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US20140024588A1 - Method for inducing sustained immune response - Google Patents

Method for inducing sustained immune response Download PDF

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Publication number
US20140024588A1
US20140024588A1 US14/045,576 US201314045576A US2014024588A1 US 20140024588 A1 US20140024588 A1 US 20140024588A1 US 201314045576 A US201314045576 A US 201314045576A US 2014024588 A1 US2014024588 A1 US 2014024588A1
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Prior art keywords
initial dosage
dosage regimen
enkephalin
weeks
cortisol
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US14/045,576
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Nicholas P. Plotnikoff
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TNI Biotech Inc
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TNI Biotech Inc
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • A61K38/33—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans derived from pro-opiomelanocortin, pro-enkephalin or pro-dynorphin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • A61K38/1703—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates
    • A61K38/1709—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from mammals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
    • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
    • A61P37/04—Immunostimulants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides

Definitions

  • the immune system protects the body against infectious agents, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. In addition, the immune system protects against cancer, as well as disease states that result from immune imbalance, opportunistic infections, and autoimmune disorders (Penney, U.S. Pat. No. 5,980,913). Stimulation of the immune system by pharmaceuticals is an important approach to the prevention and treatment of agents that cause immune suppressed states.
  • the response by the immune system to an immunogen may be depressed as a consequence of certain diseases or pathological conditions.
  • patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) may develop acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) or AIDS related complex (ARC), and thus have depressed immune responses.
  • HIV-1 human immunodeficiency virus
  • AIDS acquired immune deficiency syndrome
  • ARC AIDS related complex
  • This patient class is more susceptible to pathological infections or malignancies against which a normal immune system would have otherwise provided sufficient protection.
  • Other such immunocompromised individuals include patients with cancer, or undergoing x-ray, surgery, or chemotherapy treatment.
  • HIV immunodeficiency in individuals with viral infections
  • treatments used to prevent the development of immunodeficiency in individuals with viral infections, HIV for example usually involve administration of compounds that inhibit viral DNA synthesis thereby slowing onset of viral-related immunosuppression.
  • Treatments for HIV-infected patients often involves administration of compounds such as, for example, 3′-azido-3 1 -deoxythymidine (AZT), 2′,3′-dideoxycytidine (DDC) and 2′,3′-dideoxyinosine (DDI), zidovudine, didanosine, zalcitabine, stavudine, and viramune.
  • AZT 3′-azido-3 1 -deoxythymidine
  • DDC 2′,3′-dideoxycytidine
  • DI 2′,3′-dideoxyinosine
  • zidovudine didanosine
  • zalcitabine stavudine
  • stavudine and viram
  • IL2 interleukin-2
  • IL2 is normally accompanied by major toxicity (Davey, et al., JAMA, 2000; 284: 183-189). Nevertheless, given the potential promise of these therapies directed toward anti-retroviral effects, none have proven to be totally effective in treating or preventing development of AIDS. In addition, many of these compounds cause adverse side effects including low platelet count, diarrhea, nausea, renal toxicity, and bone marrow cytopenia (Kempf, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,017,928; Lai, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,093,743).
  • met-enkephalin activated gene transcription of IL2 (Wybran, et al., from Some Immunological Effects of Methionine - Enkephalin In Man: Potential Therapeutical Use Leukocytes and Host Defense. 205-212, Alan R. Liss, Inc.
  • AIDS patients have a deficiency of IL2, and gamma interferon (Fauci, et al., Science, 1993; 262: 1011-1018).
  • the active agents of the present invention could be used in methods of treatment useful in producing a sustained immune response in a patient comprising administering the active agents on an intermittent dosage schedule to a patient in need of such treatment.
  • the present invention is based on the surprising discovery that a regular dosing schedule of met-enkephalin is effective in promoting a sustained cell increase in immune system response including sustained cell levels, in a patient for at least one month after cessation of the dosing.
  • the present invention provides, inter alia, for methods of treatment useful for inducing a sustained immune system response in an immunocompromised patient in need of such treatment wherein the method comprises administering to the patient an effective amount of an enkephalin peptide, either alone, combined, or in further combination with other compounds useful for increasing immune system response, including vaccines.
  • immunocompromised refers to any reduction in T-cell number or function.
  • the present invention also provides, inter alia, for methods of treatment useful for inducing a sustained immune system response in an HIV-infected patient, wherein the method comprises administering to the HIV-infected patient an effective amount of an enkephalin peptide, either alone, combined, or in further combination with other compounds useful for slowing the progression of HIV proliferation or HIV-associated infections, including reverse transcriptase inhibitors such as 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine (AZT), 2′,3′-dideoxycytidine (DDC) and 2′,3′-dideoxyinosine (DDI), zidovudine, didanosine, zalcitabine, stavudine, and viramune; protease inhibitors such as saquinovir, nefinavir, ritonavir, and indinavir; cytokines such as G-CSF, IL-11, IL-12, IL-2; and gamma interferon and antibiotics or other
  • active agents refers to the group of compounds comprising the class of enkephalin peptides.
  • enkephalin or “enkephalin peptides” includes any compound that falls into the general category of opioid peptide molecules, including compounds having the following peptide structure at one terminus:
  • Enkephalin analogues also fall within the scope of the invention, and are described in the following references which are incorporated by reference: U.S. Pat. No. 4,468,383, to Rodbard et al., issued Aug. 28, 1984; U.S. Pat. No. 4,371,463, to Pert et al., issued Feb. 1, 1983; U.S. Pat. No. 4,261,883, to Smolarsky, issued Apr. 14, 1981; U.S. Pat. No. 4,254,106, to Wilkinson, issued Mar. 3, 1981; U.S. Pat. No. 4,213,968, to Kastin et al., issued Jul. 22, 1980; U.S. Pat. No. 4,198,398, to Hudson et al., issued Apr.
  • sustained immune system response is taken to mean maintaining in a patient an increase from the baseline of serum levels of cells and molecules associated with the immune system, including T-cells such as CD3, CD4, CD8, CD56, CD 25, and CD38 and molecules such as the interleukins and interferons.
  • baseline or “base level response” is taken to mean the serum levels in a patient before administration of active agent of cells and molecules associated with the immune system, including T-cells such as CD3, CD4, CD8, CD56, CD 25, and CD38 and molecules such as the interleukins and interferons.
  • intermittent dose schedule of enkephalin peptides as used herein refers to an initial routine of repeated administration of a enkephalin peptides, ranging from a daily to a weekly basis for some defined period of time (or, alternatively, a compound that promotes in vivo production of enkephalin peptides for some defined period of time) (collectively referred to as an “initial dosage regimen”), followed by a period of time when such administration is discontinued. Additional enkephalin peptides (or compounds that promote in vivo production of enkephalin peptides) are administered thereafter on an intermittent basis.
  • Exemplary intermittent dose schedules include, but are not limited to, administration of enkephalin peptides from one to five times a week over the course of a 12 week period, then discontinued for a period of time ranging from 4 to 24 weeks. Thereafter, based on some defined criteria, booster doses are given, up to 5 times a week for 1 to 4 weeks.
  • Other examples of intermittent dose schedules that fall within the scope of this invention include administration of enkephalin peptides from 1 to 5 times a week over 4 weeks, then discontinued for a period of time ranging from 4 to 16 weeks. Thereafter, booster doses are given, up to 5 times a week for 1 to 4 weeks, depending on the level of sustained response measured. Other intermittent schedules may also be utilized.
  • HIV includes all variants and types of HIV-1, HIV-2, and other synonymous retroviruses, such as human T-lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III) and lymphadenopathy associated virus (LAV-1 and LAV-2).
  • HTLV-III human T-lymphotropic virus type III
  • LAV-1 and LAV-2 lymphadenopathy associated virus
  • AIDS refers to acquired immune deficiency syndrome, AIDS-related complex (ARC), and decreased lymphocyte numbers in HIV-infected individuals.
  • the term “treating or preventing AIDS” includes preventing or decreasing the immunosuppression caused by AIDS, for example, by decreasing HIV levels in the patient's peripheral blood lymphocytes, or by increasing lymphocyte numbers; replenishing the bone marrow; increasing survival of HIV-infected patients; as well as preventing or decreasing the associated symptoms, disorders, and infections associated with HIV infection, including but not limited to susceptibility to pathogenic and opportunistic organisms and infections, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and lymphopenia.
  • opportunistic infection refers to infections with an organism that would not normally be pathologic in patients with properly functioning immune systems.
  • these methods involve the sequential addition of protected amino acids to a growing peptide chain (U.S. Pat. No. 5,693,616, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety). Normally, either the amino or carboxyl group of the first amino acid and any reactive side chain group are protected. This protected amino acid is then either attached to an inert solid support, or utilized in solution, and the next amino acid in the sequence, also suitably protected, is added under conditions amenable to formation of the amide linkage. After all the desired amino acids have been linked in the proper sequence, protecting groups and any solid support are removed to afford the crude polypeptide. The polypeptide is desalted and purified, preferably chromatographically, to yield the final product.
  • the peptides can synthesized according to standard solid-phase methodologies, such as may be performed on an Applied Biosystems Model 430A peptide synthesizer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.), according to manufacturer's instructions. Other methods of synthesizing peptides or peptidomimetics, either by solid phase methodologies or in liquid phase, are well known to those skilled in the art.
  • the peptides may be produced via conventional molecular biological methods.
  • an effective amount of active agent is administered to a patient once a week over the course of a 12 week period, then stopped.
  • Measurement of the patient's immune response is made from 4 to 16 weeks after cessation of the initial dosing, and compared with both the base level response and response levels measured at the end of the dosing schedule. Thereafter, booster doses are given, as needed, up to 5 times a week for 1 to 4 weeks.
  • an effective amount of active agent is administered to a patient from 1 to 5 times a week over the course of a 4 week period, then stopped.
  • Measurement of the patients' immune response is made from 4 to 16 weeks after cessation of the initial dosing. Thereafter, booster doses are given, as needed, up to 5 times a week for 1 to 4 weeks, depending on the level of sustained response measured.
  • Other intermittent schedules may also be utilized.
  • methods for treating or preventing AIDS in an HIV-infected patient comprising administering to an HIV-infected patient an amount effective to treat or prevent AIDS of at least one compound selected from the group of active agents, alone, in combination with each other, or in combination with other compounds that are beneficial for treating or preventing AIDS in HIV-infected individuals, including but not limited to reverse transcriptase inhibitors including but not limited to 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine (AZT), 2′,3′-dideoxycytidine (DDC) and 2′,3′-dideoxyinosine (DDI), zidovudine, didanosine, zalcitabine, stavudine, and viramune; protease inhibitors such as saquinovir, nefinavir, ritonavir, and indinavir; cytokines such as G-CSF, IL-11, IL-12 and IL-2 and erythropoie
  • the active agents may be administered by any suitable route, but are preferably administered either orally, parentally, by inhalation spray, transdermally, intravenously, rectally, intra-arterially, nasally, eye-drops, buccal patch or topically in dosage unit formulations containing conventional pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants, and vehicles.
  • parenteral as used herein includes subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenously, intra-arterially, or intratendinous.
  • the active agent may also be administered directly to the individual in a pharmaceutically suitable vehicle, for example, a solution of 5% DMSO or 10% ethanol in saline.
  • a pharmaceutically suitable vehicle for example, a solution of 5% DMSO or 10% ethanol in saline.
  • multiple administrations of the active agents are made over the period of time encompassing effective treatment.
  • Suitable delivery vehicles include, but are not limited to, the following: microcapsules or microspheres; liposomes and other lipid-based release systems; crystalloid and viscous instillates; absorbable and/or biodegradable mechanical barriers; and polymeric delivery materials, such as polyethylene oxide/polypropylene oxide block copolymers (e.g. poloxamers), poly-orthoesters, cross-linked polyvinyl alcohol, polyanhydrides, polymethacrylate and polymethacryladmide hydrogels, anionic carbohydrate polymers, polyethylene glycol, etc.
  • Useful delivery systems are well known in the art and are described in, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,937,254, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
  • the active agents may be made up in a liquid form (e.g., solutions, suspensions, or emulsions), and may be subjected to conventional pharmaceutical operations such as sterilization and/or may contain conventional pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvants, such as stabilizers, wetting agents, emulsifiers, preservatives, cosolvents, suspending agents, viscosity enhancing agents, ionic strength and osmolality adjustors and other excipients in addition to buffering agents.
  • conventional pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvants such as stabilizers, wetting agents, emulsifiers, preservatives, cosolvents, suspending agents, viscosity enhancing agents, ionic strength and osmolality adjustors and other excipients in addition to buffering agents.
  • Suitable water-soluble preservatives which may be employed in the drug delivery vehicle include sodium bisulfite, sodium thiosulfate, ascorbate, benzalkonium chloride, chlorobutanol, thimerosal, phenylmercuric borate, parabens, benzyl alcohol, phenylethanol or antioxidants such as Vitamin E and tocopherol and chelators such as EDTA and EGTA. These agents may be present, generally, in amounts of about 0.001% to about 5% by weight and, preferably, in the amount of about 0.01 to about 2% by weight.
  • the active agent is ordinarily combined with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvants appropriate for the indicated route of administration.
  • the compounds may be admixed with lactose, sucrose, starch powder, cellulose esters of alkanoic acids, stearic acid, talc, magnesium stearate, magnesium oxide, sodium and calcium salts of phosphoric and sulphuric acids, acacia, gelatin, sodium alginate, polyvinylpyrrolidine, and/or polyvinyl alcohol, and tableted or encapsulated for conventional administration.
  • the compounds of this invention may be dissolved in saline, water, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, carboxymethyl cellulose colloidal solutions, ethanol, corn oil, peanut oil, cottonseed oil, sesame oil, tragacanth gum, and/or various buffers including phosphate buffered saline.
  • saline water, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, carboxymethyl cellulose colloidal solutions, ethanol, corn oil, peanut oil, cottonseed oil, sesame oil, tragacanth gum, and/or various buffers including phosphate buffered saline.
  • Other adjuvants and modes of administration are well known in the pharmaceutical art.
  • the carrier or diluent may include time delay material, such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate alone or with a wax, or other materials well known in the art.
  • the dosage regimen of the active agents for inducing sustained immune system response in HIV-infected patients is based on a variety of factors, including the age, weight, sex, medical condition of the individual, the severity of the condition, the route of administration, and the particular active agent to be administered. Thus, the dosage regimen may vary widely, but can be determined routinely by a physician using standard methods. Dosage levels of the order of between 10 ⁇ 14 ⁇ g/Kg to 30,000 ⁇ g/Kg of the active agents per body weight may be used for all methods of use disclosed herein. Preferred dosage levels range from 1 ⁇ g/Kg to 250 ⁇ g/Kg in the intermittent dose schedules. In a preferred embodiment, dosages during the initial dosage regimen are 20 ⁇ g/Kg bodyweight of the subject and intermittent dosages after such initial dosage regimen range from 20 to 100 ⁇ g/Kg bodyweight.
  • the efficacy of the dosing schedules are determined by methods that measure indications such as decreases in HIV levels in the patient's peripheral blood lymphocytes, (viral load), anemia, thrombocytopenia, and lymphopenia; and increased CD4+, CD8+, CD3+, and CD56+ cell counts, lymphocyte numbers, antibody titer, resistance to pathogenic and opportunistic infections, and survival of HIV-infected patients.
  • indications such as decreases in HIV levels in the patient's peripheral blood lymphocytes, (viral load), anemia, thrombocytopenia, and lymphopenia
  • the active agents of the present invention may also be administered in a further stabilized form, such as, for example, associated with polyethylene glycol or as a fusion protein, or other forms known in the art.
  • AIDS, surgery patients and cancer patients have been shown to have elevated cortisol levels resulting in suppression of cytokine production, such as IL2 and gamma interferon. Such suppression of cytokine production contributed to the suppression of the immune system.
  • Cortisol in particular, is believed to have inhibitory effect on gene transcription of IL2, and down-regulates cytotoxic cells and NK lymphocytes. See, e.g., K. Ogawa et al., “Suppression of Cellular Immunity by Surgical Stress,” Surgery, 127(3): 329-36 (March, 2000); “Suppressant Effects of Cortisol,” Goodman and Gilmans, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics , Pergamon Press, New York (8 th Ed. 1990).
  • Cortisol also produces fatigue and weakness in AIDS patients.
  • the studies reported in the examples demonstrate that an intermittent dosage regimen of met-enkephalin reverses HIV-induced immune suppression resulting in increased IL2 levels and T cells and would be expected to reverse such immune suppression induced by a common pathway—cortisol—as seen in AIDS, surgery, cancer, and other patients.
  • Cytotoxic T cells including CD3, CD4 and CD8 cells were found to be elevated compared to baseline values one month after the last dosing of methionine enkephalin (8-12 weeks infusion). In sharp contrast the placebo treated control group had a progressive decrease of the same cells over the 16 week study. The results indicate that treatment with met-enkephalin increases cytotoxic T cells (that can reduce viral load) and may be considered as a “therapeutic vaccine” approach to the treatment of HIV on an intermittent dosage schedule. These sustained results are particularly surprising given the measured half-life of Met-enkelphalin in plasma is approximately two minutes.
  • Interleukin II receptor expression was increased in both groups compared to baseline although the met-enkephalin had a larger increase than the n-saline group (45 versus 87 cells).
  • CD56 cells were elevated in both enkephalin and saline treated groups (8-12 weeks of infusions).
  • the significantly greater increase in the enkephalin group can be attributed to the activating effects of the enkephalin and resultant increases in the enkephalin group can be attributed on the NK cells.
  • Saline infusions for 8-12 weeks may also activate the same systems to some extent due to the stress of the procedure resulting in some increase of the cytokines and CD25.
  • Example 2 The study described in this Example 2 demonstrates that intermittent dosage schedules provided comparable or better results in some patients to patients with continued regimens comparable to the initial dosage regimen.
  • patients 4 and 6 showed positive results over an extended time period, with no recurrence of opportunistic infection.
  • Patient 6 had a disappearance of skin lesions for an extended period of time. Changes included a visible reduction in size in some tumors, as well as tumor color resolution to white.
  • Patient 4 demonstrated increased lymphocyte, CD3, CD4, and CD8 counts;
  • Patient 6 experienced increased lymphocyte counts compared to baseline.
  • the principal immunological effects were increases in T cell subsets (CD3, CD4 and CD8) and blastogenesis with activation of gene transcription.

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Abstract

A method for promoting a sustained increased level of T-cell production in immunocompromised subjects in which method enkephalin peptides are administered according to an intermittent dose schedule. In particular, the method involves treatment of immunocompromised patients which includes the administration of enkephalin, either alone or in conjunction with other therapies, in an initial dosage regimen, with periodic booster dosages of enkephalin as necessary to maintain sustained immune system response.

Description

    CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
  • This application is a Divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/146,999 filed on May 16, 2002, which claims the benefit of priority of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/291,237, filed on May 16, 2001. All of the above applications are hereby expressly incorporated by reference into the present application.
    • FIELD OF THE INVENTION
  • The present invention relates to methods of stimulating and promoting a sustained natural immune system response, resulting in increased resistance and inhibition of infectious agents, including viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites, and other immunodeficiency-related ailments. More specifically, the invention relates to an intermittent dose schedule for promoting a sustained increased level of T-cell production (cytotoxic T cells).
    • BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
  • The immune system protects the body against infectious agents, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. In addition, the immune system protects against cancer, as well as disease states that result from immune imbalance, opportunistic infections, and autoimmune disorders (Penney, U.S. Pat. No. 5,980,913). Stimulation of the immune system by pharmaceuticals is an important approach to the prevention and treatment of agents that cause immune suppressed states.
  • The response by the immune system to an immunogen may be depressed as a consequence of certain diseases or pathological conditions. For example, patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) may develop acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) or AIDS related complex (ARC), and thus have depressed immune responses. This patient class is more susceptible to pathological infections or malignancies against which a normal immune system would have otherwise provided sufficient protection. Other such immunocompromised individuals include patients with cancer, or undergoing x-ray, surgery, or chemotherapy treatment.
  • Current treatments used to prevent the development of immunodeficiency in individuals with viral infections, HIV for example, usually involve administration of compounds that inhibit viral DNA synthesis thereby slowing onset of viral-related immunosuppression. Treatments for HIV-infected patients often involves administration of compounds such as, for example, 3′-azido-31-deoxythymidine (AZT), 2′,3′-dideoxycytidine (DDC) and 2′,3′-dideoxyinosine (DDI), zidovudine, didanosine, zalcitabine, stavudine, and viramune. More recent treatments against HIV include administration of protease inhibitors such as, for example, saquinovir, nefinavir, ritonavir, indinavir, and others. Cytokine therapy is also used in the treatment of AIDS patients, with research groups having demonstrated efficacy of interleukin-2 (IL2) in elevating the CD4 T-cell subset in HIV positive patients (Kovacs, et al., N. Engl. J. Med., 1996; 335: 1350-1356). Reports have detailed that IL2 can also increase CD8 T-cell count (Schmitz, et al., Science, 1999; 283: 857-860). Unfortunately, the use of IL2 is normally accompanied by major toxicity (Davey, et al., JAMA, 2000; 284: 183-189). Nevertheless, given the potential promise of these therapies directed toward anti-retroviral effects, none have proven to be totally effective in treating or preventing development of AIDS. In addition, many of these compounds cause adverse side effects including low platelet count, diarrhea, nausea, renal toxicity, and bone marrow cytopenia (Kempf, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,017,928; Lai, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,093,743). Numerous clinical studies with methionine enkephalin (met-enkephalin) in normal volunteers, HIV positive, and cancer patients showed no major toxicity (Plotnikoff, et al, Clin. Immun. Immunopath., 1997). However, the measured half-life of met-enkephalin in plasma is approximately 2 minutes (Bihari, et al., Seventh Int. Conf. On AIDS, 1991). Thus, there exists a need in the art for improved methods of stimulating a sustained immune system response in patients in need of such treatment, such as patients include those with compromised immune system responses (e.g. AIDS), or the potential to develop compromised immune system responses (e.g. HIV-infected patients).
    • SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
  • All cited patents, patent applications and references are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
  • Recent studies of met-enkephalin indicated that met-enkephalin activated gene transcription of IL2 (Wybran, et al., from Some Immunological Effects of Methionine-Enkephalin In Man: Potential Therapeutical Use Leukocytes and Host Defense. 205-212, Alan R. Liss, Inc. 1986) and gamma interferon (Brown, et al., Immunology, 1986; 103:19-26) and IL 12, (Zhong, et al., Augmentation of TNF-alpha Production, NK cell activity and IL-12 p35 mRNA Expression by Metliaonine Enkephalin, 1996; 17(2): 182-5) AIDS patients have a deficiency of IL2, and gamma interferon (Fauci, et al., Science, 1993; 262: 1011-1018). Recently HIV positives have shown a deficiency of met-enkephalin (Valentine, et al., FASEB J., 1988; 2(5): 4518; Chao, Thesis, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy 1993). All of the above cytokines are derived from prohormones in T helper cells (Plotnikoff, et al., Clin. Immun. Immunopath., 1997; 82(2): 93-101). Immune suppression is, in part, a consequence of cyctokine deficiency (Fauci, et al., Science, 1993; 262: 1011-1018).
  • Based on the above, however, there would be no expectation by one of skill in the art that the active agents of the present invention could be used in methods of treatment useful in producing a sustained immune response in a patient comprising administering the active agents on an intermittent dosage schedule to a patient in need of such treatment.
  • The present invention is based on the surprising discovery that a regular dosing schedule of met-enkephalin is effective in promoting a sustained cell increase in immune system response including sustained cell levels, in a patient for at least one month after cessation of the dosing.
  • The present invention provides, inter alia, for methods of treatment useful for inducing a sustained immune system response in an immunocompromised patient in need of such treatment wherein the method comprises administering to the patient an effective amount of an enkephalin peptide, either alone, combined, or in further combination with other compounds useful for increasing immune system response, including vaccines. In this context, “immunocompromised” refers to any reduction in T-cell number or function.
  • The present invention also provides, inter alia, for methods of treatment useful for inducing a sustained immune system response in an HIV-infected patient, wherein the method comprises administering to the HIV-infected patient an effective amount of an enkephalin peptide, either alone, combined, or in further combination with other compounds useful for slowing the progression of HIV proliferation or HIV-associated infections, including reverse transcriptase inhibitors such as 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine (AZT), 2′,3′-dideoxycytidine (DDC) and 2′,3′-dideoxyinosine (DDI), zidovudine, didanosine, zalcitabine, stavudine, and viramune; protease inhibitors such as saquinovir, nefinavir, ritonavir, and indinavir; cytokines such as G-CSF, IL-11, IL-12, IL-2; and gamma interferon and antibiotics or other drugs used for the treatment or prevention of infections in HIV-infected patients.
    • DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Definitions
  • Unless otherwise indicated, the term “active agents” as used herein refers to the group of compounds comprising the class of enkephalin peptides.
  • Unless otherwise indicated, the term “enkephalin” or “enkephalin peptides” includes any compound that falls into the general category of opioid peptide molecules, including compounds having the following peptide structure at one terminus:
  • (SEQ ID NO: 1)
    Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-R

    where R is either Met or Leu. Exemplary enkephalin peptides are shown in Table 1.
  • TABLE 1 
    Opioid peptides and their Precursors and structures
    Precursors Peptides Structures
    Pro- α-Endorphin Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-
    Opiomelanacortin Pro-Leu-Val-Thr (SEQ ID NO: 2)
    (PCMC) γ-Endorphin Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-
    Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu (SEQ ID NO: 3)
    β-Endorphin Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-
    (human) Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ile-Lys-
    Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu (SEQ ID NO: 4)
    Proenkaphalin A Leu-enkaphain Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu (SEQ ID NO: 5)
    Met-enkephalin Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met (SEQ ID NO: 6)
    Heptapeptide Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Arg-Gly (SEQ ID NO: 7)
    Octapeptide Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Arg-Gly-Leu (SEQ ID NO: 8)
    Peptide E Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Arg-Arg-Val-Gly-Arg-Pro-Glu-
    (bovine) Trp-Trp-Met-Asp-Tyr-Gln-Lys-Arg-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-
    Leu (SEQ ID NO: 9)
    Prodynorphin Dynorphin A(1-8) Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Arg-Arg-Ile (SEQ ID NO: 10)
    (Proenkaphalin B) Dynorphin A(1-17) Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Arg-Arg-Ile-Arg-Pro-Lys-Leu-
    (porcine) Lys-Trp-Asp-Asn-Gln (SEQ ID NO: 11)
    Dynorphin B(1-13) Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Arg-Gln-Phe-Lys-Val
    (porcine) Val-Thr (SEQ ID NO: 12)
    α-Neo-endorphin Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Arg-Lys-Tyr-Pro-Lys (SEQ ID NO: 13)
    β-Neo-endorphin Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Arg-Lys-Tyr-Pro (SEQ ID NO: 14)
    New dynorphin Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Arg-Arg-Gln-Phe-Lys-Val-
    (ieumorphin) Val-Thr-Arg-Ser-Gln-Glu-Asp-Pro-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Tyr-
    (porcine) Glu-Glu-Leu-Phe-Asp-Val (SEQ ID NO: 15)
    Others B-Casomorphin Tyr-Pro-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro-Ile (SEQ ID NO: 16)
    Dermorphin Tyr-d-Ala-Phe-Gly-Tyr-Pro-Ser-NH2 (SEQ ID NO: 17)
    Kyotorphin Tyr-Arg (SEQ ID NO: 18)
  • Enkephalin analogues also fall within the scope of the invention, and are described in the following references which are incorporated by reference: U.S. Pat. No. 4,468,383, to Rodbard et al., issued Aug. 28, 1984; U.S. Pat. No. 4,371,463, to Pert et al., issued Feb. 1, 1983; U.S. Pat. No. 4,261,883, to Smolarsky, issued Apr. 14, 1981; U.S. Pat. No. 4,254,106, to Wilkinson, issued Mar. 3, 1981; U.S. Pat. No. 4,213,968, to Kastin et al., issued Jul. 22, 1980; U.S. Pat. No. 4,198,398, to Hudson et al., issued Apr. 15, 1980; U.S. Pat. No. 4,127,534, to Coy et al., issued Nov. 28, 1978; U.S. Pat. No. 4,092,304, to Jones, Jr. et al., issued May 30, 1978; U.S. Pat. No. 4,028,319, to Jones, Jr. et al., issued Jun. 7, 1977; J. Chang et al., “Opiate Receptor Affinities and Behavioral Effects of Enkephalin: Structure Activity Relationship of Ten Synthetic Peptide Analogues,” 18 Life Sci. 1473-1482 (1976); G. A. Gacel et al., “Synthesis, Biochemical and Pharmacological Properties of BUBUC, a Highly Selective and Systematically Active Agonist for In Vivo Studies of Delta-Opioid Receptors”, 11 Peptides 983-988 (1990); and B. P. Rogues, “Peptidomimetics as Receptor Agonists or Peptidase Inhibitors: A Structural Approach in the Field of Enkephalins, ANP and CCK”, 32 Biopolymers 407-410 (1992).
  • As used herein, the term “sustained immune system response” is taken to mean maintaining in a patient an increase from the baseline of serum levels of cells and molecules associated with the immune system, including T-cells such as CD3, CD4, CD8, CD56, CD 25, and CD38 and molecules such as the interleukins and interferons.
  • As used herein, the term “baseline” or “base level response” is taken to mean the serum levels in a patient before administration of active agent of cells and molecules associated with the immune system, including T-cells such as CD3, CD4, CD8, CD56, CD 25, and CD38 and molecules such as the interleukins and interferons.
  • The phrase “intermittent dose schedule” of enkephalin peptides as used herein refers to an initial routine of repeated administration of a enkephalin peptides, ranging from a daily to a weekly basis for some defined period of time (or, alternatively, a compound that promotes in vivo production of enkephalin peptides for some defined period of time) (collectively referred to as an “initial dosage regimen”), followed by a period of time when such administration is discontinued. Additional enkephalin peptides (or compounds that promote in vivo production of enkephalin peptides) are administered thereafter on an intermittent basis.
  • Exemplary intermittent dose schedules include, but are not limited to, administration of enkephalin peptides from one to five times a week over the course of a 12 week period, then discontinued for a period of time ranging from 4 to 24 weeks. Thereafter, based on some defined criteria, booster doses are given, up to 5 times a week for 1 to 4 weeks. Other examples of intermittent dose schedules that fall within the scope of this invention include administration of enkephalin peptides from 1 to 5 times a week over 4 weeks, then discontinued for a period of time ranging from 4 to 16 weeks. Thereafter, booster doses are given, up to 5 times a week for 1 to 4 weeks, depending on the level of sustained response measured. Other intermittent schedules may also be utilized.
  • As used herein, the term “HIV” includes all variants and types of HIV-1, HIV-2, and other synonymous retroviruses, such as human T-lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III) and lymphadenopathy associated virus (LAV-1 and LAV-2).
  • As used herein, the term “AIDS” refers to acquired immune deficiency syndrome, AIDS-related complex (ARC), and decreased lymphocyte numbers in HIV-infected individuals.
  • As used herein, the term “treating or preventing AIDS” includes preventing or decreasing the immunosuppression caused by AIDS, for example, by decreasing HIV levels in the patient's peripheral blood lymphocytes, or by increasing lymphocyte numbers; replenishing the bone marrow; increasing survival of HIV-infected patients; as well as preventing or decreasing the associated symptoms, disorders, and infections associated with HIV infection, including but not limited to susceptibility to pathogenic and opportunistic organisms and infections, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and lymphopenia.
  • As used herein, the term “opportunistic infection” refers to infections with an organism that would not normally be pathologic in patients with properly functioning immune systems.
  • Many of the peptides contemplated in the instant invention are commercially available, but alternatively may be synthesized by any conventional method, including, but not limited to, those set forth in J. M. Stewart and J. D. Young, Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis, 2nd ed., Pierce Chemical Co., Rockford, Ill. (1984) and J. Meienhofer, Hormonal Proteins and Peptides, Vol. 2, Academic Press, New York, (1973) for solid phase synthesis and E. Schroder and K. Lubke, The Peptides, Vol. 1, Academic Press, New York, (1965) for solution synthesis. The disclosures of the foregoing treatises are incorporated by reference herein.
  • In general, these methods involve the sequential addition of protected amino acids to a growing peptide chain (U.S. Pat. No. 5,693,616, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety). Normally, either the amino or carboxyl group of the first amino acid and any reactive side chain group are protected. This protected amino acid is then either attached to an inert solid support, or utilized in solution, and the next amino acid in the sequence, also suitably protected, is added under conditions amenable to formation of the amide linkage. After all the desired amino acids have been linked in the proper sequence, protecting groups and any solid support are removed to afford the crude polypeptide. The polypeptide is desalted and purified, preferably chromatographically, to yield the final product.
  • The peptides can synthesized according to standard solid-phase methodologies, such as may be performed on an Applied Biosystems Model 430A peptide synthesizer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.), according to manufacturer's instructions. Other methods of synthesizing peptides or peptidomimetics, either by solid phase methodologies or in liquid phase, are well known to those skilled in the art.
  • Alternatively, the peptides may be produced via conventional molecular biological methods.
    • DESCRIPTION
  • In one embodiment of the invention an effective amount of active agent is administered to a patient once a week over the course of a 12 week period, then stopped. Measurement of the patient's immune response (T-cell counts) is made from 4 to 16 weeks after cessation of the initial dosing, and compared with both the base level response and response levels measured at the end of the dosing schedule. Thereafter, booster doses are given, as needed, up to 5 times a week for 1 to 4 weeks.
  • In other embodiments of the invention an effective amount of active agent is administered to a patient from 1 to 5 times a week over the course of a 4 week period, then stopped. Measurement of the patients' immune response (T-cell counts) is made from 4 to 16 weeks after cessation of the initial dosing. Thereafter, booster doses are given, as needed, up to 5 times a week for 1 to 4 weeks, depending on the level of sustained response measured. Other intermittent schedules may also be utilized.
  • In one aspect of the present invention methods for treating or preventing AIDS in an HIV-infected patient, comprising administering to an HIV-infected patient an amount effective to treat or prevent AIDS of at least one compound selected from the group of active agents, alone, in combination with each other, or in combination with other compounds that are beneficial for treating or preventing AIDS in HIV-infected individuals, including but not limited to reverse transcriptase inhibitors including but not limited to 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine (AZT), 2′,3′-dideoxycytidine (DDC) and 2′,3′-dideoxyinosine (DDI), zidovudine, didanosine, zalcitabine, stavudine, and viramune; protease inhibitors such as saquinovir, nefinavir, ritonavir, and indinavir; cytokines such as G-CSF, IL-11, IL-12 and IL-2 and erythropoietin; and antibiotics or other drugs used for the treatment or prevention of infections in HIV-infected patients or vaccines.
  • For use in treating or preventing onset of AIDS in an HIV-infected individual, the active agents may be administered by any suitable route, but are preferably administered either orally, parentally, by inhalation spray, transdermally, intravenously, rectally, intra-arterially, nasally, eye-drops, buccal patch or topically in dosage unit formulations containing conventional pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants, and vehicles. The term parenteral as used herein includes subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenously, intra-arterially, or intratendinous.
  • The active agent may also be administered directly to the individual in a pharmaceutically suitable vehicle, for example, a solution of 5% DMSO or 10% ethanol in saline. In a preferred embodiment, multiple administrations of the active agents are made over the period of time encompassing effective treatment.
  • A large variety of alternatives are known in the art as suitable for purposes of sustained release and are contemplated as within the scope of the present invention. Suitable delivery vehicles include, but are not limited to, the following: microcapsules or microspheres; liposomes and other lipid-based release systems; crystalloid and viscous instillates; absorbable and/or biodegradable mechanical barriers; and polymeric delivery materials, such as polyethylene oxide/polypropylene oxide block copolymers (e.g. poloxamers), poly-orthoesters, cross-linked polyvinyl alcohol, polyanhydrides, polymethacrylate and polymethacryladmide hydrogels, anionic carbohydrate polymers, polyethylene glycol, etc. Useful delivery systems are well known in the art and are described in, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,937,254, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
  • The active agents may be made up in a liquid form (e.g., solutions, suspensions, or emulsions), and may be subjected to conventional pharmaceutical operations such as sterilization and/or may contain conventional pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvants, such as stabilizers, wetting agents, emulsifiers, preservatives, cosolvents, suspending agents, viscosity enhancing agents, ionic strength and osmolality adjustors and other excipients in addition to buffering agents. Suitable water-soluble preservatives which may be employed in the drug delivery vehicle include sodium bisulfite, sodium thiosulfate, ascorbate, benzalkonium chloride, chlorobutanol, thimerosal, phenylmercuric borate, parabens, benzyl alcohol, phenylethanol or antioxidants such as Vitamin E and tocopherol and chelators such as EDTA and EGTA. These agents may be present, generally, in amounts of about 0.001% to about 5% by weight and, preferably, in the amount of about 0.01 to about 2% by weight.
  • For administration, the active agent is ordinarily combined with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvants appropriate for the indicated route of administration. The compounds may be admixed with lactose, sucrose, starch powder, cellulose esters of alkanoic acids, stearic acid, talc, magnesium stearate, magnesium oxide, sodium and calcium salts of phosphoric and sulphuric acids, acacia, gelatin, sodium alginate, polyvinylpyrrolidine, and/or polyvinyl alcohol, and tableted or encapsulated for conventional administration. Alternatively, the compounds of this invention may be dissolved in saline, water, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, carboxymethyl cellulose colloidal solutions, ethanol, corn oil, peanut oil, cottonseed oil, sesame oil, tragacanth gum, and/or various buffers including phosphate buffered saline. Other adjuvants and modes of administration are well known in the pharmaceutical art. The carrier or diluent may include time delay material, such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate alone or with a wax, or other materials well known in the art.
  • The dosage regimen of the active agents for inducing sustained immune system response in HIV-infected patients is based on a variety of factors, including the age, weight, sex, medical condition of the individual, the severity of the condition, the route of administration, and the particular active agent to be administered. Thus, the dosage regimen may vary widely, but can be determined routinely by a physician using standard methods. Dosage levels of the order of between 10−14 μg/Kg to 30,000 μg/Kg of the active agents per body weight may be used for all methods of use disclosed herein. Preferred dosage levels range from 1 μg/Kg to 250 μg/Kg in the intermittent dose schedules. In a preferred embodiment, dosages during the initial dosage regimen are 20 μg/Kg bodyweight of the subject and intermittent dosages after such initial dosage regimen range from 20 to 100 μg/Kg bodyweight.
  • The efficacy of the dosing schedules are determined by methods that measure indications such as decreases in HIV levels in the patient's peripheral blood lymphocytes, (viral load), anemia, thrombocytopenia, and lymphopenia; and increased CD4+, CD8+, CD3+, and CD56+ cell counts, lymphocyte numbers, antibody titer, resistance to pathogenic and opportunistic infections, and survival of HIV-infected patients.
  • The active agents of the present invention may also be administered in a further stabilized form, such as, for example, associated with polyethylene glycol or as a fusion protein, or other forms known in the art.
  • AIDS, surgery patients and cancer patients have been shown to have elevated cortisol levels resulting in suppression of cytokine production, such as IL2 and gamma interferon. Such suppression of cytokine production contributed to the suppression of the immune system. Cortisol, in particular, is believed to have inhibitory effect on gene transcription of IL2, and down-regulates cytotoxic cells and NK lymphocytes. See, e.g., K. Ogawa et al., “Suppression of Cellular Immunity by Surgical Stress,” Surgery, 127(3): 329-36 (March, 2000); “Suppressant Effects of Cortisol,” Goodman and Gilmans, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, Pergamon Press, New York (8th Ed. 1990). Cortisol also produces fatigue and weakness in AIDS patients. The studies reported in the examples demonstrate that an intermittent dosage regimen of met-enkephalin reverses HIV-induced immune suppression resulting in increased IL2 levels and T cells and would be expected to reverse such immune suppression induced by a common pathway—cortisol—as seen in AIDS, surgery, cancer, and other patients.
  • The present invention may be better understood with reference to the accompanying examples that are intended for purposes of illustration only and should not be construed to limit the scope of the invention.
    • Example 1 In Vivo Administration of Met-Enkephalin as a ‘Therapeutic Vaccine’
  • An original 12 week double blind study designed to measure the effects of a regular dosing schedule of met-enkephalin on cytotoxic T cells levels in HIV-infected patients was undertaken. Dosages for each patient varied according to group: (1) 60 μg/Kg; (2) 125 μg/Kg and (3) placebo. The patients were administered either active agent (met-enkephalin) or placebo (normal saline; control group) once a week for twelve weeks by means of intravenous infusions. At the eight and twelve week mark, samples from each patient were taken in order to measure levels of T-cells. At twelve weeks the infusions were stopped. Measurement of T-cell counts were again recorded 4 weeks after stopping the infusions (16 week time point). The results show sustained response levels of cytotoxic T cells a month after the last dosing of met-enkephalin.
  • TABLE II
    Immunological Values One Month After Last N-Saline Infusion
    BASELINE ONE MONTH DIFFERENCE
    CD3 (6/8) 1260 ± 136 (1) 976 ± 103* −284
    CD4 (6/8)  383 ± 37 304 ± 37* −79
    CD8 (5/8)  914 ± 153 668 ± 104* −246
    CD56 (7/8)  22 ± 6  80 ± 18* +58
    CD25 (5/8)  45 ± 8  90 ± 17* +45
    (IL2 Receptor)
    CD38 (7/8)  220 ± 8 505 ± 84 +285
    CD3 *P = 0.01
    CD4 *P = 0.001
    CD8 *P = 0.02
    CD56 *P = 0.01
    CD25 *P = 0.02
    CD38 *P = 0.01
    (1) Mean cell numbers is. e. per cu.mm.
    (N/8) Number of patients with cell counts above (or below) baseline
  • TABLE III
    IMMUNOLOGICAL VALUES ONE MONTH AFTER LAST
    N-METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN INFUSION
    BASELINE ONE MONTH DIFFERENCE
    CD3 (9/12) 1003 ± 81(1) 1183 ± 116* +180
    CD4 (7/12)  314 ± 39  351 ± 37* +37
    CD8 (9/12)  659 ± 64  787 ± 79* +128
    CD56 (11/12)  22 ± 6  137 ± 6* +115
    CD25 (10/12)  58 ± 12  145 ± 62* +87
    (IL-2 receptor)
    CD38 (9/12)  320 ± 79  636 ± 103* +316
    (1) Mean cell numbers of cells ± s.e. per cu.mm
    CD3 *P = 0.04
    CD4 *P = 0.01
    CD8 *P = 0.001
    CD56 *P = 0.001
    CD25 *P = 0.09
    CD38 *P = 0.05
    (N/12) Number of patients with cell counts above baseline
    • Summary of Results:
  • Cytotoxic T cells (including CD3, CD4 and CD8 cells) were found to be elevated compared to baseline values one month after the last dosing of methionine enkephalin (8-12 weeks infusion). In sharp contrast the placebo treated control group had a progressive decrease of the same cells over the 16 week study. The results indicate that treatment with met-enkephalin increases cytotoxic T cells (that can reduce viral load) and may be considered as a “therapeutic vaccine” approach to the treatment of HIV on an intermittent dosage schedule. These sustained results are particularly surprising given the measured half-life of Met-enkelphalin in plasma is approximately two minutes.
    • CD3, CD4, and CD8 Cells
  • Patients treated with methionine enkephalin one month earlier were found to have sustained increases of T cells compared to baseline (mean CD3+180, CD4+37, CD8+128). In sharp contrast patients infused with n-saline one month earlier were found to have sharp declines in T cell numbers compared to baseline values (CD3−284, CD4−79−246).
    • CD56 Cells
  • Natural killer cells numbers were greater than baseline for both the met-enkephalin and n-saline infusion groups compared to baseline. However, the met-enkephalin group was significantly higher than the n-saline group (80+18 versus 137+21 p=0.03).
    • CD25 Cells 1L2 Receptor
  • Interleukin II receptor expression was increased in both groups compared to baseline although the met-enkephalin had a larger increase than the n-saline group (45 versus 87 cells).
    • CD38 Cells
  • Both groups were found to have increases of CD 38 cell numbers above baseline (285 for the saline group versus 316 for the enkephalin group).
  • This study supports the hypothesis proposed by Walker and coworkers, that the most important cells in maintaining the immune system in AIDS patients are the cytotoxic T cells (CD3, CD8) (Walker, et al., Nature, 1987; 328: 345-348). These cytotoxic T cells are the same cells activated by vaccines (Belyakov, et al., J. Clin. Invest., 1998; 102(112): 2072-2081). CD4 subsets also have cytotoxic actions against HIV (Hahn, et al., Int. Rev. Immunol., 1999; 18(5-6): 449-464). NK cells also are cytotoxic against HIV (Melder, et al., FASEB J., 1989; 3: 4).
  • In the present study CD56 cells were elevated in both enkephalin and saline treated groups (8-12 weeks of infusions). The significantly greater increase in the enkephalin group can be attributed to the activating effects of the enkephalin and resultant increases in the enkephalin group can be attributed on the NK cells. Saline infusions for 8-12 weeks may also activate the same systems to some extent due to the stress of the procedure resulting in some increase of the cytokines and CD25.
    • Example 2 In Vivo Administration of Met-Enkephalin of Advanced AIDS Patients
  • Six advanced AIDS patients with CD4 Counts of less than 200 cells per μl were treated with an intermittent therapy of met-enkephalin. During an initial dosage regimen, dosages of met-enkephalin were given at 20 μg/Kg bodyweight of the subject three times per week for 4 weeks. Thereafter, subjects were given 20-100 μg/Kg bodyweight on an as-needed basis. Patients 4 and 6 had intermittent treatments after an initial dosage regimen.
  • Results at the start of the regimen, after one month of regular initial dosage regimen, and, for patients 4 and 6, after 3 additional months of intermittent therapy are given in Table IV and V.
  • TABLE IV
    AIDS Patients Rx Regimen and Clinical Evaluation
    Met-Enk
    Patient Rx Treatment Associated Clinical
    Description Pre-Rx status Regimen Duration Treatment Evaluation
    1. 42 Yr. Male Kapos Sarcoma 20 μg/Kg,  4 mos. Kaposi Sarcoma stable
    Homosexual (Cutancous) 3x/wk No opportunistic infection
    Pheumocystis carinii (5/15/87)
    AIDS-(IV, C, D) AZT (5/87)
    2. 42 Yr. Male Pheumocystis Carinii, 20 μg/Kg 10 mos. Amphotericin No opportunistic infection except
    African Esophageal 3x wk (12/85); Sulfadizine cardida esophagitis
    Candidiasis; Cerebral to 100 μg/Kg Vincristine Shigella enteritis cured
    Toxoplastrosis; 3x/wk Miconazol Kaposi sarcoma stable
    Generalized is (10/87) Klebgiella septicemia cured
    Cryptococcus (lung,
    G.I Bone Marrow
    Meningitis,
    Parlcarditis)
    Kaposi Sarcoma stable
    AIDS-(IV, C, D)
    3. 34 Yr. Male Kaposi Sarcoma 20 μg/Kg, 24 mos. Local Liquid Kaposi sarcoma stable (some
    Homosexual (cutaneous lymph 3x wk (10/85); N2 Temission, some new lesions)
    nodes) to 100 μg/Kg; No opportunistic infections
    AIDS-(IV, C, D) 3x (10/87) Sulmonelia septicemia at month 22
    4. 37 Yr. Cerebral 20 μg/Kg, 3x  8 mos. Sulfidiazine Month 7 of RX Paraplegia and
    Female Toxoplasmosis; wk/(1/87) to 100 μg/Kg Pyrimethamine Sphimeteral problems (HIV
    African Candida Esophagitis (2/87) radicultais?)
    (cutaneous) Death of unknown origin (Bacterial
    Kaposi Sarcoma infection7 Lung emboli7)
    AIDS (IV, C) No recurrence of opportunistic
    infection
    5. 34 yr-Male Cerebral 20 μg Kg), 3x/wk  4 mos. Sulfadiazine Signs of cerebral atrophy after
    Homosexual Toxoplasntosis (1/07) to 50 μ/Kg (dropped Pyrimethamine 2 mos. of RX (HIV dementia)
    AIDS (IV, C) 3x/1 wk(3/87) out) No recurrence of opportunistic
    infection
    6. 31 Yr. Non Hodgkin 20 μg/Kg, 11 mos. Disappearance of skin lesions at first
    Male Lymphoma 3x/wk (4/86) (dropped (biopsy) but relapse (7 months) with
    Homosexual Cerebral to 100 μg/Kg out) probable lung involvement at
    Toxoplasmosis (5/87) month 11
    Mycobacicrium No recurrence of opportunistic
    Kansami infection.
    Kaposi Sarcoma
    (Colandoris)
    AIDS-(IV, C, D)
  • TABLE V
    AIDS Patients Immunology
    Other Readings Other Readings
    Patient # Start 1 Month 4 Months (Months) (Months)
    Lymphocytes/mm3
    1 578 — 1130*
    2 700 1066* 1172* 540 (8 M)  360 (10 M)
    3 1716 2080* 1776* 1173 (24 M)
    4 1380 1440* 1620* 969 (7 M)
    5 896  928*  360 —
    6 247  324*  252 112 (11 M)
    CD3/mm3
    1 387 —  881* —
    2 616  820 1337 410 (8 M)  256 (10 M)
    3 1287 1560* 1598* 961 (24 M)
    4 730  940*  790* 532 (7 M)
    5 689  677 — —
    6 205  250*  164 78 (11 M)
    CD4/mm3
    1 29  68* — —
    2 28  43*  49* 32 (8 M)   7 (10 M)
    3 205  437*  391* 106 (24 M)
    4 40  40  60* 58* (7 M)
    5 63  65*  50 —
    6 25  32*  13 10 (11 M)
    Start 1 M 4 M
    CD8/mm3
    1 61  66*
    2 546  767* 1271* 340 (8 M)   23 (10 M)
    3 1047 1144* 1154* 821 (24 M)
    4 650  860*  770* 610 (7 M)
    5 609  594  198 —
    6 205  250*  164 78 (11 M)
    Ratio CD4/CD8
    1 0.5 —   1.0* —
    2 0.05   0.06*   0.40 0.09* (8 M) 0.02 (10 M)
    3 0.02   0.38*   0.34* 0.13 (24 M)
    4 0.06   0.05   0.08* 0.09* (7 M)
    5 0.10   0.11*   0.26* —
    6 0.10   0.13*   0.08 0.13* (11 M)
    PHA (cpm × 103)
    1 213 — —
    2 42   8  28 15 (8 M)   11 (10 M)
    3 144  72  128 227* (24 M)
    4 92  151*  187* 16 (7 M)
    5 48  82*  60* —
    6 96  86  37 8 (11 M)
    Start 1 Month 4 Months
    PWM (cpm × 103)
    1 32 — — —
    2 14   6   7 12 (8)   9 (10 M)
    3 14  19*  12 57* (24 M)
    4 21  25*  47* — (7 M)
    5 13  18*  12 —
    6 17  19* — —
    NK (%)
    1 3 —  17*
    2 27  27   6 —
    3 26  43*  33* 13 (8 M)
    4 5   5   4 30* (24 M)
    5 2   7* — 16* (7 M)
    6 18  19* — — (11 M)
    IL2 (Units)
    1 0.04 —   0.1* —
    2 0 — — 0.1* (8 M)   0 (10 M)
    3 0.34   0.43*   0 —
    4 0   0   0 0.03* (7 M)
    5 0   0   0.03* —
    6 0.1   0 — — (11 M)
    *Increase over baseline
  • Summary of Results:
  • The study described in this Example 2 demonstrates that intermittent dosage schedules provided comparable or better results in some patients to patients with continued regimens comparable to the initial dosage regimen. In particular, patients 4 and 6 showed positive results over an extended time period, with no recurrence of opportunistic infection. Patient 6 had a disappearance of skin lesions for an extended period of time. Changes included a visible reduction in size in some tumors, as well as tumor color resolution to white.
  • Patient 4 demonstrated increased lymphocyte, CD3, CD4, and CD8 counts; Patient 6 experienced increased lymphocyte counts compared to baseline. The principal immunological effects were increases in T cell subsets (CD3, CD4 and CD8) and blastogenesis with activation of gene transcription.
  • Thus, this clinical data demonstrates that an intermittent dose therapy of met-enkephalin can increase gene transcription of T cells in advanced AIDS patients and reduce or stabilize Kaposis sarcoma nodules.
  • It will be recognized by those of skill in the art that the active agents and methods of the present invention may be further modified without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, and are not limited by the foregoing examples or preferred embodiments. This disclosure is intended to cover all variations, uses, or adaptations of the invention that generally follow the principles of the invention in the art to which it pertains.

Claims (21)

I claim:
1. A method of treating cortisol-induced immunosuppression in a subject by:
treating said subject with an initial dosage regimen of enkephalin peptides;
discontinuing said initial dosage regimen with no further administration of said enkephalin peptides for at least four weeks; and
administering booster dosages of enkephalin peptides thereafter as necessary to reduce said cortisol-induced immunosuppression.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein said initial dosage regimen comprises SEQ ID NO: 1, either alone or in conjunction with other therapies, wherein each dose in the initial dosage regimen is 1 to 250 μg/Kg bodyweight of the subject, and wherein said initial dosage regimen reduces said cortisol-induced immunosuppression,
wherein said at least four weeks of discontinuing said initial dosage regimen with no further administration of said enkephalin peptide is for a period of 4 to 24 weeks, wherein the reduction in said cortisol-induced immunosuppression is sustained during said period in which said administration of said enkephalin peptide is discontinued, and wherein said reduction in said cortisol-induced immunosuppression comprises an elevated amount of at least one selected from the group consisting of IL2, gamma interferon, cytotoxic T cells, natural killer cells, CD38 cells and interleukin II receptor expression in comparison to a baseline value.
3. A method of inhibiting cortisol-induced suppression of cytokine production in a subject by:
treating said subject with an initial dosage regimen of enkephalin peptides;
discontinuing said initial dosage regimen with no further administration of said enkephalin peptides for at least four weeks; and
administering booster dosages of enkephalin peptides thereafter as necessary to maintain said cytokine production.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein said initial dosage regimen comprises SEQ ID NO: 1, either alone or in conjunction with other therapies, wherein each dose in the initial dosage regimen is 1 to 250 μg/Kg bodyweight of the subject, and wherein said initial dosage regimen inhibits cortisol-induced suppression of cytokine production,
wherein said at least four weeks of discontinuing said initial dosage regimen with no further administration of said enkephalin peptide is for a period of 4 to 24 weeks, and wherein the inhibition in said cortisol-induced suppression of cytokine production is maintained during said period in which said administration of said enkephalin peptide is discontinued.
5. A method of inhibiting a cortisol-induced reduction of gene transcription of IL2 in a subject by:
treating said subject with an initial dosage regimen of enkephalin peptides;
discontinuing said initial dosage regimen with no further administration of said enkephalin peptides for at least four weeks; and
administering booster dosages of enkephalin peptides thereafter as necessary to maintain said IL2 gene transcription.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein said initial dosage regimen comprises SEQ ID NO: 1, either alone or in conjunction with other therapies, wherein each dose in the initial dose regimen is 1 to 250 μg/Kg bodyweight of the subject, and wherein said initial dosage regimen inhibits cortisol-induced reduction of gene transcription of IL2,
wherein said at least four weeks of discontinuing said initial dosage regimen with no further administration of said enkephalin peptide is for a period of 4 to 24 weeks, and wherein the inhibition in said cortisol-induced reduction of gene transcription of IL2 is maintained during said period in which said administration of said enkephalin peptide is discontinued.
7. A method of inhibiting cortisol-induced down-regulation of cytotoxic cells or NK lymphocytes in a subject by:
treating said subject with an initial dosage regimen of enkephalin peptides;
discontinuing said initial dosage regimen with no further administration of said enkephalin peptides for at least four weeks; and
administering booster dosages of enkephalin peptides thereafter as necessary to maintain levels of said cytotoxic cells or NK lymphocytes.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein said initial dosage regimen comprises SEQ ID NO: 1, either alone or in conjunction with other therapies, wherein each dose in the initial dosage regimen is 1 to 250 μg/Kg bodyweight of the subject, and wherein said initial dosage regimen inhibits cortisol-induced down-regulation of cytotoxic cells or NK lymphocytes,
wherein said at least four weeks of discontinuing said initial dosage regimen with no further administration of said enkephalin peptide is for a period of 4 to 24 weeks, and wherein the inhibition in said cortisol-induced down-regulation of cytotoxic cells or NK lymphocytes is maintained during said period in which said administration of said enkephalin peptide is discontinued.
9. The method of claim 2, wherein the dosage of enkephalin peptide during the initial dosage regimen is 20 μg/Kg bodyweight of the patient.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein the need for periodic booster shots is determined by measuring the patient's reduction in said cortisol-induced immunsuppression from 4 to 16 weeks after cessation of the initial dosage regimen, and comparing the reduction in said cortisol-induced immunsuppression with both a baseline value and a response value measured at the end of the dosing schedule.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein periodic booster dosages are given, as needed, up to 5 times a week for 1 to 4 weeks.
12. The method of claim 1, wherein the booster dosage of enkephalin peptide after the initial dosage regimen ranges from 20 to 100 μg/Kg bodyweight.
13. The method of claim 1, wherein the initial dosage regimen is 1-5 times per week over a 4-12 week period.
14. The method of claim 1, wherein the other therapies include cytokine, antiviral, antibiotics, antifungal, antiparasite and anti-tumor therapies.
15. The method of claim 1, wherein said initial dosage regime is once per week for 4 to 12 weeks.
16. The method of claim 3, wherein the dosage of enkephalin peptide during the initial dosage regimen is 20 μg/Kg bodyweight of the patient.
17. The method of claim 3, wherein said initial dosage regime is once per week for 4 to 12 weeks.
18. The method of claim 5, wherein the dosage of enkephalin peptide during the initial dosage regimen is 20 μg/Kg bodyweight of the patient.
19. The method of claim 5, wherein said initial dosage regime is once per week for 4 to 12 weeks.
20. The method of claim 7, wherein the dosage of enkephalin peptide during the initial dosage regimen is 20 μg/Kg bodyweight of the patient.
21. The method of claim 7, wherein said initial dosage regime is once per week for 4 to 12 weeks.
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