TWI581491B - 氫氣品質監控 - Google Patents
氫氣品質監控 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI581491B TWI581491B TW101148615A TW101148615A TWI581491B TW I581491 B TWI581491 B TW I581491B TW 101148615 A TW101148615 A TW 101148615A TW 101148615 A TW101148615 A TW 101148615A TW I581491 B TWI581491 B TW I581491B
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- hydrogen
- fuel cell
- fuel
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- purity
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- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 154
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 title claims description 154
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 152
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 167
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000012466 permeate Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000003487 electrochemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000012465 retentate Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 40
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 15
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009295 crossflow filtration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002427 irreversible effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005215 recombination Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006798 recombination Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003915 air pollution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001186 cumulative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000593 degrading effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000921 elemental analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008595 infiltration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001764 infiltration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001275 scanning Auger electron spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003464 sulfur compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
- G01N27/416—Systems
- G01N27/417—Systems using cells, i.e. more than one cell and probes with solid electrolytes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/22—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by diffusion
- B01D53/228—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by diffusion characterised by specific membranes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
- C01B3/50—Separation of hydrogen or hydrogen containing gases from gaseous mixtures, e.g. purification
- C01B3/501—Separation of hydrogen or hydrogen containing gases from gaseous mixtures, e.g. purification by diffusion
- C01B3/503—Separation of hydrogen or hydrogen containing gases from gaseous mixtures, e.g. purification by diffusion characterised by the membrane
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
- C01B3/50—Separation of hydrogen or hydrogen containing gases from gaseous mixtures, e.g. purification
- C01B3/56—Separation of hydrogen or hydrogen containing gases from gaseous mixtures, e.g. purification by contacting with solids; Regeneration of used solids
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- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
- C01B3/50—Separation of hydrogen or hydrogen containing gases from gaseous mixtures, e.g. purification
- C01B3/56—Separation of hydrogen or hydrogen containing gases from gaseous mixtures, e.g. purification by contacting with solids; Regeneration of used solids
- C01B3/58—Separation of hydrogen or hydrogen containing gases from gaseous mixtures, e.g. purification by contacting with solids; Regeneration of used solids including a catalytic reaction
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04082—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
- H01M8/04089—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
- H01M8/0444—Concentration; Density
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- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
- H01M8/04537—Electric variables
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- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
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- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
- H01M8/04537—Electric variables
- H01M8/04544—Voltage
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- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
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- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
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- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
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Description
本發明係關於監控氫氣供應之品質之裝置及方法。
在燃料電池中使用氫氣作為燃料產生電力正變得日益重要。氫氣供應之純度對於最佳電力產生及以最佳條件使用彼氫氣維持燃料電池而言為重要的。
當前,燃料電池系統中使用之氫氣常經由天然甲烷氣體之蒸汽重組加以合成。甚至當使用最佳品質規範時,仍可能有許多污染物存在於氫氣燃料中,此對燃料電池操作有損害。儘管損害通常可逆,但在最壞情況下,可能存在高度污染,包括可能對燃料電池造成不可逆損害之一些化合物。
本發明之一目標在於提供一種適宜的氫氣品質監控器,其特別但並非僅僅適於監控向燃料電池提供之燃料供應。
根據一個方面,本發明提供一種氫氣純度監控器,其包含:第一燃料電池,其經組態以由氫氣與氧化劑之電化學反應產生電流,且具有經組態以接收來自第一氫氣來源之氫氣之第一燃料入口;第二燃料電池,其經組態以由氫氣與氧化劑之電化學反應產生電
流,且具有經組態以接收來自第二氫氣來源之氫氣之第二燃料入口;控制系統,其經組態以向各燃料電池施加電負載且測定各燃料電池之電輸出,該控制系統包括用於比較該第一燃料電池與該第二燃料電池之電輸出的比較器;及純度監控輸出端,其經組態以基於該比較器之輸出給予氫氣純度之指示。
氫氣純度監控器可包括第一氫氣來源,其包含已知純度之氫氣來源。已知純度氫氣來源可為容納參考氣體之氫氣槽。氫氣純度監控器可包括耦接於第一燃料入口與第二燃料入口之間的氫氣純化元件以接收來自第二氫氣來源之氫氣,且經由該純化元件作為第一氫氣來源向第一燃料入口提供來自第二氫氣來源之氫氣。氫氣純化元件可包括催化純化器。氫氣純化元件可包括鈀膜。比較器可經組態以測定在一段時間內第一燃料電池及第二燃料電池各自之電壓及/或電流的變化率。第二氫氣來源可為蒸汽重組器。第一燃料電池可包括複數個以堆疊形式串聯連接之燃料電池及/或第二燃料電池可包括複數個以堆疊形式串聯連接之燃料電池。第一燃料電池及第二燃料電池可形成單個燃料電池堆疊之一部分。第一燃料電池及第二燃料電池各自可具有質子交換膜類型。氫氣純度監控器可整合入較大一次燃料電池堆疊中。
根據另一方面,本發明提供一種監控氫氣純度之方法,該方法包含:向經組態以由氫氣與氧化劑之電化學反應產生電流的第一燃料電池供應來自第一氫氣來源之氫氣燃料;
向經組態以由氫氣與氧化劑之電化學反應產生電流的第二燃料電池供應來自第二氫氣來源之氫氣燃料;向各燃料電池施加電負載且測定各燃料電池之電輸出;比較該第一燃料電池與該第二燃料電池之電輸出;及基於比較器之輸出提供該第一氫氣來源及該第二氫氣來源中之一者的氫氣純度指示。
1‧‧‧參考燃料電池堆疊
2‧‧‧測試燃料電池堆疊
5‧‧‧氫氣來源/主燃料儲存槽
6‧‧‧輸出端
10‧‧‧氫氣純度監控器
10a‧‧‧氫氣純度監控器
11‧‧‧第一燃料電池/參考電池
12‧‧‧第二燃料電池/測試電池
13‧‧‧燃料入口
14‧‧‧燃料入口
16‧‧‧純化器
17‧‧‧電輸出端
18‧‧‧電輸出端
20‧‧‧控制器
22‧‧‧純度監控輸出端
24‧‧‧輸出圖表
25‧‧‧輸出圖表
26‧‧‧電壓損失率
27‧‧‧高純度氫氣來源
31‧‧‧純化器/交叉流純化器
32‧‧‧輸入饋料流管線
33‧‧‧膜
34‧‧‧上游側
35‧‧‧下游側
36‧‧‧滲透物流管線
37‧‧‧保留物流管線
現將以舉例方式且參考隨附圖式描述本發明之具體實例,其中:圖1展示基於燃料電池之氫氣品質監控器之示意圖;圖2展示替代性基於燃料電池之氫氣品質監控器之示意圖;且圖3展示替代性基於燃料電池之氫氣品質監控器之示意圖。
本文所述之適宜氫氣純度監控系統使用燃料電池技術以監控氫氣品質。純度監控系統提供污染偵測且可在氫氣加注站用以評估燃料在向用戶輸送之前的純度。純度監控系統亦可用於監控向用作用於例如建築或車輛之電力供應之操作燃料電池(在本文中稱為一次燃料電池)饋送的氫氣供應。純度監控系統可用作定期測試系統或用作「在線」連續操作燃料監控器。
純度監控系統使用具有至少兩個燃料電池之組態以監控氫氣純度。使用燃料電池進行氫氣純度監控之優勢在於相較於現存元素分析裝置及方法,其相對廉價。基於燃料電池之純度監控系統之另一優勢在於
就燃料電池之本質而言,進行純度監控之燃料電池可容易地經組態以對有害於可與純度監控器聯用之一次燃料電池堆疊之操作的完全相同之污染物靈敏。
圖1展示說明氫氣純度監控器10之第一組態之操作原理的示意圖。純度監控器10包括第一燃料電池11及第二燃料電池12。第一燃料電池11為參考燃料電池且可進一步包括以串聯連接組態安置成參考燃料電池堆疊1之許多個別燃料電池。第二燃料電池12為測試燃料電池且可進一步包括以串聯連接組態安置成測試燃料電池堆疊2之許多個別燃料電池。參考電池11具有燃料入口13且測試電池12具有燃料入口14。在此配置中,燃料入口13、14均由共同之氫氣來源5供應。氫氣來源5可為任何形式之氫氣來源,包括(但不限於)任何形式之儲存槽或容器、連續管道供應器,或氫氣產生器,諸如蒸汽重組系統。燃料入口13經由純化器16與氫氣來源5連接。純化器16可為能夠移除將使參考燃料電池11及測試燃料電池12之電效能降級之污染物的任何形式之過濾器。舉例而言,可使用任何形式之催化劑活化純化器。較佳之純化器為鈀膜。純化器較佳定位在入口13與入口14及氫氣來源5之間。可使用任何適合純化器或在線氣體純化方法,諸如基於使用多孔介質或變壓吸附之吸附方法者。一系列可能之氫氣純化器可購得,諸如來自SAES Pure Gas公司之MicroTorr®系列。
氫氣來源5亦可包括輸出端6,其為向燃料入口14供應之輸出端所共用,且耦接於一次燃料電池堆疊電源以用於電力產生(未圖示)。
參考燃料電池11具有電輸出端17且測試燃料電池12具有電輸出端18。兩個電輸出端17、18均與控制器20連接。控制器20經組態
以向燃料電池11、12中之每一者施加電負載(未圖示)且監控燃料電池11、12之電輸出端17、18。控制器20亦包括比較燃料電池11、12之電輸出端17、18之比較器(未圖示)。控制器20亦提供經組態以基於比較器之輸出給予氫氣來源5之氫氣純度之指示的純度監控輸出端22。
在使用時,氫氣來源5經由純化器16向參考燃料電池11供應氫氣燃料,但未經純化即直接向測試燃料電池12供應氫氣燃料。藉由比較參考燃料電池11與測試燃料電池12之效能量度,有可能測試在饋入測試燃料電池中之氫氣中尤其對燃料電池操作有損害且使測試燃料電池之電效能降級之污染物的存在。
控制器20可經組態以連續、定期或間歇進行效能量度。效能量度可包括量測參考電池及測試電池中之每一者在恆定輸出電流下之燃料電池電壓及/或在恆定電壓下之輸出電流。如插入之輸出圖表24、25中所示,相較於參考電池11,測試電池12中之任何電壓損失率26與氫氣來源燃料中之污染之量及類型相關。與參考電池11進行比較使得針對環境變化(諸如溫度、濕度、空氣污染及影響燃料電池效能之其他因素)之量測結果正規化。
任何適合算法皆可用於監控及比較參考電池11與測試電池12之相對效能。一種例示性算法可確定參考電池及測試電池中之每一者之電壓輸出變化率且基於各別變化率之差異確定純度。一種例示性算法可基於參考電池與測試電池之電壓輸出之絕對差異確定純度。控制器可經組態以當所確定之差異短暫或在規定時間內超過預定最大值時會觸發警報狀態。電壓輸出之變化率可給予氫氣供應之污染嚴重性的指示。
可藉由提供各自經由不同純化器或污染物過濾器供應以來自氫氣來源5之氫氣的額外參考燃料電池而在不同污染物之間進行區分,各過濾器經組態以移除特定污染物。
或者或另外,可藉由提供其他參考及測試燃料電池而在不同污染物之間進行區分,該等燃料電池所具有之電池具有對不同特定污染物靈敏之不同催化劑、膜或其他特徵。
在圖2中所示之替代性配置中,氫氣純度監控器10a具有單獨高純度氫氣來源27而非來自主要氫氣來源5之純化供應。在此配置中,高純度氫氣來源27可為具有已知高純度氫氣參考氣體(例如高完整性容器中之具有至少已知純度之氫氣)之小儲存容器或槽。在其他方面,純度監控器10a以與圖1之純度監控器10相同之方式操作。
氫氣純度監控器10、10a之燃料電池較佳具有質子交換膜類型,但可使用能夠由氫氣與氧氣之電化學反應產生電流之其他燃料電池類型。
參考燃料電池11及測試燃料電池12可形成一或多個燃料電池堆疊之一部分。在一種配置中,一或多個串聯連接之參考電池可與一或多個串聯連接之測試電池耦接成單個燃料電池堆疊。適當電壓監控終端可以已知方式提供於相關電池或電池組之堆疊中以提供必需輸出端17、18。該堆疊將具有用於該一或多個參考電池之必需之單獨參考燃料供應及用於該一或多個測試電池之必需之單獨測試燃料供應。將參考電池及測試電池整合入同一堆疊中可提供以下優勢:使操作參考燃料電池與測試燃料電池之環境條件(例如溫度、壓力、濕度等)更密切匹配,藉此減少電池之間
由環境條件差異引起之任何電輸出變化。
純化器16亦可整合入與參考電池相同之燃料電池堆疊中,例如藉由使催化劑表面位於鄰近該一或多個參考電池之板中且提供用於輸送氫氣之適當流體流動口以使純化器與該一或多個參考電池呈流體串聯。
在另一配置中,氫氣純度監控器10或10a可整合入向例如汽車電力單元之外部負載提供電力之一次燃料電池堆疊中。適當電壓監控終端可以已知方式提供於指定為參考及測試電池之電池的一次堆疊中以提供必需輸出端17、18。一次堆疊將具有用於該一或多個參考電池之必需之單獨參考燃料供應。該堆疊中充當一次堆疊電力供應及測試電池之其餘部分將提供以來自來源5之燃料。
在另一配置中,氫氣純度監控系統可為模組化的以使參考及/或測試燃料電池及鈀膜可在某一時段之後或在污染事件之後定期更換。
純度監控器可經組態以在向主燃料儲存槽5輸送燃料之後操作一段固定時間。或者,可在填充槽5之前獲取一定體積之燃料輸送樣品以避免在燃料輸送時稀釋污染物。若測試電池與參考電池之間的電壓降差異高於預置值,則系統可經組態以觸發輸送站及/或自槽之一次燃料電池操作關閉,或觸發警報狀態以更詳細分析燃料來源。
在污染事件之後,測試電池可用純化氫氣清潔,此可給予某種關於污染類型之指示。舉例而言:(i)測試電池電輸出即刻得到改良可指示污染事件對應於濃度污染(稀釋),其中污染物對燃料電池催化劑不具有直接影響但會導致氫氣濃度降低;
(ii)測試電池電輸出隨時間推移而得到改良可指示污染事件對應於可逆催化劑污染,例如受CO污染;(iii)測試電池電輸出隨時間推移未得到改良或幾乎未得到改良可指示污染事件對應於不可逆催化劑污染,例如受硫化合物污染。
需要時可改良氫氣純度監控器對氫氣污染之靈敏性。氫氣內之雜質含量可能過小以致在合理時間量程內不可使用例如圖1之裝置偵測到。舉例而言,含硫物質可對測試燃料電池12具有累積效應,且概括而言,暴露於1ppm雜質100小時對測試電池之影響可類似於暴露於100ppm雜質1小時之影響。因此,若在將氫氣饋入測試燃料電池12中之前濃縮氫氣內之雜質,則可為有益的。此可藉由在純化器16中使用交叉流過濾型技術(cross-flow filtration type technique)且根據圖3將裝置再組態來達成。
在交叉流過濾元件中,將饋料流輸入過濾器中且一定比例之此饋料流能夠穿過過濾膜以形成稱為滲透物流之過濾或純化輸出物。另一比例之輸入流沿過濾膜之上游表面穿過,從而有效洗滌該膜,且通到稱為保留物之第二輸出物中。儘管交叉流過濾常用於藉由依賴交叉流連續清潔過濾介質之上游面來減少過濾器阻塞,但在圖3中所述之裝置中,其具有另一益處。實際上,純化滲透物流與保留物流之間的雜質濃度差異已有所增加,輸入流中之雜質已濃縮成保留物流。
參考圖3,氫氣純度監控器包括純化器31,其具有耦接至氫氣來源5之輸入饋料流管線32、具有上游側34及下游側35之膜33、與膜33之下游側35連通之滲透物流管線36及與膜33之上游側34連通之保留物流管線37。
滲透物流管線36耦接於參考燃料電池11且向其提供純化氫氣。保留物流管線37耦接於測試燃料電池12且向其提供雜質經濃縮之氫氣。因此,電輸出端17與18之差異係根據滲透物流與保留物流中存在之雜質的比率而放大。
在較佳實施例中,純化器31包括鈀(Pd)膜、薄片或薄膜(其在本文中將通稱為「膜」)。氫氣能夠滲透鈀薄膜。因此,當Pd膜之一側暴露於含有氫氣之氣體混合物時,氫氣能夠滲透穿過Pd膜,但其他物質不能。氫氣解離成原子以擴散穿過膜且接著在另一側再締合成分子。此過程可藉由維持跨膜壓差增加來加速或增強。穿過膜之氫氣為滲透物,滯留在另一側之氫氣加污染物氣體為保留物。為維持氫氣穿過膜之通量,高壓饋料側應較佳不由非滲透物質填充且保留物流有助於此。其他類型之純化器31為可能的,諸如具有聚合物膜之純化器。
藉由選擇膜33之高壓側之適合保留物流速,輸入饋料流中之低含量雜質(例如0.1ppm一氧化碳)可藉由將氫氣自受污染之燃料流移至滲透物流中而在保留物流中濃縮至1ppm或甚至10ppm。校正技術可用於定量由交叉流純化器31達成之雜質濃度之量且藉此基於參考電池11及測試電池12之電輸出來校正饋料流中之有效雜質含量。
其他具體實例意欲在隨附申請專利範圍之範疇內。
1‧‧‧參考燃料電池堆疊
2‧‧‧測試燃料電池堆疊
5‧‧‧氫氣來源/主燃料儲存槽
6‧‧‧輸出端
10‧‧‧氫氣純度監控器
11‧‧‧第一燃料電池/參考電池
12‧‧‧第二燃料電池/測試電池
13‧‧‧燃料入口
14‧‧‧燃料入口
16‧‧‧純化器
17‧‧‧電輸出端
18‧‧‧電輸出端
20‧‧‧控制器
22‧‧‧純度監控輸出端
24‧‧‧輸出圖表
25‧‧‧輸出圖表
26‧‧‧電壓損失率
Claims (15)
- 一種氫氣純度監控器,其包含:第一燃料電池,其經組態以由氫氣與氧化劑之電化學反應產生電流,且具有經組態以接收來自第一氫氣來源之氫氣之第一燃料入口;第二燃料電池,其經組態以由氫氣與氧化劑之電化學反應產生電流,且具有經組態以接收來自第二氫氣來源之氫氣之第二燃料入口;控制器,其經組態以向各燃料電池施加電負載且測定各燃料電池之電輸出,該控制器包括用於比較該第一燃料電池與該第二燃料電池之該等電輸出之比較器;及純度監控輸出端,其經組態以基於該比較器之輸出給予氫氣純度之指示。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之氫氣純度監控器,其進一步包括包含已知純度之氫氣來源之第一氫氣來源。
- 如申請專利範圍第2項之氫氣純度監控器,其中該已知純度氫氣來源為容納參考氣體之氫氣槽。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之氫氣純度監控器,其進一步包括耦接在該第一燃料入口與該第二燃料入口之間的氫氣純化元件以接收來自該第二氫氣來源之氫氣,且經由該純化元件作為該第一氫氣來源向該第一燃料入口提供來自該第二氫氣來源之氫氣。
- 如申請專利範圍第4項之氫氣純度監控器,其中該氫氣純化元件包括催化純化器。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之氫氣純度監控器,其進一步包括耦接在該第 一燃料入口與該第二燃料入口之間的氫氣純化元件,該氫氣純化元件具有饋料入口以及滲透物出口及保留物出口,該滲透物出口耦接於該第一燃料入口以充當該第一氫氣來源,且該保留物出口耦接於該第二燃料入口以充當該第二氫氣來源。
- 如申請專利範圍第4項或第6項之氫氣純度監控器,其中該氫氣純化元件包括鈀膜。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之氫氣純度監控器,其中該比較器經組態以測定在一段時間內該第一燃料電池及該第二燃料電池中之每一者之電壓及/或電流的變化率。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之氫氣純度監控器,其中該第二氫氣來源為蒸汽重組器。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之氫氣純度監控器,其中該第一燃料電池包括複數個以堆疊形式串聯連接之燃料電池及/或其中該第二燃料電池包括複數個以堆疊形式串聯連接之燃料電池。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之氫氣純度監控器,其中該第一燃料電池及該第二燃料電池形成單個燃料電池堆疊之一部分。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之氫氣純度監控器,其中該第一燃料電池及該第二燃料電池各自具有質子交換膜類型。
- 如申請專利範圍第11項之氫氣純度監控器,其係整合入較大一次燃料電池堆疊中。
- 如申請專利範圍第6項之氫氣純度監控器,其中該氫氣純化元件之該饋料入口耦接於共同之氫氣來源。
- 一種監控氫氣純度之方法,該方法包含:向經組態以由氫氣與氧化劑之電化學反應產生電流的第一燃料電池供應來自第一氫氣來源之氫氣燃料;向經組態以由氫氣與氧化劑之電化學反應產生電流的第二燃料電池供應來自第二氫氣來源之氫氣燃料;向各燃料電池施加電負載且測定各燃料電池之電輸出;比較該第一燃料電池與該第二燃料電池之該等電輸出;及基於比較器之輸出提供該第一氫氣來源及該第二氫氣來源中之一者的氫氣純度指示。
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| TW101148615A TWI581491B (zh) | 2011-12-21 | 2012-12-20 | 氫氣品質監控 |
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| Country | Link |
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| US (1) | US9726635B2 (zh) |
| EP (1) | EP2795706B1 (zh) |
| JP (1) | JP6139560B2 (zh) |
| KR (1) | KR102024108B1 (zh) |
| CN (1) | CN104115320B (zh) |
| AR (1) | AR089432A1 (zh) |
| AU (1) | AU2012356446B2 (zh) |
| BR (1) | BR112014015251A2 (zh) |
| CA (1) | CA2860121C (zh) |
| DK (1) | DK2795706T3 (zh) |
| GB (1) | GB2497787B (zh) |
| MX (1) | MX2014007738A (zh) |
| PH (1) | PH12014501433A1 (zh) |
| RU (1) | RU2014129811A (zh) |
| SG (1) | SG11201403461VA (zh) |
| TW (1) | TWI581491B (zh) |
| WO (1) | WO2013093461A1 (zh) |
| ZA (1) | ZA201404979B (zh) |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| GB2526287C (en) | 2014-05-19 | 2023-02-08 | Intelligent Energy Ltd | Apparatus for determining reactant purity |
| US9809454B2 (en) * | 2014-10-24 | 2017-11-07 | Japan Pionics Co., Ltd. | Method for refining hydrogen |
| EP3635390B1 (en) | 2017-06-06 | 2023-07-26 | Skyre, Inc. | Hydrogen monitoring and delivery components and methods |
| US10329150B2 (en) * | 2017-06-29 | 2019-06-25 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | Fuel cell system and method for determining purity level of hydrogen gas provided to an anode side of the fuel cell |
| JP7351607B2 (ja) | 2018-09-03 | 2023-09-27 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 燃料電池システムおよび燃料ガス品質の判定方法 |
| GB2580061A (en) * | 2018-12-20 | 2020-07-15 | Nanosun Ip Ltd | Method and apparatus for assessing the suitability of a fuel for use in a fuel cell |
| CN110459787A (zh) * | 2019-08-26 | 2019-11-15 | 广东国鸿氢能科技有限公司 | 一种氢燃料电池消氢装置 |
| CN111896602B (zh) * | 2020-09-02 | 2024-12-24 | 天津新氢动力科技有限公司 | 一种氢气品质检测装置及检测方法 |
| DE102020214583A1 (de) | 2020-11-19 | 2022-05-19 | Siemens Energy Global GmbH & Co. KG | Wasserstoffreinheit |
| CN112858391B (zh) * | 2021-01-26 | 2022-09-20 | 山东大学 | 一种代偿式氢气纯度检测系统与检测方法 |
| CN114792828A (zh) * | 2022-05-14 | 2022-07-26 | 北京亿华通科技股份有限公司 | 一种燃料电池氢系统氢气纯度的监测方法 |
| CN118152762B (zh) * | 2024-05-11 | 2024-08-20 | 之江实验室 | 基于深度学习的中性氢源识别与分割方法、装置和介质 |
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2011
- 2011-12-21 GB GB1122035.7A patent/GB2497787B/en active Active
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2012
- 2012-12-19 CN CN201280063909.0A patent/CN104115320B/zh active Active
- 2012-12-19 RU RU2014129811A patent/RU2014129811A/ru not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2012-12-19 BR BR112014015251A patent/BR112014015251A2/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2012-12-19 MX MX2014007738A patent/MX2014007738A/es unknown
- 2012-12-19 WO PCT/GB2012/053189 patent/WO2013093461A1/en not_active Ceased
- 2012-12-19 US US14/367,453 patent/US9726635B2/en active Active
- 2012-12-19 JP JP2014548189A patent/JP6139560B2/ja active Active
- 2012-12-19 KR KR1020147020139A patent/KR102024108B1/ko active Active
- 2012-12-19 EP EP12815752.6A patent/EP2795706B1/en active Active
- 2012-12-19 AU AU2012356446A patent/AU2012356446B2/en active Active
- 2012-12-19 SG SG11201403461VA patent/SG11201403461VA/en unknown
- 2012-12-19 DK DK12815752.6T patent/DK2795706T3/en active
- 2012-12-19 CA CA2860121A patent/CA2860121C/en active Active
- 2012-12-20 TW TW101148615A patent/TWI581491B/zh active
- 2012-12-21 AR ARP120104940A patent/AR089432A1/es unknown
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2014
- 2014-06-20 PH PH12014501433A patent/PH12014501433A1/en unknown
- 2014-07-07 ZA ZA2014/04979A patent/ZA201404979B/en unknown
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| US20030077492A1 (en) * | 2001-10-24 | 2003-04-24 | Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Hydrogen supplying apparatus for fuel cell |
| US20100015039A1 (en) * | 2004-05-28 | 2010-01-21 | Hyradix, Inc. | Hydrogen generation process using partial oxidation/steam reforming |
| JP2006059745A (ja) * | 2004-08-23 | 2006-03-02 | Iwatani Internatl Corp | 水素燃料電池のセル電圧モニター装置及びその利用方法 |
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN104115320B (zh) | 2018-06-05 |
| CA2860121A1 (en) | 2013-06-27 |
| AU2012356446A1 (en) | 2014-07-17 |
| US9726635B2 (en) | 2017-08-08 |
| AU2012356446B2 (en) | 2017-06-15 |
| BR112014015251A2 (pt) | 2017-06-13 |
| EP2795706B1 (en) | 2016-10-19 |
| PH12014501433A1 (en) | 2014-09-22 |
| CA2860121C (en) | 2020-04-07 |
| CN104115320A (zh) | 2014-10-22 |
| WO2013093461A1 (en) | 2013-06-27 |
| SG11201403461VA (en) | 2014-07-30 |
| JP6139560B2 (ja) | 2017-05-31 |
| JP2015507326A (ja) | 2015-03-05 |
| MX2014007738A (es) | 2015-01-12 |
| AR089432A1 (es) | 2014-08-20 |
| DK2795706T3 (en) | 2017-02-06 |
| GB201122035D0 (en) | 2012-02-01 |
| RU2014129811A (ru) | 2016-02-10 |
| KR102024108B1 (ko) | 2019-09-23 |
| US20150346140A1 (en) | 2015-12-03 |
| GB2497787A (en) | 2013-06-26 |
| KR20140112037A (ko) | 2014-09-22 |
| EP2795706A1 (en) | 2014-10-29 |
| TW201338258A (zh) | 2013-09-16 |
| ZA201404979B (en) | 2022-03-30 |
| GB2497787B (en) | 2019-06-26 |
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