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US20090250187A1 - Device for Producing a Metal Strip by Continuous Casting - Google Patents

Device for Producing a Metal Strip by Continuous Casting Download PDF

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Publication number
US20090250187A1
US20090250187A1 US12/227,557 US22755707A US2009250187A1 US 20090250187 A1 US20090250187 A1 US 20090250187A1 US 22755707 A US22755707 A US 22755707A US 2009250187 A1 US2009250187 A1 US 2009250187A1
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
slab
chips
guide element
milling
transport direction
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US12/227,557
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English (en)
Inventor
Jürgen Seidel
Peter Sudau
Jürgen Merz
Matthias Kipping
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
SMS Siemag AG
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Assigned to SMS DEMAG AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT reassignment SMS DEMAG AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: MERZ, JURGEN, KIPPING, MATTHIAS, SUDAU, PETER, SEIDEL, JURGEN
Publication of US20090250187A1 publication Critical patent/US20090250187A1/en
Assigned to SMS SIEMAG AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT reassignment SMS SIEMAG AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT CHANGE OF NAME (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: SMS DEMAG AG
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
    • B22D11/12—Accessories for subsequent treating or working cast stock in situ
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23C—MILLING
    • B23C3/00—Milling particular work; Special milling operations; Machines therefor
    • B23C3/13—Surface milling of plates, sheets or strips
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23Q—DETAILS, COMPONENTS, OR ACCESSORIES FOR MACHINE TOOLS, e.g. ARRANGEMENTS FOR COPYING OR CONTROLLING; MACHINE TOOLS IN GENERAL CHARACTERISED BY THE CONSTRUCTION OF PARTICULAR DETAILS OR COMPONENTS; COMBINATIONS OR ASSOCIATIONS OF METAL-WORKING MACHINES, NOT DIRECTED TO A PARTICULAR RESULT
    • B23Q11/00—Accessories fitted to machine tools for keeping tools or parts of the machine in good working condition or for cooling work; Safety devices specially combined with or arranged in, or specially adapted for use in connection with, machine tools
    • B23Q11/0042—Devices for removing chips
    • B23Q11/0057—Devices for removing chips outside the working area
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23Q—DETAILS, COMPONENTS, OR ACCESSORIES FOR MACHINE TOOLS, e.g. ARRANGEMENTS FOR COPYING OR CONTROLLING; MACHINE TOOLS IN GENERAL CHARACTERISED BY THE CONSTRUCTION OF PARTICULAR DETAILS OR COMPONENTS; COMBINATIONS OR ASSOCIATIONS OF METAL-WORKING MACHINES, NOT DIRECTED TO A PARTICULAR RESULT
    • B23Q11/00—Accessories fitted to machine tools for keeping tools or parts of the machine in good working condition or for cooling work; Safety devices specially combined with or arranged in, or specially adapted for use in connection with, machine tools
    • B23Q11/0042—Devices for removing chips
    • B23Q11/0064—Devices for removing chips by using a magnetic or electric field

Definitions

  • the invention pertains to a device for producing a metal strip by continuous casting, with a casting machine, in which a slab is cast, where at least one milling machine, in which at least one surface of the slab and preferably two opposite surfaces can be milled off, is set up downstream of the casting machine with respect to the transport direction of the slab.
  • Suitable methods for processing the surface include flame descaling, grinding, and milling.
  • the hot millings are collected, and they can be briquetted and easily remelted without workup and thus fed back into the production process.
  • the rotational speed of the milling cutter can also be easily adapted to the transport speed (casting speed, feeding speed into the finishing).
  • the inventive device of the type indicated above is therefore based on milling.
  • a device of the type indicated above with a milling machine which is set up downstream of the continuous casting machine is known. Reference is made in this respect to CH 584 085 and to DE 199 50 886 A1.
  • Surface processing and the associated devices are not limited to thin slabs. On the contrary, they can also be used in-line downstream of a conventional thick slab casting system and also in the case of slabs which are cast in thicknesses ranging from more than 120 mm to 300 mm.
  • the in-line milling machine is not generally used for all of the products of a rolling program but rather only for those in which higher demands are made on surface quality. This is advantageous for output reasons, reduces the wear of the milling machine, and is therefore a sensible approach.
  • the present invention is therefore based on the goal of improving a device for the production of metal strip by continuous casting in association with a milling machine in such a way that even intrinsically rigid slabs can receive optimal treatment. Measures are to be taken to ensure that optimal processing conditions are present during the milling of the slab, preferably both the top and bottom surfaces being treated, so that a high level of slab quality can be obtained.
  • a chip conveying device is set up to convey the milled-off chips upward and/or in the direction transverse to the transport direction of the slab and thus out of the area of the cutter.
  • the slab being processed is kept almost completely free of chips, which improves the quality of the surface treatment.
  • the chip conveying device can be designed in various ways.
  • the chip conveying device comprises at least one—preferably cooled—guide element, the slab-facing end of which, when viewed in the direction normal to the slab, extends at an acute angle to the direction transverse to the transport direction.
  • the transverse conveyance of the chips therefore occurs as a result of the relative movement between the traveling slab and the guide element just mentioned.
  • This transverse chip conveyance is especially useful when downcut milling is practiced, that is, when the transport direction of the slab and the rotational direction of the milling cutter are the same.
  • the guide element can comprise an edge of heat-resistant material, which can be laid against the surface of the slab.
  • the guide element can also be supported with the freedom to pivot around a horizontal axis transverse to the transport direction of the slab. It can also be provided with cooling means or be connected to means by which it can be cooled. These cooling means can be designed as spray nozzles, which can spray a coolant onto the guide element.
  • the guide element comprises a trough with a lateral gradient at the end of the intake channel.
  • the guide element i.e., the chip collecting device
  • the guide element i.e., the chip collecting device
  • the chips are conveyed into this screw by longitudinal water sprays.
  • a suitable orientation of the nozzles generates a transverse flow within the screw, from which the chips are ultimately discharged into the lateral discharge channel.
  • the water can be applied to the guide element directly, after a deflection from a deflecting plate, or by direct deflection at the nozzle itself. The important point is that the flow is directed at the guide element in such a way that the chips are carried away.
  • the chip conveying device comprises at least one conveyor belt, which runs transversely to the transport direction in the area of the surface of the slab.
  • the conveyor belt it is preferable for the conveyor belt to run horizontally in the area of the surface of the slab.
  • the conveyor belt can also be designed as an endless belt which, when seen in the transport direction, passes completely around the slab. In this case, it has been found reliable for the conveyor belt to be deflected around a number of guide pulleys, at least one of which is driven.
  • the conveyor belt can be provided with cooling means or be connected to means by which it can be cooled.
  • the cooling means are preferably designed as spray nozzles, which can spray a coolant onto the conveyor belt.
  • the chip conveying device comprises at least one screw conveyor, which is set up in the area of the surface of the slab, and the longitudinal axis of which is transverse to the transport direction.
  • the rotation of the screw makes transverse conveyance of the chips possible. Analogously, therefore, the chips are conveyed in the transverse direction.
  • a baffle plate can be set up upstream or downstream of the chip conveying device.
  • This baffle plate can be provided with a number of guide vanes, which face the milling tool.
  • the chip conveying device is preferably set up on positioning means, by which it can be raised and lowered in the vertical direction.
  • the chip conveying device can be placed at the optimal height with respect to an individual slab.
  • a guide element for conducting the milled-off chips onto a conveyor belt can also be provided on the bottom surface of the slab.
  • a rolling train can be set up downstream of the milling machine.
  • a guide channel is provided, through which the chips are drawn by suction from the top surface of the slab directly behind the milling gap, where the chips are conveyed away through a pipe extending transversely to the transport direction.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic side view of a device for producing metal strip by continuous casting in association with a milling machine
  • FIG. 2 shows a side view of a chip conveying device for the top surface of the slab with a conveyor belt, the area of the milling machine being shown on a larger scale than that of FIG. 1 ;
  • FIG. 3 shows a cross section along line A-B of FIG. 2 ;
  • FIG. 4 a shows a side view
  • FIG. 4 b a top view of an alternative embodiment of the invention with a guide element for the chips set up on the top surface of the slab;
  • FIG. 5 shows a side view of an embodiment of the invention with a guide element for the chips set up on the bottom surface of the slab;
  • FIG. 6 shows a support plate for the slab, set up in the area of the milling cutter
  • FIG. 7 shows a side view of a face cutter for the top surface of the slab
  • FIG. 8 shows a top view of the face cutter arrangement
  • FIG. 9 shows a side view of a chip collecting device for the top surface of the slab designed in the form of a “water screw” and a partial top view of same;
  • FIG. 10 shows a side view of another alternative embodiment corresponding to FIG. 4 with a trough and an outlet at the end of the collecting device;
  • FIG. 11 a shows a side view
  • FIG. 11 b a top view of a simple device for conveying chips to the side by the movement of the slab during downcut milling;
  • FIG. 12 shows another alternative embodiment of the invention with a suction device for chips.
  • FIG. 1 shows a device for producing a metal strip 1 by continuous casting.
  • the metal strip 1 i.e., the corresponding slab 3
  • the slab 3 is continuously cast in a casting machine 2 by the known method.
  • the slab 3 is preferably a thin slab.
  • the slab 3 is subjected to a cleaning process in a cleaning system 20 .
  • the surface is inspected by means of a surface measuring unit 21 .
  • the slab 3 then enters a furnace 22 , so that it can be kept at the desired process temperature.
  • a transverse conveyor 23 follows after the furnace.
  • the slab 3 Downstream of the furnace 22 , i.e., of the transverse conveyor 23 , the slab 3 arrives at a milling machine 4 .
  • two milling cutters 5 are installed, by means of which the bottom and top surfaces of the slab 3 can be milled off.
  • a support roll 24 is provided opposite each of the active cutters to support the surface of the slab 3 , i.e., one for the top surface and one for the bottom surface.
  • a descaling spray 35 and a rolling train, represented by rolling stands 25 and 26 are installed downstream of the milling machine 4 .
  • the primary goal is to keep the top and bottom surfaces of the slab as free as possible of the chips which are formed during the milling process by the milling cutters 5 . If the chips are not removed thoroughly enough from the milling area, the surface of the slab 3 can be damaged. This is especially to be feared in the present case, because the slab 3 has such intrinsic stiffness that turning it around its longitudinal axis so only the downward-facing surface of the slab has to be milled is out of the question.
  • FIGS. 2 and 3 show a possible embodiment of the invention which can solve this problem.
  • the milling cutter 5 mills off the top surface 8 of the slab 3 .
  • the slab 3 is supported from underneath by a support roll 24 .
  • the rotational direction of the milling cutter 5 (see arrow) during the milling process causes the chips 7 to fly toward the left in FIG. 2 .
  • chips 7 remaining on the surface of the slab can interfere with the milling process and negatively impact the quality of the treatment.
  • the chip conveying device 6 comprises, as its central component, a conveyor belt 9 , as can be easily seen upon consideration of FIGS. 2 and 3 together.
  • the endless conveyor belt 9 passes completely around the slab 3 (see FIG. 3 ).
  • the upper part of the conveyor belt 9 passes just above the surface 8 of the slab 3 .
  • the conveyor belt 9 is guided by four guide pulleys 10 , at least one of which is driven.
  • the belt itself consists of heat-stable material, because it comes in contact with the hot slab or passes just barely above it. It is therefore advantageous for the conveyor belt 9 to be cooled, for which purpose cooling means 11 are provided in this exemplary embodiment in the form of a spray nozzle. By means of the nozzle 11 , a cooling medium (water) can be sprayed onto the conveyor belt 9 so that it does not become too hot.
  • a baffle plate 12 which is flat and oriented vertically, is set up behind the conveyor belt 9 .
  • guide vanes 13 are mounted on the side of the baffle plate 12 facing the milling cutter 5 .
  • the horizontally traveling part of the conveyor belt 9 is intended to pass as close as possible to the surface 8 of the slab 3 . So that this can be adjusted as accurately as possible as a function of the actual slab to be treated, positioning means 14 , which are indicated merely in schematic fashion, are provided, by means of which the entire chip conveying device 6 can be adjusted in the vertical direction.
  • a guide element 15 ′ (which is used here in conjunction with the conveyor belt 9 ) is also provided in this exemplary embodiment; this guide element could also be called a “stripper”.
  • the guide element 15 ′ has an edge 16 of especially heat-resistant material. During operation, this edge lies either on the surface of the slab or is held floating just above the surface.
  • FIGS. 2 and 3 It can also be seen in FIGS. 2 and 3 that, behind the milling cutter 5 , there is a nozzle bar 27 , consisting of several nozzles (see FIG. 2 ). With these nozzles, the movement of the chips toward the conveyor belt 9 can be supported by means of jets of water or compressed air. Liquid or gaseous medium (water or compressed air), which can also have a desirable cooling effect, can therefore be discharged through the nozzles.
  • the conveyor belt 9 conveys the chips 7 onto a second conveyor belt 28 , from which the chips 7 are carried into a collection container 29 .
  • FIG. 9 shows a side view and partial top view of another important embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 9 presents an alternative chip conveying device 6 for the top surface of the slab.
  • a water jet S which is applied through a nozzle bar 49 , the milled chips are conveyed into a so-called water screw 54 .
  • the water can be sprayed from the nozzle bar 49 onto a baffle plate 52 , where it spreads out and then flows in direction S toward the guide element 15 .
  • the goal is for the water jet to pick up the chips and to carry them along. It is effective to use a pressure of greater than 50 bars.
  • the water jet S is not aimed in the direction directly opposite the transport direction F but instead has a certain component in the transverse direction, that is, toward the edge of the slab. This is achieved by a suitable angling or turning of the nozzle.
  • a tubular water vortex forms in the area R.
  • the high flow velocity and the angled water feed cause the water 53 carrying the chips to flow in a spiral pattern toward the external discharge channel 51 .
  • the discharge channel 51 can be located on the drive side and/or on the operator's side, next to the edge of the slab 3 ′.
  • transverse spraying in the area R can also support the chip removal process. Chips which remain on the top surface of the slab between the guide plate 15 and the milling cutter 5 are conveyed onto the guide plate by the longitudinal spray 27 .
  • the chip conveying device 6 lies with its tip down on the slab or floats just above the slab surface.
  • the guide element 15 is internally cooled to protect it from the heat or is thermally insulated from the slab 3 . It is especially advantageous that, even though water is supplied through the nozzle bar 49 to convey the chips, the slab 3 undergoes hardly any cooling.
  • FIGS. 4 a and 4 b show two different views of another alternative embodiment.
  • the guide element 15 shown here can be used by itself as a chip conveying device 6 , or it can be used in combination with a conveyor belt according to FIGS. 2 and 3 (designated there as guide element 15 ′).
  • the guide element 15 for conducting the chips 7 away is provided on the top surface of the slab 3 .
  • the guide element 15 is formed out of sheet metal, which is provided at one end 18 with an edge 16 of heat-resistant material.
  • This edge 16 looking in the normal direction N onto the slab 3 (see FIG. 4 b )—extends at an acute angle ⁇ to the direction Q transverse to the transport direction F.
  • the angle is preferably in the range of 10-45°.
  • the impact surface is also slanted toward the side.
  • the movement or flight of the chips to the plate 15 generates a transverse movement in direction Q, so that the chips 7 are flung away toward the side.
  • the chips can fall downward laterally next to the slab 3 , either directly into a collection container or onto a conveyor belt in analogy to the solution according to FIGS. 2 and 3 .
  • the guide element 15 is supported around a horizontal axis 17 , which extends in direction Q, transverse to the transport direction F.
  • the guide element 15 can be positioned in such a way that the edge 16 either rests on the top surface of the slab or is held floating just above it.
  • the guide element 15 can be cooled by suitable means. Not only is it possible to cool it by means of spray nozzles from the outside, but it is also conceivable that internal cooling could be provided by means of appropriate cooling channels in the guide element 15 .
  • the sideward movement of the chips 7 can also be supported by auxiliary means.
  • a blower for air, for example, or a water jet, by means of which the chips 7 can be deflected toward the side, would be suitable.
  • High-pressure water or compressed air nozzles 27 , 27 ′, which would be installed downstream of the milling cutter 5 or at the side, are also conceivable.
  • the guide element 15 can consist of a single part. It could also consist of several individual segments extending across the width of the slab. It can rest by its own weight on the slab 3 . It can also be pressed by spring elements onto the top surface of the slab. As previously mentioned, it is also possible for the edge 16 of the guide element 15 to be positioned so that it floats just above the top surface of the slab.
  • the conveyance of the chips in the transverse direction Q can also be promoted by the milling process itself as a result of the slanted orientation of the cutting edges of the cutter 5 .
  • the chips are conveyed by a conveyor jet 27 , 49 by way of a guide element 15 into the chip conveying device 6 .
  • a discharge chute At the end of the device 6 , there is here alternatively a discharge chute, into which the chips slide or into which they are flushed in the lateral direction.
  • a face cutter 36 is provided in the solution according to FIGS. 7 and 8 instead of the previously described plain milling cutter 5 .
  • the cutter 36 is located above the slab 3 .
  • Cutting edges 37 are attached to the outer area of the bottom surface of the disk-shaped base body.
  • the diameter of the face cutter 36 is somewhat larger than the maximum width of the slab.
  • the chips are conveyed to the side 45 by the rotation of the cutter 36 . Laterally next to the strip, the chips are collected in a hopper 48 and carried away.
  • an internally cooled transfer table 40 is provided.
  • a driver 38 take care of advancing the slab 3 .
  • a cutting edge cooling system 39 takes care of cooling the face cutter 36 and the cutting edges.
  • water or emulsion is supplied to the base body of the cutter.
  • cooling bores 39 which proceed radially from the center to the cutting edges, are introduced into the base body.
  • the transverse forces (axial forces) which result from the angled orientation of the cutting edges during the milling process are absorbed by lateral roller guides 42 .
  • FIG. 7 shows a side view of the driver and the face cutter on the top surface of the slab 3 .
  • FIG. 8 shows a top view of the slab 3 and the face cutter 36 and also of the lateral roller guides 42 .
  • FIGS. 11 a and 11 b show the guide element 15 resting on the surface of the slab.
  • a simple process of chip conveyance in the sideways direction occurs as a result of the angling a of the lateral surfaces of the guide element 15 .
  • the chips 7 are carried toward the sides and, as previously explained, carried onward from there. This mechanism functions when the rotational direction 43 of the milling and the transport direction F of the slab are the same.
  • lateral roller guides 30 can be set up both upstream and downstream of the milling machine or of the milling cutters 5 .
  • FIG. 5 shows a guide element 15 for the bottom surface of the slab 3 . It should be noted that it is obviously much simpler to remove the chips 7 from the bottom surface of the slab than from the top surface because it can be done by gravity. Nevertheless, a guide element 15 is provided here as well, which can pivot around a horizontal transverse axis 17 . Otherwise, the explanations given in conjunction with FIG. 4 apply in analogous fashion.
  • the guide element 15 is cooled by cooling means 19 (spray nozzles for water or nozzles for air).
  • cooling means 19 spray nozzles for water or nozzles for air.
  • a conveyor belt 9 is provided underneath the guide element 15 .
  • the chips 7 being conveyed on this belt can be cooled by cooling means 31 (spray nozzle).
  • FIG. 6 furthermore, shows a detail which improves the process reliability of the arrangement.
  • a support plate 32 Underneath the slab 3 , a support plate 32 is arranged, which can be internally cooled and raised and lowered.
  • a movable contact roll 33 is set up to produce a light pressing force.
  • the surface 34 of the support plate 32 can be designed with grooves to reduce the contact surface area.
  • FIG. 12 a guide channel consisting of several guide plates 15 is set up directly downstream of the milling gap.
  • the chips which fly into the channel are then also drawn by suction and carried away transversely through a pipe.
  • the pipe and the suction channel are thermally insulated from the slab.
  • the channel and the pipe are covered externally by damping mats.
  • permanent magnets or electromagnets can be used (not shown).
  • the chips cool down very quickly below the transformation temperature, which means that they are subject to the influence of magnets.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Milling Processes (AREA)
  • Metal Rolling (AREA)
  • Continuous Casting (AREA)
US12/227,557 2006-05-26 2007-05-23 Device for Producing a Metal Strip by Continuous Casting Abandoned US20090250187A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102006024586 2006-05-26
DE102006024586.5 2006-06-26
DE102007022930A DE102007022930A1 (de) 2006-05-26 2007-05-14 Vorrichtung zum Herstellen eines Metallbandes durch Stranggießen
DE102007022930.7 2007-05-14
PCT/EP2007/004564 WO2007137741A1 (de) 2006-05-26 2007-05-23 Vorrichtung zum herstellen eines metallbandes durch stranggiessen

Publications (1)

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US20090250187A1 true US20090250187A1 (en) 2009-10-08

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ID=38477128

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US12/227,557 Abandoned US20090250187A1 (en) 2006-05-26 2007-05-23 Device for Producing a Metal Strip by Continuous Casting

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Country Link
US (1) US20090250187A1 (zh)
EP (1) EP2032285B1 (zh)
JP (1) JP2009538228A (zh)
KR (1) KR101077065B1 (zh)
AR (1) AR061204A1 (zh)
DE (1) DE102007022930A1 (zh)
RU (1) RU2393940C1 (zh)
TW (1) TW200806406A (zh)
WO (1) WO2007137741A1 (zh)

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EP2832462B1 (de) * 2013-08-02 2015-06-03 Arku Maschinenbau GmbH Walzenrichtmaschine mit einer Auffangvorrichtung
TWI479118B (zh) * 2014-01-23 2015-04-01 China Steel Corp 輥嘴開度之量測系統及其量測方法
DE102018109804A1 (de) 2018-04-24 2019-10-24 Egon Evertz Kg (Gmbh & Co.) Schleifvorrichtung
DE202018102274U1 (de) 2018-04-24 2018-06-15 Egon Evertz Kg (Gmbh & Co.) Schleifvorrichtung
KR102010090B1 (ko) * 2018-05-14 2019-08-12 주식회사 포스코 이물질 포집유닛 및 이를 포함하는 슬라브 이송장치

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US2706432A (en) * 1951-07-27 1955-04-19 Giddings & Lewis Chip conveyor for milling machine
US3322037A (en) * 1964-05-25 1967-05-30 Torrington Mfg Co Chip exhaust system
US3538812A (en) * 1967-01-09 1970-11-10 Josef Frohling Fa Milling machines
US3834542A (en) * 1972-08-09 1974-09-10 Straaten Chem Co Van Magnetic separator and conveyor
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RU2393940C1 (ru) 2010-07-10
KR101077065B1 (ko) 2011-10-26
WO2007137741A1 (de) 2007-12-06
KR20090016478A (ko) 2009-02-13
DE102007022930A1 (de) 2007-12-20
AR061204A1 (es) 2008-08-13
TW200806406A (en) 2008-02-01
EP2032285A1 (de) 2009-03-11
JP2009538228A (ja) 2009-11-05
EP2032285B1 (de) 2012-08-01

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