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US20020105722A1 - Interference microscope, and method for operating an interference microscope - Google Patents

Interference microscope, and method for operating an interference microscope Download PDF

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Publication number
US20020105722A1
US20020105722A1 US10/037,538 US3753802A US2002105722A1 US 20020105722 A1 US20020105722 A1 US 20020105722A1 US 3753802 A US3753802 A US 3753802A US 2002105722 A1 US2002105722 A1 US 2002105722A1
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Prior art keywords
interference microscope
specimen
microscope
interference
light
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Joerg Bewersdorf
Hilmar Gugel
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Leica Microsystems CMS GmbH
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Assigned to LEICA MICROSYSTEMS HEIDELBERG GMBH reassignment LEICA MICROSYSTEMS HEIDELBERG GMBH ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BEWERSDORF, JOERG, GUGEL, HILMAR
Publication of US20020105722A1 publication Critical patent/US20020105722A1/en
Priority to CA 2397906 priority Critical patent/CA2397906C/en
Priority to US11/458,914 priority patent/US7742226B2/en
Assigned to LEICA MICROSYSTEMS CMS GMBH reassignment LEICA MICROSYSTEMS CMS GMBH CHANGE OF NAME (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: LEICA MICROSYSTEMS HEIDELBERG GMBH
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B21/00—Microscopes
    • G02B21/06—Means for illuminating specimens
    • G02B21/08—Condensers
    • G02B21/082—Condensers for incident illumination only
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B21/00—Microscopes
    • G02B21/06—Means for illuminating specimens
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B21/00—Microscopes
    • G02B21/18—Arrangements with more than one light path, e.g. for comparing two specimens
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B21/00—Microscopes
    • G02B21/34—Microscope slides, e.g. mounting specimens on microscope slides

Definitions

  • the present invention concerns an interference microscope and a method for operating an interference microscope.
  • a 4 ⁇ microscope, standing wave field microscope, or I 2 M, I 3 M, or I 5 M microscope is provided, in particular, as the interference microscope.
  • At least one specimen support unit is associated with the specimen.
  • EP 0 491 289 A1 discloses a double-confocal scanning microscope or 4 ⁇ microscope in which a specimen is illuminated in point-like fashion by two microscope objectives arranged opposite one another.
  • an interference pattern is created with which an increase in axial resolution can be achieved.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 4,621,911 discloses a standing wave field microscope in which a standing wave field or interference pattern serving to illuminate a specimen is formed by the superposition of two light beams proceeding in collimated fashion.
  • This standing wave field has planes of equal illumination intensity oriented parallel to the focal plane of the microscope objectives, the illumination intensity varying from a maximum illumination intensity value to a minimum illumination intensity value, and the alternating illumination variation being continued periodically along the optical axis of the microscope objectives.
  • fluorescent specimens can be excited to fluoresce in accordance with the illumination pattern, thereby also allowing an axial resolution improvement to be achieved.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,671,085 discloses an I 2 M, I 3 M, or I 5 M microscope in which a specimen is also excited to fluoresce with a bright-field incident illumination through two microscope objectives arranged opposite one another.
  • the illuminating light and/or detected light can be caused to interfere, thereby again making it possible to achieve axial resolution improvements.
  • interference microscopes comprise an illuminating beam path of at least one light source, as well as a detected beam path of at least one detector.
  • two objectives are arranged on either side of the specimen plane, the objectives being directed toward one another.
  • At least one beam splitter for distributing the illuminating light to the objectives, and a beam combiner for combining the detecting light coming from the objectives, is provided in the illuminating/detected beam paths.
  • the beam splitter and the beam combiner can be configured as one and the same component.
  • Specimens specifically stained with fluorescent markers are usually examined with the aforementioned interference microscopes. In this context the light of the light source is used to excite the fluorescent markers, and only that fluorescent light is detected by the detector.
  • interference microscopes of the species are highly susceptible to shock, vibration, and thermal expansion.
  • the equalization of optical path length differences between the interferometer beam path segments is, in particular, a critical influencing variable for successful operation of an interference microscope.
  • the optical path length differences must be so small that, on the one hand, the illuminating light passing through the two interferometer beam path segments can interfere; i.e. the optical path length difference between the two interferometer beam path segments must be smaller than the coherence length of the illuminating light.
  • the two interferometer beam path segments must be equalized with one another in terms of optical path length difference in such a way that constructive interference is present in the specimen region of the interference microscope.
  • interference microscopes hitherto implemented, alignment of the interference beam path segments is performed, in practice, on the basis of detections of individual specimen regions. For example, an axial optical section through a point-like or linear specimen is acquired, and alignment of the interference microscope is performed on the basis of its intensity signal profile. From the axial intensity signal profile, conclusions can be drawn regarding the illumination conditions actually present in the specimen region, i.e. as to whether constructive or destructive interference is present.
  • This alignment is complex, and must be performed individually by the operator of the interference microscope.
  • a great deal of experience on the part of the operator is indispensable for successful alignment, so that ultimately, interference microscopes of the species can be used only by a small group of operators; this has heretofore impeded wide distribution of the interference microscopes discussed above.
  • the interference microscope according to the present invention comprising:
  • At least one specimen support unit At least one specimen support unit
  • At least one planar area is provided for determination of an illumination state in the specimen in the interference microscope wherein the at least one planar area is a surface on the specimen support unit and is configured to be detectable by light microscopy.
  • What has been recognized according to the present invention is firstly that it is possible to dispense with the detection of individual specimen regions for determination of the phase position if at least one suitably configured planar area of the specimen support unit is used as a reference specimen. Especially in the detection of fluorescent specimens, this reduces stress on the fluorescent specimen to be detected, since the necessary measurements for detecting the phase position of the interfering light can be performed at the planar area of the specimen support unit. Bleaching of the fluorescent specimen merely for purposes of phase determination can thus be avoided, since the measurement for determining the phase position of the interfering light can be performed in a region of the planar area of the specimen support unit that is sufficiently remote from the specimen that the specimen is excited very little or not at all to fluoresce.
  • a reference measurement at a planar area of the specimen support unit using light of a wavelength that is not suitable for exciting the fluorescent markers would also be conceivable, but it also would not furnish a higher-contrast measurement signal of the specimen, since the specimen generally absorbs only weakly.
  • the planar area of the specimen support unit is configured to be detectable by light microscopy.
  • a planar area of the specimen support unit is configured or prepared in such a way that light can be reflected or induced at said planar area.
  • a planar area of the specimen support unit configured to be detectable by light microscopy could be implemented by way of an at least partially reflective coating of a surface of the specimen support unit, for example in the form of a cover slip coated on one side.
  • the specimen support unit could comprise a reflective or luminescent layer between two glass plates, so that a planar area configured to be detectable by light microscopy is created by said layer.
  • Two glass plates of differing material properties in direct contact with one another could also form a planar area configured to be detectable by light microscopy, for example if the refractive indices of the two glass plates differ, the planar area being detectable by light microscopy by way of the refractive index transition.
  • planar area configured to be detectable by light microscopy.
  • a surface of the specimen support unit could be coated with a fluorescent layer, so that fluorescent light can be induced at said surface.
  • a planar area usually has a two-dimensional extension, in this context a “planar area” is certainly also to be understood as a layer or an object having a three-dimensional extension, although also having only a small physical extension in one dimension.
  • This induced and/or reflected light is detected by a detector. Based on the detected signals, conclusions can be drawn as to the phase position directly in the specimen region of the interference microscope, as a result of which the interference microscope can be correspondingly aligned. In particularly advantageous fashion, this procedure for determining the illumination state in the specimen region of the interference microscope makes possible a reproducible and at the same time objective measurement, since the result of said measurement depends only on the surface prepared in defined fashion or on the defined properties of the planar area, and the measurement does not need to be performed on the specimen to be measured.
  • At least one planar area of the specimen support unit could be of partially reflective configuration.
  • the surface could be coated.
  • the surface could be coated in such a way that it possesses a defined degree of reflection that preferably is constant over the entire surface.
  • the coating of the surface could be wavelength-dependent so that, for example, only light of a specific wavelength is reflected at the surface coating.
  • a metallic or dielectric coating is provided as the surface coating; a dielectric or metallic/dielectric hybrid coating would also be conceivable.
  • At least one surface of the specimen support unit comprises at least one layer that can be excited to luminesce, in particular to fluoresce.
  • This luminescent layer could be a monolayer.
  • Monolayers possess a defined thickness that is determined by the dimension of the luminescent molecules used and by their arrangement on the surface. A monolayer thus represents an ideal planar structure suitable for luminescence.
  • the surface of the specimen support unit is equipped with several luminescent layers, each of which has different luminescent properties.
  • These luminescent layers can be selectively excited to luminesce by light of different wavelengths, and the luminescent light emitted by the luminescent layers (which also differs in wavelength) can be selectively detected.
  • several monolayers of differing luminescent properties that can be excited to luminesce are provided as the surface coating.
  • the luminescent layer or layers can be excited to luminesce with light of a light source. This could be the light source of the interference microscope; the use of an additional light source that only excites the luminescence of the luminescent layer is also conceivable.
  • the light source emits light of different wavelengths, so that a surface coated with several different luminescent layers can be excited to luminesce with light of that one light source.
  • this could be an argon-krypton laser that simultaneously emits light of the wavelengths 488 nm, 568 nm, and 647 nm.
  • the use of an HBO lamp is also possible; with this light of different wavelengths it is also possible to excite different luminescent wavelengths to luminesce.
  • CARS coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering
  • CARS is a four-wave mixed process that is proportional to the square of the intensity of the light used. CARS occurs only at locations at which an optical asymmetry exists, for example a discontinuity in refractive index that is present at the surface of the specimen support unit because a refractive index transition exists there from glass to the immersion medium surrounding the specimen.
  • the light reflected and/or induced at the planar area is detected using the detector of the interference microscope.
  • the detector of the interference microscope This is advantageous in particular when the light reflected/induced at the planar area lies approximately in the same power level range and wavelength range as the light of the specimen to be detected, and is adapted to the detection range of the detector of the interference microscope. It is also conceivable, however, for the light reflected/induced at the planar area to be detectable with an additional detector.
  • the reflected/induced light is, by means of at least one optical component, switched out of the detected or illuminating beam path of the interference microscope and conveyed to the additional detector.
  • a conventional glass plate having a defined degree of reflection/transmission could be used as the optical component.
  • a dichroic beam splitter, a filter, a prism, a grating, and/or a spectrally sensitive arrangement would also be conceivable as the optical component for switching out the reflected/induced light.
  • the light induced at the planar area of the specimen support unit is fluorescent light of a fluorescent layer
  • said fluorescent light can be conveyed to the detector in spectrally selective fashion using a spectrally sensitive arrangement.
  • the spectrally sensitive arrangement could comprise, for example, lenses, stops, and a prism or a grating.
  • Detection of the light reflected and/or induced at the planar area of the specimen support unit could be accomplished in widefield mode.
  • the widefield mode involves planar illumination and/or detection, such as is present, for example, in a standing wave field microscope or an I 5 M microscope.
  • the detector detecting the light reflected/induced at the planar area could correspondingly be embodied as a planar detector, for example in the form of a CCD chip.
  • the light reflected and/or induced at the planar area of the specimen support unit could be detected confocally.
  • a confocal illumination is provided; i.e. the light serving for illumination is focused onto a point of the focal plane of the microscope objective.
  • the illumination or detection pinhole of the interference microscope could be provided as the pinhole. If detection of the light reflected/induced at the planar area of the specimen support unit is accomplished using the confocal detector of the interference microscope, the pinhole arranged in front of the detector is the detection pinhole of the interference microscope. If the illumination pinhole serves as the pinhole, an optical component arranged between the light source and the illumination pinhole could switch the light reflected/induced at the planar area of the specimen support unit out of the illumination beam path and convey it to a correspondingly arranged detector.
  • this can be a laser system, a laser, or an HBO lamp.
  • the specimen support unit is fabricated of glass.
  • the surfaces of the specimen support unit ideally has a high degree of surface planarity, which is also exhibited by the coating or fluorescent layer that may be applied onto a surface.
  • the specimen support unit could be configured as a cover glass. These could be commercially available cover glasses.
  • the specimen is arranged between two specimen support units, preferably between two specimen support units configured as cover glasses.
  • the planar area of the specimen support unit that faces toward the specimen is configured in reflectable or inducible fashion.
  • the object cited initially is achieved by a microscope with at least one objective comprising the steps of:
  • the light reflected and/or induced at the planar area is detected.
  • an intensity signal profile is detected as a function of the axial position of the planar area.
  • the specimen together with the specimen support unit is moved along the optical axis of the objective or objectives, and the light reflected and/or induced by the planar area is detected in that context using a detector.
  • Axial positioning of the specimen together with the specimen support unit could be accomplished continuously or in steps.
  • to begin with the specimen together with the specimen support unit is positioned in such a way that the planar area of the specimen support unit is located in the focus region of the objective of the interference microscope. As a result, it is generally possible to detect a signal of the light reflected and/or induced at the planar area.
  • Said algorithm serves principally for determination of the phase relationship of the illuminating or detected light present in the specimen region of the interference microscope.
  • the algorithm could also compare the signal points of two points equidistant from the center point of the intensity signal profile.
  • the points equidistant from the center point could, for example, be accomplished at the location at which, in 4 ⁇ microscopy, the secondary maxima or the two first minima are usually arranged. Provision could furthermore be made for the algorithm to evaluate the symmetry of the intensity signal profile with respect to its center point.
  • the interference microscope is aligned as a function of the illumination state in the specimen region. Alignment of the interference microscope is performed with the goal of implementing constructive interference in the illumination focus.
  • a corresponding control system could be provided for that purpose.
  • the alignment could encompass an optical path length change of an interferometer beam path segment. This could be implemented, for example, by parallel displacement of a corresponding mirror.
  • the detection and alignment operations described above are repeated and are coordinated with the drift behavior of the interference microscope. For example, if the interference microscope is subject to relatively severe temperature fluctuation, frequent repetition of the detection and alignment operations will be necessary in order to control the illumination state in the illumination focus in such a way that almost exclusively constructive interference is present.
  • FIG. 1 schematically depicts a 47 r microscope
  • FIG. 2 schematically depicts a portion of the optical beam path of the 4 ⁇ microscope of FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 3 a shows a schematic diagram of an axial intensity signal profile in a conventional confocal scanning microscope
  • FIG. 3 b shows a schematic diagram of an axial intensity signal profile of a 4 ⁇ microscope in the case of constructive interference
  • FIG. 3 c shows a schematic diagram of an axial intensity signal profile of a 4 ⁇ microscope in the case of destructive interference
  • FIG. 4 schematically depicts the region between the two objectives of FIG. 2;
  • FIG. 5 shows a diagram in which the measured axial intensity signal profile is plotted as a function of the position of a coated surface along the optical axis, constructive interference being present in this case;
  • FIG. 6 shows a diagram in which the measured axial intensity signal profile is plotted as a function of the position of the coated surface along the optical axis, destructive interference being present in this case.
  • FIG. 1 shows an interference microscope that is configured as a 4 ⁇ microscope.
  • the light of light source 10 passes through excitation pinhole 11 and is deflected by dichroic beam splitter 12 toward beam deflection apparatus 13 .
  • Beam deflection apparatus 13 scans or steers the light beam in two directions that are substantially perpendicular to one another, so that ultimately, as a result of the scanning motion of beam deflection apparatus 13 , the illumination focus in the specimen region scans a two-dimensional region of the focal plane, for example in meander fashion.
  • Interference module 14 depicted only schematically in FIG. 1, is shown in FIG. 2.
  • 8 indicates the interface to the microscope, which simultaneously represents a plane corresponding to the entrance pupil plane of the objective of interference module 14 .
  • Solid lines 1 indicate an undeflected or unscanned spread light beam.
  • Light beam 2 drawn with dashed lines shows a deflected beam profile that was brought about by beam deflection apparatus 13 .
  • Light beams 1 and 2 are reflected by mirror 3 toward beam splitter cube 5 .
  • Beam splitter cube 5 divides the illuminating light into two partial beams that are each reflected by mirror 3 toward objectives 6 .
  • the two objectives 6 are arranged on either side of specimen plane 26 and directed toward one another. Entrance pupils 7 of objectives 6 are drawn in only schematically.
  • lenses 4 serve to displace entrance pupils 7 of objectives 6 , which in interference module 14 are located farther from the plane corresponding to the entrance pupil plane of objective 8 than would be the case with a conventional microscope.
  • the pupil displacement in FIG. 2 is brought about by means of an intermediate real image.
  • the beam path including optical components shown in FIG. 2 is arranged in a module adaptable to a conventional microscope.
  • the fluorescent light reflected or emitted from the specimen passes along the illuminating beam path in the opposite direction.
  • the light passing along the two interferometer beam path segments 27 , 28 is thus combined at beam splitter 5 and, after reflection at mirror 3 , reflected toward interface 8 to the microscope.
  • the fluorescent light emitted from the specimen also passes through beam deflection apparatus 13 in the opposite direction, and because of its wavelength properties passes through dichroic beam splitter 12 . Because of the confocal arrangement, only fluorescent light from the focus region of the two objectives 6 can pass through detection pinhole 15 .
  • Dichroic beam splitters 17 arranged after detection pinhole 15 guide the fluorescent light of the various fluorochromes with which the specimen is marked to the three detectors 16 , which each detect fluorescent light of a specific emission wavelength region.
  • FIG. 3 a shows an intensity signal profile of a conventional confocal scanning microscope as a function of the Z coordinate or the axial direction along the optical axis.
  • An intensity signal profile of this kind can be detected, for example using a fluorescent layer present in specimen plane 26 , if only interferometer beam path segment 28 is used for illumination and for detection.
  • FIG. 3 b shows an axial intensity signal profile as a function of the Z coordinate or axial direction of a double confocal scanning microscope or a 4 ⁇ microscope. At the focus position (depicted with a dot-dash line) of the two objectives 6 , the axial intensity profile of FIG. 3 b has a main maximum.
  • the axial intensity signal profile shown in FIG. 3 b is a signal profile that results from the presence of constructive interference.
  • the phase relationship of the illuminating light passing along the two interference beam path segments 27 , 28 is appropriately configured so that the two focused partial beams reinforce one another exactly in specimen plane 26 .
  • FIG. 3 c also shows an axial intensity signal profile as a function of the Z coordinate or axial direction, in which destructive interference is present.
  • the phase relationship of the illuminating light passing along the two interferometer beam path segments 27 , 28 is thus configured such that their amplitudes exactly cancel one another out in the specimen plane, so that a minimum exists at the Z position marked with a dot-dash line.
  • FIG. 4 shows the region between the two objectives 6 in magnified fashion. It is evident from FIG. 4 that the specimen to be examined is arranged in a region between two specimen support units 22 , configured as cover glasses, that delimit specimen region 23 . Immersion medium 24 is present in each case between cover glasses 22 and objective 6 .
  • At least one surface 29 of a cover glass 22 is configured to be detectable by light microscopy.
  • the light reflected/induced at surface 29 is detected by detector 16 .
  • Surface 29 is of partially reflective configuration.
  • the surface is equipped with a metallic coating 25 and has a constant reflectance.
  • Two layers that can be excited to fluoresce (not depicted), each configured in the form of a monolayer, are applied onto metallic coating 25 .
  • the two fluorescent monolayers have differing fluorescent properties.
  • the two fluorescent layers are each excited to fluoresce with light of light source 10 .
  • the light reflected and induced at the surface is detected with detectors 16 of the interference microscope. This detection is a confocal detection, detection pinhole 15 being arranged in front of detectors 16 .
  • Detection pinhole 15 is arranged in a plane corresponding to specimen plane 26 of objectives 6 .
  • the two specimen support units 22 are cover glasses, only one of which comprises a coating 25 . Said coating is applied onto the surface of the cover glass facing toward the specimen.
  • the determination of the illumination state in specimen region 23 of the interference microscope is performed on the basis of the light reflected and induced at surface 29 , by measuring an intensity signal profile as a function of the axial position of surface 29 .
  • the specimen together with cover glasses 22 is moved along the optical axis of objectives 6 , and the light reflected and induced at surface 29 is detected by detectors 16 .
  • the axial intensity signal profile is detected in such a way that first the specimen together with cover glasses 22 is positioned so that surface 29 of the one cover glass 22 is located in the focus region of objectives 6 . Provision is made for several axial intensity signal profiles to be detected at several points in the focal plane or specimen plane 26 . The various points in the focal plane are arrived at by means of a beam scan that is brought about by beam deflection apparatus 13 .
  • the illuminating light reflected at partially reflective coating 25 is conveyed to first detector 16 , the fluorescent light of the one fluorescent layer to second detector 16 , and the fluorescent light of the second fluorescent layer to third detector 16 .
  • the light of light source 10 serving to illuminate and excite the fluorescent layers comprises light of wavelengths 488 nm and 647 nm.
  • First detector 16 accordingly detects the light of wavelength 488 nm reflected at reflective coating 25 .
  • the illuminating light of wavelength 488 nm excites the first fluorescent layer to fluoresce; the illuminating light of wavelength 647 nm excites the second fluorescent layer to fluoresce.
  • FIG. 5 shows, in a diagram, a measured axial intensity signal profile of first detector 16 which detects the light of wavelength 488 nm reflected at reflective coating 25 .
  • the axial intensity signal profile is depicted as a function of the Z coordinate or optical axis, and plotted in units of the wavelength used.
  • the Z coordinate 0 corresponds to specimen plane 26 .
  • the measured intensity signal profile shown in FIG. 5 corresponds to constructive interference; i.e. in specimen plane 26 , the amplitudes of the illuminating light passing along interferometer beam path segments 27 , 28 add up constructively to a maximum. This could be the case precisely if the optical path lengths of interferometer beam path segments 27 , 28 are of exactly equal length.
  • the measured axial intensity signal profile shown in FIG. 5 represents the light, reflected from coating 25 and detected by detector 16 , that is made up of a reflected and a transmitted component which are added to one another at detection.
  • the reflectance of coating 25 here is 0.05. Since the axial intensity signal profile shown in FIG. 5 concerns reflected light, said light experiences a double path length difference since the light travels twice the distance because of the reflection. If the geometrical path length difference between one interferometer beam path segment and the other is ⁇ /2, constructive interference therefore occurs as shown in FIG. 5.
  • the measured axial intensity signal profiles of the reflected light and of the two different fluorescent layers are measured simultaneously and together incorporated into the analysis. Since the measured signals derive from light of different wavelengths, it is in fact thereby possible, in particularly advantageous fashion, to perform an absolute equalization of the optical path lengths of the two interferometer beam path segments 27 , 28 , since it is only with an absolute path length difference of 0 that the light of the different wavelengths interferes in uniformly constructive fashion, provided the wavelengths are not rational-number multiples of one another. In this case a type C 4 ⁇ microscope would be implemented, namely one in which constructive interference of the illuminating light and constructive interference of the detected light are present, thereby optimizing the axial resolution.
  • the axial intensity signal profiles are evaluated using an algorithm. That algorithm on the one hand determines the height of the signal at the center point of the intensity signal profile, which in the case of the measured intensity signal profiles of FIGS. 5 and 6 exists at axial position 0. The algorithm furthermore compares the signal heights of two points equidistant from the center point of the intensity signal profile. The points equidistant from the center point at Z coordinate 0 are located at Z coordinates ⁇ /2, ⁇ /2, i.e. exactly where the first secondary maxima of the constructive interference phenomena shown in FIG. 3 b should occur.
  • the interference microscope is aligned as a function of the illumination state in the specimen region.
  • a control system that, during the procedure of measuring the axial intensity signal profiles, modifies the optical path lengths of interferometer beam path segments 27 in such a way that the measured axial intensity signal profiles exhibit a signal profile typical of constructive interference, for example as shown in FIG. 5.

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DE10100247A1 (de) 2002-07-11
US7742226B2 (en) 2010-06-22
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