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, or thienyl;
  • Q E and Q W are each independently phenyl, pyridine, indanyl, naphthyl, indolyl, indolinyl, benzthiazolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, or benzthiazolyl;
  • Q E and Q W are each independently phenyl, indanyl, naphthyl, indolyl, indolinyl, benzthiazolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, or benzthiazolyl;
  • Q E and Q W are each independently phenyl, pyridine, indazolyl, thiazolyl, or indolinyl;
  • Q W is selected from phenyl, pyridinyl, indazolyl, and thienyl, wherein each phenyl, pyridinyl, indazolyl, and thienyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently selected from halo, —OR a , —N 3 , —NO 2 , —CN, —NR a R b , —SO 2 R a , —SO 2 NR a R b , —NR a SO 2 R a , —NR a C(O)R a , —C(O)NR a R b , —C 1-6 alkyl, —OC 1-6 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, and —C 1-6 alkylC 3-8 cycloalkyl.
  • Q W is selected from phenyl, pyridine and indanyl, wherein each phenyl, pyridine and indanyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from halo, —OR a , —N 3 , —NO 2 , —CN, —NR a R b , —SO 2 R a , —SO 2 NR a R b , —NR a SO 2 R a , —NR a C(O)R a , —C(O)NR a R b , —C 1-6 alkyl, —OC 1-6 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, and —C 1-6 alkylC 3-8 cycloalkyl.
  • Q E is selected from phenyl, pyridinyl, indazolyl, and thienyl, wherein each phenyl, pyridinyl, indazolyl, and thienyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 2 groups independently selected from halo, —OR a , —N 3 , —NO 2 , —CN, —NR a R b , —SO 2 R a , —SO 2 NR a R b , —NR a SO 2 R a , —NR a C(O)R a , —C(O)NR a R b , —C 1-6 alkyl, —OC 1-6 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, and —C 1-6 alkylC 3-8 cycloalkyl.
  • Q E is selected from phenyl, pyridine and indanyl, wherein each phenyl, pyridine and indanyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from halo, —OR a , —N 3 , —NO 2 , —CN, —NR a R b , —SO 2 R a , —SO 2 NR a R b , —NR a SO 2 R a , —NR a C(O)R a , —C(O)NR a R b , —C 1-6 alkyl, —OC 1-6 alkyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, and —C 1-6 alkylC 3-8 cycloalkyl.
  • Q W and Q E are each independently
  • t is 0, 1, 2 or 3. In one embodiment, t is 1, 2 or 3. In one embodiment, t is 0, 1 or 2. In one embodiment, t is 0. In one embodiment, t is 1. In one embodiment, t is 2. In one embodiment, t is 3.
  • substituents on Q W or Q E are independently selected from
  • Q E and Q W are each optionally substituted with halo. In one embodiment, Q E and Q W are each optionally substituted with —C 1-6 alkyl. In one embodiment, Q E and Q W are each optionally substituted with —OC 1-6 alkyl. In one embodiment, Q E and Q W are each optionally substituted with methoxy.
  • Q E and Q W are different and each is optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from OH, halo, CN, —SO 2 R a , —C 1-6 alkyl, and —OC 1-6 alkyl.
  • Q E and Q W are the same and each is optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from OH, halo, CN, —SO 2 R a , —C 1-6 alkyl, and —OC 1-6 alkyl.
  • R E an R W are independently selected from —NR 1 R 2 , —C 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —OC 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —C 1-6 alkylOC 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —NR a C 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —C 1-6 alkylN + R 1 R 2 R 3 , —SC 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —C(O)NR 1 R 2 , —SO 2 R a , —(CH 2 ) u SO 2 NR 1 R 2 , —(CH 2 ) u NR a SO 2 NR a R b , —SO 2 NR a C 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —NR a SO 2 C 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —(CH 2 ) u C(O)NR a SO 2 NR a R b , —(CH 2 )
  • R E an R W are independently selected from —C(O)NR 1 R 2 , —SO 2 R a , —(CH 2 ) u SO 2 NR 1 R 2 , —(CH 2 ) u NR a SO 2 NR a R b , —SO 2 NR a C 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —NR a SO 2 C 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , and —(CH 2 ) u C(O)NR a SO 2 NR a R b ; wherein
  • R E an R W are independently selected from —(CH 2 ) u N + R 1 R 2 O ⁇ , —(CH 2 ) u P+R b R c R d , —(CH 2 ) u P + R c R d O ⁇ , —(CH 2 ) u P + O[NR a R b ][NR c R d ], —(CH 2 ) u NR c P(O)(OR c ) 2 , —(CH 2 ) u CH 2 OP(O)(OR c )(OR d ), —(CH 2 ) u OP(O)(OR c )(OR d ), and —(CH 2 ) u OP(O)NR a R b )(OR a ); wherein
  • R E and R W are each independently —NR 1 R 2 , —C 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —OC 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —C 1-6 alkylOC 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —NR a C 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , or
  • R E and R W are each independently —NR 1 R 2 , —C 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —OC 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —C 1-6 alkylOC 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —NR a C 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , or
  • R E and R W are each
  • V 2 is independently a bond, O, NR a , S, SO or SO 2 ;
  • R c is independently selected from H, OH, —C 1-6 alkyl, and —C 3-8 cycloalkyl;
  • R d is independently selected from H, —C 1-6 alkyl, and —C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl;
  • L 3 is independently a bond, O, NR a , S, SO, or SO 2 ;
  • ring B is cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl;
  • T is independently H, OR a , (CH 2 ) q NR 1 R 2 , (CH 2 ) q NR a C(O)R e or (CH 2 ) q C(O)R e ;
  • R e is selected from H, —C 1-6 alkyl, —OC 1-6 alkyl, —C 3-8 cycloalkyl, aryl
  • R E and R W are each independently —NR 1 R 2 , —C 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , or —OC 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 ;
  • R 1 is independently selected from H, —C 1-6 alkyl, —C 3-6 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, —C 2-6 alkyl-OR a , or —C 1-6 alkylC(O)OR a ;
  • R E and R W are each —C 1-6 alkylOC 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 ;
  • R 1 is selected from H, —C 1-6 alkyl, —C 3-6 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, —C 2-6 alkyl-OR a , and —C 1-6 alkylC(O)OR a ;
  • R E and R W are each —OC 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 ;
  • R 1 is selected from H, —C 1-6 alkyl, —C 3-6 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, —C 2-6 alkyl-OR a , and —C 1-6 alkylC(O)OR a ;
  • R E and R W are each —NR 1 R 2 ;
  • R 1 is selected from H, —C 1-6 alkyl, —C 3-6 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, —C 2-6 alkyl-OR a , and —C 1-6 alkylC(O)OR a ;
  • R E and R W are each independently —NR 1 R 2 , —C 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , or —OC 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 ; wherein
  • R 1 and R 2 combine to form a heterocyclyl selected from
  • each is optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from —C 1-6 alkyl, —OR a , —C(O)OR a , —C(O)R a , C 1-6 alkylC(O)R a , —C 1-6 alkylC(O)OR a , —NR a R b , —C 1-6 alkylNR a R b , and —C(O)NR a R b ;
  • R a is independently H or —C 1-6 alkyl; and
  • R b is independently H or —C 1-6 alkyl.
  • R W and R E are each independently selected from:
  • each R W and R E is independently selected from:
  • each R W and R E is independently selected from:
  • each R W and R E is independently selected from:
  • Ar E and Ar W are each independently aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl;
  • Ar E and Ar W are each independently aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl;
  • At least one of Ar E and Ar W is other than optionally substituted aryl. In one embodiment, at least one of Ar E and Ar W is other than optionally substituted phenyl.
  • the moiety -L E -Ar E —Ar W -L W - is —O—(CR 3 R 4 ) m —Ar E —Ar W -L W -(CR 3 R 4 ) m —O—.
  • the moiety -L E -Ar E —Ar W -L W - is —O—(CR 3 R 4 ) m —Ar E —Ar W -L W -(CR 3 R 4 ) m —O—.
  • both of Q E and Q W are independently optionally substituted aryl. In one embodiment, both of Q E and Q W are independently optionally substituted phenyl. In one embodiment, both of Q E and Q W are independently optionally substituted pyridyl.
  • both Ar E and Ar W are optionally substituted bicyclic rings, wherein neither is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring.
  • both L E and L W are —O—.
  • both L E and L W are -Q-O—CH 2 —Ar—.
  • each of Ar E , Ar W , Q E , and Q W are monocyclic, provided at least two are heteroaryl, and neither of R E , and R W is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring.
  • At least one L is a bond, and none of Ar E , Ar W , Q E , Q W , R E , and R W is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring.
  • both Ar E and Ar W are optionally substituted bicyclic rings, wherein neither is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring; b) both L E and L W are —O—; c) both L E and L W are -Q-O—CH 2 —Ar—; d) each of Ar E , Ar W , Q E , and Q W are monocyclic, provided at least two are heteroaryl, and neither of R E , and R W is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring; or e) at least one L is a bond, and none of Ar E , Ar W , Q E , Q W , R E , and R W is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring.
  • Example 191 198, 197, 193, 189, 196, 192, 195, 190, 20, 194, 186, 188, 72, 187, 25, and 285, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • Example 4 In one embodiment provided is a compound selected from Example 4, 5, 3, 7, 6, 8, 9, 2, 10, 1, 407, and 13, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • Example 267 180, 181, 408, 409, 410, 411, 412, 413, 414, 415, 416, 417, 418, 419, and 420, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • Example 191 198, 197, 193, 189, 196, 192, 195, 190, 20, 194, 186, 188, 72, 187, 25, and 285, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • Example 287, 102, 103, 27, 251, and 107 is a compound selected from Example 287, 102, 103, 27, 251, and 107, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • Example 239 and 2308 In one embodiment provided is a compound selected from Example 239 and 238, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • Example 423 a compound selected from Example 423, 29, 113, 34, 240, 6, 7, 66, 16, and 19, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the compound is represented by formula (Ia):
  • each Z 3 is independently halo, —OR a , —N 3 , —NO 2 , —CN, —NR 1 R 2 , —SO 2 R a , —SO 2 NR a R b , —NR a SO 2 R a , —NR a C(O)R a , —C(O)R a , —C(O)OR a , —C(O)NR a R b , —NR a C(O)OR a , —NR a C(O)NR 1 R 2 , —OC(O)NR a R b , —NR a SO 2 NR a R b , —C(O)NR a SO 2 NR a R b , —C 1-6 alkyl, —C 2-6 alkenyl, —C 2-6 alkynyl, —OC 1-6 alkyl, —C 3-8 cycloalkyl
  • L E is other than —CH 2 O—, —(CH 2 ) 2 —, —CH ⁇ CH—, and —C(O)NH—.
  • Ar E , Ar W , Q E , Q W , R E , and R W is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring.
  • the compound is represented by any one of formula (Ib):
  • each Z 3 is independently halo, —OR a , —N 3 , —NO 2 , —CN, —NR 1 R 2 , —SO 2 R a , —SO 2 NR a R b , —NR a SO 2 R a , —NR a C(O)R a , —C(O)R a , —C(O)OR a , —C(O)NR a R b , —NR a C(O)OR a , —NR a C(O)NR 1 R 2 , —OC(O)NR a R b , —NR a SO 2 NR a R b , —C(O)NR a SO 2 NR a R b , —C 1-6 alkyl, —C 2-6 alkenyl, —C 2-6 alkynyl, —OC 1-6 alkyl, —C 3-8 cycloalkyl,
  • L W and L E are other than —CH 2 O—, —(CH 2 ) 2 —, —CH ⁇ CH—, and —C(O)NH—.
  • L E is other than —CH 2 O—, —(CH 2 ) 2 —, —CH ⁇ CH—, and —C(O)NH—.
  • L W is other than —CH 2 O—, —(CH 2 ) 2 —, —CH ⁇ CH—, and —C(O)NH—.
  • none of Ar E , Ar W , Q E , Q W , R E , and R W is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring.
  • the compound is represented by formula (Ic):
  • each Z 3 is independently halo, —OR a , —N 3 , —NO 2 , —CN, —NR 1 R 2 , —SO 2 R a , —SO 2 NR a R b , —NR a SO 2 R a , —NR a C(O)R a , —C(O)R a , —C(O)OR a , —C(O)NR a R b , —NR a C(O)OR a , —NR a C(O)NR 1 R 2 , —OC(O)NR a R b , —NR a SO 2 NR a R b , —C(O)NR a SO 2 NR a R b , —C 1-6 alkyl, —C 2-6 alkenyl, —C 2-6 alkynyl, —OC 1-6 alkyl, —C 3-8 cycloalkyl,
  • none of Ar E , Ar W , Q E , Q W , R E , and R W is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring.
  • the compound is represented by formula (Id):
  • each Z 3 is independently halo, —OR a , —N 3 , —NO 2 , —CN, —NR 1 R 2 , —SO 2 R a , —SO 2 NR a R b , —NR a SO 2 R a , —NR a C(O)R a , —C(O)R a , —C(O)OR a , —C(O)NR a R b , —NR a C(O)OR a , —NR a C(O)NR 1 R 2 , —OC(O)NR a R b , —NR a SO 2 NR a R b , —C(O)NR a SO 2 NR a R b , —C 1-6 alkyl, —C 2-6 alkenyl, —C 2-6 alkynyl, —OC 1-6 alkyl, —C 3-8 cycloalkyl,
  • the compound is represented by formulas (Ie):
  • each Z 3 is independently halo, —OR a , —N 3 , —NO 2 , —CN, —NR 1 R 2 , —SO 2 R a , —SO 2 NR a R b , —NR a SO 2 R a , —NR a C(O)R a , —C(O)R a , —C(O)OR a , —C(O)NR a R b , —NR a C(O)OR a , —NR a C(O)NR 1 R 2 , —OC(O)NR a R b , —NR a SO 2 NR a R b , —C(O)NR a SO 2 NR a R b , —C 1-6 alkyl, —C 2-6 alkenyl, —C 2-6 alkynyl, —OC 1-6 alkyl, —C 3-8 cycloalkyl,
  • the compound is represented by formula (If):
  • each Z 3 is independently halo, —OR a , —N 3 , —NO 2 , —CN, —NR 1 R 2 , —SO 2 R a , —SO 2 NR a R b , —NR a SO 2 R a , —NR a C(O)R a , —C(O)R a , —C(O)OR a , —C(O)NR a R b , —NR a C(O)OR a , —NR a C(O)NR 1 R 2 , —OC(O)NR a R b , —NR a SO 2 NR a R b , —C(O)NR a SO 2 NR a R b , —C 1-6 alkyl, —C 2-6 alkenyl, —C 2-6 alkynyl, —OC 1-6 alkyl, —C 3-8 cycloalkyl,
  • the compound is represented by formula (Ig):
  • each Z 3 is independently halo, OR a , —N 3 , —NO 2 , —CN, —NR 1 R 2 , —SO 2 R a , —SO 2 NR a R b , —NR a SO 2 R a , —NR a C(O)R a , —C(O)R a , —C(O)OR a , —C(O)NR a R b , —NR a C(O)OR a , —NR a C(O)NR 1 R 2 , —OC(O)NR a R b , —NR a SO 2 NR a R b , —C(O)NR a SO 2 NR a R b , —C 1-6 alkyl, —C 2-6 alkenyl, —C 2-6 alkynyl, —OC 1-6 alkyl, —C 3-8 cycloalkyl, —
  • none of Ar E , Ar W , R E , and R W is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring.
  • the compound is represented by formula (Ih):
  • each Z 3 is independently halo, —OR a , —N 3 , —NO 2 , —CN, —NR 1 R 2 , —SO 2 R a , —SO 2 NR a R b , —NR a SO 2 R a , —NR a C(O)R a , —C(O)R a , —C(O)OR a , —C(O)NR a R b , —NR a C(O)OR a , —NR a C(O)NR 1 R 2 , —OC(O)NR a R b , —NR a SO 2 NR a R b , —C(O)NR a SO 2 NR a R b , —C 1-6 alkyl, —C 2-6 alkenyl, —C 2-6 alkynyl, —OC 1-6 alkyl, —C 3-8 cycloalkyl,
  • none of Ar E , Ar W , R E , and R W is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring.
  • the compound is represented by formula (Ii):
  • each Z 3 is independently halo, OR a , —N 3 , —NO 2 , —CN, —NR 1 R 2 , —SO 2 R a , —SO 2 NR a R b , —NR a SO 2 R a , —NR a C(O)R a , —C(O)R a , —C(O)OR a , —C(O)NR a R b , —NR a C(O)OR a , —NR a C(O)NR 1 R 2 , —OC(O)NR a R b , —NR a SO 2 NR a R b , —C(O)NR a SO 2 NR a R b , —C 1-6 alkyl, —C 2-6 alkenyl, —C 2-6 alkynyl, —OC 1-6 alkyl, —C 3-8 cycloalkyl, —
  • L W is a bond, —O—, or —CH 2 O—, where the O is bonded to the pyridine ring and the —CH 2 — is bonded to Ar W .
  • Ar E , Ar W , R E and R W is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring.
  • the compound is represented by formula (Ij):
  • each Z 3 is independently halo, OR a , —N 3 , —NO 2 , —CN, —NR 1 R 2 , —SO 2 R a , —SO 2 NR a R b , —NR a SO 2 R a , —NR a C(O)R a , —C(O)R a , —C(O)OR a , —C(O)NR a R b , —NR a C(O)OR a , —NR a C(O)NR 1 R 2 , —OC(O)NR a R b , —NR a SO 2 NR a R b , —C(O)NR a SO 2 NR a R b , —C 1-6 alkyl, —C 2-6 alkenyl, —C 2-6 alkynyl, —OC 1-6 alkyl, —C 3-8 cycloalkyl, —
  • L W is a bond, —O—, or —CH 2 O—, where the O is bonded to the pyridine ring and the —CH 2 — is bonded to Ar W .
  • Ar E , Ar W , R E and R W is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring.
  • Ar W and Ar E are each independently
  • ring C is independently a 5- or 6-membered ring, optionally comprising 1 or 2 heteroatoms
  • Z 1 is independently halo, —OR a , —C 1-6 alkyl, —OC 1-6 alkyl, —C 1-6 haloalkyl, or —C 3-8 cycloalkyl
  • w is 0, 1, or 2.
  • Ar W and Ar E are each independently
  • ring C is independently a non-aromatic 5- or 6-membered ring, optionally comprising 1 or 2 heteroatoms;
  • Z 1 is independently halo, —OR a , —C 1-6 alkyl, —OC 1-6 alkyl, —C 1-6 haloalkyl, or —C 3-8 cycloalkyl; and w is 0, 1, or 2.
  • Ar W and Ar E are each independently
  • each X 1 is independently N or CH;
  • Z 1 is independently halo, —OR a , —C 1-6 alkyl, —OC 1-6 alkyl, —C 1-6 haloalkyl, or —C 3-8 cycloalkyl; and w is 0, 1, or 2.
  • Ar W and Ar E are each independently
  • each Z 1 is independently halo, —OR a , —C 1-6 alkyl, —OC 1-6 alkyl, —C 1-6 haloalkyl, or —C 3-8 cycloalkyl, and u is 0, 1, or 2.
  • Ar W and Ar E are each
  • each Z 1 is independently halo, —OR a , —C 1-6 alkyl, —OC 1-6 alkyl, —C 1-6 haloalkyl, or —C 3-8 cycloalkyl, and w is 0, 1, or 2.
  • Ar W and Ar E are each
  • each Z 1 is independently halo, —OR a , —C 1-6 alkyl, —OC 1-6 alkyl, —C 1-6 haloalkyl, or —C 3-8 cycloalkyl, and w is 0, 1, or 2.
  • Ar W and Ar E are each
  • each Z 1 is independently halo, —OR a , —C 1-6 alkyl, —OC 1-6 alkyl, —C 1-6 haloalkyl, or —C 3-8 cycloalkyl, and w is 0, 1, or 2.
  • Ar W and Ar E are each
  • each Z 1 is independently halo, —OR a , —C 1-6 alkyl, —OC 1-6 alkyl, —C 1-6 haloalkyl, or —C 3-8 cycloalkyl, and w is 0, 1, or 2.
  • Ar W and Ar E are each
  • each Z 1 is independently halo, —OR a , —C 1-6 alkyl, —OC 1-6 alkyl, —C 1-6 haloalkyl, or —C 3-8 cycloalkyl, and w is 0, 1, or 2.
  • the compound is represented by formula (IIa):
  • R E and R W are each independently —NR 1 R 2 , —C 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —OC 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —C 1-6 alkylOC 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —NR a C 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —C 1-6 alkylN + R 1 R 2 R 3 , —SC 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —C(O)NR 1 R 2 , —SO 2 R a , —(CH 2 ) u SO 2 NR 1 R 2 , —(CH 2 ) u NR a SO 2 NR a R b , —SO 2 NR a C 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —NR a SO 2 C 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —(CH 2 )C(O)NR a SO 2 NR a R b , —((CH 2 )C(O)NR
  • the compound is represented by formula (IIb):
  • R E and R W are each independently —NR 1 R 2 , —C 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —OC 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —C 1-6 alkylOC 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —NR a C 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —C 1-6 alkylN + R 1 R 2 R 3 , —SC 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —C(O)NR 1 R 2 , —SO 2 R a , —(CH 2 ) u SO 2 NR 1 R 2 , —(CH 2 ) u NR a SO 2 NR a R b , —SO 2 NR a C 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —NR a SO 2 C 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —(CH 2 ) u C(O)NR a SO 2 NR a R b ,
  • L W is other than —CH 2 O—, —(CH 2 ) 2 —, —CH ⁇ CH—, and —C(O)NH—.
  • L E is —O—CH 2 —, where the oxygen is bonded to the Q group and the CH 2 is bonded to the Ar group.
  • L E is a bond.
  • one or both of L E or L W is a bond or —O—.
  • one or both of X 1 is N.
  • neither of R E or R W is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring.
  • the compound is represented by formula (IIc):
  • R E and R W are each independently —NR 1 R 2 , —C 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —OC 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —C 1-6 alkylOC 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —NR a C 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —C 1-6 alkylN + R 1 R 2 R 3 , —SC 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —C(O)NR 1 R 2 , —SO 2 R a , —(CH 2 ) u SO 2 NR 1 R 2 , —(CH 2 ) u NR a SO 2 NR a R b , —SO 2 NR a C 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —NR a SO 2 C 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —(CH 2 ) u C(O)NR a SO 2 NR a R b ,
  • L E is other than —CH 2 O—, —(CH 2 ) 2 —, —CH ⁇ CH—, and —C(O)NH—.
  • L W is —O—CH 2 —, where the oxygen is bonded to the Q ring and the CH 2 is bonded to the Ar ring.
  • one or both of L E or L W is a bond or —O—.
  • one or both of X 1 is N.
  • neither of R E or R W is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring.
  • the compound is represented by formula (IId):
  • R E and R W are each independently —NR 1 R 2 , —C 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —OC 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —C 1-6 alkylOC 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —NR a C 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —C 1-6 alkylN + R 1 R 2 R 3 , —SC 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —C(O)NR 1 R 2 , —SO 2 R a , —(CH 2 ) u SO 2 NR 1 R 2 , —(CH 2 ) u NR a SO 2 NR a R b , —SO 2 NR a C 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —NR a SO 2 C 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —(CH 2 ) u C(O)NR a SO 2 NR a R b ,
  • neither of R E or R W is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring.
  • the compound is represented by any one of formula (IIe):
  • R E and R W are each independently —NR 1 R 2 , —C 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —OC 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —C 1-6 alkylOC 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —NR a C 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —C 1-6 alkylN + R 1 R 2 R 3 , —SC 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —C(O)NR 1 R 2 , —SO 2 R a , —(CH 2 ) u SO 2 NR 1 R 2 , —(CH 2 ) u NR a SO 2 NR a R b , —SO 2 NR a C 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —NR a SO 2 C 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —(CH 2 ) u C(O)NR a SO 2 NR a R b ,
  • L E is a bond, —O—, or —O—CH 2 —, where the oxygen is bonded to the Q ring and the CH 2 is bonded to the Ar ring.
  • one or both X 1 is N.
  • neither of R E or R W is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring.
  • the compound is represented by formula (IIf):
  • R E and R W are each independently —NR 1 R 2 , —C 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —OC 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —C 1-6 alkylOC 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —NR a C 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —C 1-6 alkylN + R 1 R 2 R 3 , —SC 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —C(O)NR 1 R 2 , —SO 2 R a , —(CH 2 ) u SO 2 NR 1 R 2 , —(CH 2 ) u NR a SO 2 NR a R b , —SO 2 NR a C 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —NR a SO 2 C 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —(CH 2 ) u C(O)NR a SO 2 NR a R b ,
  • L E is a bond, —O—, or —O—CH 2 —, where the oxygen is bonded to the Q ring and the CH 2 is bonded to the Ar ring.
  • one or both of X 1 is N.
  • neither of R E or R W is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring.
  • the compound is represented by formula (IIg):
  • R E and R W are each independently —NR 1 R 2 , —C 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —OC 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —C 1-6 alkylOC 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —NR a C 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —C 1-6 alkylN + R 1 R 2 R 3 , —SC 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —C(O)NR 1 R 2 , —SO 2 R a , —(CH 2 ) u SO 2 NR 1 R 2 , —(CH 2 ) u NR a SO 2 NR a R b , —SO 2 NR a C 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —NR a SO 2 C 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —(CH 2 )C(O)NR a SO 2 NR a R b , —((CH 2 )C(O)NR
  • neither of R E or R W is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring.
  • the compound is represented by formula (IIh):
  • R E and R W are each independently —NR 1 R 2 , —C 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —OC 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —C 1-6 alkylOC 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —NR a C 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —C 1-6 alkylN + R 1 R 2 R 3 , —SC 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —C(O)NR 1 R 2 , —SO 2 R a , —(CH 2 ) u SO 2 NR 1 R 2 , —(CH 2 ) u NR a SO 2 NR a R b , —SO 2 NR a C 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —NR a SO 2 C 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —(CH 2 ) u C(O)NR a SO 2 NR a R b ,
  • neither of R E or R W is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring.
  • L E is —O—CH 2 —, where the oxygen is bonded to the Q ring and the —CH 2 — is bonded to the Ar ring.
  • L E is a bond.
  • L E is —O—CH 2 —, neither of R E or R W is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring.
  • the compound is represented by formula (IIIa):
  • each X 1 is independently N or CH;
  • Z 3 is halo, —OR a , —N 3 , —NO 2 , —CN, —NR 1 R 2 , —SO 2 R a , —SO 2 NR a R b , —NR a SO 2 R a , —NR a C(O)R a , —C(O)R a , —C(O)OR a , —C(O)NR a R b , —NR a C(O)OR a , —NR a C(O)NR 1 R 2 , —OC(O)NR a R b , —NR a SO 2 NR a R b , —C(O)NR a SO 2 NR a R b , —C 1-6 alkyl, —C 2-6 alkenyl, —C 2-6 alkynyl, —OC 1-6 alkyl, —
  • neither of R E or R W is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring.
  • the compound is represented by formula (IIIb):
  • each X 1 is independently N or CH;
  • Z 1 is halo, —OR a , —NO 2 , —CN, —NR a R b , —N 3 , —SO 2 R a , —C 1-6 alkyl, —C 1-6 haloalkyl, —C 2-6 alkenyl, —C 2-6 alkynyl, —OC 1-6 alkyl, —OC 1-6 haloalkyl, —C 3-8 cycloalkyl, and —C 1-6 alkylC 3-8 cycloalkyl;
  • none of Q E , R E or R W is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring.
  • the compound is represented by formula (IVa):
  • R E and R W are each independently —NR 1 R 2 , —C 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —OC 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —C 1-6 alkylOC 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —NR a C 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —C 1-6 alkylN + R 1 R 2 R 3 , —SC 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —C(O)NR 1 R 2 , —SO 2 R a , —(CH 2 ) u SO 2 NR 1 R 2 , —(CH 2 ) u NR a SO 2 NR a R b , —SO 2 NR a C 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —NR a SO 2 C 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —(CH 2 ) u C(O)NR a SO 2 NR a R b ,
  • neither of R E or R W is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring.
  • the compound is represented by formulas (IVb):
  • R E and R W are each independently —NR 1 R 2 , —C 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —OC 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —C 1-6 alkylOC 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —NR a C 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —C 1-6 alkylN + R 1 R 2 R 3 , —SC 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —C(O)NR 1 R 2 , —SO 2 R a , —(CH 2 ) u SO 2 NR 1 R 2 , —(CH 2 ) u NR a SO 2 NR a R b , —SO 2 NR a C 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —NR a SO 2 C 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —(CH 2 ) u C(O)NR a SO 2 NR a R b ,
  • neither of R E or R W is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring.
  • the compound is represented by formula (IVc):
  • R E and R W are each independently —NR 1 R 2 , —C 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —OC 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —C 1-6 alkylOC 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —NR a C 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —C 1-6 alkylN + R 1 R 2 R 3 , —SC 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —C(O)NR 1 R 2 , —SO 2 R a , —(CH 2 ) u SO 2 NR 1 R 2 , —(CH 2 ) u NR a SO 2 NR a R b , —SO 2 NR a C 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —NR a SO 2 C 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —(CH 2 )C(O)NR a SO 2 NR a R b , —((CH 2 )C(O)NR
  • neither of R E or R W is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring.
  • the compound is represented by formula or (IVd):
  • R E and R W are each independently —NR 1 R 2 , —C 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —OC 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —C 1-6 alkylOC 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —NR a C 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —C 1-6 alkylN + R 1 R 2 R 3 , —SC 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —C(O)NR 1 R 2 , —SO 2 R a , —(CH 2 ) u SO 2 NR 1 R 2 , —(CH 2 ) u NR a SO 2 NR a R b , —SO 2 NR a C 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —NR a SO 2 C 1-6 alkylNR 1 R 2 , —(CH 2 ) u C(O)NR a SO 2 NR a R b ,
  • neither of R E or R W is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring.
  • the compound is represented by formula or (Va):
  • each Y 1 is independently halo, —OR a , —NO 2 , —CN, —NR a R b , —N 3 , —SO 2 R a , —C 1-6 alkyl, —C 1-6 haloalkyl, —C 2-6 alkenyl, —C 2-6 alkynyl, —OC 1-6 alkyl, —OC 1-6 haloalkyl, —C 3-8 cycloalkyl, and —C 1-6 alkylC 3-8 cycloalkyl;
  • X 2 is N or CH
  • each Z 1 is independently halo, —OR a , —NO 2 , —CN, —NR a R b , —N 3 , —SO 2 R a , —C 1-6 alkyl, —C 1-6 haloalkyl, —C 2-6 alkenyl, —C 2-6 alkynyl, —OC 1-6 alkyl, —OC 1-6 haloalkyl, —C 3-8 cycloalkyl, and —C 1-6 alkylC 3-8 cycloalkyl;
  • neither of R E or R W is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring.
  • the compound is represented by formula or (Vb):
  • dotted lines are optionally a single bond or absent, such that when the dotted lines are absent, Y 1 is halo, —OR a , —NO 2 , —CN, —NR a R b , —N 3 , —SO 2 R a , —C 1-6 alkyl, —C 1-6 haloalkyl, —C 2-6 alkenyl, —C 2-6 alkynyl, —OC 1-6 alkyl, —OC 1-6 haloalkyl, —C 3-8 cycloalkyl, and —C 1-6 alkylC 3-8 cycloalkyl;
  • X 2 is N or CH
  • each Z 1 is independently halo, —OR a , —NO 2 , —CN, —NR a R b , —N 3 , —SO 2 R a , —C 1-6 alkyl, —C 1-6 haloalkyl, —C 2-6 alkenyl, —C 2-6 alkynyl, —OC 1-6 alkyl, —OC 1-6 haloalkyl, —C 3-8 cycloalkyl, and —C 1-6 alkylC 3-8 cycloalkyl;
  • neither of R E or R W is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring.
  • R E , R W , Z 1 and Z 3 are as defined herein, each w is independently 0, 1 or 2, each t is independently 0, 1 or 2, and each X is independently CZ 3 , CH or N.
  • VIb a compound of formula (VIb):
  • R E , R W , Z 1 and Z 3 are as defined herein, each w is independently 0, 1 or 2, each t is independently 0, 1 or 2, and each X is independently CZ 3 , CH or N.
  • VIc formula (VIc):
  • R E , R W , Z 1 and Z 3 are as defined herein, each w is independently 0, 1 or 2, each t is independently 0, 1 or 2, and each X is independently CZ 3 , CH or N.
  • VId a compound of formula (VId):
  • R E , R W , Z 1 and Z 3 are as defined herein, each w is independently 0, 1 or 2, each t is independently 0, 1 or 2, and Q E is heteroaryl.
  • R E , R W , Z 1 and Z 3 are as defined herein, each w is independently 0, 1 or 2, each t is independently 0, 1 or 2, and Q E is heteroaryl.
  • R W , R N , Z 3 , Z 1 and R E are as defined herein.
  • each Z 1 is independently halo. In certain embodiments of any one of formulas (VIa)-(VIf) or formulas (VIIa)-(VIIb), each Z 3 is independently C 1-6 alkoxy.
  • each Z 1 is chloro. In certain embodiments of any one of formulas (VIa)-(VIf) or formulas (VIIa)-(VIIb), each Z 3 is methoxy.
  • neither of R E or R W is an optionally substituted fused 5,6-aromatic or 5,6-heteromatic ring directly bound to the Q ring via a covalent bond.
  • each of X 4 and X 5 are independently N, CH or CZ 3 ; each Z 1 is independently is halo, —OR a , —NO 2 , —CN, —NR a R b , —N 3 , —SO 2 R a , —C 1-6 alkyl, —C 1-6 haloalkyl, —C 2-6 alkenyl, —C 2-6 alkynyl, —O—C 1-6 alkyl, —O—C 1-6 haloalkyl, —C 3-8 cycloalkyl, or —C 1-6 alkylC 3 -s cycloalkyl; and
  • each of X 4 and X 5 are independently N, CH or CZ 3 ; each Z 1 is independently halo, —OR a , —CN, or —C 1-6 alkyl; each w is independently 0, 1 or 2; each Z 3 is independently halo, —OR a , —N 3 , —NO 2 , —CN, —NR 1 R 2 , —SO 2 R a , —SO 2 NR a R b , —NR a SO 2 R a , —NR a C(O)R a , —C(O)R a , —C(O)OR a , —C(O)NR a R b , —NR a C(O)OR a , —NR a C(O)NR 1 R 2 , —OC(O)NR a R b , —NR a SO 2 NR a R b , —C(O)NR a
  • each Z 1 is independently halo. In certain embodiments of any one of formulas (VIII)-(VIIIi), each Z 3 is independently halo or C 1-6 alkoxy.
  • each Z 1 is independently chloro. In certain embodiments of any one of formulas (VIII)-(VIIIi), each Z 3 is independently chloro or methoxy.
  • the compound as provided herein has a molecular weight of less than about 1200 g/mol, or less than about 1100 g/mol, or less than about 1000 g/mol, or less than about 900 g/mol, or less than about 800 g/mol, or between about 1200 to about 600 g/mol, or between about 1000 to about 700 g/mol, or between about 1000 to about 800 g/mol.
  • the present disclosure provides a compound of formula (I) useful as an inhibitor of PD-1, PD-L1 and/or the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction.
  • compounds disclosed herein inhibit the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction by dimerizing PD-L1, or by inducing or stabilizing PD-L1 dimer formation.
  • the present disclosure provides a method of treating cancer comprising administering a compound of formula (I) in combination with one or more check-point inhibitors selected from nivolumab, pembrolizumab, and artezolizumab.
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (I) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers or tautomer thereof, and at least one additional anticancer agent and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • the present disclosure provides a compound of formula (I) for use in therapy.
  • the present disclosure provides a compound of formula (I) for use in the manufacture of a medicament for treating cancer.
  • a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers or tautomer thereof useful for the treatment of cancer or a condition in a patient that is amenable to treatment by inhibiting PD-1, PD-L1 or the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction.
  • Cancers that may be treated with the compounds of formula (I) disclosed herein include pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, renal cancer, hepatocellular cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, gastric cancer, esophageal cancer, head and neck cancer, melanoma, neuroendocrine cancer, CNS cancer, brain cancer, bone cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, non-small cell lung cancer, small-cell lung cancer and colon cancer.
  • a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers or tautomer thereof useful for the treatment of cancer or a condition in a patient that is amenable to treatment by inhibiting PD-1, PD-L1 or the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction including, but not limited to, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, and leukemia.
  • Additional diseases or conditions include, but are not limited to acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), myeloproliferative disease (MPD), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), multiple myeloma (MM), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), follicular lymphoma, Waldestrom's macroglobulinemia (WM), T-cell lymphoma, B-cell lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL).
  • ALL acute lymphocytic leukemia
  • AML acute myeloid leukemia
  • CLL chronic lymphocytic leukemia
  • SLL small lymphocytic lymphoma
  • MDS myelodysplastic syndrome
  • MDS myeloprol
  • a method of treating HBV comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers or tautomer thereof.
  • administering refers to the delivery of one or more therapeutic agents to a patient.
  • the administration is a monotherapy wherein a compound of formula (I) is the only active ingredient administered to the patient in need of therapy.
  • the administration is co-administration such that two or more therapeutic agents are delivered together during the course of the treatment.
  • two or more therapeutic agents may be co-formulated into a single dosage form or “combined dosage unit”, or formulated separately and subsequently combined into a combined dosage unit, as is typically for intravenous administration or oral administration as a mono or bilayer tablet or capsule.
  • the compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered to a human patient in need thereof in an effective amount, such as, from about 0.1 mg to about 1000 mg per day of said compound.
  • the effective amount is from about 0.1 mg to about 200 mg per day.
  • the effective amount is from about 1 mg to about 100 mg per day.
  • the effective amount is about 1 mg, about 3 mg, about 5 mg, about 10 mg, about 15 mg, about 18 mg, about 20 mg, about 30 mg, about 40 mg, about 60 mg, about 80 mg, or about 100 mg per day.
  • the compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and at least one additional anticancer agent is administered to a human patient in need thereof in an effective amount of each agent, independently from about 0.1 mg to about 1000 mg per compound or formulation per day per compounds. In one embodiment, the effective amount of the combination treatment of a compound of formula (I) and an additional compound is independently from about 0.1 mg to about 200 mg per compound per day. In one embodiment, the effective amount of the combination treatment of a compound of formula (I) and an additional compound is independently from about 1 mg to about 100 mg per compound per day.
  • the effective amount of the combination treatment of a compound of formula (I) and an additional compound is for each component, about 1 mg, about 3 mg, about 5 mg, about 10 mg, about 15 mg, about 18 mg, about 20 mg, about 30 mg, about 40 mg, about 60 mg, about 80 mg, about 100 mg, about 200 mg, or about 500 mg each per day.
  • the compound of formula (I) and/or a combination of the compound of formula (I) and an additional anticancer agent or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered once a day.
  • the compound of formula (I) and/or an additional anticancer agent or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered as a loading dose of from about 10 mg to about 500 mg per compound on the first day and each day or on alternate days or weekly for up to a month followed by a regular regimen of a compound of formula (I) and/or one or more additional anticancer agents or therapies.
  • the maintenance dose may be 1-500 mg daily or weekly for each component of a multi component drug regimen.
  • a qualified care giver or treating physician is aware of what dose regimen is best for a particular patient or particular presenting conditions and will make appropriate treating regimen decisions for that patient.
  • the qualified caregiver is able to tailor a dose regimen of the compound of formula (I) and/or an additional agent(s) as disclosed herein to fit with the particular needs of the patient.
  • the amount of the compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and the amount of an additional agent actually administered will usually be determined by a physician, in light of the relevant circumstances, including the condition(s) to be treated, the chosen route of administration, the actual compound (e.g., salt or free base) administered and its relative activity, the age, weight, and response of the individual patient, the severity of the patient's symptoms, and the like.
  • Co-administration may also include administering component drugs e.g., one on more compounds of formula (I) and one or more additional (e.g., a second, third, fourth or fifth) anticancer or other therapeutic agent(s). Such combination of one on more compounds of formula (I) and one or more additional anticancer or other therapeutic agent(s) may be administered simultaneously or in sequence (one after the other) within a reasonable period of time of each administration (e.g., about 1 minute to 24 hours) depending on the pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamics properties of each agent or the combination. Co-administration may also involve treatment with a fixed combination wherein agents of the treatment regimen are combinable in a fixed dosage or combined dosage medium e.g., solid, liquid or aerosol. In one embodiment, a kit may be used to administer the drug or drug components.
  • component drugs e.g., one on more compounds of formula (I) and one or more additional (e.g., a second, third, fourth or fifth) anticancer or other therapeutic agent(s).
  • one embodiment of the present disclosure is a method of treating a disease amenable to treatment with a PD-1, PD-L1 inhibitor or a PD-1/PD-L1 interaction inhibitor e.g., cancer comprising administering therapeutically effective amounts of formulations of one on more compounds of formula (I) and one or more additional anticancer agents, including for example, via a kit to a patient in need thereof. It will be understood that a qualified care giver will administer or direct the administration of a therapeutically effective amount of any of the compound(s) or combinations of compounds of the present disclosure.
  • Intravenous administration is the administration of substances directly into a vein, or “intravenously.” Compared with other routes of administration, the intravenous (IV) route is a faster way to deliver fluids and medications throughout the body.
  • An infusion pump can allow precise control over the flow rate and total amount of medication delivered. However, in cases where a change in the flow rate would not have serious consequences, or if pumps are not available, the drip is often left to flow simply by placing the bag above the level of the patient and using the clamp to regulate the rate. Alternatively, a rapid infuser can be used if the patient requires a high flow rate and the IV access device is of a large enough diameter to accommodate it.
  • intermittent infusion is used which does not require additional fluid. It can use the same techniques as an intravenous drip (pump or gravity drip), but after the complete dose of medication has been given, the tubing is disconnected from the IV access device.
  • Some medications are also given by IV push or bolus, meaning that a syringe is connected to the IV access device and the medication is injected directly (slowly, if it might irritate the vein or cause a too-rapid effect).
  • compound(s) or combination of compounds described herein may be administered by IV administration alone or in combination with administration of certain components of the treatment regimen by oral or parenteral routes.
  • Oral administration is a route of administration where a substance is taken through the mouth, and includes buccal, sub labial, and sublingual administration, as well as enteral administration and that through the respiratory tract, unless made through e.g., tubing so the medication is not in direct contact with any of the oral mucosa.
  • Typical form for the oral administration of therapeutic agents includes the use of tablets or capsules.
  • compound(s) or combination of compounds described herein may be administered by oral route alone or in combination with administration of certain components of the treatment regimen by IV or parenteral routes.
  • compositions contemplated by the present disclosure comprise, in addition to a carrier, the compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a combination of compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optionally in combination with an additional agent such as for example, ipilimumab, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • compositions contemplated by the present disclosure may also be intended for administration by injection and include aqueous solutions, oil suspensions, emulsions (with sesame oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, or peanut oil) as well as elixirs, mannitol, dextrose, or a sterile aqueous solution, and similar pharmaceutical vehicles.
  • Aqueous solutions in saline are also conventionally used for injection.
  • Ethanol, glycerol, propylene glycol, liquid polyethylene glycol, and the like (and suitable mixtures thereof), cyclodextrin derivatives, and vegetable oils may also be employed.
  • the proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating, such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and/or by the use of surfactants.
  • a coating such as lecithin
  • surfactants for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like.
  • Sterile injectable solutions are prepared by incorporating the component compound(s) in the required amount in the appropriate solvent with various other ingredients as enumerated above or as required, followed by filtered sterilization.
  • dispersions are prepared by incorporating the various sterilized active ingredients into a sterile vehicle which contains the basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated above.
  • the preferred methods of preparation are vacuum-drying and freeze-drying techniques which yield a powder of the active ingredient(s) plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filtered solution thereof.
  • the active ingredient is usually diluted by an excipient or carrier and/or enclosed or mixed with such a carrier that may be in the form of a capsule, sachet, paper or other container.
  • an excipient serves as a diluent, it can be a solid, semi-solid, or liquid material (as above), which acts as a vehicle, carrier or medium for the active ingredient.
  • compositions can be in the form of tablets, pills, powders, lozenges, sachets, cachets, elixirs, suspensions, emulsions, solutions, syrups, aerosols (as a solid or in a liquid medium), ointments containing, for example, up to 20% by weight of the active compounds, soft and hard gelatin capsules, sterile injectable solutions, and sterile packaged powders.
  • excipients include lactose, dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol, mannitol, starches, gum acacia, calcium phosphate, alginates, tragacanth, gelatin, calcium silicate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, cellulose, sterile water, syrup, and methyl cellulose.
  • the formulations can additionally include: lubricating agents such as talc, magnesium stearate, and mineral oil; wetting agents; emulsifying and suspending agents; preserving agents such as methyl- and propylhydroxy-benzoates; sweetening agents; and flavoring agents.
  • compositions of the disclosure may be formulated so as to provide quick, sustained or delayed release of the active ingredient after administration to the patient by employing procedures known in the art.
  • sustained release formulations are used.
  • Controlled release drug delivery systems for oral administration include osmotic pump systems and dissolutional systems containing polymer-coated reservoirs or drug-polymer matrix formulations.
  • compositions are preferably formulated in a unit dosage form.
  • unit dosage forms or “combined dosage unit” refers to physically discrete units suitable as unitary dosages for human subjects and other mammals, each unit containing a predetermined quantity of one or more of the active materials (e.g., compound (I), optionally in combination with an additional agent calculated to produce the desired effect, in association with a suitable pharmaceutical excipient in for example, a tablet, capsule, ampoule or vial for injection.
  • each active agent actually administered will be determined by a physician, in the light of the relevant circumstances, including the condition to be treated, the chosen route of administration, the actual compounds administered and their relative activity, the age, weight, and response of the individual patient, the severity of the patient's symptoms, and the like.
  • the principal active ingredient(s) is/are mixed with a pharmaceutical excipient to form a solid pre-formulation composition containing a homogeneous mixture of a compound of the present disclosure.
  • a pharmaceutical excipient for preparing solid compositions such as tablets, the principal active ingredient(s) is/are mixed with a pharmaceutical excipient to form a solid pre-formulation composition containing a homogeneous mixture of a compound of the present disclosure.
  • these pre-formulation compositions as homogeneous, it is meant that the active ingredient(s) are dispersed evenly throughout the composition so that the composition may be readily subdivided into equally effective unit dosage forms such as tablets, pills and capsules.
  • the tablets or pills comprising compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of the present disclosure optionally in combination with the second agent may be coated or otherwise compounded to provide a dosage form affording the advantage of prolonged action, or to protect from the acidic conditions of the stomach.
  • the tablet or pill can comprise an inner dosage and an outer dosage element, the latter being in the form of an envelope over the former.
  • the inner dosage element may comprise the compound (I) and the outer dosage element may comprise the second or additional agent or vice versa.
  • the combined dosage unit may be side by side configuration as in a capsule or tablet where one portion or half of the tablet or capsule is filled with a formulation of the compound of formula (I) while the other portion or half of the table or capsule comprises the additional agent
  • enteric layers or coatings such materials including a number of polymeric acids and mixtures of polymeric acids with such materials as shellac, cetyl alcohol, and cellulose acetate.
  • materials including a number of polymeric acids and mixtures of polymeric acids with such materials as shellac, cetyl alcohol, and cellulose acetate.
  • One of ordinary skill in the art is aware of techniques and materials used in the manufacture of dosages of formulations disclosed herein.
  • sustained release formulation or “extended release formulation” is a formulation which is designed to slowly release a therapeutic agent into the body over an extended period of time
  • immediate release formulation is a formulation which is designed to quickly release a therapeutic agent into the body over a shortened period of time.
  • the immediate release formulation may be coated such that the therapeutic agent is only released once it reaches the desired target in the body (e.g., the stomach).
  • One of ordinary skill in the art is able to develop sustained release formulations of the presently disclosed compounds without undue experimentation.
  • compound(s) or combination of compounds described herein may be delivered via sustained released formulations alone or in combination with administration of certain components of the treatment regimen by oral, IV or parenteral routes.
  • a lyophilized formulation may also be used to administer a compound of formula (I) singly or in combination with an additional anticancer agent.
  • a compound of formula (I) singly or in combination with an additional anticancer agent.
  • One of skill in the art is aware of how to make and use lyophilized formulations of drug substances amenable to lyophilization.
  • Spray-dried formulation may also be used to administer a compound of formula (I) singly or in combination with an additional anti-cancer agent.
  • a compound of formula (I) singly or in combination with an additional anti-cancer agent.
  • One of skill in the art is aware of how to make and use spray-dried formulations of drug substances amenable to spray-drying.
  • Other known formulation techniques may also be employed to formulate a compound or combination of compounds disclosed herein.
  • a method of treating cancer and/or diseases or symptoms that co-present or are exacerbated or triggered by the cancer comprises administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optionally in combination with an additional agent (e.g., a second, third, fourth or fifth active agent) which can be useful for treating a cancer, an allergic disorder and/or an autoimmune and/or inflammatory disease, and/or an acute inflammatory reaction incident to or co-presenting with a cancer.
  • an additional agent e.g., a second, third, fourth or fifth active agent
  • Treatment with the second, third, fourth or fifth active agent may be prior to, concomitant with, or following treatment with a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is combined with another active agent in a single dosage form.
  • Suitable antitumor or anticancer therapeutics that may be used in combination with a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof include, but are not limited to, chemotherapeutic agents, for example mitomycin C, carboplatin, taxol, cisplatin, paclitaxel, etoposide, doxorubicin, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing chemotherapeutic agents. Radiotherapeutic antitumor agents may also be used, alone or in combination with chemotherapeutic agents.
  • a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can be useful as chemo-sensitizing agents, and thus, can be useful in combination with other chemotherapeutic drugs, in particular, drugs that induce apoptosis.
  • the present disclosure provides a method for increasing sensitivity of cancer cells to chemotherapy, comprising administering to a patient in need of or undergoing chemotherapy, a chemotherapeutic agent together with a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in an amount sufficient to increase the sensitivity of cancer cells to the chemotherapeutic agent.
  • chemotherapeutic drugs that can be used in combination with compounds of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof include topoisomerase I inhibitors (camptothesin or topotecan), topoisomerase II inhibitors (e.g., daunomycin and etoposide), alkylating agents (e.g., cyclophosphamide, melphalan and BCNU), tubulin directed agents (e.g., taxol and vinblastine), and biological agents (e.g., antibodies such as anti CD20 antibody, IDEC 8, immunotoxins, and cytokines).
  • topoisomerase I inhibitors camptothesin or topotecan
  • topoisomerase II inhibitors e.g., daunomycin and etoposide
  • alkylating agents e.g., cyclophosphamide, melphalan and BCNU
  • tubulin directed agents e.g., taxol and vinblastine
  • biological agents e.g.,
  • the compound(s) of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is used in combination with Rituxan® (Rituximab) and/or other agents that work by selectively depleting CD20+ B-cells.
  • Anti-inflammatory agents include but are not limited to NSAIDs, non-specific and COX-2 specific cyclooxgenase enzyme inhibitors, gold compounds, corticosteroids, methotrexate, tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNF) receptors antagonists, immunosuppressants and methotrexate.
  • NSAIDs include, but are not limited to ibuprofen, flurbiprofen, naproxen and naproxen sodium, diclofenac, combinations of diclofenac sodium and misoprostol, sulindac, oxaprozin, diflunisal, piroxicam, indomethacin, etodolac, fenoprofen calcium, ketoprofen, sodium nabumetone, sulfasalazine, tolmetin sodium, and hydroxychloroquine.
  • NSAIDs also include COX-2 specific inhibitors (i.e., a compound that inhibits COX-2 with an IC 50 that is at least 50-fold lower than the IC 50 for COX-1) such as celecoxib, valdecoxib, lumiracoxib, etoricoxib and/or rofecoxib.
  • COX-2 specific inhibitors i.e., a compound that inhibits COX-2 with an IC 50 that is at least 50-fold lower than the IC 50 for COX-1
  • celecoxib valdecoxib
  • lumiracoxib etoricoxib
  • etoricoxib etoricoxib
  • rofecoxib rofecoxib
  • the anti-inflammatory agent is a salicylate.
  • Salicylates include but are not limited to acetylsalicylic acid or aspirin, sodium salicylate, and choline and magnesium salicylates.
  • the anti-inflammatory agent may also be a corticosteroid.
  • the corticosteroid may be chosen from cortisone, dexamethasone, methylprednisolone, prednisolone, prednisolone sodium phosphate, and prednisone.
  • the anti-inflammatory therapeutic agent is a gold compound such as gold sodium thiomalate or auranofin.
  • the anti-inflammatory agent is a metabolic inhibitor such as a dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, such as methotrexate or a dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitor, such as leflunomide.
  • a metabolic inhibitor such as a dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, such as methotrexate or a dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitor, such as leflunomide.
  • the compound(s) of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is used in combination with at least one anti-inflammatory compound that is an anti-C5 monoclonal antibody (such as eculizumab or pexelizumab), a TNF antagonist, such as entanercept, or infliximab, which is an anti-TNF alpha monoclonal antibody.
  • an anti-C5 monoclonal antibody such as eculizumab or pexelizumab
  • a TNF antagonist such as entanercept, or infliximab, which is an anti-TNF alpha monoclonal antibody.
  • the compound(s) of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is used in combination with at least one active agent that is an immunosuppressant compound such as methotrexate, leflunomide, cyclosporine, tacrolimus, azathioprine, or mycophenolate mofetil.
  • an immunosuppressant compound such as methotrexate, leflunomide, cyclosporine, tacrolimus, azathioprine, or mycophenolate mofetil.
  • the compound(s) of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is used in combination with one or more phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors, including for example, Compounds A, B and C (whose structures are provided below), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • PI3K phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
  • PI3K inhibitors include, but are not limited to, ACP-319, AEZA-129, AMG-319, AS252424, AZD8186, BAY 10824391, BEZ235, buparlisib (BKM120), BYL719 (alpelisib), CH5132799, copanlisib (BAY 80-6946), duvelisib, GDC-0941, GDC-0980, GSK2636771, GSK2269557, idelalisib (Zydelig®), IPI-145, IPI-443, IPI-549, KAR4141, LY294002, LY3023414, MLN1117, OXY111A, PA799, PX-866, RG7604, rigosertib, RP5090, taselisib, TG100115, T
  • the compound(s) of formula (I) may be used in combination with Spleen Tyrosine Kinase (SYK) Inhibitors.
  • SYK inhibitors include, but are not limited to, 6-(1H-indazol-6-yl)-N-(4-morpholinophenyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazin-8-amine, BAY-61-3606, cerdulatinib (PRT-062607), entospletinib, fostamatinib (R788), HMPL-523, NVP-QAB 205 AA, R112, R343, tamatinib (R406), and those described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,450,321 (Gilead Connecticut) and those described in U.S. 2015/0175616.
  • TKIs may be used in combination with Tyrosine-kinase Inhibitors (TKIs).
  • TKIs may target epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs) and receptors for fibroblast growth factor (FGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).
  • EGFRs epidermal growth factor receptors
  • FGF fibroblast growth factor
  • PDGF platelet-derived growth factor
  • VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor
  • TKIs include, but are not limited to, afatinib, ARQ-087, asp5878, AZD3759, AZD4547, bosutinib, brigatinib, cabozantinib, cediranib, crenolanib, dacomitinib, dasatinib, dovitinib, E-6201, erdafitinib, erlotinib, gefitinib, gilteritinib (ASP-2215), FP-1039, HM61713, icotinib, imatinib, KX2-391 (Src), lapatinib, lestaurtinib, midostaurin, nintedanib, ODM-203, osimertinib (AZD-9291), ponatinib, poziotinib, quizartinib, radotinib, rociletinib,
  • the compound(s) of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is used in combination with one or more inhibitors of lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL) or a substance that binds to LOXL, including for example, a humanized monoclonal antibody (mAb) with an immunoglobulin IgG4 isotype directed against human LOXL2.
  • LOXL inhibitors include, but are not limited to, the antibodies described in WO 2009/017833 (Arresto Biosciences).
  • LOXL2 inhibitors include, but are not limited to, the antibodies described in WO 2009/017833 (Arresto Biosciences), WO 2009/035791 (Arresto Biosciences), and WO 2011/097513 (Gilead Biologics).
  • the compounds of formula (I) may be used in combination with Toll-like receptor 8 (TLR8) inhibitors.
  • TLR8 inhibitors include, but are not limited to, E-6887, IMO-4200, IMO-8400, IMO-9200, MCT-465, MEDI-9197, motolimod, resiquimod, VTX-1463, and VTX-763.
  • the compounds of formula (I) may be used in combination with Toll-like receptor (TLR9) inhibitors.
  • TLR9 inhibitors include, but are not limited to, IMO-2055, IMO-2125, lefitolimod, litenimod, MGN-1601, and PUL-042.
  • the compound of formula (I) is useful for the treatment of cancer in combination with a BTK (Bruting's Tyrosine kinase) inhibitor.
  • BTK Brady's Tyrosine kinase
  • An example of such BTK inhibitor is a compound disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,405,295.
  • BTK inhibitors include, but are not limited to, (S)-6-amino-9-(1-(but-2-ynoyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)-7-(4-phenoxyphenyl)-7H-purin-8(9H)-one, acalabrutinib (ACP-196), BGB-3111, HM71224, ibrutinib, M-2951, tirabrutinib (ONO-4059), PRN-1008, spebrutinib (CC-292), and TAK-020.
  • the compound of formula (I) is useful for the treatment of cancer in combination with a BET inhibitor.
  • a BET inhibitor is a compound disclosed in WO2014/182929, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • the compound of formula (I) is useful for the treatment of cancer in combination with a TBK (Tank Binding kinase) inhibitor.
  • TBK Target Binding kinase
  • An example of such TBK inhibitor is a compound disclosed in WO2016/049211.
  • the compound of formula (I) is useful for the treatment of cancer in combination with a OX40 inhibitor.
  • OX40 inhibitor is a compound disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,450,460, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • the compound of formula (I) is useful for the treatment of cancer in combination with a JAK-1 inhibitor.
  • JAK-1 inhibitor is a compound disclosed in WO2008/109943.
  • JAK inhibitors include, but are not limited to, AT9283, AZD1480, baricitinib, BMS-911543, fedratinib, filgotinib (GLPG0634), gandotinib (LY2784544), INCB039110, lestaurtinib, momelotinib (CYT0387), NS-018, pacritinib (SB1518), peficitinib (ASP015K), ruxolitinib, tofacitinib (formerly tasocitinib), and XL019.
  • the compound of formula (I) is useful for the treatment of cancer in combination with an Indoleamine-pyrrole-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) inhibitors.
  • IDO Indoleamine-pyrrole-2,3-dioxygenase
  • An example of such IDO inhibitor is a compound disclosed in WO2016/186967.
  • the compounds of formula (I) are useful for the treatment of cancer in combination with IDO 1 inhibitors including but not limited to BLV-0801, epacadostat, F-001287, GBV-1012, GBV-1028, GDC-0919, indoximod, NKTR-218, NLG-919-based vaccine, PF-06840003, pyranonaphthoquinone derivatives (SN-35837), resminostat, SBLK-200802, and shIDO-ST.
  • IDO 1 inhibitors including but not limited to BLV-0801, epacadostat, F-001287, GBV-1012, GBV-1028, GDC-0919, indoximod, NKTR-218, NLG-919-based vaccine, PF-06840003, pyranonaphthoquinone derivatives (SN-35837), resminostat, SBLK-200802, and shIDO-ST.
  • the compound of formula (I) is useful for the treatment of cancer in combination with a Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase (MEK) Inhibitors.
  • MEK inhibitors useful for combination treatment with a compound(s) of formula (I) includes antroquinonol, binimetinib, cobimetinib (GDC-0973, XL-518), MT-144, selumetinib (AZD6244), sorafenib, trametinib (GSK1120212), uprosertib and trametinib.
  • the compound of formula (I) is useful for the treatment of cancer in combination with an Apoptosis Signal-Regulating Kinase (ASK) Inhibitors:
  • ASK inhibitors include but are not limited to those described in WO 2011/008709 (Gilead Sciences) and WO 2013/112741 (Gilead Sciences) including for example selonsertib.
  • the compounds of formula (I) may be combined with Cluster of Differentiation 47 (CD47) inhibitors.
  • CD47 inhibitors include, but are not limited to anti-CD47 mAbs (Vx-1004), anti-human CD47 mAbs (CNTO-7108), CC-90002, CC-90002-ST-001, humanized anti-CD47 antibody (Hu5F9-G4), NI-1701, NI-1801, RCT-1938, and TTI-621.
  • CDK inhibitors include inhibitors of CDK 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 9, such as abemaciclib, alvocidib (HMR-1275, flavopiridol), AT-7519, FLX-925, LEE001, palbociclib, ribociclib, rigosertib, selinexor, UCN-01, and TG-02.
  • the compounds of formula (I) may be combined with Discoidin Domain Receptor (DDR) Inhibitors for the treatment of cancer.
  • DDR inhibitors include inhibitors of DDR1 and/or DDR2. Examples of DDR inhibitors include, but are not limited to, those disclosed in WO 2014/047624 (Gilead Sciences), US 2009-0142345 (Takeda Pharmaceutical), US 2011-0287011 (Oncomed Pharmaceuticals), WO 2013/027802 (Chugai Pharmaceutical), and WO 2013/034933 (Imperial Innovations).
  • the compounds of formula (I) may be combined with Histone Deacetylase (HDAC) Inhibitors such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,575,353 and equivalents thereof.
  • HDAC Histone Deacetylase
  • Additional examples of HDAC inhibitors include, but are not limited to, abexinostat, ACY-241, AR-42, BEBT-908, belinostat, CKD-581, CS-055 (HBI-8000), CUDC-907, entinostat, givinostat, mocetinostat, panobinostat, pracinostat, quisinostat (JNJ-26481585), resminostat, ricolinostat, SHP-141, valproic acid (VAL-001), vonnostat.
  • HDAC Histone Deacetylase
  • the compound of formula (I) is useful for the treatment of cancer in combination with a standard of care in the treatment of the respective cancer.
  • a standard of care in the treatment of the respective cancer.
  • One of skill in the art is aware of the standard of care as of a given date in the particular field of cancer therapy or with respect to a given cancer.
  • the one or more additional therapeutic agent may be an agent useful for the treatment of cancer, inflammation, autoimmune disease and/or related conditions.
  • the one or more additional therapeutic agent may be a chemotherapeutic agent, an anti-angiogenic agent, an antifibrotic agent, an anti-inflammatory agent, an immune modulating agent, an immunotherapeutic agent, a therapeutic antibody, a radiotherapeutic agent, an anti-neoplastic agent, an anti-cancer agent, an anti-proliferation agent, or any combination thereof.
  • the compound(s) described herein may be used or combined with a chemotherapeutic agent, an anti-angiogenic agent, an anti-fibrotic agent, an anti-inflammatory agent, an immune modulating agent, an immunotherapeutic agent, a therapeutic antibody, a radiotherapeutic agent, an antineoplastic agent or an anti-cancer agent, an anti-proliferation agent, or any combination thereof.
  • a compound(s) of formula (I) optionally in combination with an additional anticancer agent described herein may be used or combined with an anti-neoplastic agent or an anti-cancer agent, anti-fibrotic agent, an anti-anti-inflammatory agent, or an immune modulating agent.
  • kits comprising a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a compound of formula (I) and at least one additional anticancer agent, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the kit comprises instructions for use in the treatment of cancer or inflammatory conditions.
  • the instructions in the kit are directed to use of the pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of cancer selected from pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, renal cancer, hepatocellular cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, gastric cancer, esophageal cancer, head and neck cancer, melanoma, neuroendocrine cancer, CNS cancer, brain cancer, bone cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, non-small cell lung cancer, small-cell lung cancer and colon cancer.
  • cancer selected from pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, renal cancer, hepatocellular cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, gastric cancer, esophageal cancer, head and neck cancer, melanoma, neuroendocrine cancer, CNS cancer, brain cancer, bone cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, non-small cell lung cancer, small-cell lung cancer and colon cancer.
  • the application also provides method for treating a subject who is undergoing one or more standard therapies, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, surgery, or combination thereof comprising administering or co-administering a compound of formula (I) to said subject.
  • one or more compound(S) of formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be administered before, during, or after administration of a chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, surgery or combination thereof.
  • the subject may be a human who is (i) substantially refractory to at least one chemotherapy treatment, or (ii) in relapse after treatment with chemotherapy, or both (i) and (ii). In some of embodiments, the subject is refractory to at least two, at least three, or at least four chemotherapy treatments (including standard or experimental chemotherapies).
  • the subject is refractory to at least one, at least two, at least three, or at least four chemotherapy treatment (including standard or experimental chemotherapy) selected from fludarabine, rituximab, obinutuzumab, alkylating agents, alemtuzumab and other chemotherapy treatments such as CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone); R-CHOP (rituximab-CHOP); hyperCVAD (hyperfractionated cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, dexamethasone, methotrexate, cytarabine); R-hyperCVAD (rituximab-hyperCVAD); FCM (fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, mitoxantrone); R-FCM (rituximab, fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, mitoxantrone); bortezomi
  • lymphomas are reviewed in Cheson, B. D., Leonard, J. P., “Monoclonal Antibody Therapy for B-Cell Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma” The New England Journal of Medicine 2008, 359(6), p. 613-626; and Wierda, W. G., “Current and Investigational Therapies for Patients with CLL” Hematology 2006, p. 285-294. Lymphoma incidence patterns in the United States is profiled in Morton, L. M., et al. “Lymphoma Incidence Patterns by WHO Subtype in the United States, 1992-2001” Blood 2006, 107(1), p. 265-276.
  • immunotherapeutic agents treating lymphoma or leukemia include, but are not limited to, rituximab (such as Rituxan), alemtuzumab (such as Campath, MabCampath), anti-CD19 antibodies, anti-CD20 antibodies, anti-MN-14 antibodies, anti-TRAIL, Anti-TRAIL DR4 and DR5 antibodies, anti-CD74 antibodies, apolizumab, bevacizumab, CHIR-12.12, epratuzumab (hLL2-anti-CD22 humanized antibody), galiximab, ha20, ibritumomab tiuxetan, lumiliximab, milatuzumab, ofatumumab, PRO131921, SGN-40, WT-1 analog peptide vaccine, WT1 126-134 peptide vaccine, tositumomab, autologous human tumor-derived HSPPC-96, and veltuzumab.
  • Additional immunotherapy agents includes using cancer vaccines
  • chemotherapy agents for treating lymphoma or leukemia include aldesleukin, alvocidib, antineoplaston AS2-1, antineoplaston A10, anti-thymocyte globulin, amifostine trihydrate, aminocamptothecin, arsenic trioxide, beta alethine, Bcl-2 family protein inhibitor ABT-263, BMS-345541, bortezomib (Velcade®), bryostatin 1, busulfan, carboplatin, campath-1H, CC-5103, carmustine, caspofungin acetate, clofarabine, cisplatin, Cladribine (Leustarin), Chlorambucil (Leukeran), Curcumin, cyclosporine, Cyclophosphamide (Cyloxan, Endoxan, Endoxana, Cyclostin), cytarabine, denileukin diftitox, dexamethasone, DT PACE
  • the cancer is melanoma.
  • Suitable agents for use in combination with the compounds described herein include, without limitation, dacarbazine (DTIC), optionally, along with other chemotherapy drugs such as carmustine (BCNU) and cisplatin; the “Dartmouth regimen,” which consists of DTIC, BCNU, cisplatin and tamoxifen; a combination of cisplatin, vinblastine, and DTIC, temozolomide or YERVOYTM.
  • Compounds disclosed herein may also be combined with immunotherapy drugs, including cytokines such as interferon alpha, interleukin 2, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in the treatment of melanoma.
  • cytokines such as interferon alpha, interleukin 2, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
  • Anti-melanoma vaccines are, in some ways, similar to the anti-virus vaccines which are used to prevent diseases caused by viruses such as polio, measles, and mumps.
  • Weakened melanoma cells or parts of melanoma cells called antigens may be injected into a patient to stimulate the body's immune system to destroy melanoma cells.
  • Melanomas that are confined to the arms or legs may also be treated with a combination of agents including one or more compounds described herein, using for example, a hyperthermic isolated limb perfusion technique.
  • This treatment protocol temporarily separates the circulation of the involved limb from the rest of the body and injects high doses of chemotherapy into the artery feeding the limb, thus providing high doses to the area of the tumor without exposing internal organs to these doses that might otherwise cause severe side effects.
  • the fluid is warmed to 102° to 104° F.
  • Melphalan is the drug most often used in this chemotherapy procedure. This can be given with another agent called tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and optionally in combination with a compound of formula (I).
  • TNF tumor necrosis factor
  • the therapeutic treatments can be supplemented or combined with any of the aforementioned therapies with stem cell transplantation or treatment.
  • One example of modified approach is radioimmunotherapy, wherein a monoclonal antibody is combined with a radioisotope particle, such as indium In 111, yttrium Y 90, iodine I-131.
  • combination therapies include, but are not limited to, Iodine-131 tositumomab (Bexxar®), Yttrium-90 ibritumomab tiuxetan (Zevalin®), Bexxar® with CHOP.
  • Other therapeutic procedures useful in combination with treatment with a compound of formula (I) include peripheral blood stem cell transplantation, autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, autologous bone marrow transplantation, antibody therapy, biological therapy, enzyme inhibitor therapy, total body irradiation, infusion of stem cells, bone marrow ablation with stem cell support, in vitro-treated peripheral blood stem cell transplantation, umbilical cord blood transplantation, immunoenzyme technique, pharmacological study, low-LET cobalt-60 gamma ray therapy, bleomycin, conventional surgery, radiation therapy, and nonmyeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
  • the application provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of formula (I) in combination with an MMP9 binding protein and/or one or more additional therapeutic agent, and a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, carrier or excipient.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions comprise an MMP9 binding protein, one or more additional therapeutic agent, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier or diluent.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions comprise the compound of formula (I) and anti-MMP9 antibody AB0045.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions comprise the compound of formula (I), anti-MMP9 antibody AB0045, at least one additional therapeutic agent that is an immunomodulating agent, and a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, carrier or excipient.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions comprise the anti-MMP9 antibody AB0045, at least one additional therapeutic agent that is an anti-inflammatory agent, and a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, carrier or excipient.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions comprise compound of formula (I), the anti-MMP9 antibody AB0045, at least one additional therapeutic agent that is an antineoplastic agent or anti-cancer agent, and a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, carrier or excipient.
  • MMP9 compounds useful for combination treatment with a compound of formula (I) include but are not limited to marimastat (BB-2516), cipemastat (Ro 32-3555) and those described in WO 2012/027721 (Gilead Biologics).
  • the one or more additional therapeutic agent is an immune modulating agent, e.g., an immunostimulant or an immunosuppressant.
  • an immune modulating agent is an agent capable of altering the function of immune checkpoints, including the CTLA-4, LAG-3, B7-H3, B7-H4, Tim3, BTLA, KIR, A2aR, CD200 and/or PD-1 pathways.
  • the immune modulating agent is immune checkpoint modulating agents.
  • Exemplary immune checkpoint modulating agents include anti-CTLA-4 antibody (e.g., ipilimumab), anti-LAG-3 antibody, anti-B7-H3 antibody, anti-B7-H4 antibody, anti-Tim3 antibody, anti-BTLA antibody, anti-KIR antibody, anti-A2aR antibody, anti CD200 antibody, anti-PD-1 antibody, anti-PD-L1 antibody, anti-CD28 antibody, anti-CD80 or -CD86 antibody, anti-B7RP1 antibody, anti-B7-H3 antibody, anti-HVEM antibody, anti-CD137 or -CD137L antibody, anti-OX40 or -OX40L antibody, anti-CD40 or -CD40L antibody, anti-GAL9 antibody, anti-IL-10 antibody and A2aR drug.
  • CTLA-4 antibody e.g., ipilimumab
  • anti-LAG-3 antibody e.g., anti-B7-H3 antibody, anti-B7-H4 antibody, anti-T
  • the use of either antagonists or agonists of such gene products is contemplated, as are small molecule modulators of such gene products.
  • the immune modulatory agent is an anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 antibody.
  • immune modulating agents include those agents capable of altering the function of mediators in cytokine mediated signaling pathways.
  • the one or more additional therapy or anti-cancer agent is cancer gene therapy or cell therapy.
  • Cancer gene therapy and cell therapy include the insertion of a normal gene into cancer cells to replace a mutated or altered gene; genetic modification to silence a mutated gene; genetic approaches to directly kill the cancer cells; including the infusion of immune cells designed to replace most of the patient's own immune system to enhance the immune response to cancer cells, or activate the patient's own immune system (T cells or Natural Killer cells) to kill cancer cells, or find and kill the cancer cells; genetic approaches to modify cellular activity to further alter endogenous immune responsiveness against cancer.
  • Non limiting examples are Algenpantucel-L (2 pancreatic cell lines), Sipuleucel-T, SGT-53 liposomal nanodelivery (scL) of gene p53; T-cell therapy, such as CD19 CAR-T tisagenlecleucel-T (CTL019) WO2012079000, WO2017049166, axicabtagene ciloleucel (KTE-C19) U.S. Pat. No. 7,741,465, U.S. Pat. No. 6,319,494, JCAR-015 U.S. Pat. No.
  • the one or more additional therapeutic agent is an immune checkpoint inhibitor.
  • Tumors subvert the immune system by taking advantage of a mechanism known as T-cell exhaustion, which results from chronic exposure to antigens and is characterized by the up-regulation of inhibitory receptors. These inhibitory receptors serve as immune checkpoints in order to prevent uncontrolled immune reactions.
  • PD-1 and co-inhibitory receptors such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4, B and T Lymphocyte Attenuator (BTLA; CD272), T cell Immunoglobulin and Mucin domain-3 (Tim-3), Lymphocyte Activation Gene-3 (Lag-3; CD223), and others are often referred to as a checkpoint regulators. They act as molecular determinants to influence whether cell cycle progression and other intracellular signaling processes should proceed based upon extracellular information.
  • CTL-4 cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4
  • BTLA B and T Lymphocyte Attenuator
  • Tim-3 T cell Immunoglobulin and Mucin domain-3
  • Lag-3 Lymphocyte Activation Gene-3
  • T-cell activation is regulated through a balance of positive and negative signals provided by costimulatory receptors.
  • These surface proteins are typically members of either the TNF receptor or B7 superfamilies.
  • Agonistic antibodies directed against activating co-stimulatory molecules and blocking antibodies against negative co-stimulatory molecules may enhance T-cell stimulation to promote tumor destruction.
  • Programmed Cell Death Protein 1 (PD-1 or CD279), a 55-kD type 1 transmembrane protein, is a member of the CD28 family of T cell co-stimulatory receptors that include immunoglobulin superfamily member CD28, CTLA-4, inducible co-stimulator (ICOS), and BTLA.
  • PD-1 is highly expressed on activated T cells and B cells. PD-1 expression can also be detected on memory T-cell subsets with variable levels of expression.
  • Two ligands specific for PD-1 have been identified: programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1, also known as B7-H1 or CD274) and PD-L2 (also known as B7-DC or CD273).
  • PD-L1 and PD-L2 have been shown to down-regulate T cell activation upon binding to PD-1 in both mouse and human systems (Okazaki et al., Int. Immunol., 2007; 19: 813-824).
  • the interaction of PD-1 with its ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2, which are expressed on antigen-presenting, cells (APCs) and dendritic cells (DCs) transmits negative regulatory stimuli to down-modulate the activated T cell immune response.
  • APCs antigen-presenting, cells
  • DCs dendritic cells
  • the cancer microenvironment manipulates the PD-L1/PD-1 signaling pathway and that induction of PD-L1 expression is associated with inhibition of immune responses against cancer, thus permitting cancer progression and metastasis.
  • the PD-L1/PD-1 signaling pathway is a primary mechanism of cancer immune evasion for several reasons. This pathway is involved in negative regulation of immune responses of activated T effector cells found in the periphery. PD-L1 is up-regulated in cancer microenvironments, while PD-1 is also up-regulated on activated tumor infiltrating T cells, thus possibly potentiating a vicious cycle of inhibition. This pathway is also intricately involved in both innate and adaptive immune regulation through bi-directional signaling. These factors make the PD-1/PD-L1 complex a central point through which cancer can manipulate immune responses and promote its own progression.
  • CTLA-4 belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily of receptors, which also includes PD-1, BTLA, TIM-3, and V-domain immunoglobulin suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA).
  • Anti-CTLA-4 mAb is a powerful checkpoint inhibitor which removes “the break” from both naive and antigen-experienced cells.
  • TIM-3 has been identified as another important inhibitory receptor expressed by exhausted CD8+ T cells. In mouse models of cancer, it has been shown that the most dysfunctional tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells actually co-express PD-1 and LAG-3. LAG-3 is another recently identified inhibitory receptor that acts to limit effector T-cell function and augment the suppressive activity of T regulatory cells.
  • the present disclosure provides the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors of formula (I) disclosed herein in combination with one or more additional immune checkpoint inhibitors.
  • the present disclosure provides the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors of formula (I) disclosed herein in combination with one or more additional immune checkpoint inhibitors and an anti-MMP9 antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof to treat or prevent cancer.
  • the immune checkpoint inhibitors may be an anti-PD-1 and/or an anti-PD-L1 antibody or an anti PD-1/PD-L1 interaction inhibitor.
  • the anti-PD-L1 antibody may be B7-H1 antibody, BMS 936559 antibody, MPDL3280A (atezolizumab) antibody, MEDI-4736 antibody, MSB0010718C antibody or combinations thereof.
  • the anti-PD-1 antibody may be nivolumab antibody, pembrolizumab antibody, pidilizumab antibody or combinations thereof.
  • PD-1 may also be targeted with AMP-224, which is a PD-L2-IgG recombinant fusion protein.
  • Additional antagonists of inhibitory pathways in the immune response include IMP321, a soluble LAG-3 Ig fusion protein and MHC class II agonist, which is used to increase an immune response to tumors.
  • Lirilumab is an antagonist to the KIR receptor and BMS 986016 is an antagonist of LAG3.
  • the TIM-3-Galectin-9 pathway is another inhibitory checkpoint pathway that is also a promising target for checkpoint inhibition.
  • RX518 targets and activates the glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (GITR), a member of the TNF receptor superfamily that is expressed on the surface of multiple types of immune cells, including regulatory T cells, effector T cells, B cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and activated dendritic cells.
  • GITR tumor necrosis factor receptor
  • the compound(s) of formula (I) may be used in combination with IMP321, Lirilumab and/or BMS 986016.
  • Anti-PD-1 antibodies that may be used in the compositions and methods described herein include but are not limited to: Nivolumab/MDX-1106/BMS-936558/ONO1152, a fully human lgG4 anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody; pidilizumab (MDV9300/CT-011), a humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody; pembrolizumab (MK-3475/pembrolizumab/lambrolizumab), a humanized monoclonal IgG4 antibody; durvalumab (MEDI-4736) and atezolizumab.
  • Nivolumab/MDX-1106/BMS-936558/ONO1152 a fully human lgG4 anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody
  • pidilizumab MDV9300/CT-011
  • pembrolizumab MK-3475/pembrolizumab/lambrolizumab
  • durvalumab MEDI-47
  • Anti-PD-L1 antibodies that may be used in compositions and methods described herein include but are not limited to: avelumab; BMS-936559, a fully human IgG4 antibody; atezolizumab (MPDL3280A/RG-7446), a human monoclonal antibody; MEDI4736; MSB0010718C, and MDX1105-01.
  • the compound of formula (I) is administered in combination with the anti-PD-1 antibody nivolumab, pembrolizumab, and/or pidilizumab to a patient in need thereof.
  • the anti-PD-L1 antibody useful for combination treatment with a compound of formula (I) is BMS-936559, atezolizumab, or avelumab.
  • the immune modulating agent inhibits an immune checkpoint pathway.
  • the immune checkpoint pathway is selected from CTLA-4, LAG-3, B7-H3, B7-H4, Tim3, BTLA, KIR, A2aR, CD200 and PD-1. Additional antibodies that may be used in combination with a compound of formula (I) in compositions and methods described herein include the anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 antibodies disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,008,449 and 7,943,743, respectively.
  • the one or more additional therapeutic agent is an anti-inflammatory agent.
  • the anti-inflammatory agent is a tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF- ⁇ ) inhibitor.
  • TNF- ⁇ tumor necrosis factor alpha
  • the terms “TNF alpha,” “TNF- ⁇ ,” and “TNF ⁇ ,” are interchangeable.
  • TNF- ⁇ is a pro-inflammatory cytokine secreted primarily by macrophages but also by a variety of other cell types including lymphoid cells, mast cells, endothelial cells, cardiac myocytes, adipose tissue, fibroblasts, and neuronal tissue.
  • TNF- ⁇ is also known as endotoxin-induced factor in serum, cachectin, and differentiation inducing factor.
  • the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family includes TNF alpha, TNF beta, CD40 ligand (CD40L), Fas ligand (FasL), TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL), and LIGHT (homologous to lymphotoxins, exhibits inducible expression, and competes with HSV glycoprotein D for HVEM, a receptor expressed by T lymphocytes), some of the most important cytokines involved in, among other physiological processes, systematic inflammation, tumor lysis, apoptosis and initiation of the acute phase reaction.
  • TNF tumor necrosis factor
  • CD40L CD40 ligand
  • Fas ligand Fas ligand
  • TRAIL TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand
  • LIGHT homologous to lymphotoxins, exhibits inducible expression, and competes with HSV glycoprotein D for HVEM, a receptor expressed by T lymphocytes
  • therapeutic agents when employed in combination with a compound(s) disclosed herein, may be used, for example, in those amounts indicated in the referenced manuals e.g., Physicians Desk Reference or in amounts generally known to a qualified care giver, i.e., one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • such other therapeutic agent(s) may be administered prior to, simultaneously with, or following the administration of the compound(s) of formula (I).
  • Certain other therapeutic agents may be combined into a single formulation or kit when amenable to such.
  • tablet, capsule or liquid formulations may be combined with other tablet, capsule or liquid formulations into one fixed or combined dose formulation or regimen. Other combinations may be given separately, contemporaneously or otherwise.
  • the instructions are directed to use of the pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of cancer, including for example, leukemia or lymphoma.
  • the cancer is acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), myeloproliferative disease (MPD), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), multiple myeloma (MM), indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (iNHL), refractory iNHL, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), follicular lymphoma, Waldestrom's macroglobulinemia (WM), T-cell lymphoma, B-cell lymphoma, and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL).
  • ALL acute lymphocytic leukemia
  • the cancer is T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), or B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL).
  • T-ALL T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia
  • B-ALL B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia
  • the non-Hodgkin lymphoma encompasses the indolent B-cell diseases that include, for example, follicular lymphoma, lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, and marginal zone lymphoma, as well as the aggressive lymphomas that include, for example, Burkitt lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
  • the cancer is indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (iNHL)
  • the instructions are directed to use of the pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of an autoimmune disease.
  • an autoimmune disease include asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and lupus.
  • a method for treating or preventing an HBV infection in a human having or at risk of having the infection comprising administering to the human a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of one or more (e.g., one, two, three, four, one or two, one to three, or one to four) additional therapeutic agents.
  • a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of one or more (e.g., one, two, three, four, one or two, one to three, or one to four) additional therapeutic agents.
  • a method for treating an HBV infection in a human having or at risk of having the infection comprising administering to the human a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of one or more (e.g., one, two, three, four, one or two, one to three, or one to four) additional therapeutic agents.
  • a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of one or more (e.g., one, two, three, four, one or two, one to three, or one to four) additional therapeutic agents.
  • the present disclosure provides a method for treating an HBV infection, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of one or more (e.g., one, two, three, four, one or two, one to three, or one to four) additional therapeutic agents which are suitable for treating an HBV infection.
  • a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of one or more (e.g., one, two, three, four, one or two, one to three, or one to four) additional therapeutic agents which are suitable for treating an HBV infection.
  • a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is combined with one, two, three, four, or more additional therapeutic agents. In certain embodiments, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with two additional therapeutic agents. In other embodiments, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with three additional therapeutic agents. In further embodiments, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with four additional therapeutic agents.
  • the one, two, three, four, or more additional therapeutic agents can be different therapeutic agents selected from the same class of therapeutic agents, and/or they can be selected from different classes of therapeutic agents.
  • the components of the composition are administered as a simultaneous or sequential regimen.
  • the combination may be administered in two or more administrations.
  • Co-administration of a compound disclosed herein with one or more additional therapeutic agents generally refers to simultaneous or sequential administration of a compound disclosed herein and one or more additional therapeutic agents, such that therapeutically effective amounts of each agent are present in the body of the patient.
  • Co-administration includes administration of unit dosages of the compounds disclosed herein before or after administration of unit dosages of one or more additional therapeutic agents.
  • the compound disclosed herein may be administered within seconds, minutes, or hours of the administration of one or more additional therapeutic agents.
  • a unit dose of a compound disclosed herein is administered first, followed within seconds or minutes by administration of a unit dose of one or more additional therapeutic agents.
  • a unit dose of one or more additional therapeutic agents is administered first, followed by administration of a unit dose of a compound disclosed herein within seconds or minutes.
  • a unit dose of a compound disclosed herein is administered first, followed, after a period of hours (e.g., 1-12 hours), by administration of a unit dose of one or more additional therapeutic agents.
  • a unit dose of one or more additional therapeutic agents is administered first, followed, after a period of hours (e.g., 1-12 hours), by administration of a unit dose of a compound disclosed herein.
  • a compound disclosed herein is combined with one or more additional therapeutic agents in a unitary dosage form for simultaneous administration to a patient, for example as a solid dosage form for oral administration.
  • a compound of Formula (I) is formulated as a tablet, which may optionally contain one or more other compounds useful for treating HBV.
  • the tablet can contain another active ingredient for treating HBV.
  • such tablets are suitable for once daily dosing.
  • the compounds described herein may be used or combined with one or more of a chemotherapeutic agent, an immunomodulator, an immunotherapeutic agent, a therapeutic antibody, a therapeutic vaccine, a bispecific antibody and “antibody-like” therapeutic protein (such as DARTs®, Duobodies®, Bites®, XmAbs®, TandAbs®, Fab derivatives), an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), gene modifiers or gene editors (such as CRISPR Cas9, zinc finger nucleases, homing endonucleases, synthetic nucleases, TALENs), cell therapies such as CAR-T (chimeric antigen receptor T-cell), and TCR-T (an engineered T cell receptor) agent or any combination thereof.
  • a chemotherapeutic agent such as DARTs®, Duobodies®, Bites®, XmAbs®, TandAbs®, Fab derivatives
  • ADC antibody-drug conjugate
  • gene modifiers or gene editors such as CRISPR
  • the additional therapeutic agent may be an anti-HBV agent.
  • the additional therapeutic agent may be selected from the group consisting of HBV combination drugs, other drugs for treating HBV, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) inhibitors, antisense oligonucleotide targeting viral mRNA, Apolipoprotein A1 modulator, arginase inhibitors, B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator inhibitors, Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors, CCR2 chemokine antagonist, CD137 inhibitors, CD160 inhibitors, CD305 inhibitors, CD4 agonist and modulator, compounds targeting HBcAg, compounds targeting hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg), covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) inhibitors, cyclophilin inhibitors, cytokines, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (ipi4) inhibitors, DNA polymerase inhibitor, Endonuclease modulator, epi
  • IDO 3-d
  • a compound of Formula (I) is formulated as a tablet, which may optionally contain one or more other compounds useful for treating HBV.
  • the tablet can contain another active ingredient for treating HBV, such as 3-dioxygenase (IDO) inhibitors, Apolipoprotein A1 modulator, arginase inhibitors, B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator inhibitors, Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors, CCR2 chemokine antagonist, CD137 inhibitors, CD160 inhibitors, CD305 inhibitors, CD4 agonist and modulator, compounds targeting HBcAg, compounds targeting hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg), core protein allosteric modulators, covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) inhibitors, cyclophilin inhibitors, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (ipi4) inhibitors, DNA polymerase inhibitor, Endonuclease modulator, epigenetic modifiers
  • IDO 3-di
  • a compound of the present disclosure is combined with one, two, three, four or more additional therapeutic agents selected from HBV combination drugs, HBV vaccines, HBV DNA polymerase inhibitors, immunomodulators toll-like receptor (TLR) modulators, interferon alpha receptor ligands, hyaluronidase inhibitors, hepatitis b surface antigen (HBsAg) inhibitors, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (ipi4) inhibitors, cyclophilin inhibitors, HBV viral entry inhibitors, antisense oligonucleotide targeting viral mRNA, short interfering RNAs (siRNA) and ddRNAi endonuclease modulators, ribonucelotide reductase inhibitors, HBV E antigen inhibitors, covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) inhibitors, farnesoid X receptor agonists, HBV antibodies, CCR2 chemokine antagonist
  • combination drugs for the treatment of HBV include TRUVADA® (tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine); ABX-203, lamivudine, and PEG-IFN-alpha; ABX-203 adefovir, and PEG-IFNalpha; and INO-1800 (INO-9112 and RG7944).
  • TRUVADA® tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine
  • ABX-203 lamivudine
  • PEG-IFN-alpha ABX-203 adefovir
  • PEG-IFNalpha PEG-IFNalpha
  • INO-1800 INO-9112 and RG7944
  • Examples of other drugs for the treatment of HBV include alpha-hydroxytropolones, amdoxovir, beta-hydroxycytosine nucleosides, AL-034, CCC-0975, elvucitabine, ezetimibe, cyclosporin A, gentiopicrin (gentiopicroside), JNJ-56136379, nitazoxanide, birinapant, NJK14047, NOV-205 (molixan, BAM-205), oligotide, mivotilate, feron, GST-HG-131, levamisole, Ka Shu Ning, alloferon, WS-007, Y-101 (Ti Fen Tai), rSIFN-co, PEG-IIFNm, KW-3, BP-Inter-014, oleanolic acid, HepB-nRNA, cTP-5 (rTP-5), HSK-II-2, HEISCO-106-1, HEISCO-106, Hepbarn
  • HBV vaccines include both prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines.
  • HBV prophylactic vaccines include Vaxelis, Hexaxim, Heplisav, Mosquirix, DTwP-HBV vaccine, Bio-Hep-B, D/T/P/HBV/M (LBVP-0101; LBVW-0101), DTwP-Hepb-Hib-IPV vaccine, Heberpenta L, DTwP-HepB-Hib, V-419, CVI-HBV-001, Tetrabhay, hepatitis B prophylactic vaccine (Advax Super D), Hepatrol-07, GSK-223192A, ENGERIX B®, recombinant hepatitis B vaccine (intramuscular, Kangtai Biological Products), recombinant hepatitis B vaccine (Hansenual polymorpha yeast, intramuscular, Hualan Biological Engineering), recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen vaccine, Bimmugen, Eu
  • HBV therapeutic vaccines include HBsAG-HBIG complex, ARB-1598, Bio-Hep-B, NASVAC, abi-HB (intravenous), ABX-203, Tetrabhay, GX-110E, GS-4774, peptide vaccine (epsilonPA-44), Hepatrol-07, NASVAC (NASTERAP), IMP-321, BEVAC, Revac B mcf, Revac B+, MGN-1333, KW-2, CVI-HBV-002, AltraHepB, VGX-6200, FP-02, FP-02.2, TG-1050, NU-500, HBVax, im/TriGrid/antigen vaccine, Mega-CD40L-adjuvanted vaccine, HepB-v, RG7944 (INO-1800), recombinant VLP-based therapeutic vaccine (HBV infection, VLP Biotech), AdTG-17909, AdTG-17910 AdTG-18202, ChronVac-B, TG-1050
  • HBV DNA polymerase inhibitors examples include adefovir (HEPSERA®), emtricitabine (EMTRIVA®), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (VIREAD®), tenofovir alafenamide, tenofovir, tenofovir disoproxil, tenofovir alafenamide fumarate, tenofovir alafenamide hemifumarate, tenofovir dipivoxil, tenofovir dipivoxil fumarate, tenofovir octadecyloxyethyl ester, CMX-157, besifovir, entecavir (BARACLUDE®), entecavir maleate, telbivudine (TYZEKA®), pradefovir, clevudine, ribavirin, lamivudine (EPIVIR-HBV®), phosphazide, famciclovir, fu
  • immunomodulators examples include rintatolimod, imidol hydrochloride, ingaron, dermaVir, plaquenil (hydroxychloroquine), proleukin, hydroxyurea, mycophenolate mofetil (MPA) and its ester derivative mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), WF-10, ribavirin, IL-12, INO-9112, polymer polyethyleneimine (PEI), Gepon, VGV-1, MOR-22, BMS-936559, RO-7011785, RO-6871765, AIC-649, and IR-103.
  • TLR Toll-Like Receptor
  • TLR modulators include modulators of TLR1, TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6, TLR7, TLR8, TLR9, TLR10, TLR11, TLR12, and TLR13.
  • TLR3 modulators include rintatolimod, poly-ICLC, RIBOXXON®, Apoxxim, RIBOXXIM®, IPH-33, MCT-465, MCT-475, GS-9688 and ND-1.1.
  • TLR7 modulators include GS-9620, GSK-2245035, imiquimod, resiquimod, DSR-6434, DSP-3025, IMO-4200, MCT-465, MEDI-9197, 3M-051, SB-9922, 3M-052, Limtop, TMX-30X, TMX-202, RG-7863, RG-7795, RG-7854, and the compounds disclosed in US20100143301 (Gilead Sciences), US20110098248 (Gilead Sciences), and US20090047249 (Gilead Sciences).
  • TLR8 modulators include motolimod, resiquimod, 3M-051, 3M-052, MCT-465, IMO-4200, VTX-763, VTX-1463, and the compounds disclosed in US20140045849 (Janssen), US20140073642 (Janssen), WO2014/056953 (Janssen), WO2014/076221 (Janssen), WO2014/128189 (Janssen), US20140350031 (Janssen), WO2014/023813 (Janssen), US20080234251 (Array Biopharma), US20080306050 (Array Biopharma), US20100029585 (Ventirx Pharma), US20110092485 (Ventirx Pharma), US20110118235 (Ventirx Pharma), US20120082658 (Ventirx Pharma), US20120219615 (Ventirx Pharma), US20140066432 (Ventirx Pharma), US20140088085 (Ventirx Pharma), US201402
  • TLR9 modulators examples include BB-001, BB-006, CYT-003, IMO-2055, IMO-2125, IMO-3100, IMO-8400, IR-103, IMO-9200, agatolimod, DIMS-9054, DV-1079, DV-1179, AZD-1419, leftolimod (MGN-1703), litenimod, and CYT-003-QbG10.
  • interferon alpha receptor ligands examples include interferon alpha-2b (INTRON A®), pegylated interferon alpha-2a (PEGASYS®), PEGylated interferon alpha-1b, interferon alpha 1b (HAPGEN®), Veldona, Infradure, Roferon-A, YPEG-interferon alfa-2a (YPEG-rhlFNalpha-2a), P-1101, Algeron, Alfarona, Ingaron (interferon gamma), rSIFN-co (recombinant super compound interferon), Ypeginterferon alfa-2b (YPEG-rhlFNalpha-2b), MOR-22, peginterferon alfa-2b (PEG-INTRON®), Bioferon, Novaferon, Inmutag (Inferon), MULTIFERON®, interferon alfa-n1 (HUMOFERON®), interferon beta-1a (AVONEX®),
  • hyaluronidase inhibitors examples include astodrimer.
  • HsAg Hepatitis B Surface Antigen
  • HBsAg inhibitors examples include HBF-0259, PBHBV-001, PBHBV-2-15, PBHBV-2-1, REP-9AC, REP-9C, REP-9, REP-2139, REP-2139-Ca, REP-2165, REP-2055, REP-2163, REP-2165, REP-2053, REP-2031 and REP-006, and REP-9AC′.
  • HBsAg secretion inhibitors examples include BM601.
  • Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (ipi4) inhibitors include AGEN-2041, AGEN-1884, ipilumimab, belatacept, PSI-001, PRS-010, Probody mAbs, tremelimumab, and JHL-1155.
  • cyclophilin inhibitors include CPI-431-32, EDP-494, OCB-030, SCY-635, NVP-015, NVP-018, NVP-019, STG-175, and the compounds disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,513,184 (Gilead Sciences), US20140030221 (Gilead Sciences), US20130344030 (Gilead Sciences), and US20130344029 (Gilead Sciences).
  • HBV viral entry inhibitors examples include Myrcludex B.
  • antisense oligonucleotide targeting viral mRNA examples include ISIS-HBVRx, IONIS-HBVRx, IONIS-GSK6-LRx, GSK-3389404, RG-6004.
  • Short Interfering RNAs siRNA
  • ddRNAi short Interfering RNAs
  • siRNA examples include TKM-HBV (TKM-HepB), ALN—HBV, SR-008, HepB-nRNA, and ARC-520, ARC-521, ARB-1740, ARB-1467.
  • ddRNAi DNA-directed RNA interference
  • endonuclease modulators examples include PGN-514.
  • inhibitors of ribonucleotide reductase include Trimidox.
  • HBV E antigen inhibitors examples include wogonin.
  • cccDNA inhibitors examples include BSBI-25, and CHR-101.
  • HBV antibodies targeting the surface antigens of the hepatitis B virus include GC-1102, XTL-17, XTL-19, KN-003, IV Hepabulin SN, and fully human monoclonal antibody therapy (hepatitis B virus infection, Humabs BioMed).
  • HBV antibodies including monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal antibodies
  • monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal antibodies include Zutectra, Shang Sheng Gan Di, Uman Big (Hepatitis B Hyperimmune), Omri-Hep-B, Nabi-HB, Hepatect CP, HepaGam B, igantibe, Niuliva, CT-P24, hepatitis B immunoglobulin (intravenous, pH4, HBV infection, Shanghai RAAS Blood Products), and Fovepta (BT-088).
  • Fully human monoclonal antibodies such as HBC-34.
  • CCR2 chemokine antagonists examples include propagermanium.
  • thymosin agonists examples include Thymalfasin, recombinant thymosin alpha 1 (GeneScience).
  • cytokines examples include recombinant IL-7, CYT-107, interleukin-2 (IL-2, Immunex), recombinant human interleukin-2 (Shenzhen Neptunus), IL-15, IL-21, IL-24, and celmoleukin.
  • Nucleoprotein modulators may be either HBV core or capsid protein inhibitors.
  • Examples of nucleoprotein modulators include AB-423, AT-130, GLS4, NVR-1221, NVR-3778, BAY 41-4109, morphothiadine mesilate, JNJ-379, RG-7907, ABI-H0731, ABI-H2158 and DVR-23.
  • capsid inhibitors include the compounds disclosed in US20140275167 (Novira Therapeutics), US20130251673 (Novira Therapeutics), US20140343032 (Roche), WO2014037480 (Roche), US20130267517 (Roche), WO2014131847 (Janssen), WO2014033176 (Janssen), WO2014033170 (Janssen), WO2014033167 (Janssen), WO2015/059212 (Janssen), WO2015118057 (Janssen), WO2015011281 (Janssen), WO2014184365 (Janssen), WO2014184350 (Janssen), WO2014161888 (Janssen), WO2013096744 (Novira), US20150225355 (Novira), US20140178337 (Novira), US20150315159 (Novira), US20150197533 (Novira), US20150274652 (Novira), US20150259324, (Novira), US20150132
  • Examples of stimulators of retinoic acid-inducible gene 1 include SB-9200, SB-40, SB-44, ORI-7246, ORI-9350, ORI-7537, ORI-9020, ORI-9198, and ORI-7170, RGT-100.
  • Examples of stimulators of NOD2 include SB-9200.
  • PI3K inhibitors include idelalisib, ACP-319, AZD-8186, AZD-8835, buparlisib, CDZ-173, CLR-457, pictilisib, neratinib, rigosertib, rigosertib sodium, EN-3342, TGR-1202, alpelisib, duvelisib, IPI-549, UCB-5857, taselisib, XL-765, gedatolisib, ME-401, VS-5584, copanlisib, CAI orotate, perifosine, RG-7666, GSK-2636771, DS-7423, panulisib, GSK-2269557, GSK-2126458, CUDC-907, PQR-309, INCB-40093, pilaralisib, BAY-1082439, puquitinib mesylate, SAR-2454
  • IDO inhibitors examples include epacadostat (INCB24360), resminostat (4SC-201), indoximod, F-001287, SN-35837, NLG-919, GDC-0919, GBV-1028, GBV-1012, NKTR-218, and the compounds disclosed in US20100015178 (Incyte), US2016137652 (Flexus Biosciences, Inc.), WO2014073738 (Flexus Biosciences, Inc.), and WO2015188085 (Flexus Biosciences, Inc.).
  • PD-1 inhibitors examples include nivolumab, pembrolizumab, pidilizumab, BGB-108, SHR-1210, PDR-001, PF-06801591, IBI-308, GB-226, STI-1110, and mDX-400.
  • Examples of PD-L1 inhibitors include atezolizumab, avelumab, AMP-224, MEDI-0680, RG-7446, GX-P2, durvalumab, KY-1003, KD-033, MSB-0010718C, TSR-042, ALN-PDL, STI-A1014, CX-072, and BMS-936559.
  • a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is combined with compounds such as those disclosed in WO2018026971, US20180044329, US20180044305, US20180044304, US20180044303, US20180044350, US20180057455, US20180057486, US20180045142, WO20180044963, WO2018044783, WO2018009505, WO20180044329, WO2017066227, WO2017087777, US20170145025, WO2017079669, WO2017070089, US2017107216, WO2017222976, US20170262253, WO2017205464, US20170320875, WO2017192961, WO2017112730, US20170174679, WO2017106634, WO2017202744, WO2017202275, WO2017202273, WO2017202274, WO2017202276, WO2017180769, WO2017118762, WO2016041511,
  • recombinant thymosin alpha-1 examples include NL-004 and PEGylated thymosin alpha-1.
  • BTK inhibitors examples include ABBV-105, acalabrutinib (ACP-196), ARQ-531, BMS-986142, dasatinib, ibrutinib, GDC-0853, PRN-1008, SNS-062, ONO-4059, BGB-3111, ML-319, MSC-2364447, RDX-022, X-022, AC-058, RG-7845, spebrutinib, TAS-5315, TP-0158, TP-4207, HM-71224, KBP-7536, M-2951, TAK-020, AC-0025, and the compounds disclosed in US20140330015 (Ono Pharmaceutical), US20130079327 (Ono Pharmaceutical), and US20130217880 (Ono Pharmaceutical).
  • KDM5 inhibitors include the compounds disclosed in WO2016057924 (Genentech/Constellation Pharmaceuticals), US20140275092 (Genentech/Constellation Pharmaceuticals), US20140371195 (Epitherapeutics) and US20140371214 (Epitherapeutics), US20160102096 (Epitherapeutics), US20140194469 (Quanticel), US20140171432, US20140213591 (Quanticel), US20160039808 (Quanticel), US20140275084 (Quanticel), WO2014164708 (Quanticel).
  • KDM1 inhibitors examples include the compounds disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 9,186,337B2 (Oryzon Genomics), and GSK-2879552, RG-6016, ORY-2001.
  • hepatitis B virus replication inhibitors examples include isothiafludine, IQP-HBV, RM-5038, and Xingantie.
  • Arginase inhibitors include CB-1158, C-201, and resminostat.
  • Gene Therapy and Cell Therapy including the genetic modification to silence a gene; genetic approaches to directly kill the infected cells; the infusion of immune cells designed to replace most of the patient's own immune system to enhance the immune response to infected cells, or activate the patient's own immune system to kill infected cells, or find and kill the infected cells; genetic approaches to modify cellular activity to further alter endogenous immune responsiveness against the infection.
  • the genome editing system is selected from the group consisting of: a CRISPR/Cas9 system, a zinc finger nuclease system, a TALEN system, a homing endonucleases system, and a meganuclease system; e.g., cccDNA elimination via targeted cleavage, and altering one or more of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) viral genes.
  • a CRISPR/Cas9 system e.g., a zinc finger nuclease system, a TALEN system, a homing endonucleases system, and a meganuclease system
  • cccDNA elimination via targeted cleavage e.g., cccDNA elimination via targeted cleavage
  • HBV hepatitis B virus
  • Altering e.g., knocking out and/or knocking down
  • the PreC, C, X, PreSI, PreS2, S, P or SP gene refers to (1) reducing or eliminating PreC, C, X, PreSI, PreS2, S, P or SP gene expression, (2) interfering with Precore, Core, X protein, Long surface protein, middle surface protein, S protein (also known as HBs antigen and HBsAg), polymerase protein, and/or Hepatitis B spliced protein function (HBe, HBc, HBx, PreS1, PreS2, S, Pol, and/or HBSP or (3) reducing or eliminating the intracellular, serum and/or intraparenchymal levels of HBe, HBc, HBx, LHBs, MHBs, SHBs, Pol, and/or HBSP proteins. Knockdown of one or more of the PreC, C, X, PreSI, PreS2, S, P and/or SP gene(s) is performed by
  • the immune effector cell is a T cell or an NK cell.
  • the T cell is a CD4+ T cell, a CD8+ T cell, or a combination thereof.
  • Cells can be autologous or allogeneic.
  • T cells expressing HBV-specific T cell receptors are engineered to target HBV derived peptides presented on the surface of virus-infected cells.
  • HBV surface antigen (HBsAg)-specific TCR T-Cells expressing HBV surface antigen (HBsAg)-specific TCR.
  • TCR-T therapy directed to treatment of HBV such as LTCR-H2-1
  • a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is combined with one, two, three, or four additional therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of adefovir (HEPSERA®), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (VIREAD®), tenofovir alafenamide, tenofovir, tenofovir disoproxil, tenofovir alafenamide fumarate, tenofovir alafenamide hemifumarate, entecavir (BARACLUDE®), telbivudine (TYZEKA®), or lamivudine (EPIVIR-HBV®).
  • HEPSERA® tenofovir disoproxil fumarate
  • VIREAD® tenofovir alafenamide, tenofovir, tenofovir disoproxil, tenofovir alafenamide fumarate, tenofovir alafenamide hemifumarate, entecavir
  • a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is combined with a first additional therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of adefovir (HEPSERA®), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (VIREAD®), tenofovir alafenamide, tenofovir, tenofovir disoproxil, tenofovir alafenamide fumarate, tenofovir alafenamide hemifumarate, entecavir (BARACLUDE®), telbivudine (TYZEKA®), or lamivudine (EPIVIR-HBV®).
  • HEPSERA® tenofovir disoproxil fumarate
  • VIREAD® tenofovir alafenamide, tenofovir, tenofovir disoproxil, tenofovir alafenamide fumarate, tenofovir alafenamide hemifumarate, entecavir
  • BARACLUDE®
  • compositions comprising a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with one or more (e.g., one, two, three, four, one or two, or one to three, or one to four) additional therapeutic agents and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient are provided.
  • a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is combined with an HBV DNA polymerase inhibitor.
  • a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is combined with an HBV DNA polymerase inhibitor and at least one additional therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of: immunomodulators, TLR modulators, interferon alpha receptor ligands, hyaluronidase inhibitors, recombinant IL-7, HBsAg inhibitors, HBsAg secretion or assembly inhibitors, compounds targeting HBcAg, cyclophilin inhibitors, HBV vaccines, HBV viral entry inhibitors, NTCP inhibitors, antisense oligonucleotide targeting viral mRNA, siRNA, miRNA gene therapy agents, endonuclease modulators, inhibitors of ribonucleotide reductase, hepatitis B virus E antigen inhibitors, recombinant SRA proteins, src
  • a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is combined with an HBV DNA polymerase inhibitor, one or two additional therapeutic agents selected from the group consisting of immunomodulators, TLR modulators, HBsAg inhibitors, HBsAg secretion or assembly inhibitors, HBV therapeutic vaccines, HBV antibodies including HBV antibodies targeting the surface antigens of the hepatitis B virus and bispecific antibodies and “antibody-like” therapeutic proteins (such as DARTs®, DUOBODIES®, BITES®, XmAbs®, TandAbs®, Fab derivatives, or TCR-like antibodies), cyclophilin inhibitors, stimulators of retinoic acid-inducible gene 1, stimulators of RIG-I like receptors, PD-1 inhibitors, PD-L1 inhibitors, Arginase inhibitors, PI3K inhibitors, IDO inhibitors, and stimulators of NOD2, and one or two additional therapeutic agents selected from the group consisting of HBV viral entry inhibitors,
  • a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is combined with an HBV DNA polymerase inhibitor and at least a second additional therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of: immunomodulators, TLR modulators, HBsAg inhibitors, HBV therapeutic vaccines, HBV antibodies including HBV antibodies targeting the surface antigens of the hepatitis B virus and bispecific antibodies and “antibody-like” therapeutic proteins (such as DARTs®, DUOBODIES®, BITES®, XmAbs®, TandAbs®, Fab derivatives, or TCR-like antibodies), cyclophilin inhibitors, stimulators of retinoic acid-inducible gene 1, stimulators of RIG-I like receptors, PD-1 inhibitors, PD-L1 inhibitors, Arginase inhibitors, PI3K inhibitors, IDO inhibitors, and stimulators of NOD2.
  • a second additional therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of: immunomodulators, TLR modulators, HBsAg inhibitors, HBV therapeutic
  • a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is combined with an HBV DNA polymerase inhibitor and at least a second additional therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of: HBV viral entry inhibitors, NTCP inhibitors, HBx inhibitors, cccDNA inhibitors, HBV antibodies targeting the surface antigens of the hepatitis B virus, siRNA, miRNA gene therapy agents, sshRNAs, KDM5 inhibitors, and nucleoprotein modulators (HBV core or capsid protein inhibitors).
  • a second additional therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of: HBV viral entry inhibitors, NTCP inhibitors, HBx inhibitors, cccDNA inhibitors, HBV antibodies targeting the surface antigens of the hepatitis B virus, siRNA, miRNA gene therapy agents, sshRNAs, KDM5 inhibitors, and nucleoprotein modulators (HBV core or capsid protein inhibitors).
  • a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is combined with a first additional therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of adefovir (HEPSERA®), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (VIREAD®), tenofovir alafenamide, tenofovir, tenofovir disoproxil, tenofovir alafenamide fumarate, tenofovir alafenamide hemifumarate, entecavir (BARACLUDE®), telbivudine (TYZEKA®), or lamivudine (EPIVIR-HBV®), and at least a second additional therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of immunomodulators, TLR modulators, interferon alpha receptor ligands, hyaluronidase inhibitors, recombinant IL-7, HBsAg inhibitors, HBsAg secretion or assembly inhibitors, compounds targeting HBcAg, cycl
  • a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is combined with a first additional therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of adefovir (HEPSERA®), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (VIREAD®), tenofovir alafenamide, tenofovir, tenofovir disoproxil, tenofovir alafenamide fumarate, tenofovir alafenamide hemifumarate, entecavir (BARACLUDE®), telbivudine (TYZEKA®) or lamivudine (EPIVIR-HBV®) and at least a second additional therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of peginterferon alfa-2b (PEG-INTRON®), MULTIFERON®, interferon alpha 1b (HAPGEN®), interferon alpha-2b (INTRON A®), pegylated interferon alpha-2a (PEGASYS®), interfer
  • HEPSERA®
  • a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is combined with a first additional therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of adefovir (HEPSERA®), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (VIREAD®), tenofovir alafenamide, tenofovir, tenofovir disoproxil, tenofovir alafenamide fumarate, tenofovir alafenamide hemifumarate, entecavir (BARACLUDE®), telbivudine (TYZEKA®), or lamivudine (EPIVIR-HBV®), and at least a second additional therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of immunomodulators, TLR modulators, HBsAg inhibitors, HBsAg secretion or assembly inhibitors, HBV therapeutic vaccines, HBV antibodies including HBV antibodies targeting the surface antigens of the hepatitis B virus and bispecific antibodies and “antibody-like” therapeutic proteins
  • a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is combined with a first additional therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of: adefovir (HEPSERA®), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (VIREAD®), tenofovir alafenamide, tenofovir, tenofovir disoproxil, tenofovir alafenamide fumarate, tenofovir alafenamide hemifumarate, entecavir (BARACLUDE®), telbivudine (TYZEKA®), or lamivudine (EPIVIR-HBV®), and at least a second additional therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of HBV viral entry inhibitors, NTCP inhibitors, HBx inhibitors, cccDNA inhibitors, HBV antibodies targeting the surface antigens of the hepatitis B virus, siRNA, miRNA gene therapy agents, sshRNAs, KDM5 inhibitors, and nu
  • a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is combined with a first additional therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of adefovir (HEPSERA®), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (VIREAD®), tenofovir alafenamide, tenofovir, tenofovir disoproxil, tenofovir alafenamide fumarate, tenofovir alafenamide hemifumarate, entecavir (BARACLUDE®), telbivudine (TYZEKA®), or lamivudine (EPIVIR-HBV®); one, two, or three additional therapeutic agents selected from the group consisting of immunomodulators, TLR modulators, HBsAg inhibitors, HBsAg secretion or assembly inhibitors, HBV therapeutic vaccines, HBV antibodies including HBV antibodies targeting the surface antigens of the hepatitis B virus and bispecific antibodies and “antibody-like” therapeutic proteins
  • a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is combined with a first additional therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of adefovir (HEPSERA®), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (VIREAD®), tenofovir alafenamide, tenofovir, tenofovir disoproxil, tenofovir alafenamide fumarate, tenofovir alafenamide hemifumarate, entecavir (BARACLUDE®), telbivudine (TYZEKA®), or lamivudine (EPIVIR-HBV®); one or two additional therapeutic agents selected from the group consisting of immunomodulators, TLR modulators, HBsAg inhibitors, HBsAg secretion or assembly inhibitors, HBV therapeutic vaccines, HBV antibodies including HBV antibodies targeting the surface antigens of the hepatitis B virus and bispecific antibodies and “antibody-like” therapeutic proteins (such as
  • a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is combined with a first additional therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of adefovir (HEPSERA®), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (VIREAD®), tenofovir alafenamide, tenofovir, tenofovir disoproxil, tenofovir alafenamide fumarate, tenofovir alafenamide hemifumarate, entecavir (BARACLUDE®), telbivudine (TYZEKA®), or lamivudine (EPIVIR-HBV®); and one, two, three, or four additional therapeutic agents selected from the group consisting of immunomodulators, TLR7 modulators, TLR8 modulators, HBsAg inhibitors, HBsAg secretion or assembly inhibitors, HBV therapeutic vaccines, HBV antibodies including HBV antibodies targeting the surface antigens of the hepatitis B virus and bispecific
  • a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is combined with compounds such as those disclosed in U.S. Publication No. 2010/0143301 (Gilead Sciences), U.S. Publication No. 2011/0098248 (Gilead Sciences), U.S. Publication No. 2009/0047249 (Gilead Sciences), U.S. Pat. No. 8,722,054 (Gilead Sciences), U.S. Publication No. 2014/0045849 (Janssen), U.S. Publication No. 2014/0073642 (Janssen), WO2014/056953 (Janssen), WO2014/076221 (Janssen), WO2014/128189 (Janssen), U.S.
  • a compound as disclosed herein may be combined with one or more (e.g., one, two, three, four, one or two, one to three, or one to four) additional therapeutic agents in any dosage amount of the compound of Formula (I) (e.g., from 10 mg to 1000 mg of compound).
  • one or more e.g., one, two, three, four, one or two, one to three, or one to four
  • additional therapeutic agents in any dosage amount of the compound of Formula (I) (e.g., from 10 mg to 1000 mg of compound).
  • a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is combined with 5-30 mg tenofovir alafenamide fumarate, tenofovir alafenamide hemifumarate, or tenofovir alafenamide. In certain embodiments, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with 5-10; 5-15; 5-20; 5-25; 25-30; 20-30; 15-30; or 10-30 mg tenofovir alafenamide fumarate, tenofovir alafenamide hemifumarate, or tenofovir alafenamide.
  • a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is combined with 10 mg tenofovir alafenamide fumarate, tenofovir alafenamide hemifumarate, or tenofovir alafenamide. In certain embodiments, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with 25 mg tenofovir alafenamide fumarate, tenofovir alafenamide hemifumarate, or tenofovir alafenamide.
  • a compound as disclosed herein may be combined with the agents provided herein in any dosage amount of the compound (e.g., from 50 mg to 500 mg of compound) the same as if each combination of dosages were specifically and individually listed.
  • a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is combined with 100-400 mg tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, tenofovir disoproxil hemifumarate, or tenofovir disoproxil.
  • a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is combined with 100 mg to 150 mg; 100 mg to 200 mg; 100 mg to 250 mg; 100 mg to 300 mg; 100 mg to 350 mg; 150 mg to 200 mg; 150 mg to 250 mg; 150 mg to 300 mg; 150 mg to 350 mg; 150 mg to 400 mg; 200 mg to 250 mg; 200 mg to 300 mg; 200 mg to 350 mg; 200 mg to 400 mg; 250 mg to 350 mg; 250 mg to 400 mg; 350 mg to 400 or 300 mg to 400 mg tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, tenofovir disoproxil hemifumarate, or tenofovir disoproxil.
  • a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is combined with 300 mg tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, tenofovir disoproxil hemifumarate, or tenofovir disoproxil. In certain embodiments, a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is combined with 250 mg tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, tenofovir disoproxil hemifumarate, or tenofovir disoproxil.
  • a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is combined with 150 mg tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, tenofovir disoproxil hemifumarate, or tenofovir disoproxil.
  • a compound as disclosed herein e.g., a compound of Formula I
  • kits comprising a compound disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with one or more (e.g., one, two, three, four, one or two, or one to three, or one to four) additional therapeutic agents are provided.
  • any pharmaceutical composition provided in the present disclosure may be used in the kits, the same as if each and every composition were specifically and individually listed for use in a kit.
  • Articles of manufacture comprising a container in which a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier are contained are provided.
  • the article of manufacture may be a bottle, vial, ampoule, single-use disposable applicator, or the like, containing the pharmaceutical composition provided in the present disclosure.
  • the container may be formed from a variety of materials, such as glass or plastic and in one aspect also contains a label on, or associated with, the container which indicates directions for use in the treatment of cancer or inflammatory conditions.
  • the active ingredient may be packaged in any material capable of providing reasonable chemical and physical stability, such as an aluminum foil bag.
  • Unit dosage forms of the pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier are also provided.
  • Any pharmaceutical composition provided in the present disclosure may be used in the articles of manufacture, the same as if each and every composition were specifically and individually listed for use an article of manufacture.
  • kits that includes a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers or tautomer thereof; a label, and/or instructions for use of the compound in the treatment of a disease or condition mediated by PD-1, PD-L1 activity or PD-1/PD-L1 interaction.
  • an article of manufacture which includes a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, or solvate thereof; and a container.
  • the container may be a vial, jar, ampoule, preloaded syringe, or an intravenous bag.
  • Formulations of compound(s) of the present disclosure i.e., a compound of formula (I) or the combination of a compound of formula (I) and an additional agent may be accomplished by admixing said compounds or salt thereof with one or more non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable vehicles, carriers and/or diluents and/or adjuvants collectively referred to herein as excipients or carrier materials.
  • the compounds of the disclosure may be administered by any suitable route, preferably in the form of a pharmaceutical composition adapted to such route, and in a therapeutically effective dose.
  • the compounds or the combination of compounds for the disclosure may be delivered orally, mucosally, parenterally, including intravascularly, intravenously, intraperitoneally, subcutaneously, intramuscularly, and intranasally in dosage formulations containing conventional pharmaceutical excipients.
  • the combination of a compound formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and an additional agent useful for the treatment of cancer may be formulated in a fixed dose or combined dose formulation in a tablet, capsule or premixed IV solution.
  • the fixed dose combination preferably comprises of compound formula (I), and an additional anticancer agent.
  • Other fixed dose formulations may include premixed liquids, suspensions, elixirs, aerosolized sprays or patch presentations.
  • fixed dose or combined dose formulations are synonymous with simultaneous co-administration of the active ingredients of the compound (I) and at least one additional agent.
  • the compounds of the disclosure may be prepared using methods disclosed herein and routine modifications thereof which will be apparent given the disclosure herein and methods well known in the art. Conventional and well-known synthetic methods may be used in addition to the teachings herein.
  • Typical embodiments of compounds in accordance with the present disclosure may be synthesized using the general reaction schemes and/or examples described below. It will be apparent given the description herein that the general schemes may be altered by substitution of the starting materials with other materials having similar structures to result in products that are correspondingly different. Descriptions of syntheses follow to provide numerous examples of how the starting materials may vary to provide corresponding products. Starting materials are typically obtained from commercial sources or synthesized using published methods for synthesizing compounds which are embodiments of the present disclosure, inspection of the structure of the compound to be synthesized will provide the identity of each substituent group. The identity of the final product will generally render apparent the identity of the necessary starting materials by a simple process of inspection, given the examples herein.
  • Group labels e.g., R 1 , R a , R b ) used in the reaction schemes herein are for illustrative purposes only and unless otherwise specified do not necessarily match by name or function the labels used elsewhere to describe compounds of formula (I) or aspects or fragments thereof.
  • the compounds of this disclosure can be prepared from readily available starting materials using, for example, the following general methods and procedures. It will be appreciated that where typical or preferred process conditions (i.e., reaction temperatures, times, mole ratios of reactants, solvents, pressures, etc.) are given; other process conditions can also be used unless otherwise stated. Optimum reaction conditions may vary with the particular reactants or solvent used, but such conditions can be determined by one skilled in the art by routine optimization procedures.
  • protecting groups may be necessary to prevent certain functional groups from undergoing undesired reactions.
  • Suitable protecting groups for various functional groups as well as suitable conditions for protecting and deprotecting particular functional groups are well known in the art. For example, numerous protecting groups are described in T. W. Greene and G. M. Wuts (1999) Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3rd Edition, Wiley, New York, and references cited therein.
  • the compounds of this disclosure may contain one or more chiral centers. Accordingly, if desired, such compounds can be prepared or isolated as pure stereoisomers, i.e., as individual enantiomers or diastereomers or as stereoisomer-enriched mixtures. All such stereoisomers (and enriched mixtures) are included within the scope of this disclosure, unless otherwise indicated. Pure stereoisomers (or enriched mixtures) may be prepared using, for example, optically active starting materials or stereoselective reagents well-known in the art. Alternatively, racemic mixtures of such compounds can be separated using, for example, chiral column chromatography, chiral resolving agents, and the like.
  • the starting materials for the following reactions are generally known compounds or can be prepared by known procedures or obvious modifications thereof.
  • many of the starting materials are available from commercial suppliers such as Aldrich Chemical Co. (Milwaukee, Wis., USA).
  • Others may be prepared by procedures or obvious modifications thereof, described in standard reference texts such as Fieser and Fieser's Reagents for Organic Synthesis, Volumes 1-15 (John Wiley, and Sons, 1991), Rodd's Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, Volumes 1-5, and Supplementals (Elsevier Science Publishers, 1989) organic Reactions, Volumes 1-40 (John Wiley, and Sons, 1991), March's Advanced Organic Chemistry, (John Wiley, and Sons, 5 th Edition, 2001), and Larock's Comprehensive Organic Transformations (VCH Publishers Inc., 1989).
  • solvent refers to a solvent inert under the conditions of the reaction being described in conjunction therewith (including, for example, benzene, toluene, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran (“THF”), dimethylformamide (“DMF”), chloroform, methylene chloride (or dichloromethane), diethyl ether, methanol, pyridine and the like).
  • solvents used in the reactions of the present disclosure are inert organic solvents, and the reactions are carried out under an inert gas, preferably nitrogen.
  • q.s. means adding a quantity sufficient to achieve a stated function, e.g., to bring a solution to the desired volume (i.e., 100%).
  • Scheme 1 shows the general synthesis of building block 7.
  • Suitably substituted 3-bromobenzyl alcohol (1) is converted to boronate ester (2) using standard conditions (4,4,4′,4′,5,5,5′,5′-octamethyl-2,2′-bi(1,3,2-dioxaborolane), a suitable palladium catalyst such as [1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) and base such as potassium acetate, in a suitable solvent such as 1,4-dioxane under heating.
  • a suitable palladium catalyst such as [1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) and base such as potassium acetate
  • the alcohol is converted to a leaving group such as mesylate, chloride, bromide or iodide (3) which is used to selectively alkylate dihydroxybenzaldehyde (4) using a mild base such as sodium bicarbonate.
  • a mild base such as sodium bicarbonate.
  • the second hydroxyl group is alkylated with an appropriate alkylating agent (6) to provide building block (7).
  • Z 1 is halo, —OR a , —NO 2 , —CN, —NR a R b , —N 3 , —SO 2 R a , —C 1-6 alkyl, —C 1-6 haloalkyl, —C 2-6 alkenyl, —C 2-6 alkynyl, —OC 1-6 alkyl, —OC 1-6 haloalkyl, —C 3-8 cycloalkyl, and —C 1-6 alkylC 3-8 cycloalkyl, wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and cycloalkyl group is optionally substituted with 1 to 4 groups independently selected from oxo, —NO 2 , —N 3 , OR a , halo, and cyano; Z 3 is halo, —OR a , —N 3 , —NO 2 , —CN, —NR 1 R
  • Scheme 2 shows the general synthesis of building block (11) using similar chemistry as in Scheme 1.
  • Building blocks (7) and (11) can be coupled in a palladium catalyzed reaction to form dialdehyde (12) (Scheme 3).
  • boronic ester (7) is coupled with coupling partner (11) using a palladium catalyst, such as Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 , to afford (14).
  • Palladium mediated cross-coupling reactions that enable the biaryl formation but employ alternative coupling partners and reagents include, for example, the Negishi, Kumada, and Stille reactions.
  • Dialdehyde (12) is subjected to reductive amination conditions in the presence of an appropriate amine to give target compound (14).
  • Reducing agents which can be used for this reaction include but are not limited to sodium cyanoborohydride, sodium triacetoxyborohydride, borane-picoline complex in the presence or absence of an acid such as acetic acid in a variety of solvents and solvent mixtures including but not limited to N,N-dimethylformamide, methanol, ethanol, and dimethyl sulfoxide.
  • Scheme 6 shows the general synthesis of pyridine containing compounds.
  • a bis-benzylic alcohol can be coupled to a suitably substituted 2-chloropyridine (20) using either a strong base such as sodium hydride under heating, or alternatively using transition metal catalyzed coupling conditions (as described in the literature, such as Ullmann ether synthesis, which uses copper based catalysts, and Buchwald-Hartwig reaction, which uses a palladium catalyst, such as Pd(dba) 2 , a suitable ligand, such as XPhos, in the presence of a base, such as cesium carbonate) to give (21).
  • a strong base such as sodium hydride under heating
  • transition metal catalyzed coupling conditions as described in the literature, such as Ullmann ether synthesis, which uses copper based catalysts, and Buchwald-Hartwig reaction, which uses a palladium catalyst, such as Pd(dba) 2 , a suitable ligand, such as XPhos,
  • the hydroxypyridine (23) is alkylated with a suitable alkylating agent (6) to provide dialdehyde (24).
  • the dialdehyde (24) is then converted to the target compound (25) using an appropriate amine (13) under reductive amination conditions.
  • a substituted 2-chloropyridine (26) can be coupled with a substituted 3-bromobenzyl alcohol (1) using a strong base (such as sodium hydride) under heating followed by borylation and biaryl formation to give dialdehyde (24).
  • a strong base such as sodium hydride
  • Target compound (25) can be achieved as described in Scheme 6.
  • Bromoindanol (30) can be coupled to a substituted 2-chloropyridine (26), using either a strong base such as sodium hydride under heating, or alternatively using transition metal catalyzed coupling conditions (as described in the literature, such as Ullmann ether synthesis, which uses copper based catalysts, and Buchwald-Hartwig reaction, which uses a palladium catalyst, such as Pd(dba)2, a ligand, such as XPhos, in the presence of a base, such as cesium carbonate), optionally followed by borylation to give building blocks (33) and (34) (Scheme 9).
  • a strong base such as sodium hydride under heating
  • transition metal catalyzed coupling conditions as described in the literature, such as Ullmann ether synthesis, which uses copper based catalysts, and Buchwald-Hartwig reaction, which uses a palladium catalyst, such as Pd(dba)2, a ligand, such as XPhos, in the presence of
  • (36) can be obtained from (43) via standard acetal formation from an aldehyde and can be converted to boronate (38) using standard borylation conditions.
  • Building block (44) can be converted to boronate (52) (Scheme 12) and coupled to a substituted heteroaryl bromide (53) in a palladium catalyzed reaction to give (55).
  • Conversion to target compounds (58) and (59) can be performed similar to Scheme 11.
  • Boronate (52) can be coupled to a substituted, N-protected 4-bromoindoline (68) in a palladium catalyzed reaction to give (69).
  • a coupling agent such as HATU or EDCI gives dialdehyde (72).
  • compound (73) can be made by acylating a substituted 4-bromoindoline (74) with a suitable carboxylic acid (71) in the presence of a coupling agent such as HATU or EDCI to (75) followed by coupling with boronate (52) in a palladium catalyzed reaction to give dialdehyde (72). Treatment with an amine under reductive amination conditions gives compound (73).
  • a coupling agent such as HATU or EDCI
  • Step 1 To a 500 mL round bottom flask was added (R)-(+)-2-methyl-CBS-oxazaborolidine (985 mg, 3.55 mmol), toluene (5 mL) and borane-dimethylsulfide (12.36 mL, 130 mmol) under N 2 . The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 10 min then diluted with DCM (20 mL) and cooled to ⁇ 20° C. A solution of 4-Bromo-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-one (5 g, 23.69 mmol) in DCM (20 mL) was added dropwise over 30 min while maintaining the reaction temperature at ⁇ 20 ⁇ 5° C.
  • Step 2 To a solution of (S)-4-bromo-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ol (1.10 g, 5.16 mmol) in dioxane (15 mL) was added bis(pinacolato)diboron (1.57 g, 6.195 mmol), KOAc (1.52 g, 15 mmol) and [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]palladium(II) dichloride (377 mg, 0.516 mmol). N 2 was bubbled thru the mixture for 2 min, and the flask heated to 90° C. for 2 h.
  • Step 3 A mixture of (S)-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ol (1.53 g, 5.90 mmol), (S)-4-bromo-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ol (1.32 g, 6.19 mmol), Pd(dppf)Cl 2 CH 2 Cl 2 (0.431 g, 0.59 mmol) and Na 2 CO 3 (5.89 mL, 12 mmol, 2M) under N 2 in 30 mL dioxane was heated to 85° C. in a heating block for 2 h, at which time all SM was consumed by LCMS.
  • Step 1 6,6′-(((1S,1′S)-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(2-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)nicotinaldehyde) was prepared using the same method as Intermediate 3, by substituting 6-chloro-2-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)nicotinaldehyde for 6-chloro-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde.
  • Step 2 A solution of 6,6′-(((1S,1′S)-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(2-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)nicotinaldehyde) (200 mg, 0.231 mmol) and cesium fluoride (140 mg, 0.923 mmol) in DMF (2 mL) heated to 60° C. for 2 h.
  • Step 3 6,6′-(((1S,1′S)-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-hydroxynicotinaldehyde (100 mg, 0.15 mmol) was taken up in 2 mL DMF in a 20 mL vial and treated with K2CO3 (155 mg, 1.12 mmol), 5-(chloromethyl)nicotinonitrile hydrochloride (71 mg, 0.325 mmol) and sodium iodide (45 mg, 0.3 mmol). Stirred under N 2 at 65° C. for 2 h.
  • Step 4 A mixture of 6,6′-(((1S,1′S)-2,2′,3,3′-tetrahydro-1H,1′H-[4,4′-biindene]-1,1′-diyl)bis(oxy))bis(5-bromo-2-hydroxynicotinaldehyde) (100 mg, 0.15 mmol), 5-(chloromethyl)nicotinonitrile hydrochloride (74 mg, 0.357 mmol), K 2 CO 3 (155 mg, 1.13 mmol) and NaI (45 mg, 0.30 mmol) in 2 mL DMF was heated to 85° C. in a heating block for 1 h, by which time all SM appeared consumed by LCMS.
  • Step-1 To a stirred solution of (3-bromo-2-methylphenyl)methanol (1.0 g, 5.0 mmol), B 2 (pin) 2 (2.0 g, 8.0 mmol), Pd(dppf)Cl 2 .CH 2 Cl 2 (600 mg, 0.75 mmol) in dioxane (200 mL) under argon atmosphere was added KOAc (1.5 g, 15 mmol) at once. The reaction mixture was stirred at 85° C. for 16 h, filtered through pad of Celite and washed with EtOAc. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography (0-50% EtOAc in hexanes).
  • Step-2 To a stirred solution of (2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)methanol-2 (250 mg, 1.0 mmol), DIPEA (260 mg, 2.0 mmol) under argon atmosphere was added methanesulfonyl chloride (140 mg, 1.2 mmol) drop wise at 0° C., and the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to rt and stir overnight. After 16 hours, partitioned between water and CH 2 Cl 2 , separated organic layer dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 .
  • Step-3 To a stirred solution of 5-chloro-2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde-4 (170 mg, 0.81 mmol) in DMF (6 mL) was added sodium bicarbonate (120 mg, 1.4 mmol) under argon atmosphere. The mixture was stirred for 15 minutes at room temperature, and a solution of 2-(3-(chloromethyl)-2-methylphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (180 mg, 0.68 mmol) in THF (6 mL) followed by sodium iodide (100 mg, 0.68 mmol) were added at once. The reaction was stirred at 60° C. for 16 h.
  • reaction mixture was diluted with CH 2 Cl 2 , quenched with saturated aqueous NH 4 Cl, and extracted with CH 2 Cl 2 (3 ⁇ 10 mL). The organic layer was dried over Na 2 SO 4 , solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and purified by flash column chromatography (0->50% EtOAc in hexanes) to yield 5-chloro-2-hydroxy-4-((2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzyl)oxy)benzaldehyde.
  • Step-4 To a stirred solution of 5-chloro-2-hydroxy-4-((2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzyl)oxy)benzaldehyde (100 mg, 0.25 mmol) and cesium carbonate (160 mg 0.50 mmol) in DMF (3 mL) under argon atmosphere was added 5-(chloromethyl)nicotinonitrile (75 mg, 0.5 mmol) and sodium iodide (37 mg, 0.25 mmol) at rt, then heated to 75° C. After two hours, quenched with sat. aq.
  • 6-((3-bromo-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-2-methoxynicotinaldehyde (348 mg, 1.035 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (5 mL), treated with bis(pinacolato)diboron (551 mg, 2.17 mmol), Pd(dppf)Cl 2 -DCM (114 mg, 0.156 mmol) and potassium acetate (406 mg, 4.14 mmol). The mixture was purged with argon and then heated at 85° C. for 1.5 h. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was diluted with EtOAc and water.
  • reaction mixture was sparged with argon for 10 minutes then heated to 100 C until full consumption of starting material was observed by LCMS.
  • To the reaction mixture was then added 5-(((6-((3-bromo-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-5-chloro-3-formylpyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile (80 mg, 0.17 mmol, 1 equiv), Pd(dppf)Cl 2 (14 mg, 0.017 mmol, 0.1 equiv), and potassium carbonate (47 mg, 0.34 mmol, 2 equiv).
  • the vial was sealed and water (0.4 mL) was added via syringe.
  • reaction mixture was sparged with argon for 10 minutes then heated to 100 C until complete consumption of starting materials was observed by LCMS.
  • the reaction mixture was then diluted with EtOAc, filtered through celites, and concentrated in vacuo to dryness. Purification of crude material by silica gel chromatography afforded 5,5′-(((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(5-chloro-3-formylpyridine-6,2-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile as a solid.
  • 6-chloro-2-(2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)nicotinaldehyde 500 mg, 1.9 mmol
  • cesium fluoride 591 mg, 3.9 mmol, 2.0 equiv.
  • N,N-dimethylformamide 7.0 mL, 0.27 M
  • the crude material was purified by silica gel column chromatography using a 0-10% methanol in methylene chloride eluent gradient to provide 5-(((6-chloro-3-formylpyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile.
  • the vessel was sealed, and the mixture was sparged with nitrogen for 5 minutes before being heated to 90° C. for 3 hours.
  • the reaction mixture was then cooled to room temperature, ethyl acetate (10 mL) was added, and the contents of the vial were filtered through celite. The filtrate was concentrated under vacuum, and the crude 5-(((3-formyl-6-((2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzyl)oxy)pyridin-2-yl)oxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile was used without further purification.
  • the vessel was sealed, and the mixture was sparged with nitrogen for 5 minutes before being heated to 90° C. for 1 hours.
  • the reaction mixture was then cooled to room temperature, ethyl acetate (10 mL) was added, and the contents of the vial were filtered through celite.
  • the filtrate was diluted with ethyl acetate (50 mL) and washed ⁇ 1 with water then brine.
  • the organic layer was then dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum.
  • the crude material was purified by silica gel column chromatography using a 0-10% methanol in methylene chloride eluent gradient to provide 5,5′-(((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(3-formylpyridine-6,2-diyl))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile.
  • the alcohol (2.73 g, 10.51 mmol) was dissolved in 40 mL DCM in a 250 mL round bottom flask.
  • Dess-Martin Periodinane (4.97 g, 11.77 mmol)) added in one portion.
  • the solution was stirred for 2 min before 0.21 mL (11.77 mmol) of H 2 O was added dropwise.
  • the clear solution becomes a milky suspension.
  • the suspension was stirred for 45 min before 50 mL of a 1M NaOH solution was added, and the reaction was stirred vigorously for 15 min.
  • the organic layer was separated, and the aqueous extracted twice with DCM (25 mL).
  • the organic layer was then dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum.
  • the crude material was purified by silica gel column chromatography using a 0-10% methanol in methylene chloride eluent gradient to provide 4-((3-bromo-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde.
  • the mixture was washed once with water and once with brine.
  • the organic layer was then dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum.
  • the crude material was purified by silica gel column chromatography using a 0-10% methanol in methylene chloride eluent gradient to provide 5-((5-((3-bromo-2-methylbenzyl)oxy)-2-formylphenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile.
  • the vessel was sealed, and the mixture was sparged with nitrogen for 5 minutes before being heated to 90° C. for 3 hours.
  • the reaction mixture was then cooled to room temperature, ethyl acetate (10 mL) was added, and the contents of the vial were filtered through celite. The filtrate was concentrated under vacuum, and the crude 5-((2-formyl-5-((2-methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzyl)oxy)phenoxy)methyl)nicotinonitrile was used without further purification.
  • the vessel was sealed, and the mixture was sparged with nitrogen for 5 minutes before being heated to 90° C. for 1 hours.
  • the reaction mixture was then cooled to room temperature, ethyl acetate (10 mL) was added, and the contents of the vial were filtered through celite.
  • the filtrate was diluted with ethyl acetate (50 mL) and washed once with water then brine.
  • the organic layer was then dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under vacuum.
  • the crude material was purified by silica gel column chromatography using a 0-10% methanol in methylene chloride eluent gradient to provide 5,5′-(((((((2,2′-dimethyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(oxy))bis(6-formyl-3,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dinicotinonitrile.

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