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US20110038957A1 - Novel nutraceutical compositions containing stevia extract or stevia extract constituents and uses thereof - Google Patents

Novel nutraceutical compositions containing stevia extract or stevia extract constituents and uses thereof Download PDF

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US20110038957A1
US20110038957A1 US12/745,421 US74542108A US2011038957A1 US 20110038957 A1 US20110038957 A1 US 20110038957A1 US 74542108 A US74542108 A US 74542108A US 2011038957 A1 US2011038957 A1 US 2011038957A1
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rebaudioside
stevia extract
mental
mice
stevia
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Ann Fowler
Regina Goralczyk
Claus Kilpert
Annis Olivia Mayne-Mechan
Bernd Mussler
Adrian Wyss
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DSM IP Assets BV
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
    • A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K20/10—Organic substances
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K20/10—Organic substances
    • A23K20/163—Sugars; Polysaccharides
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
    • A23K50/40—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for carnivorous animals, e.g. cats or dogs
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
    • A23L27/00—Spices; Flavouring agents or condiments; Artificial sweetening agents; Table salts; Dietetic salt substitutes; Preparation or treatment thereof
    • A23L27/30—Artificial sweetening agents
    • A23L27/33—Artificial sweetening agents containing sugars or derivatives
    • A23L27/36—Terpene glycosides
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
    • A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
    • A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
    • A23L33/105—Plant extracts, their artificial duplicates or their derivatives
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/7028—Compounds having saccharide radicals attached to non-saccharide compounds by glycosidic linkages
    • A61K31/7034—Compounds having saccharide radicals attached to non-saccharide compounds by glycosidic linkages attached to a carbocyclic compound, e.g. phloridzin
    • A61K31/704—Compounds having saccharide radicals attached to non-saccharide compounds by glycosidic linkages attached to a carbocyclic compound, e.g. phloridzin attached to a condensed carbocyclic ring system, e.g. sennosides, thiocolchicosides, escin, daunorubicin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
    • A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
    • A61K36/185—Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
    • A61K36/28—Asteraceae or Compositae (Aster or Sunflower family), e.g. chamomile, feverfew, yarrow or echinacea
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a novel nutraceutical composition or food additive comprising Stevia extract or its constituents, such as steviol and stevioside, as active ingredient(s) to improve cognitive functions, such as learning, memory and alertness, as well as relieving psychosocial pressure.
  • Stevia extract or its constituents such as steviol and stevioside
  • Memory, learning and alertness rely on neuronal circuits in the midbrain, especially in the hippocampus where information is processed and memory is consolidated.
  • Mental performance and learning are dependent on synaptic plasticity; i.e. strengthening of neuronal connections by the recruitment of new receptors, formation of new synapses and eventually the generation of new neuronal connections.
  • LTP Long term potentiation
  • CNS central nervous system
  • LTP has been observed both in vitro and in living animals. Under experimental conditions, applying a series of short, high-frequency electrical stimuli to a synapse can potentiate the strength of the chemical synapse for minutes to hours. Most importantly, LTP contributes to synaptic plasticity in living animals, providing the foundation for a highly adaptable nervous system.
  • NMDA N-methyl-D-aspartate
  • AMPA ⁇ -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid
  • NMDA receptors are composed of assemblies of NR1- and NR2-subunits; the glutamate binding domain is formed at the junction of these subunits.
  • the NMDA receptor requires a co-agonist, glycine, in order to modulate receptor function.
  • the glycine binding site is found on the NR1 subunit, while the NR2 subunit possesses a binding site for polyamines, regulatory molecules that modulate the functioning of the NMDA receptor.
  • the amino acid glycine is thus known to act as a positive allosteric modulator and obligatory co-agonist with glutamate at the NMDA receptor complex (Danysz and Parsons 1998 Pharmacol. Rev., 50(4):597-664).
  • Glycine transporters (GlyT) play an important role in the termination of postsynaptic glycinergic actions and maintenance of low extracellular glycine concentrations by reuptake of glycine into presynaptic nerve terminals or glial cells. The termination of the action of glycine is therefore largely mediated by rapid reuptake.
  • GlyT1 and GlyT2 Two glycine transporters, GlyT1 and GlyT2, are known and are characterised by 12 putative transmembrane regions, while three variants of GlyT1 (GlyT1a, b, and c) encoded from the same gene have been identified (Borowsky and Hoffman 1998 J. Biol. Chem., 273(44):29077-29085).
  • GlyT1 is the only sodium chloride-dependent glycine transporter in the forebrain, where it is co-expressed with the NMDA receptor. At this site, GlyT1 is thought to be responsible for controlling extracellular levels of glycine at the synapse (López-Corcuera et al 2001 Mol. Membr. Biol., 18(1):13-20), resulting in modulation of NMDA receptor function.
  • nutraceutical compositions that may be used to improve learning, memory and alertness, in both elderly and young people, individuals who need especially high memory and attention in their daily work, including students, construction workers, drivers, pilots, physicians, salespeople, executives, housewives, “high performance professionals” and people who are under mental or daily stress as well as persons who are prone to psychiatric instability, such as schizophrenia.
  • Stevia extracts have been added to beverages/food compositions in the past, (for example see Japanese Kokai 2005-278467 to Nippon Paper Chemical Co., Ltd), but the Stevia extract functioned as a sweetener.
  • compounds of Formulae I and II are activators of hippocampal function, through their ability to induce LTP, and as such are useful as nutraceuticals and/or pharmaceuticals which enhance cognitive functions.
  • These compounds can function either by inhibiting the glycine transporter, GlyT1, thus inhibiting reuptake of glycine, or by activation of another pathway which leads to LTP induction, or by both mechanisms.
  • this invention relates to a method of enhancing cognitive functions by administering a cognitive-function enhancing amount of a compound of Formula I, II, or mixtures thereof to an animal (including humans).
  • Stevia extract has the ability to inhibit glycine reuptake by inhibiting the glycine transporter, GlyT1.
  • GlyT1 glycine transporter
  • one aspect of the invention is a novel nutraceutical composition, comprising Stevia extract or one or more compounds of Formula I or II to enhance cognitive function.
  • Particularly preferred compounds of Table 1 are steviol and stevioside, in addition to isosteviol.
  • Glc, Xyl and Rha represent, respectively, glucose, xylose and rhamnose sugar moieties (Kuznesof (2007) Steviol glycosides - chemical and technical assessment, 68 th JECFA meeting).
  • Isosteviol (CAS number, 27975-19-5) is a decomposition product of steviol glycosides.
  • the compounds of Formula I and II can either be synthetically produced using known methods, be extracted from natural sources, such as plants, using known extraction procedures, or they may be used as a component of a plant extract, preferably a Stevia extract, which contains sufficient amounts of steviol and/or stevioside to be an effective enhancer of hippocampal function.
  • FIG. 1 shows the dose-response curve of Stevia extract in the GlyT1 inhibition assay. Assay results are presented as the percentage inhibition of internalisation of radioactive glycine into the cells. FIG. 1 clearly demonstrates that Stevia extract can specifically inhibit the action of GlyT1 in a cellular assay.
  • FIG. 2 a shows the error rate in the step-down test; a: significantly different from vehicle-treated, age-matched littermates during the training period. b: significantly different from vehicle-treated, age-matched littermates during the test period. c: significantly different from vehicle-treated, age-matched littermates during the washout period. d: significantly different from ginkgo biloba -treated mice during the washout period. In all cases, significance is denoted as p ⁇ 0.05.
  • FIG. 2 b shows results from the duration of latency step-down behavioral testing (to escape electric shock) b: significantly different from vehicle-treated, age-matched littermates during the test period. c: significantly different from vehicle-treated, age-matched littermates during the washout period. d: significantly different from Ginkgo biloba -treated mice during the washout period. In all cases, significance is denoted as p ⁇ 0.05.
  • mice treated with 150 mg/kg Stevia extract showed a significantly better learning and memory performance than their age-matched controls while, at the highest dose, Stevia -treated mice performed better than both the age-matched control mice and than the ginkgo biloba -treated positive controls.
  • FIG. 3 a shows the latency period to locate the previous position of a hidden platform in the Morris water maze during training days. a: significantly different from vehicle-treated, age-matched littermates during the first day, emphasizing that treatment with a low dose of Stevia extract (50 mg/kg) significantly improved the learning performance of the animals. Significance is denoted as p ⁇ 0.05.
  • FIG. 3 b Latency period to locate the previous position of a hidden platform in the Morris water maze on the testing day (Day 4).
  • a significantly different from vehicle-treated, age-matched littermates, showing that treatment with intermediate (150 mg/kg) and high (450 mg/kg) doses of Stevia extract significantly improved the memory performance of the animals, to the same extent as was observed in mice administered the reference substance, Ginkgo biloba and better than rolipram-treated animals. Significance is denoted as p ⁇ 0.05.
  • FIG. 4 a shows error rates in the shuttle box test: a: significantly different from vehicle-treated, age-matched littermates during the test period. b: significantly different from vehicle-treated, age-matched littermates during the extinction period. Significance is denoted as p ⁇ 0.05.
  • FIG. 4 b shows escape times in the shuttle box test: a: significantly different from vehicle-treated, age-matched littermates during the test period. b: significantly different from Ginkgo biloba -treated, age-matched littermates during the test period. Significance is denoted as p ⁇ 0.05.
  • FIG. 5 shows visit duration in each corner 3 h before and after objects were presented.
  • the arrows represent the placement of an object.
  • FIG. 6 shows the place error rate (percentage of visits to incorrect corners).
  • FIG. 7 shows the side error rate (percentage of nosepokes at the incorrect side of the correct corner).
  • the Stevia extract may be made from any species of the genus Stevia , such as Stevia rebaudiana, Stevia eupatoria, Stevia ovata, Stevia plummerae, Stevia salicifolia and Stevia serrata .
  • the Stevia extract should contain at least about 10-95% stevioside and steviol, preferably from about 40-85%.
  • Stevia extract is intended to be used broadly, and can encompass plant extracts made by conventional means, such as steam distillation, water-based extractions, alcohol-based extractions, or organic solvent-based extractions, such as ethyl acetate, and ion-exchange chromatography.
  • Stevia extracts typically contain other compounds which may also be bioactive, and/or increase the bioavailability of the active components of Stevia .
  • the amounts in which they are present in the Stevia extract will vary, based on a number of factors, including: the species of Stevia used, the growing conditions of the plant, and, of course, the processes used to prepare the Stevia extract.
  • a typical Stevia extract prepared using aqueous extraction methods will contain steviol, isosteviol, stevioside and rebaudiosides.
  • LTP the basis of memory, learning and mental stability is LTP, or the strengthening of neuronal connections, which occurs via activation of AMPA and NMDA receptors within the brain, particularly in the hippocampus.
  • glycine reuptake inhibitors through their activity at GlyT1 , Stevia extracts allow accumulation of glycine in the vicinity of the NMDA receptor, thus activating it and ultimately resulting in the induction of LTP, the main cellular mechanism involved in memory formation and consolidation.
  • steviol, isosteviol and stevioside also induce activation of the same biochemical pathway (albeit at a different step than Stevia extract), leading to LTP induction, and are likewise beneficial in improving memory functions.
  • a “cognitive-function enhancing amount” means that the dosage is sufficient to activate hippocampal functions and can lead to improved cognitive function, which is explained further below.
  • treatment also encompasses co-treatment as well as prevention, lessening the symptoms associated with a particular condition, decreasing the time of onset of a particular condition, lessening the severity of a condition, and decreasing the likihood that an asymptomatic individual will show a condition in the future.
  • improved cognitive function is meant to refer to the conditions of supporting and maintaining cognitive wellness and balance, such as:
  • compositions may be used as nutritional supplements, particularly for people who may feel a need for enhanced cognitive function and/or psychosocial support.
  • a non-exhaustive list of people who would benefit from enhanced cognitive function would include:
  • administration over several days for example at least six or ten days
  • administration daily for several weeks is generally preferred.
  • Animals which can benefit from enhanced cognitive function include those animals which are subject to stressful conditions. Such conditions occur, for example, after capture or transport or may be due to housing conditions (such as change of domicile or owner), when the animals develop analogous disorders and are distressed or aggressive, or display stereotypic behaviour, or anxiety and obsessive-compulsive behaviour. Animals which are subject to stress would also include those which are racing animals (e.g. dogs, horses, camels), or used in various sports, performing animals (such as circus animals and those appearing on stage, television or in the movies) and horses which perform dressage and other highly disciplined routines.
  • racing animals e.g. dogs, horses, camels
  • performing animals such as circus animals and those appearing on stage, television or in the movies
  • Preferred “animals” are pets or companion animals and farm animals. Examples of pets are dogs, cats, birds, aquarium fish, guinea pigs, (jack) rabbits, hares and ferrets. Examples of farm animals are aquaculture fish, pigs, horses, ruminants (cattle, sheep and goats) and poultry.
  • nutraceutical as used herein denotes usefulness in both nutritional and pharmaceutical fields of application.
  • novel nutraceutical compositions can be used as supplements to food and beverages and as pharmaceutical formulations for enteral or parenteral application which may be solid formulations, such as capsules or tablets, or liquid formulations, such as solutions or suspensions.
  • the nutraceutical compositions according to the present invention may further contain protective hydrocolloids (such as gums, proteins, modified starches), binders, film-forming agents, encapsulating agents/materials, wall/shell materials, matrix compounds, coatings, emulsifiers, surface active agents, solubilising agents (oils, fats, waxes, lecithins etc.), adsorbents, carriers, fillers, co-compounds, dispersing agents, wetting agents, processing aids (solvents), flowing agents, taste-masking agents, weighting agents, jellyfying agents, gel-forming agents, antioxidants and antimicrobials.
  • protective hydrocolloids such as gums, proteins, modified starches
  • binders film-forming agents, encapsulating agents/materials, wall/shell materials, matrix compounds, coatings, emulsifiers, surface active agents, solubilising agents (oils, fats, waxes, lecithins etc.), adsorbents, carriers, fill
  • a multi-vitamin and mineral supplement may be added to nutraceutical compositions of the present invention to obtain an adequate amount of an essential nutrient, which is missing in some diets.
  • the multi-vitamin and mineral supplement may also be useful for disease prevention and protection against nutritional losses and deficiencies due to lifestyle patterns.
  • the nutraceutical compositions according to the present invention may be in any galenic form that is suitable for administering to the body, especially in any form that is conventional for oral administration, e.g. in solid forms such as (additives/supplements for) food or feed, food or feed premix, fortified food or feed, tablets, pills, granules, dragées, capsules and effervescent formulations, such as powders and tablets, or in liquid forms, such as solutions, emulsions or suspensions as e.g. beverages, pastes and oily suspensions.
  • the pastes may be incorporated in hard- or soft-shell capsules, whereby the capsules feature e.g.
  • a matrix of (fish, swine, poultry, cow) gelatine, plant proteins or ligninsulfonate examples are those for transdermal, parenteral or injectable administration.
  • the dietary and pharmaceutical compositions may be in the form of controlled (delayed) release formulations.
  • dairy products including, for example, margarines, spreads, butter, cheese, yoghurts or milk-drinks.
  • Examples of fortified food are sweet corn, bread, cereal bars, bakery items, such as cakes and cookies, and potato chips or crisps.
  • Beverages encompass non-alcoholic and alcoholic drinks as well as liquid preparations to be added to drinking water and liquid food.
  • Non-alcoholic drinks are e.g. soft drinks, sports drinks, fruit juices, lemonades, teas and milk-based drinks.
  • Liquid foods are e.g. soups and dairy products.
  • the nutraceutical composition containing Stevia extract, its constituents or an enriched Stevia extract may be added to a soft drink, an energy bar, or a candy, such that an adult consumes 1 to 1000 mg, more preferably 50-750 mg and most preferably 100-500 mg of Stevia extract, its constituents or an enriched Stevia extract per daily serving(s).
  • the composition further contains pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, diluents or adjuvants.
  • Standard techniques may be used for their formulation, as e.g. disclosed in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 20 th edition Williams & Wilkins, PA, USA.
  • tablets and capsules are preferably used which contain a suitable binding agent, e.g. gelatine or polyvinyl pyrrolidone, a suitable filler, e.g. lactose or starch, a suitable lubricant, e.g. magnesium stearate, and optionally further additives.
  • Preferred are formulations containing 10 to 750 mg, more preferably 50 to 500 mg, of the Stevia extract or its constituents, per administration unit, e.g. per tablet or capsule.
  • a suitable daily dosage of Stevia extract or its constituents may be within the range from 0.15 mg per kg body weight to about 10 mg per kg body weight per day. More preferred are nutraceutical compositions of the present invention which contain Stevia extract or its constituents, preferably in an amount sufficient to administer to a human adult (weighing about 70 kg) a dosage from about 10 mg/day to about 750 mg/day, preferably from about 50 mg/day to about 500 mg/day.
  • a typical Stevia aqueous extract disclosed by this invention contains:
  • Stevioside ca. 70% Rebaudiosides ca. 20% Steviol, Isosteviol ca. 10%
  • the ground leaves of Stevia rebaudiana are mixed with hot water for 20-30 min. Subsequently, the aqueous extract is removed by draining, using pressure in order to achieve the maximum amount of extract. Several types of infusion/draining processes may be used.
  • the extract is allowed to cool to room temperature. In order to remove particles, the extract may be allowed to rest while particulate matter settles out or may be centrifuged.
  • the extract is subsequently dried, either by spray-drying or freeze-drying. This extract contains the sweetener principles, the plant pigments and other water-soluble components.
  • Stevia extract (“ Stevia leaves extract, 85% powder”; Catalogue number S1964) used in the following examples was purchased from Spectrum Laboratory Products Inc., Gardena, Calif., USA.
  • CHO cells stably expressing the human glycine transporter 1b cDNA were routinely grown in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, USA) containing 10% dialysed foetal calf serum, penicillin, streptomycin, proline and the antibiotic G418. Cells were harvested by trypsinisation one day prior to the assay and were seeded in the above mentioned medium.
  • uptake buffer containing 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM CaCl 2 , 2.5 mM KCl, 2.5 mM MgCl 2 , 10 mM Glucose and 10 mM N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N′-2-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES buffer).
  • Glycine uptake into the cells was determined by addition of 60 nM radio-labelled [ 3 H]-glycine (Amersham Biosciences GE Healthcare, Slough, UK) and incubation for 30 minutes at room temperature. Following removal of unincorporated label by gentle washing three times with the above buffer, incorporated glycine was quantified by liquid scintillation counting.
  • Glycine uptake via the GlyT1 transporter was inhibited by the addition of Stevia extract in a dose-dependent manner.
  • Sarcosine, ORG24598 and ALX5407 were used as known inhibitors of GlyT1.
  • the measured IC 50 values for inhibition of glycine uptake ( Stevia extract, extract constituents and reference compounds) and representative dose-response curve ( Stevia extract) are shown in Table 2 and FIG. 1 , respectively.
  • IC 50 for tritiated Substance glycine uptake Stevia Extract (composition according to example 1) 45 ⁇ 6.9 ⁇ g/ml Steviol (Chromadex; Cat. No. ASB-00019352-025) inactive Isosteviol (Wako Chemicals; Cat. no.
  • Transverse hippocampal slices 400 ⁇ m were prepared using a vibrating blade microtome (VT1200S; Leica Microsystems (Schweiz) AG, Heerbrugg, Switzerland) in the same buffer. Hippocampal slices were individually placed on membrane inserts (Millicell Culture Plate Inserts, 0.4 ⁇ m) and cultivated at 35° C., 5% CO 2 , 95% humidity in a medium containing a 1:1 mixture of BME and MEM (both from Invitrogen) containing 25% heat-inactivated horse serum, 1 ⁇ GlutaMAX, 1 ⁇ Penicillin/Streptomycin, 0.6% glucose and 1 mM Kynurenic acid (Stoppini 1991 J. Neurosci. Methods 37(2):173-82).
  • synaptic NMDA receptors were activated by addition of Stevia extract, its major constituents or control substances for 15 min in 140 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 1.3 mM CaCl 2 , 25 mM HEPES (pH 7.3), 33 mM D-glucose and 0.02 mM bicuculline methiodide.
  • Sarcosine (100 ⁇ M) and ALX5407 (20 nM) were used routinely as positive controls.
  • An additional positive control comprised the addition of 200 ⁇ M glycine to sister cultures. After the treatments, sections were washed and fixed for immunohistochemistry. Markers of enhanced synaptic activity, normally associated with long-term potentiation, representing an ex vivo model of learning and memory were quantitated (see Table 3, below).
  • mice were subjected to an associative learning and memory paradigm, the step-down test. Mice were individually placed in a reaction box, the floor of which was fitted with a 36V electric grid. When animals receive an electric shock, their normal reaction is to jump up onto an insulated platform to avoid the pain stimulus. Thus, the majority of animals that step down on to the grid, would, upon receiving the electric shock, rapidly jump back up on to the platform. On Day 0, animals were trained for 5 min, and the number of times each mouse was shocked, i.e. made an error, was noted. This data constituted the learning data. Mice were re-tested 24 h (Day 1, training day) and 48 h (Day 2, test day) later, with these trials serving as the memory tests. The number of animals shocked in each group, the time prior to first stepping down from the platform (latency) and the number of errors in the first 3 min were recorded. Six days after conclusion of training, on Day 8, memory decay was tested (washout test).
  • mice were administered test substances or vehicle via daily oral gavage (10 ml/kg) for 30 days prior to training the animals.
  • Stevia extract was tested at 3 doses, 50 (low), 150 (intermediate) and 450 (high) mg/kg, while the reference substance, Ginkgo biloba , was administered at a dose of 100 mg/kg.
  • the pharmacological positive control, rolipram was administered by intraperitoneal injection 30 min before testing.
  • mice When compared to vehicle-treated littermates (negative control), all groups of Stevia -treated animals exhibited a significantly better learning and memory performance during the training and memory phase and after the wash-out period, as shown by reductions in error rates ( FIG. 2 a ). Furthermore, during the training phase Stevia -treated mice (at 50 mg/kg) performed as well as mice administered the reference compound, ginkgo biloba , and better than rolipram-treated mice; during the test phase all three doses of Stevia extract resulted in similar performance to that observed in both ginkgo - and rolipram-treated mice; during the washout phase, mice administered low and intermediate doses of Stevia extract again performed as well as mice treated with the reference substance and positive control, while the highest dose of Stevia induced a significantly better performance than was seen in ginkgo -treated mice.
  • the latency period was significantly increased in mice administered the intermediate dose of Stevia extract, when compared with vehicle-treated control mice. Furthermore, this effect was equivalent to that observed in rolipram-treated mice.
  • the highest dose of Stevia extract induced a significant increase in latency, compared with both vehicle-treated control mice and mice administered ginkgo biloba extract ( FIG. 2 b ).
  • Stevia extract enabled improved learning and memory performance, to a similar, or better, extent as a natural reference substance, ginkgo biloba , and a pharmaceutical positive control compound, rolipram.
  • FIG. 2 a Error rate in the step-down test; a: significantly different from vehicle-treated, age-matched littermates during the training period. b: significantly different from vehicle-treated, age-matched littermates during the test period. c: significantly different from vehicle-treated, age-matched littermates during the washout period. d: significantly different from ginkgo biloba -treated mice during the washout period. In all cases, significance is denoted as p ⁇ 0.05.
  • FIG. 2 b shows results for Step-down behavioral testing; duration of latency to escape electric shock b: significantly different from vehicle-treated, age-matched littermates during the test period. c: significantly different from vehicle-treated, age-matched littermates during the washout period. d: significantly different from ginkgo biloba -treated mice during the washout period. In all cases, significance is denoted as p ⁇ 0.05.
  • mice treated with 150 mg/kg Stevia extract showed a significantly better learning and memory performance than their age-matched controls while, at the highest dose, Stevia -treated mice performed better than both the age-matched control mice and than the ginkgo biloba -treated positive controls.
  • the Morris water maze is one of the best accepted paradigms to test spatial memory in rodents. Mice have to swim in a round pool and to search for a hidden platform, aided by the use of visual cues in the experimentation room.
  • the Morris water maze (diameter 1.5 m) used in this study included a hidden platform (10 cm ⁇ 10 cm), located 10 cm from the edge of the pool in the northwest quadrant (at “10 o'clock”). On Day 0, mice were acclimatized to the testing arena and received two training trials, during which they were trained to swim to the platform.
  • mice administered the lowest dose of Stevia performed significantly better than vehicle-treated control mice and than mice administered the positive control compound, rolipram ( FIG. 3 a ).
  • mice treated with the intermediate and high doses of Stevia showed a significantly shorter latency time compared to the age-matched control animals ( FIG. 3 b ).
  • FIG. 3 a shows the latency period to locate the previous position of a hidden platform in the Morris water maze during training days. a: significantly different from vehicle-treated, age-matched littermates during the first day, emphasizing that treatment with a low dose of Stevia extract (50 mg/kg) significantly improved the learning performance of the animals. Significance is denoted as p ⁇ 0.05.
  • FIG. 3 b shows the latency period to locate the previous position of a hidden platform in the Morris water maze on the testing day (Day 4).
  • a significantly different from vehicle-treated, age-matched littermates, showing that treatment with intermediate (150 mg/kg) and high (450 mg/kg) doses of Stevia extract significantly improved the memory performance of the animals, to the same extent as was observed in mice administered the reference substance, ginkgo biloba and better than rolipram-treated animals. Significance is denoted as p ⁇ 0.05.
  • the paradigm underlying this animal test is active avoidance of adverse stimuli.
  • One part of the shuttle box is equipped with a grid that delivers electric shocks.
  • An auditory signal (a beeping noise, lasting 7 s) precedes the electric shock.
  • the animal has to learn to escape to the other side of the shuttle box thereby crossing an infrared light beam.
  • mice were trained once per day, for 5 days.
  • the training program constituted 15 sessions; each session included (1) a 15 s pause, (2) a 7 s auditory signal (“beeping period”) and (3) an 8 s electric shock (“stimulating period”). If a mouse crossed one of the two infrared light beams at either end of the shuttle box during the beeping or stimulating period, it progressed to the next session.
  • the active escape times (beeping period) and passive escape times (stimulating period) were recorded and the total escape times were calculated. If a mouse did not cross an infrared light beam during the beeping period it was recorded as an error.
  • the errors and escape times recorded on Day 4 were taken as the training scores, on Day 5 as the test scores and on Day 8 as extinction scores.
  • FIG. 4 a shows the error rates in the shuttle box test: a: significantly different from vehicle-treated, age-matched littermates during the test period. b: significantly different from vehicle-treated, age-matched littermates during the extinction period. Significance is denoted as p ⁇ 0.05.
  • FIG. 4 b shows escape times in the shuttle box test: a: significantly different from vehicle-treated, age-matched littermates during the test period. b: significantly different from Ginkgo biloba -treated, age-matched littermates during the test period. Significance is denoted as p ⁇ 0.05.
  • mice treated with Stevia extract or Ginkgo biloba were compared with that of vehicle-treated, age-matched controls in the IntelliCage®, a system which enables automated monitoring of spontaneous and learning behavior of mice in a homecage-like environment (NewBehavior AG, Switzerland, www.newbehavior.com; Galsworthy et al. 2005 , Behav Brain Res 157: 211-217; Onishchenko et al. 2007 , Toxicol Sci 97: 428-437). Individual mice are recognized by sensors within the IntelliCage corners reading a transponder (reference identification tag) which is implanted into the scruff of the mouse's neck.
  • transponder reference identification tag
  • Each IntelliCage® is essentially a large cage (37.5 ⁇ 55 ⁇ 20.5 cm), into which is placed a metal frame, comprising four recording (operant) chambers.
  • the recording chambers fit into the corners of the cage, each covering a 15 ⁇ 15 ⁇ 21 cm right-angled triangular area of floor space.
  • In-cage antennae enable automatic monitoring of each individual mouse's corner visits; photo-beams within each corner enable automated recording of individual nosepokes and licks of the water bottle spouts.
  • Four triangular mouse shelters are placed in the center of the cage, above which is situated a food hopper, enabling ad libitum access to food.
  • Each recording chamber comprises: (1) a plastic ring (30 mm inner diameter) which serves as an entrance into the chamber and houses the circular antenna which registers corner visits; (2) a grid floor, which the mice sit on once they have entered the chamber; (3) two circular openings (13 mm diameter) which enable access to water bottle spouts; each opening is crossed by photo-beams which register nose-pokes; (4) two motorized doors, which allow (door open) or prohibit (door closed) access to the water bottle spouts; (5) two water bottles; (6) tubing, through which air-puffs can be delivered as aversive stimulation; (7) different colored light diodes, which can be used for conditioning experiments.
  • mice were administered test substances or vehicle via daily oral gavage (10 ml/kg) throughout the 8 week study.
  • mice During an initial adaptation period (4-5 days) mice had free access to all corners, water and feed and could freely explore the cage. Subsequently, mice had to learn to apply nose-pokes (nose-poke adaptation module, 3 days); all doors were initially closed (access to water was prohibited) and mice had to perform a nose-poke in order to open a door and to reach a water bottle spout. Data collected comprised several parameters, such as the least-preferred corner of each individual mouse, which was noted for programming the next modules.
  • FIG. 5 shows the visit duration in each corner 3 h before and after objects were presented.
  • the arrows represent the placement of an object.
  • This module was designed to test attention and associative memory.
  • One correct corner was assigned to each mouse. In this corner only one side (of two) was assigned as correct, and was indicated to the animals by a green LED. At the correct side animals could make a nosepoke and subsequently drink from the water bottle.
  • place errors i.e. percentage of visits to incorrect corners
  • side errors i.e. percentage of nosepokes at the incorrect side of the correct corner
  • FIG. 6 shows the place error rate (percentage of visits to incorrect corners).
  • FIG. 7 shows the side error rate (percentage of nosepokes at the incorrect side of the correct corner).
  • results from the automated IntelliCage® studies confirm the behavioural results from classical tests (Examples 4, 5 and 6) that treatment with Stevia extract for 8 weeks results in a significant improvement of learning and memory in mice when compared to vehicle-treated littermates.
  • the improvement in performance seen in Stevia -treated mice was even greater than that observed in mice administered either the natural reference substance, Ginkgo biloba , or the pharmaceutical positive control compound, rolipram.
  • a soft gelatine capsule may be prepared comprising the following ingredients:
  • Two capsules per day for 3 months may be administered to a human adult. Cognitive function, alertness and the ability to focus on work are seen to improve.
  • the ready-to-drink soft drink contains ca. 15 mg enriched Stevia extract per serving (250 ml). As a strengthener and for general well-being 2 servings per day (500 ml) may be drunk. Cognitive function, alertness and the ability to focus on work are seen to improve.
  • the enriched Stevia extract is premixed with skimmed milk powder and placed in a planetary bowl mixer. Cornflakes and rice crispies are added and the total is mixed gently. Then the dried and cut apples are added.
  • water and salt are mixed in the amounts given above (solution 1).
  • glucose-, invert sugar- and sorbitol-syrups are mixed in the amounts given above (solution 2).
  • the fat phase constitutes a mixture of baking fat, palm kernel fat, lecithin and emulsifier.
  • Solution 1 is heated to 110° C.
  • Solution 2 is heated to 113° C. and then cooled in a cold water bath. Subsequently, solutions 1 and 2 are combined. The fat phase is melted at 75° C.
  • the non-baked cereal bar contains ca. 10 mg enriched Stevia extract per serving (30 g). For general well-being and energising 1-2 cereal bars may be eaten per day. Cognitive function, alertness and the ability to focus on work are seen to improve.
  • a commercial basal diet for dogs (e.g. Mera Dog “Brocken”, MERA-Tiernahrung GmbH, Marienstra ⁇ e 80-84, D-47625 Kevelaer-Wetten, Germany) is sprayed with a solution of Stevia extract in water, together with antioxidants such as vitamin C (e.g. ROVIMIX® C-EC from DSM Nutritional Products Ltd, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland) and its derivatives, i.e. sodium ascorbyl monophosphate (e.g. STAY-C® 50 from DSM Nutritional Products Ltd, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland) or a mixture of tri-, di- and mono-phosphate esters of sodium/calcium L-ascorbate (e.g.
  • vitamin C e.g. ROVIMIX® C-EC from DSM Nutritional Products Ltd, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
  • its derivatives i.e. sodium ascorbyl monophosphate (e.g. STAY-C® 50 from DSM Nutritional Products Ltd, Kaiserau
  • ROVIMIX® STAY-C® 35 from DSM Nutritional Products Ltd, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland) in an amount sufficient to administer to a dog a daily dose of 4 mg Stevia extract per kg body weight.
  • the food composition is dried to contain dry matter of about 90% by weight.
  • the dog food contains approx. 200 mg Stevia extract per kg food.
  • the feed mix is prepared accordingly.
  • the food can be given to dogs in animal shelter farms on a regular basis. Before veterinarian visits or stays in veterinarian clinics or holiday separation, the food is given at least one week before, during the stressful event and one week thereafter.
  • a commercial basal diet for cats (e.g. Happy Cat “Adult”, Tierfeinnahrung, Südliche Hauptstra ⁇ e 38, D-86517 Wehringen, Germany) is mixed with a solution of Stevia extract in water, together with antioxidants such as vitamin C (e.g. ROVIMIX® C-EC from DSM Nutritional Products Ltd, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland) and its derivatives, i.e. sodium ascorbyl monophosphate (e.g. STAY-C® 50 from DSM Nutritional Products Ltd, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland) or a mixture of tri-, di- and mono-phosphate esters of sodium/calcium L-ascorbate (e.g.
  • vitamin C e.g. ROVIMIX® C-EC from DSM Nutritional Products Ltd, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
  • its derivatives i.e. sodium ascorbyl monophosphate (e.g. STAY-C® 50 from DSM Nutritional Products Ltd, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland) or a
  • ROVIMIX® STAY-C® 35 from DSM Nutritional Products Ltd, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland) in an amount sufficient to administer to a cat a daily dose of 4 mg Stevia extract per kg body weight.
  • the cat food contains 50 mg Stevia extract per kg food.
  • the food composition is dried to contain dry matter of about 90% by weight.
  • the food can be given to cats in animal shelter farms on a regular basis. Before veterinarian visits or stays in veterinarian clinics, the food is given at least one week before, during the stressful event, and one week thereafter.
  • ROVIMIX® STAY-C® 35 from DSM Nutritional Products Ltd, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland) in an amount sufficient to administer to the treats 0.5-5 mg Stevia extract per g treats.
  • the food composition is dried to contain dry matter of about 90% by weight.
  • the treat can be given during the day in addition to the food, or when feeding is not warranted, i.e. while travelling, for up to 5 times per day.
  • ROVIMIX® STAY-C® 35 from DSM Nutritional Products Ltd, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland) in an amount sufficient to administer to the treats 0.5-5 mg Stevia extract per g treats.
  • the food composition is dried to contain dry matter of about 90% by weight.
  • the treat can be given during the day in addition to the food, or when feeding is not warranted, i.e. while travelling, for up to 5 times per day.

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CN101883568B (zh) 2013-12-18
AU2008333570A1 (en) 2009-06-11
JP5584937B2 (ja) 2014-09-10
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KR20100099243A (ko) 2010-09-10
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EP2214681A1 (en) 2010-08-11
NZ585720A (en) 2012-05-25
ES2901901T3 (es) 2022-03-24
RU2519718C2 (ru) 2014-06-20
KR101574817B1 (ko) 2015-12-04
WO2009071277A1 (en) 2009-06-11
MY155722A (en) 2015-11-30
AU2008333570B2 (en) 2013-10-24

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