TWI434652B - 新穎結晶修飾物 - Google Patents
新穎結晶修飾物 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI434652B TWI434652B TW096142558A TW96142558A TWI434652B TW I434652 B TWI434652 B TW I434652B TW 096142558 A TW096142558 A TW 096142558A TW 96142558 A TW96142558 A TW 96142558A TW I434652 B TWI434652 B TW I434652B
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- C07D231/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings
- C07D231/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D231/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
- C07D231/44—Oxygen and nitrogen or sulfur and nitrogen atoms
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- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
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Description
本發明係關於一種氟蟲腈之新穎結晶修飾物,一種用於製備該結晶修飾物之方法,包含該結晶修飾物之殺蟲及殺寄生蟲混合物及組合物及其用於抵抗害蟲及寄生蟲之用途。
氟蟲腈(式I)係一種用於控制特定昆蟲及蟎類害蟲及寄生蟲之活性化合物。
用於製備氟蟲腈之各種方法已廣泛及詳細地描述。給出詳細製備程序之文獻例如為EP 295 117;EP 460 940;EP 484 165;EP 668 269;EP 967 206;EP 1 331 222;EP 1 374 061;US 5 631 381;CN 1374298;或J.of Heibei University of Science and Technology,第25卷(2),Sum 69(2004),Dok.Serial No.1008-1542(2004)02-0018-03。
藉由先前技術中所述之方法獲得之氟蟲腈物質的表徵通常藉由1
H-NMR分析及/或量測熔點來進行。所述熔點在187℃至203℃之範圍內,主要在195℃至203℃之範圍內。在the Pesticidal Manual,第13版(2003),British Crop Protection Council,第433頁中,氟蟲腈係描述為一種具有200至201℃之熔點之白色固體,其中工業氟蟲腈具有195.5℃至203℃之熔點。不同結晶形式之氟蟲腈之觀察結果尚未描述,至於特定結晶修飾物之任何表徵或用於獲得特定結晶修飾物之製備程序亦未描述。
對於大規模製備及調配諸如氟蟲腈之銷售化合物而言,瞭解是否存在化合物之不同結晶修飾物(亦經常稱為多形體(polymoprh)),如何可獲得該等結晶修飾物,及其特徵特性為何係至關重要的。一種化合物之結晶修飾物可能具有極不同之特性,例如就溶解性、溶解速率、懸浮穩定性、研磨期間之穩定性、蒸氣壓力、光學及機械特性、吸濕性、晶體粒度、過濾特性、乾燥作用、密度、熔點、降解穩定性、抵抗相變為其他結晶修飾物之穩定性、顏色及甚至化學反應性而言。
舉例而言,不同結晶修飾物經常自身以不同形式之晶體顯示,諸如針狀物或片狀物。此與例如製備程序中之過濾步驟有關。在不同結晶修飾物之該等混合物中,片狀物通常將阻塞過濾器之孔,導致時間及產物之損失及繁重且昂貴之清洗操作。同樣,以片狀物存在之結晶修飾物及以針狀物存在之結晶修飾物可具有顯著不同之涉及儲存及包裝之容積密度。尤其在殺蟲劑之製造中,另一相關態樣為是否結晶修飾物以可產生有害粉塵之細粉末或以無塵較大晶體存在。氟蟲腈之不同修飾物具有不同容積密度且其不可預測的比率之混合物在儲存及包裝時產生之前提及之問題。
在此背景下,本發明之一目的在於找到氟蟲腈之新穎結晶修飾物且對其進行表徵。
另一目的在於找到用於該新穎結晶修飾物之製備程序,其可再現地產生結晶修飾物。
本發明之另一目的在於找到以高產率產生該新穎結晶修飾物V之製備程序。
本發明之又一目的在於找到產生基本上不包括其他結晶修飾物形式(亦即超過80重量%)之新穎結晶修飾物之製備程序。此確保在製造、運輸、儲存及使用相應固態形式之所有態樣中之再現性及穩定性。
因此,已找到一種氟蟲腈之新穎結晶修飾物,一種用於製備該結晶修飾物之方法,包含該結晶修飾物之殺蟲及殺寄生蟲混合物及組合物及其用於抵抗害蟲及寄生蟲之用途。在整個本申請案中,該氟蟲腈之新穎結晶修飾物係定義為"新穎結晶修飾物V"。
同樣,最令人驚訝的是,已找到氟蟲腈之3種其他結晶修飾物,其從屬於同在申請中之專利申請案。尤其令人驚蚜的是,本發明之氟蟲腈之結晶修飾物V具有與第二結晶修飾物I極其類似之熔點,兩個熔點均處於先前技術中所給出之熔點範圍內(亦即195至203℃)。此外,同在申請中之申請案中所述之氟蟲腈的兩種其他結晶修飾物II及IV在加熱期間經歷相變成為更穩定之形式I及V,且因此在典型熔點量測中將得到此等形式I及V之熔點。因此固體形式之氟蟲腈屬於極複雜結晶情況。可推斷文獻中所給出之熔點決不可能指出分析的是結晶修飾物還是結晶修飾物混合物。
在T 605/02中,歐洲專利局之技術復審委員會(Technical Board of Appeal of the European Patent Authority)規定在各別所述之製備程序不存在的情況下,即使是特定結晶修飾物之XRD圖案因缺乏授權亦不能構成先前技術。因此,在申請此申請案之前所公開的文獻中所給出之熔點不能視作本發明之先前技術,因為其未授權技術人員製備氟蟲腈之新穎結晶修飾物。
氟蟲腈之新穎結晶修飾物V係以具有中心對稱空間群P-1之三斜晶系存在(本文中亦稱為"結晶修飾物V"或"修飾物V"或"結晶修飾物")。於25℃下使用Cu-Kα(1.54178)輻射記錄之X射線粉末繞射圖中,氟蟲腈之結晶修飾物V顯示下文以晶面間距d或2θ值引用之以下反射中之至少3種,較佳全部:
在一尤其較佳實施例中,該結晶修飾物V展現大體上與圖1中所示之圖案相同之粉末X射線繞射圖案。
結晶修飾物V之單晶體之研究已展示基本晶體結構為三斜晶且具有空間群P-1。結晶修飾物V之晶體結構之特徵資料在表1中展示:
氟蟲腈之結晶修飾物V通常具有在200至204℃範圍內,尤其在201至204℃範圍內,最佳為203℃之熔點。
氟蟲腈之結晶修飾物V之差示掃描熱量測定(DSC)熱分析圖含有起始溫度為202℃且於203℃下為最大值之吸熱。該DSC迹線在圖2中展示。
在另一實施例中,本發明係關於具有至少92重量%,尤其至少96重量%且尤其至少98重量%之氟蟲腈含量之結晶修飾物V。
本發明亦係關於一種固體氟蟲腈(氟蟲腈之組合物),其包含如上文所定義之結晶修飾物V及不同於該結晶修飾物V之氟蟲腈之形式(本文中亦稱為"氟蟲腈形式"),例如非晶形氟蟲腈或不同於結晶修飾物V之結晶修飾物之氟蟲腈。較佳地,該固體氟蟲腈(氟蟲腈之組合物)包含至少85重量%,較佳至少90重量%,更佳至少95重量%且最佳至少98重量%之結晶修飾物V。該氟蟲腈之組合物提供優良的調配穩定性。
結晶修飾物V可使用包含以下步驟之方法來製備:步驟i)製備不同於結晶修飾物V之固體形式之氟蟲腈於選自二甲亞碸或熱乙腈之溶劑S中的溶液;步驟ii)實現氟蟲腈自該熱溶液中之結晶;及步驟iii)分離所得沈澱物。
此等步驟之詳細說明係如下所示:
步驟i)
不同於步驟i)中所用之結晶修飾物V之合適的氟蟲腈形式係(例如)選自非晶形氟蟲腈或結晶氟蟲腈,諸如具有空間群C2/c之單斜晶氟蟲腈,空間群P21
/C之單斜晶氟蟲腈,以及氟蟲腈之結晶修飾物之混合物。
用作步驟i)中之起始物質之氟蟲腈形式較佳具有至少85重量%,尤其至少90重量%且尤其至少95重量%之純度。"純度"意謂不存在除氟蟲腈外之化合物。
用於步驟i)之溶劑S由熱二甲亞碸或熱乙腈組成。"熱"在二甲亞碸之情況下意謂在100℃至150℃範圍內,最佳在130℃至150℃範圍內,尤其137℃至143℃之溫度。在乙腈之情況下,"熱"意謂在60℃至80℃範圍內,較佳在60℃至81℃範圍內,且最佳在70℃至81℃範圍內,尤其75℃至81℃之溫度。乙腈具有81℃之熔點。
在一較佳實施例中,用於步驟i)之溶劑S由熱二甲亞碸組成。
在另一較佳實施例中,用於步驟i)之溶劑S由熱乙腈組成。
在步驟i)中,不同於結晶修飾物V之氟蟲腈形式將通常以固體形式併入溶劑S中,其中於溶劑S能夠完全溶解氟蟲腈形式之濃度及溫度下混合。
當然,溶解於溶劑S中之氟蟲腈形式之量視溶劑S之性質及溶解溫度而定。熟習此項技術者將能夠藉由標準實驗判定合適之條件。
步驟ii)
在本發明之方法之步驟ii)中,接著使氟蟲腈結晶。
結晶可以習用方式實現,例如藉由添加降低溶解性之溶劑,或藉由濃縮溶液,或藉由此等措施之組合來實現。
在一較佳實施例中,步驟ii)係在結晶修飾物V之晶種存在下進行。
為儘可能完全轉化為結晶修飾物V,該結晶係經至少1天、尤其至少3天之時段(結晶之持續時間)進行。熟習此項技術者將結晶之持續時間理解為意謂起始結晶之措施開始與藉由自母液分離結晶物質來分離氟蟲腈之間的時間段。
一般而言,使結晶進行至已結晶出至少60重量%、較佳至少70重量%、尤其至少90重量%(例如80至90重量%)之所用氟蟲腈的程度。
藉由逐漸移除溶劑S,諸如藉由於真空中及/或在諸如氮氣或氬氣之惰性氣體流動存在下蒸發來實現溶液之濃縮。舉例而言,在溶劑S由二甲亞碸組成之情況下,蒸發較佳於135℃至145℃下在氮氣流動下進行。
在一較佳實施例中,藉由濃縮溶液來實現結晶。
步驟iii)
在本發明之方法之步驟iii)中,使用自液體分離固體組份之習用技術,例如藉由過濾、離心或傾析來分離結晶修飾物V。一般而言,將例如以用於結晶之溶劑S洗滌所分離之沈澱物。該洗滌可以一或多個步驟進行。通常於低於30℃且尤其低於25℃之溫度下進行洗滌,以儘可能低地損失有價值產物。可接著將所得結晶氟蟲腈或修飾物V乾燥且經受進一步處理。
可重複由步驟i)至步驟iii)組成之製備方法以獲得較高純度之氟蟲腈。
此外,結晶修飾物V可藉由於至少110℃下、較佳於130℃與150℃之間加熱結晶修飾物II或IV[B3]來製備。
結晶修飾物V尤其適合於有效抵抗以下害蟲:百足蟲(倍足綱(Diplopoda)),諸如斑點千足蟲(Blaniulus)或千足蟲屬(Narceus ssp.);昆蟲(昆蟲綱(Insecta)),諸如:螞蟻、蜜蜂、黃蜂、葉蜂(膜翅目(Hymenoptera)),例如豹切葉蟻(Atta capiguara)、熱帶切葉蟻(Atta cephalotes)、光滑切葉蟻(Atta laevigata)、強壯切葉蟻(Atta robusta)、六孔切葉蟻(Atta sexdens)、德州切葉蟻(Atta texana)、舉尾蟻(Crematogaster spp.)、李實蜂(Hoplocampa minuta)、蘋果實蜂(Hoplocampa testudinea)、廚蟻(Monomorium pharaonis)、火蟻(Solenopsis geminata)、紅火蟻(Solenopsis invicta)、黑火蟻(Solenopsis richteri)、南方火蟻(Solenopsis xyloni)、非洲大頭蟻(Pheidole megacephala)、諸如紅收穫蟻(Pogonomyrmex barbatus)及加州紅收穫蟻(Pogonomyrmex californicus)之收穫蟻(Pogonomyrmex)種、殺牛蟻(Dasymutilla occidentalis)、熊蜂屬(Bombus spp.)、南方黃蜂(Vespula squamosa)、黑盾黃蜂(Paravespula vulgaris)、西方黃蜂(Paravespula pennsylvanica)、德國黃蜂(Paravespula germanica)、姬胡蜂(Dolichovespula maculata)、黃邊胡蜂(Vespa crabro)、紅鏽色長腳蜂(Polistes rubiginosa)、木蟻(Camponotus floridanus)及阿根廷螞蟻(Linepithema humile),甲蟲(鞘翅目(Coleoptera)),諸如梨長吉丁(Agrilus sinuatus)、具條叩甲(Agriotes lineatus)、黯金針蟲(Agriotes obscurus)及其他叩甲(Agriotes)種、六月金龜(Amphimallus solstitialis)、歐洲蛀蟲(Anisandrus dispar)、棉鈴象甲(Anthonomus grandis)、蘋果花象甲(Anthonomus pomorum)、莫瑞象甲(Aracanthus morei)、線形隱食甲(Atomaria linearis)、擬步甲(Blapstinus)種、大松小蠹(Blastophagus piniperda)、天幕枯葉蛾(Blitophaga undata)、甜菜象鼻蟲(Bothynoderes punciventris)、蠶豆象(Bruchus rufimanus)、豌豆象(Bruchus pisorum)、扁豆象(Bruchus lentis)、蘋果卷葉象甲(Byctiscus betulae)、甜菜大龜甲(Cassida nebulosa)、豆葉甲(Cerotoma trifurcata)、甘藍莢象甲(Ceuthorrhynchus assimilis)、暗脈象甲(Ceuthorrhynchus napi)、甜菜脛跳甲(Chaetocnema tibialis)、煙草金針蟲(Conoderus vespertinus)及其他寬胸金針蟲(Conoderus)種、甜菜象甲(Conorhynchus mendicus)、天冬負泥甲(Crioceris asparagi)、向日葵莖象甲(Cylindrocopturus adspersus)、長角葉甲(Diabrotica(longicornis)barberi)、半星葉甲(Diabrotica semi-punctata)、南美葉甲(Diabrotica speciosa)、十一星葉甲(Diabrotica undecimpunctata)、玉米根葉甲(Diabrotica virgifera)及其他葉甲(Diabrotica)種、偽步行蟲(Eleodes)種、墨西哥豆瓢蟲(Epilachna varivestis)、煙草跳甲(Epitrix hirtipennis)、巴西棕蝠(Eutinobothrus brasiliensis)、松樹象甲(Hylobius abietis)、埃及苜蓿象甲(Hypera brunneipennis)、苜蓿葉象甲(Hypera postica)、雲杉八齒小蠹(Ips typographus)、具條負泥蟲(Lema bilineata)、黑角負泥蟲(Lema melanopus)、馬鈴薯甲蟲(Leptinotarsa decemlineata)、甜菜金針蟲(Limonius californicus)及其他金針蟲(Limonius)種、稻象甲(Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus)、阿根廷莖象甲(Listronotus bonariensis)、棉線蟲(Melanotus communis)及其他梳爪叩甲(Melanotus)種、油菜露尾甲(Meligethes aeneus)、忽布鰓角金龜(Melolontha hippocastani)、西方五月鰓金龜(Melolontha melolontha)、稻負泥蟲(Oulema oryzae)、黑蛀象鼻蟲(Ortiorrhynchus sulcatus)、稻象甲(Oryzophagus oryzae)、草莓根象甲(Otiorrhynchus ovatus)、水稻負泥蟲(Oulema oryzae)、辣根猿葉甲(Phaedon cochleariae)、油菜蘭跳甲(Phyllotreta chrysocephala)、鰓金龜(Phyllophaga cuyabana)及其他金龜(Phyllophaga)種、庭園麗金龜(Phyllopertha horticola)、蕪菁淡足跳甲(Phyllotreta nemorum)、黃曲條跳甲(Phyllotreta striolata)及其他菜跳甲(Phyllotreta)種、日本麗金龜(Popillia japonica)、葡萄藤象甲(Promecops carinicollis)、安第斯馬鈴薯象甲(Premnotrypes voraz)、蚤跳甲(Psylliodes)種、豌豆葉象甲(Sitona lineatus)、穀象(Sitophilus granaria)、肥象(Sternechus pinguis)、大豆秸稈象甲(Sternechus subsignatus)及紅豆草灰象甲(Tanymechus palliatus)及其他灰象甲(Tanymechus)種,蜈蚣(唇足綱(Chilopoda)),例如家蚰蜒(Scutigera coleoptrata),蟑螂(蜚蠊目(Blattaria-Blattodea)),例如德國小蠊(Blattella germanica)、亞洲蟑螂(Blattella asahinae)、美洲大蠊(Periplaneta americana)、日本蟑螂(Periplaneta japonica)、棕色蟑螂(Periplaneta brunnea)、黑胸大蠊(Periplaneta fuligginosa)、澳洲大蠊(Periplaneta australasiae)及東方蜚蠊(Blatta orientalis),蟋蟀、蚱蜢、蝗蟲(直翅目),例如家蟋蟀(Acheta domestica)、歐洲螻蛄(Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa)、飛蝗(Locusta migratoria)、雙帶蚱蜢(Melanoplus bivittatus)、赤腿蚱蜢(Melanoplus femurrubrum)、墨西哥蚱蜢(Melanoplus mexicanus)、遷徙蚱蜢(Melanoplus sanguinipes)、落磯山蚱蜢(Melanoplus spretus)、紅翅蝗(Nomadacris septemfasciata)、美洲蚱蜢(Schistocerca americana)、沙漠飛蝗(Schistocerca gregaria)、摩洛哥戟紋蝗(Dociostaurus maroccanus)、溫室蟋螽(Tachycines asynamorus)、塞內加爾蚱蜢(Oedaleus senegalensis)、雜色蚱蜢(Zonozerus variegatus)、稻蝗(Hieroglyphus daganensis)、印度黃檀蝗(Kraussaria angulifera)、意大利蝗(Calliptamus italicus)、澳大利亞災蝗(Chortoicetes terminifera)及褐蝗(Locustana pardalina),跳蚤(蚤目(Siphonaptera)),例如貓蚤(Ctenocephalides felis)、犬櫛首蚤(Ctenocephalides canis)、東方鼠蚤(Xenopsylla cheopis)、人蚤(Pulex irritans)、穿皮潛蚤(Tunga penetrans)及具帶病蚤(Nosopsyllus fasciatus),蒼蠅、蚊子(雙翅目(Diptera)),例如埃及伊蚊(Aedes aegypti)、白紋伊蚊(Aedes albopictus)、刺擾伊蚊(Aedes vexans)、日本稻潛蠅(Agromyza oryzea)、墨西哥橘實蠅(Anastrepha ludens)、五斑按蚊(Anopheles maculipennis)、Anopheles crucians、白魔按蚊(Anopheles albimanus)、岡比亞按蚊(Anopheles gambiae)、佛氏按蚊(Anopheles freeborni)、白踝按蚊(Anopheles leucosphyrus)、微小按蚊(Anopheles minimus)、四斑按蚊(Anopheles quadrimaculatus)、紅頭麗蠅(Calliphora vicina)、蛆症金蠅(Chrysomya bezziana)、美洲金蠅(Chrysomya hominivorax)、稻金蠅(Chrysomya macellaria)、鹿蠅(Chrysops discalis)、silacea斑虻(Chrysops silacea)、中室斑虻(Chrysops atlanticus)、螺旋錐蠅(Cochliomyia hominivorax)、高粱癭蚊(Contarinia sorghicola)、盾波蠅(Cordylobia anthropophaga)、毛庫蠓(Culicoides furens)、五帶淡色庫蚊(Culex pipiens)、斑蚊(Culex nigripalpus)、致倦庫蚊(Culex quinquefasciatus)、跗斑庫蚊(Culex tarsalis)、冬蚊(Culiseta inornata)、黑尾賽蚊(Culiseta melanura)、瓜實蠅(Dacus cucurbitae)、油橄欖實蠅(Dacus oleae)、蕓苔莢癭蚊(Dasineura brassicae)、蔥蠅(Delia antique)、麥種蠅(Delia coarctata)、灰地種蠅(Delia platura)、蔥蠅(Delia radicum)、人膚皮蠅(Dermatobia hominis)、黃腹廄蠅(Fannia canicularis)、腸胃蠅(Gasterophilus intestinalis)、三點禾蠅(Geomyza Tripunctata)、刺舌蠅(Glossina morsitans)、鬚舌蠅(Glossina palpalis)、黑足舌蠅(Glossina fuscipes)、健壯舌蠅(Glossina tachinoides)、騷擾角蠅(Haematobia irritans)、鞍形癭蚊(Haplodiplosis equestris)、眼疾蠅(Hippelates spp.)、紋皮蠅(Hypoderma lineata)、黑穀蚊(Leptoconops torrens)、美洲斑潛蠅(Liriomyza sativae)、三葉草斑潛蠅(Liriomyza trifolii)、山羊綠蠅(Lucilia caprina)、銅綠蠅(Lucilia cuprina)、絲光綠蠅(Lucilia sericata)、Lycoria pectoralis、曼蚊屬(Mansonia spp.)、黑森麥桿蠅(Mayetiola destructor)、家蠅(Musca domestica)、廄腐蠅(Muscina stabulans)、羊鼻蠅(Oestrus ovis)、羊鼻蠅(Oestrus ovis)、花禾蠅(Opomyza florum)、瑞典麥稈蠅(Oscinella frit)、甜菜潛葉蠅(Pegomya hysocyami)、銀足白蛉(Phlebotomus argentipes)、蔥蠅(Phorbia antiqua)、甘藍蠅(Phorbia brassicae)、麥蠅(Phorbia coarctata)、Progonya leyoscianii、胡蘿蔔蠅(Psila rosae)、黑稻田蚊(Psorophora columbiae)、異色壞血蚊(Psorophora discolor)、混雜原蚋(Prosimulium mixtum)、櫻桃實繩(Rhagoletis cerasi)、蘋果實蠅(Rhagoletis pomonella)、赤尾麻蠅(Sarcophaga haemorrhoidalis)、麻蠅屬(Sarcophaga sp.)、帶蚋(Simulium vittatum)、廄螫蠅(Stomoxys calcitrans)、牛虻(Tabanus bovinus)、黑馬蠅(Tabanus atratus)、條紋馬蠅(Tabanus lineola)、斑紋牛虻(Tabanus similis)、甜菜根蛆(Tetanops myopaeformis)、普通大蚊(Tipula oleracea)及歐洲大蚊(Tipula paludosa),異翅目(heteropterans(Heteroptera)),諸如喜綠蝽(Acrosternum hilare)、多毛長蝽(Blissus leucopterus)、葉蟬科(Cicadellidae)(諸如蠶豆微葉蟬(Empoasca fabae))、金花蟲科(Chrysomelidae)、煙草黑斑盲蝽(Cyrtopeltis notatus)、Delpahcidae、棉紅蝽(Dysdercus cingulatus)、棉蝽(Dysdercus intermedius)、麥扁盾蝽(Eurygaster integriceps)、棉褐蝽(Euschistus impictiventris)、葉足緣蝽(Leptoglossus phyllopus)、牧草盲蝽(Lygus lineolaris)、牧草盲蝽(Lygus pratensis)、黑尾葉蟬(Nephotettix)種、稻綠蝽(Nezara viridula)、蝽科(Pentatomidae)、甜菜撿網蝽(Piesma quadrata)、紫臭蝽(Solubea insularis)及蝽象(Thyanta perditor),蚜蟲及其他同翅目(homopterans(Homoptera)),例如蜿豆壁蝨(Acyrthosiphon onobrychis)、落葉松球蚜(Adelges laricis)、鼠李馬鈴薯蚜(Aphidula nasturtii)、蠶豆蚜(Aphis fabae)、草莓根蚜(Aphis forbesi)、大豆蚜(Aphis glycines)、棉蚜(Aphis gossypii)、醋栗蚜(Aphis grossulariae)、蘋果蚜(Aphis pomi)、胸喙蚜(Aphis schneideri)、繡線菊蚜(Aphis spiraecola)、甘蔗蚜(Aphis sambuci)、豌豆蚜(Acyrthosiphon pisum)、馬鈴薯長鬚蚜(Aulacorthum solani)、薊短尾蚜(Brachycaudus cardui)、李短尾蚜(Brachycaudus helichrysi)、桃黑短尾蚜(Brachycaudus persicae)、梅蚜(Brachycaudus prunicola)、甘藍蚜(Brevicoryne brassicae)、角釘毛蚜(Capitophorus horni)、瓜蚜(Cerosipha gossypii)、草莓毛管蚜(Chaetosiphon fragaefolii)、茶藨隱瘤額蚜(Cryptomyzus ribis)、銀樅綿蚜(Dreyfusia nordmannianae)、雲杉椎球蚜(Dreyfusia piceae)、蘋果根瘤蚜(Dysaphis radicola)、綠色土豆蚜蟲(Dysaulacorthum pseudosolani)、蘋粉紅劣蚜(Dysaphis plantaginea)、梨蚜(Dysaphis pyri)、蠶豆微葉蟬(Empoasca fabae)、梅大尾蚜(Hyalopterus pruni)、茶藨苦菜蚜(Hyperomyzus lactucae)、麥長管蚜(Macrosiphum avenae)、大戟長管蚜(Macrosiphum euphorbiae)、薔薇長管蚜(Macrosiphon rosae)、蠶豆修尾蚜(Megoura viciae)、黍蚜(Melanaphis pyrarius)、薔薇麥蚜(Metopolophium dirhodum)、桃蚜(Myzodes(Myzus)persicae)、冬蔥瘤額蚜(Myzus ascalonicus)、櫻桃黑瘤額蚜(Myzus cerasi)、核黃瘤額蚜(Myzus varians)、蒿苣蚜(Nasonovia ribis-nigri)、褐稻虱(Nilaparvata lugens)、囊柄癭綿蚜(Pemphigus bursarius)、甜菜根蚜(Pemphigus populivenae)及其他綿癭蚜(Pemphigus)種、蔗飛虱(Perkinsiella saccharicida)、蛇麻疣額蚜(Phorodon humuli)、木虱科(Psyllidae)(諸如蘋木虱(Psylla mali)、梨木虱(Psylla piri)及其他木虱(Psylla)種)、冬蔥縊瘤蚜(Rhopalomyzus ascalonicus)、玉米縊管蚜(Rhopalosiphum maidis)、粟縊管蚜(Rhopalosiphum padi)、郁李縊管蚜(Rhopalosiphum insertum)、梨蚜(Sappaphis mala)、紅蘋果蚜蟲(Sappaphis mali)、麥二叉蚜(Schizaphis graminum)、棉蚜(Schizoneura lanuginosa)、麥長管蚜(Sitobion avenae)、溫室白粉虱(Trialeurodes vaporariorum)、大桔蚜(Toxoptera aurantiiand)及葡萄根瘤蚜(Viteus vitifolii),鱗翅目(lepidopterans(Lepidoptera)),例如小地老虎(Agrotis ypsilon)、黃地老虎(Agrotis segetum)及其他地老虎(Agrotis)種、棉葉波紋葉蛾(Alabama argillacea)、黎豆夜蛾(Anticarsia gemmatalis)、蘋實巢蛾(Argyresthia conjugella)、丫紋夜蛾(Autographa gamma)、松樹尺蠖(Bupalus piniarius)、紫色卷蛾(Cacoecia murinana)、棉褐帶卷蛾(Capua reticulana)、小冬蛾(Cheimatobia brumata)、二化螟(Chilo suppresalis)及其他禾草螟(Chilo)種、雲杉卷葉蛾(Choristoneura fumiferana)、西方雲杉蚜蟲(Choristoneura occidentalis)、美洲黏蟲(Cirphis unipuncta)、稻縱卷葉螟(Cnaphlocrocis medinalis)、蘋果蠹蛾(Cydia pomonella)、歐洲松毛蟲(Dendrolimus pini)、瓜野螟(Diaphania nitidalis)、巨座玉米螟(Diatraea grandiosella)、埃及金剛鑽(Earias insulana)、小玉米螟(Elasmopalpus lignosellus)、葡萄螟蛾(Eupoecilia ambiguella)、地老虎(Euxoa)種、歐洲松梢小卷蛾(Evetria bouliana)、粒膚地老虎(Feltia subterranea)、大蠟螟(Galleria mellonella)、李小食心蟲(Grapholitha funebrana)、梨小食心蟲(Grapholitha molesta)、棉鈴蟲(Heliothis armigera)、美洲煙葉蛾(Heliothis virescens)、美洲棉鈴蟲(Heliothis zea)、菜螟(Hellula undalis)、落葉松尺蛾(Hibernia defoliaria)、美國白蛾(Hyphantria cunea)、蘋果巢蛾(Hyponomeuta malinellus)、番茄蠹蛾(Keiferia lycopersicella)、鐵杉尺蠖(Lambdina fiscellaria)、甜菜夜蛾(Laphygma exigua)、尤法拉弄蝶科蝴蝶(Lerodea eufala)、咖啡潛葉蛾(Leucoptera coffeella)、旋紋潛葉蛾(Leucoptera scitella)、斑點潛葉蛾(Lithocolletis blancardella)、葡萄漿果小卷蛾(Lobesia botrana)、黃綠絛螟(Loxostege sticticalis)、舞毒蛾(Lymantria dispar)、僧尼毒蛾(Lymantria monacha)、窄翅潛葉(Lyonetia clerkella)、天幕毛蟲(Malacosoma neustria)、甘藍夜蛾(Mamestra brassicae)、花旗松毒蛾(Orgyia pseudotsugata)、歐洲玉米螟(Ostrinia nubilalis)、冬夜蛾(Panolis flammea)、紅鈴蟲(Pectinophora gossypiella)、雜色地老虎(Peridroma saucia)、圓掌舟蛾(Phalera bucephala)、馬鈴薯塊莖蛾(Phthorimaea operculella)、橘細潛蛾(Phyllocnistis citrella)、大菜粉蝶(Pieris brassicae)、苜蓿綠夜蛾(Plathypena scabra)、小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella)、大豆夜蛾(Pseudoplusia includens)、松梢卷葉蛾(Rhyacionia frustrana)、馬鈴薯塊莖蛾(Scrobipalpula absoluta)、西非蛀莖夜蛾(Sesamia nonagrioides)及其他蛀莖夜蛾(Sesamia)種、麥蛾(Sitotroga cerealella)、葡萄長鬚卷葉蛾(Sparganothis pilleriana)、草地黏蟲(Spodoptera frugiperda)、灰翅夜蛾(Spodoptera littoralis)、斜紋夜蛾(Spodoptera litura)、松異帶蛾(Thaumatopoea pityocampa)、櫟綠卷葉蛾(Tortrix viridana)、粉紋夜蛾(Trichoplusia ni)及雲杉小卷葉蛾(Zeiraphera canadensis),蝨(蝨毛目(Phthiraptera)),例如人頭蝨(Pediculus humanus capitis)、人體蝨(Pediculus humanus corporis)、恥陰蝨(Pthirus pubis)、闊胸血蝨(Haematopinus eurysternus)、豬血蝨(Haematopinus suis)、牛顎蝨(Linognathus vituli)、牛鳥蝨(Bovicola bovis)、雞短角羽蝨(Menopon gallinae)、火雞短角鳥蝨(Menacanthus stramineus)及具毛管蝨(Solenopotes capillatus),直翅目(Orthoptera),諸如蝗科(Acrididae)、家蟋蟀(Acheta domestica)、歐洲球螋(Forficula auricularia)、歐洲螻蛄(Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa)、飛蝗(Locusta migratoria)、雙帶蚱蜢(Melanoplus bivittatus)、赤腿蚱蜢(Melanoplus femur-rubrum)、墨西哥蚱蜢(Melanoplus mexicanus)、遷徙蚱蜢(Melanoplus sanguinipes)、落磯山蚱蜢(Melanoplus spretus)、紅翅蝗(Nomadacris septemfasciata)、美洲蚱蜢(Schistocerca americana)、奇異沙漠蝗(Schistocerca peregrina)、摩洛哥戟紋蝗(Stauronotus maroccanus)及溫室蟋螽(Tachycines asynamorus),蠹蟲、家衣魚(纓尾目(Thysanura)),例如衣魚(Lepisma saccharina)及小灶衣魚(Thermobia domestica),白蟻(等翅目(Isoptera)),諸如歐洲木白蟻(Calotermes flavicollis)、家白蟻屬(Coptotermes ssp.)、玉米黃翅葉蟬(Dalbulus maidis)、沙漠地下白蟻(Heterotermes aureus)、普通白蟻(Leucotermes flavipes)、淡黃木大白蟻(Macrotermes gilvus)、散白蟻屬(Reticulitermes ssp.)、納塔耳白蟻(Termes natalensis)、臺灣家白蟻(Coptotermes formosanus),薊馬(纓翅目(Thysanoptera)),諸如煙草褐薊馬(Frankliniella fusca)、苜蓿薊馬(Frankliniella occidentalis)、美東花薊馬(Frankliniella tritici)及其他花薊馬(Frankliniella)種、橘實薊馬(Scirtothrips citri)、稻薊馬(Thrips oryzae)、南黃薊馬(Thrips palmi)、唐菖蒲薊馬(Thrips simplex)及煙薊馬(Thrips tabaci),壁蝨及寄生蟎(寄蟎目(Parasitiformes)):壁蝨(真壁蝨科(Ixodida)),例如全溝硬蜱(Ixodes scapularis)、全環硬蜱(Ixodes holocyclus)、太平洋硬蜱(Ixodes pacificus)、棕色犬壁蝨(Rhiphicephalus sanguineus)、安氏革蜱(Dermacentor andersoni)、變異革蜱(Dermacentor variabilis)、美洲花蜱(Amblyomma americanum)、斑點花蜱(Ambryomma maculatum)、齧咬壁蝨(Ornithodorus hermsi)、回歸熱壁蝨(Ornithodorus turicata)及寄生蟎(革蟎亞目(Mesostigmata),例如柏氏禽刺蟎(Ornithonyssus bacoti)及雞皮刺蟎(Dermanyssus gallinae),半翅目長蟲(半翅目(Hemiptera)),例如溫帶臭蟲(Cimex lectularius)、熱帶臭蟲(Cimex hemipterus)、獵蝽(Reduvius senilis)、錐蝽屬(Triatoma spp.)、長紅錐蝽(Rhodnius prolixus)及輪背獵蝽(Arilus critatus),蛛形綱(Arachnoidea),諸如蜘蛛類動物(蜱蟎目(Acarina)),例如隱喙蜱科(Argasidae)、蜱科(Ixodidae)及疥蟎科(Sarcoptidae),諸如美洲花蜱(Amblyomma americanum)、彩飾花蜱(Amblyomma variegatum)、波斯隱緣蜱(Argas persicus)、具環方頭蜱(Boophilus annulatus)、藍蜱(Boopbilus decoloratus)、微小牛蜱(Boophilus microplus)、森林革蜱(Dermacentor silvarum)、長喙璃眼蜱(Hyalomma truncatum)、羊硬蜱(Ixodes ricinus)、南非麻痹蜱(Ixodes rubicundus)、黑寡婦蜘蛛(Latrodectus mactans)、褐皮花蛛(Loxosceles reclusa)、喙蜱(Ornithodorus moubata)、耳殘喙蜱(Otobius megnini)、雞皮刺蟎(Dermanyssus gallinae)、羊癢蟎(Psoroptes ovis)、非洲扇頭蜱(Rhipicephalus appendiculatus)、紅腳扁蝨(Rhipicephalus evertsi)、疥蟎(Sarcoptes scabiei),及癭蟎(Eriophyidae)種,諸如蘋刺癭蟎(Aculus schlechtendali)、橘鏽蟎(Phyllocoptrata oleivora)及柑桔癭蟎(Eriophyes sheldoni);跗絨蟎(Tarsonemidae)種,諸如草莓蟎(Phytonemus pallidus)及多食跗線蟎(Polyphagotarsonemus latus);偽葉蟎(Tenuipalpidae)種,諸如紫紅短鬚蟎(Brevipalpus phoenicis);葉蟎(Tetranychidae)種,諸如朱砂葉蟎(Tetranychus cinnabarinus)、神澤氏葉蟎(Tetranychus kanzawai)、太平洋紅葉蟎(Tetranychus pacificus)、棉紅蜘蛛(Tetranychus telarius)及棉葉蟎(Tetranychus urticae)、蘋果紅蜘蛛(Panonychus ulmi)、橘全爪蟎(Panonychus citri)及草地小瓜蟎(Oligonychus pratensis),蠼螋(革翅目(Dermaptera)),例如歐洲球螋(forficula auricularia);及線蟲,包括植物寄生線蟲及生活在土壤中之線蟲。植物寄生線蟲包括,諸如根瘤線蟲,北方根瘤線蟲(Meloidogyne hapla)、南方根瘤線蟲(Meloidogyne incognita)、爪哇根瘤線蟲(Meloidogyne javanica)及其他根瘤線蟲(Meloidogyne)種;胞囊型線蟲,黃金線蟲(Globodera rostochiensis)及其他球形胞囊(Globodera)種;小麥胞囊線蟲(Heterodera avenae)、大豆胞囊線蟲(Heterodera glycines)、甜菜胞囊線蟲(Heterodera schachtii)、三葉草胞囊線蟲(Heterodera trifolii)及其他胞囊線蟲(Heterodera)種;種瘤線蟲,粒線蟲(Anguina)種;莖葉線蟲,葉芽線蟲(Aphelenchoides)種;螫刺線蟲,刺線蟲(Belonolaimus longicaudatus)及其他刺線蟲(Belonolaimus)種;松樹線蟲,松材線蟲(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)及其他傘滑刃Bursaphelenchus)種;環形線蟲,環線蟲(Criconema)種、環紋線蟲(Criconemella)種、擬環線蟲(Criconemoides)種、中環線蟲(Mesocriconema)種;莖線蟲,馬鈴薯腐敗線蟲(Ditylenchus destructor)、玉米莖線蟲(Ditylenchus dipsaci)及其他莖線蟲(Ditylenchus)種;錐線蟲,錐線蟲(Dolichodorus)種;螺旋線蟲,多帶螺旋線蟲(Helicotylenchus multicinctus)及其他螺旋線蟲(Helicotylenchus)種;鞘線蟲,鞘線蟲(Hemicycliophora)種及擬鞘線蟲(Hemicriconemoides)種;潛根線蟲(Hirshmanniella)種;矛形線蟲,矛形線蟲(Hoploaimus)種;假根瘤線蟲,假根瘤線蟲(Nacobbus)種;針線蟲,細長針線蟲(Longidorus elongatus)及其他長針線蟲(Longidorus)種;釘線蟲,釘線蟲(Paratylenchus)種;根腐線蟲,加州根腐線蟲(Pratylenchus neglectus)、穿根線蟲(Pratylenchus penetrans)、彎曲針線蟲(Pratylenchus curvitatus)、壞疽線蟲(Pratylenchus goodeyi)及其他根腐線蟲(Pratylenchus)種;穿孔線蟲,穿孔線蟲(Radopholus similis)及其他穿孔線蟲(Radopholus)種;腎形線蟲,旋形線蟲(Rotylenchus robustus)及其他盤旋線蟲(Rotylenchus)種;盾線蟲(Scutellonema)種;殘根線蟲,原始毛刺線蟲(Trichodorus primitivus)及其他殘根線蟲(Trichodorus)種、擬殘根線蟲(Paratrichodorus)種;阻長線蟲,阻長線蟲(Tylenchorhynchus claytoni)、猶豫矮化線蟲(Tylenchorhynchus dubius)及其他矮化線蟲(Tylenchorhynchus)種;柑桔線蟲類,墊刃線蟲(Tylenchulus)種;劍線蟲,劍線蟲(Xiphinema)種,及其他植物寄生線蟲種。
此外,結晶修飾物V尤其適用於控制作物害蟲,尤其鞘翅目、鱗翅目及蜱蟎目。
此外,結晶修飾物V尤其適用於控制非作物害蟲(家庭、草皮、觀賞植物)。非作物害蟲為唇足綱與倍足綱及等翅目、雙翅目、蜚蠊目、革翅目、半翅目、膜翅目、直翅目、蚤目、纓尾目、蝨毛目及蜱蟎目之害蟲。
為了根據本發明進行使用,結晶修飾物V可轉化為習用調配物,例如溶液、乳液、懸浮液、粉塵、粉末、糊狀物及顆粒。使用形式視特定所欲目的而定;在每種狀況下,其應確保根據本發明之化合物之精細及均勻分布。
以已知方式製備調配物(關於評論請參見例如US 3,060,084,EP-A 707 445(液體濃縮物),Browning,"Agglomeration",Chemical Engineering,1967年12月4日,147-48,Perry's Chemical Engineer's Handbook,第4版,McGraw-Hill,New York,1963,第8-57頁及以下頁,WO 91/13546,US 4,172,714,US 4,144,050,US 3,920,442,US 5,180,587,US 5,232,701,US 5,208,030,GB 2,095,558,US 3,299,566,Klingman,Weed Control as a Science,John Wiley及Sons,Inc.,New York,1961,Hance等人,Weed Control Handbook,第8版,Blackwell Scientific Publications,Oxford,1989及Mollet,H.,Grubemann,A.,Formulation technology,Wiley VCH Verlag GmbH,Weinheim(Germany),2001,2.D.A.Knowles,Chemistry及Technology of Agrochemical Formulations,Kluwer Academic Publishers,Dordrecht,1998(ISBN 0-7515-0443-8)),例如藉由以適於調配農業化學品之助劑擴展活性化合物,該等助劑諸如溶劑及/或載劑、(若需要)界面活性劑(例如佐劑、乳化劑及分散劑)、防腐劑、消泡劑、防凍劑,對於種子處理調配物而言,視情況亦包括著色劑及/或黏合劑及/或膠凝劑。
合適溶劑之實例為水、芳族溶劑(例如Solvesso產品、二甲苯)、石蠟(例如礦物油餾份)、醇(例如甲醇、丁醇、戊醇、苄醇)、酮(例如環己酮、γ-丁內酯)、吡咯啶酮(NMP、NOP)、乙酸酯(乙二醇二乙酸酯)、二醇、脂肪酸二甲醯胺、脂肪酸及脂肪酸酯。大體上亦可使用溶劑混合物。
合適載劑之實例為經研磨之天然礦物(例如高嶺土、黏土、滑石粉、白堊)及經研磨之合成礦物(例如高分散性矽石、矽酸鹽);合適之界面活性劑為木質素磺酸、萘磺酸、酚磺酸、二丁基萘磺酸之鹼金屬、鹼土金屬及銨鹽,烷基芳基磺酸鹽,烷基硫酸鹽,烷基磺酸鹽,脂肪醇硫酸鹽,脂肪酸及硫酸化脂肪醇乙二醇醚,此外,磺化萘及萘衍生物與甲醛之縮合物,萘或萘磺酸與苯酚及甲醛之縮合物,聚環氧乙烷辛基酚醚,乙氧基化異辛基酚,辛基酚,壬基酚,烷基酚聚乙二醇醚,三丁基苯基聚乙二醇醚,三硬脂醯基苯基聚乙二醇醚,烷基芳基聚醚醇,醇與脂肪醇氧化乙烯縮合物,乙氧基化蓖麻油,聚環氧乙烷烷基醚,乙氧基化聚氧化丙烯,月桂醇聚乙二醇醚乙縮醛,山梨糖醇酯,木質素亞硫酸鹽廢液及甲基纖維素。
適於製備可直接噴霧溶液、乳液、糊狀物或油分散液之物質為中至高沸點之礦物油餾份,諸如煤油或柴油,此外,煤焦油及植物油或動物源油,脂族烴、環烴及芳族烴,例如甲苯、二甲苯、石蠟、四氫萘、烷基化萘或其衍生物,甲醇,乙醇,丙醇,丁醇,環己醇,環己酮,異佛爾酮,強極性溶劑,例如二甲亞碸、N-甲基吡咯啶酮及水。
亦可將諸如甘油、乙二醇、丙二醇之防凍劑及殺菌劑添加至調配物中。
合適之消泡劑例如為基於矽或硬脂酸鎂之消泡劑。
合適之防腐劑例如為二氯酚(Dichlorophen)及enzylalkoholhemiformal。
種子處理調配物可另外包含黏合劑及視情況包含著色劑。
可添加黏合劑以改良處理後種子上活性物質之黏著力。合適之黏合劑不僅為嵌段共聚物EO/PO界面活性劑,亦為聚乙烯醇、聚乙烯吡咯啶酮、聚丙烯酸酯、聚甲基丙烯酸酯、聚丁烯、聚異丁烯、聚苯乙烯、聚乙烯胺、聚乙烯醯胺、聚乙烯亞胺(Lupasol、Polymin)、聚醚、聚胺基甲酸酯、聚乙酸乙烯酯、甲基纖維素及自此等聚合物衍生之共聚物。
視情況,著色劑亦可包括在調配物中。用於種子處理調配物之合適著色劑或染料為若丹明(Rhodamin)B、C.I.顏料紅112、C.I.溶劑紅1、顏料藍15:4、顏料藍15:3、顏料藍15:2、顏料藍15:1、顏料藍80、顏料黃1、顏料黃13、顏料紅112、顏料紅48:2、顏料紅48:1、顏料紅57:1、顏料紅53:1、顏料橙43、顏料橙34、顏料橙5、顏料綠36、顏料綠7、顏料白6、顏料棕25、鹼性紫10、鹼性紫49、酸性紅51、酸性紅52、酸性紅14、酸性藍9、酸性黃23、鹼性紅10、鹼性紅108。
膠凝劑之實例為角叉菜(Satiagel)。
粉末、撒布用物質及可粉化產物可藉由將活性物質與固體載劑混合或相伴研磨來製備。
顆粒,例如經塗覆顆粒、經浸漬顆粒及均質顆粒可藉由將活性化合物與固體載劑黏結來製備。
固體載劑之實例為礦物土,諸如矽膠、矽酸鹽、滑石粉、高嶺土、美國活性白土、石灰石、石灰、白堊、紅玄武土、黃土、黏土、白雲石、矽藻土、硫酸鈣、硫酸鎂、氧化鎂、經研磨之合成物質、肥料(諸如硫酸銨、磷酸銨、硝酸銨、尿素),及植物源產物,諸如穀粉、樹皮粉、木粉及堅果殼粉,纖維素粉末及其他固體載劑。
一般而言,調配物包含0.01至95重量%、較佳0.1至90重量%之活性化合物。在該種狀況下,使用純度為90重量%至100重量%、較佳95重量%至100重量%之活性化合物(根據NMR光譜)。
出於種子處理目的,各別調配物可稀釋2-10倍,導致在即用製劑中之濃度為0.01至60重量%活性化合物,較佳0.1至40重量%。
結晶修飾物V可就此藉助於噴霧、霧化、撒粉、撒布或澆注而以其調配物形式或自其製備之使用形式來使用,例如以可直接噴霧之溶液、粉末、懸浮液或分散液、乳液、油分散液、糊狀物、可粉化產物、撒布用物質或顆粒之形式。使用形式完全視所欲目的而定;在各種情況下其意欲確保根據本發明之活性化合物之最精細可能分布。
水性使用形式可藉由添加水而由乳液濃縮物、糊狀物或可濕性粉末(可噴霧粉末、油分散液)來製備。為製備乳液、糊狀物或油分散液,物質本身或溶於油或溶劑中之物質可藉助於濕潤劑、增黏劑、分散劑或乳化劑而在水中均勻化。然而,亦可能製備包含活性物質、濕潤劑、增黏劑、分散劑或乳化劑及(若適當)溶劑或油之濃縮物,且該等濃縮物適合於以水稀釋。
即用製劑中之活性化合物濃度可在相對廣泛範圍內變化。一般而言,其為0.0001至10重量%,較佳0.01至1重量%。
活性化合物亦可成功地用於超低量方法(ULV)中,有可能施用包含超過95重量%之活性化合物的調配物,或甚至施用無添加劑之活性化合物。
以下為調配物之實例:1.用於葉施用之以水稀釋之產物。出於種子處理目的,該等產物可經稀釋或未經稀釋而施用於種子。
A)水溶性濃縮物(SL、LS)將10重量份之活性化合物溶於90重量份之水或水溶性溶劑中。或者,添加濕潤劑或其他助劑。活性化合物經水稀釋後即溶,藉此獲得具有10%(w/w)活性化合物之調配物。
B)可分散濃縮物(DC)將20重量份之活性化合物溶於70重量份之環己酮中並添加10重量份之分散劑(例如聚乙烯吡咯啶酮)。以水稀釋產生分散液,藉此獲得具有20%(w/w)活性化合物之調配物。
C)可乳化濃縮物(EC)將15重量份之活性化合物溶於80重量份之二甲苯中並添加十二烷基苯磺酸鈣及蓖麻油乙氧基化物(castor oil ethoxylate)(每種為5重量份)。以水稀釋產生乳液,藉此獲得具有15%(w/w)活性化合物之調配物。
D)乳液(EW、EO、ES)將25重量份之活性化合物溶於35重量份之二甲苯中並添加十二烷基苯磺酸鈣及蓖麻油乙氧基化物(每種為5重量份)。藉助於乳化劑機器(例如Ultraturrax)將此混合物引入30重量份之水中並製成均質乳液。以水稀釋產生乳液,藉此獲得具有25%(w/w)活性化合物之調配物。
E)懸浮液(SC、OD、FS)在攪動式球磨機中,隨著添加10重量份之分散劑、濕潤劑及70重量份之水或有機溶劑而將20重量份之活性化合物粉碎以得到精細活性化合物懸浮液。以水稀釋產生活性化合物之穩定懸浮液,藉此獲得具有20%(w/w)活性化合物之調配物。
F)水分散性顆粒及水溶性顆粒(WG、SG)隨著添加50重量份之分散劑及濕潤劑而將50重量份之活性化合物精細研磨,並藉助於技術裝置(例如擠出機、噴霧塔、流體化床)製成水分散性或水溶性顆粒。以水稀釋產生活性化合物之穩定分散液或溶液,藉此獲得具有50%(w/w)活性化合物之調配物。
G)水分散性粉末及水溶性粉末(WP、SP、SS、WS)隨著添加25重量份之分散劑、濕潤劑及矽膠而將75重量份之活性化合物在轉子-定子研磨機中研磨。以水稀釋產生活性化合物之穩定分散液或溶液,藉此獲得具有75%(w/w)活性化合物之調配物。
H)凝膠調配物(GF)(僅用於種子處理目的)在攪動式球磨機中,隨著添加10重量之分散劑、1重量份之膠凝劑/濕潤劑及70重量份之水或有機溶劑而將20重量份之活性化合物粉碎以得到精細活性化合物懸浮液。以水稀釋產生活性化合物之穩定懸浮液,藉此獲得具有20%(w/w)活性化合物之調配物。
2.用於葉施用之未經稀釋之待用產物。出於種子處理目的,該等產物可經稀釋而施用於種子。
I)可粉化粉末(DP、DS)將5重量份之活性化合物精細研磨且與95重量份之細粉狀高嶺土充分混合。此產生具有5%(w/w)活性化合物之可粉化產物。
J)顆粒(GR、FG、GG、MG)將0.5重量份之活性化合物精細研磨且與95.5重量份之載劑結合,藉此獲得具有0.5%(w/w)活性化合物之調配物。當前方法為擠出、噴霧乾燥或流體化床。此產生未經稀釋而施用於葉部用途之顆粒。
K)ULV溶液(UL)將10重量份之活性化合物溶於90重量份之例如二甲苯的有機溶劑中。此產生具有10%(w/w)活性化合物之產物,其未經稀釋而施用於葉部用途。
習知種子處理調配物包括(例如)可流動濃縮物FS、溶液LS、乾燥處理用粉末DS、漿料處理用水分散性粉末WS、水溶性粉末SS及乳液ES及EC及凝膠調配物GF。此等調配物可經稀釋或未經稀釋而施用於種子。在播種之前施用於種子,或直接在種子上施用。
在一較佳實施例中,FS調配物係用於種子處理。通常,FS調配物可包含1-800 g/l活性成份、1-200 g/l界面活性劑、0至200 g/l防凍劑、0至400 g/l黏合劑、0至200 g/l顏料及至多1公升溶劑,較佳為水。
本發明尤其係關於呈水性懸浮液濃縮物(SC)形式之殺蟲或殺寄生蟲組合物。該等懸浮液濃縮物包含呈細粉狀微粒形式之結晶修飾物V,其中結晶修飾物V之粒子懸浮於水性介質中。活性化合物粒子之粒度,亦即90重量%活性化合物粒子不超過之粒度通常低於30 μm,尤其低於20 μm。有利地,根據本發明之SC中至少40重量%且尤其至少60重量%之粒子具有低於2 μm之直徑。
除活性化合物外,懸浮液濃縮物通常包含界面活性劑,且若適當亦包含消泡劑、增稠劑、防凍劑、穩定劑(殺生物劑)、用於調節pH值之試劑及防結塊劑。
在該等SC中,活性化合物之量,亦即結晶修飾物V及(若適當)其他活性化合物之總量通常以懸浮液濃縮物之總重量計在10至70重量%之範圍內,尤其在20至50重量%之範圍內。
較佳界面活性劑為陰離子及非離子界面活性劑。界面活性劑之量將通常為以根據本發明之SC之總重量計0.5至20重量%,尤其為1至15重量%且尤其較佳為1至10重量%。較佳地,界面活性劑包含至少一種陰離子界面活性劑及至少一種非離子界面活性劑,陰離子與非離子界面活性劑之比率通常在10:1至1:10之範圍內。
陰離子界面活性劑之實例包括烷基芳基磺酸酯、苯基磺酸酯、烷基硫酸酯、烷基磺酸酯、烷基醚硫酸酯、烷基芳基醚硫酸酯、烷基聚乙二醇醚磷酸酯、聚芳基苯基醚磷酸酯、烷基磺基丁二酸酯、烯烴磺酸酯、石蠟磺酸酯、石油磺酸酯、牛磺酸酯(tauride)、肌胺酸酯(sarcoside)、脂肪酸、烷基萘磺酸、萘磺酸、木質素磺酸、磺化萘與甲醛或與甲醛及苯酚及(若適當)尿素之縮合物、以及酚磺酸、甲醛及尿素之縮合物、木質素亞硫酸鹽廢液及木質素磺酸鹽、烷基磷酸酯、烷基芳基磷酸酯,例如三苯乙烯基磷酸酯,以及聚羧酸酯,諸如聚丙烯酸酯、順丁烯二酸酐/烯烴共聚物(例如SokalanCP9、BASF),包括上文所提及物質之鹼金屬、鹼土金屬、銨及胺鹽。較佳陰離子界面活性劑為彼等具有至少一個磺酸根者,且尤其為其鹼金屬鹽及其銨鹽。
非離子界面活性劑之實例包含烷基酚烷氧基化物、醇烷氧基化物、脂肪胺烷氧基化物、聚氧化乙烯甘油脂肪酸酯、蓖麻油烷氧基化物、脂肪酸烷氧基化物、脂肪醯胺烷氧基化物、脂肪聚二乙醇醯胺、羊毛脂乙氧基化物、脂肪酸聚乙二醇酯、異十三烷基醇、脂肪醯胺、甲基纖維素、脂肪酸酯、烷基多糖苷、甘油脂肪酸酯、聚乙二醇、聚丙二醇、聚乙二醇/聚丙二醇嵌段共聚物、聚乙二醇烷基醚、聚丙二醇烷基醚、聚乙二醇/聚丙二醇醚嵌段共聚物(聚氧化乙烯/聚氧化丙烯嵌段共聚物)及其混合物。較佳非離子界面活性劑為脂肪醇乙氧基化物、烷基多糖苷、甘油脂肪酸酯、蓖麻油烷氧基化物、脂肪酸烷氧基化物、脂肪醯胺烷氧基化物、羊毛脂乙氧基化物、脂肪酸聚乙二醇酯及氧化乙烯/氧化丙烯嵌段共聚物及其混合物。
詳言之,根據本發明之SC包含至少一種藉由水性施用形式改良植物部分之濕潤的界面活性劑(濕潤劑)及至少一種穩定活性化合物粒子於SC中之分散的界面活性劑(分散劑)。濕潤劑之量通常以SC之總重量計在0.5至10重量%,尤其0.5至5重量%且尤其0.5至3重量%之範圍內。分散劑之量通常為以SC之總重量計0.5至10重量%且尤其為0.5至5重量%。
較佳濕潤劑具有陰離子或非離子性質且例如選自萘磺酸,包括其鹼金屬、鹼土金屬、銨及胺鹽,此外,脂肪醇乙氧基化物、烷基多糖苷、甘油脂肪酸酯、蓖麻油烷氧基化物、脂肪酸烷氧基化物、脂肪醯胺烷氧基化物、脂肪聚二乙醇醯胺、羊毛脂乙氧基化物及脂肪酸聚乙二醇酯。
較佳分散劑具有陰離子或非離子性質且例如選自聚乙二醇/聚丙二醇嵌段共聚物、聚乙二醇烷基醚、聚丙二醇烷基醚、聚乙二醇/聚丙二醇醚嵌段共聚物、烷基芳基磷酸鹽(例如三苯乙烯基磷酸鹽)、木質素磺酸、磺化萘與甲醛或與甲醛及苯酚及(若適當)尿素之縮合物、以及酚磺酸、甲醛及尿素之縮合物、木質素亞硫酸鹽廢液及木質素磺酸鹽、聚羧酸鹽,諸如聚丙烯酸鹽、順丁烯二酸酐/烯烴共聚物(例如SokalanCP9、BASF),包括上文所提及物質之鹼金屬、鹼土金屬、銨及胺鹽。
適合於根據本發明之SC之黏度改良添加劑(增稠劑)為授予調配物擬塑性流動特性之特定化合物,亦即在靜止狀態下具高黏度而在攪拌狀態下具低黏度。大體上所有出於此目的用於懸浮液濃縮物中之化合物均合適。可例如提及無機物質,諸如膨潤土或綠坡縷石(例如來自Engelhardt之Attaclay),及有機物質,諸如多醣及雜多醣,諸如三仙膠,諸如以商標Kelzan由Kelco銷售、以Rhodopol23由Rhone Poulenc銷售或以Veegum由R.T.Vanderbilt銷售,且較佳使用三仙膠。黏度改良添加劑之量常常為以SC之總重量計0.1至5重量%。
適合於根據本發明之SC之消泡劑為(例如)已知用於此目的之聚矽氧乳液(來自Wacker之SilikonSRE,或來自Rhodia之Rhodorsil)、長鏈醇、脂肪酸、水性蠟分散液類型之消泡劑、固體消泡劑(所謂之化合物)、有機氟化合物及其混合物。消泡劑之量通常為以SC之總重量計0.1至1重量%。
可添加殺菌劑以用於穩定根據本發明之懸浮液濃縮物。合適之殺菌劑為基於異噻唑酮之彼等者,例如來自ICI之Proxel或來自Thor Chemie之ActicideRS或來自Rohm & Haas之KathonMK。殺菌劑之量通常為以SC之總重量計0.05至0.5重量%。
合適之防凍劑為液體多元醇,例如乙二醇、丙二醇或甘油。防凍劑之量通常為以懸浮液濃縮物之總重量計1至20重量%,尤其5至10重量%。
若適當,則根據本發明之SC可包含用於調節pH值之緩衝劑。緩衝劑之實例為弱無機酸或有機酸之鹼金屬鹽,諸如磷酸、硼酸、乙酸、丙酸、檸檬酸、反丁烯二酸、酒石酸、草酸及丁二酸。
本發明尤其係關於呈水分散性顆粒(WG)或水分散性粉末(WP)形式之殺蟲或殺寄生蟲組合物。該等調配物包含呈細粉狀微粒形式之結晶修飾物V,其中使結晶修飾物V之粒子以固體或粉末形式均勻化。活性化合物粒子之粒度,亦即90重量%活性化合物粒子不超過之粒度通常低於30 μm,尤其低於20 μm。有利地,根據本發明之WG或WP中至少40重量%且尤其至少60重量%之粒子具有低於5 μm之直徑。
除活性化合物外,水分散性粉末及水分散性顆粒通常包含界面活性劑,且若適當亦包含消泡劑、填充劑、黏合劑及防結塊劑。
在該等WG及WP中,活性化合物之量,亦即結晶修飾物V及(若適當)其他活性化合物之總量通常以WG/WP之總重量計在10至90重量%之範圍內,尤其在20至75重量%之範圍內。
較佳界面活性劑為陰離子及非離子界面活性劑。界面活性劑之量將通常為以根據本發明之WG或WP之總重量計0.5至20重量%,尤其為1至15重量%且尤其較佳為1至10重量%。較佳地,界面活性劑包含至少一種陰離子界面活性劑及至少一種非離子界面活性劑,陰離子與非離子界面活性劑之比率通常在10:1至1:10之範圍內。
陰離子界面活性劑之實例包括烷基芳基磺酸鹽、苯基磺酸鹽、烷基硫酸鹽、烷基磺酸鹽、烷基醚硫酸鹽、烷基芳基醚硫酸鹽、烷基聚乙二醇醚磷酸鹽、聚芳基苯基醚磷酸鹽、烷基磺基丁二酸鹽、烯烴磺酸鹽、石蠟磺酸鹽、石油磺酸鹽、tauride、sarcoside、脂肪酸、烷基萘磺酸、萘磺酸、木質素磺酸、磺化萘與甲醛或與甲醛及苯酚及(若適當)尿素之縮合物、以及酚磺酸、甲醛及尿素之縮合物、木質素亞硫酸鹽廢液及木質素磺酸鹽、烷基磷酸鹽、烷基芳基磷酸鹽,例如三苯乙烯基磷酸鹽,以及聚羧酸鹽,諸如聚丙烯酸鹽、順丁烯二酸酐/烯烴共聚物(例如SokalanCP9、BASF),包括上文所提及物質之鹼金屬、鹼土金屬、銨及胺鹽。較佳陰離子界面活性劑為具有至少一個磺酸根之彼等者,且尤其為其鹼金屬鹽及其銨鹽。
非離子界面活性劑之實例包含烷基酚烷氧基化物、醇烷氧基化物、脂肪胺烷氧基化物、聚氧化乙烯甘油脂肪酸酯、蓖麻油烷氧基化物、脂肪酸烷氧基化物、脂肪醯胺烷氧基化物、脂肪聚二乙醇醯胺、羊毛脂乙氧基化物、脂肪酸聚乙二醇酯、異十三烷基醇、脂肪醯胺、甲基纖維素、脂肪酸酯、烷基多糖苷、甘油脂肪酸酯、聚乙二醇、聚丙二醇、聚乙二醇/聚丙二醇嵌段共聚物、聚乙二醇烷基醚、聚丙二醇烷基醚、聚乙二醇/聚丙二醇醚嵌段共聚物(聚氧化乙烯/聚氧化丙烯嵌段共聚物)及其混合物。較佳非離子界面活性劑為脂肪醇乙氧基化物、烷基多糖苷、甘油脂肪酸酯、蓖麻油烷氧基化物、脂肪酸烷氧基化物、脂肪醯胺烷氧基化物、羊毛脂乙氧基化物、脂肪酸聚乙二醇酯及氧化乙烯/氧化丙烯嵌段共聚物及其混合物。
詳言之,根據本發明之WG或WP包含至少一種藉由水性施用形式改良調配物之濕潤的界面活性劑(濕潤劑)及至少一種使得活性化合物粒子分散於水性稀釋液中之界面活性劑。濕潤劑之量通常以WG/WP之總重量計在0.5至10重量%,尤其0.5至5重量%且尤其0.5至3重量%之範圍內。分散劑之量通常為以WG/WP之總重量計0.5至10重量%且尤其為2.0至8重量%。
較佳濕潤劑具有陰離子或非離子性質且例如選自萘磺酸,包括其鹼金屬、鹼土金屬、銨及胺鹽,此外,脂肪醇乙氧基化物、烷基多糖苷、甘油脂肪酸酯、蓖麻油烷氧基化物、脂肪酸烷氧基化物、脂肪醯胺烷氧基化物、脂肪聚二乙醇醯胺、羊毛脂乙氧基化物及脂肪酸聚乙二醇酯。
較佳分散劑具有陰離子或非離子性質且例如選自聚乙二醇/聚丙二醇嵌段共聚物、聚乙二醇烷基醚、聚丙二醇烷基醚、聚乙二醇/聚丙二醇醚嵌段共聚物、烷基芳基磷酸鹽(例如三苯乙烯基磷酸鹽)、磷酸鈉、十二烷硫酸鈉、改質纖維素膠狀物、聚乙烯吡咯啶酮、木質素磺酸、磺化萘與甲醛或與甲醛及苯酚及(若適當)尿素之縮合物、以及酚-磺酸、甲醛及尿素之縮合物、木質素亞硫酸鹽廢液及木質素磺酸鹽、聚羧酸鹽,諸如聚丙烯酸鹽、順丁烯二酸酐/烯烴共聚物(例如SokalanCP9、BASF),包括上文所提及物質之鹼金屬、鹼土金屬、銨及胺鹽。
適合於根據本發明之WG或WP之消泡劑為(例如)已知用於此目的之牛脂皂(Agnique Soap L、Foamaster Soap L)、長鏈醇、脂肪酸、有機氟化合物及其混合物。消泡劑之量通常為以WG/WP之總重量計0.1至1重量%。
適合於根據本發明之WG及WP之填充劑、黏合劑或其他分散助劑通常組成調配物之剩餘部分。此等物質通常為(例如)高嶺土或綠坡縷石土、煙燻或沈澱二氧化矽、矽藻土、硫酸銨或矽酸鈣。
結晶修飾物V經由接觸及攝食兩者而有效。
根據本發明之一較佳實施例,採用土壤施用法來使用結晶修飾物V。土壤施用法尤其有利於用於抵抗螞蟻、白蟻、蟋蟀或蟑螂。
根據本發明之另一較佳實施例,對於用於抵抗諸如螞蟻、白蟻、黃蜂、蒼蠅、蚊子、蟋蟀、蝗蟲或蟑螂之非作物害蟲而言,將結晶修飾物V製備成誘餌製劑。
誘餌可為液體、固體或半固體製劑(例如凝膠)。固體誘餌可形成為適於各別應用之各種形狀及形式,例如顆粒、塊狀、桿狀、碟狀。液體誘餌可填入各種裝置中以確保適當應用,例如開口容器、噴霧裝置、液滴源或蒸發源。凝膠可以水性或油性基質為主且可根據黏性、保濕性或老化特徵,依特定需要調配。
組合物中所用之誘餌為具有足夠的吸引力以刺激諸如螞蟻、白蟻、黃蜂、蒼蠅、蚊子、蟋蟀等或蟑螂之昆蟲攝食之產物。此引誘劑可選自激食物質或類費洛蒙及/或性費洛蒙。合適之激食物質係選自(例如)動物及/或植物蛋白(肉、魚或血粉,昆蟲部分,蟋蟀粉,蛋黃),選自動物性及/或植物性脂肪及油,或有機單醣、寡醣或多醣,尤其選自蔗糖、乳糖、果糖、右旋糖、葡萄糖、澱粉、果膠或甚至糖蜜或蜂蜜,或選自諸如硫酸銨、碳酸銨或乙酸銨之鹽。果實、作物、植物、動物、昆蟲或其特定部分之新鮮或腐爛部分亦可充當激食物質。已知費洛蒙具有較強昆蟲特異性。特異性費洛蒙係描述於文獻中並已為熟習此項技術者已知。
吾人已發現殺蟲混合物解決降低劑量率及/或增強殺蟲活性譜及/或組合擊倒活性與延長控制及/或抗性管理及/或促進植物之健康情況之問題。
本發明之組合物亦可含有其他活性成份,例如其他殺蟲劑,殺昆蟲劑,殺真菌劑,除草劑,諸如硝酸銨、尿素、碳酸鉀及過磷酸鹽之肥料,植物毒素及植物生長調節劑,安全劑及殺線蟲劑。此等其他成份可依序或與上述組合物組合使用,若適當亦僅在使用之前立即添加(槽式混合)。舉例而言,可在用其他活性成份處理之前或之後用本發明之組合物對植物噴霧。
已發現修飾物I與至少一種下文所定義之殺蟲或殺真菌化合物之混合物當施用於植物、植物之部分、種子或在其生長所在地施用時展示與用個別化合物的可能控制率相比顯著增強之抵抗害蟲及/或真菌的作用及/或適合於改善植物之健康情況。
下列可與根據本發明之結晶修飾物V一起使用之殺蟲或殺寄生蟲化合物的清單意欲說明可能之組合,而非施加任何限制:A.1.有機(硫代)磷酸酯:乙醯甲胺磷(acephate)、甲基吡啶磷(azamethiphos)、穀速松(azinphos-methyl)、毒死蜱(chlorpyrifos)、甲基毒死蜱(chlorpyrifos-methyl)、毒蟲畏(chlorfenvinphos)、二嗪農(diazinon)、敵敵畏(dichlorvos)、百治磷(dicrotophos)、樂果(dimethoate)、乙拌磷(disulfoton)、乙硫磷(ethion)、殺螟松(fenitrothion)、倍硫磷(fenthion)、異噁唑磷(isoxathion)、馬拉硫磷(malathion)、甲胺磷(methamidophos)、殺撲磷(methidathion)、甲基對硫磷(methyl-parathion)、速滅磷(mevinphos)、久效磷(monocrotophos)、滅多松(oxydemeton-methyl)、對氧磷(paraoxon)、對硫磷(parathion)、稻豐散(phenthoate)、伏殺磷(phosalone)、亞胺硫磷(phosmet)、磷胺(phosphamidon)、甲拌磷(phorate)、辛硫磷(phoxim)、亞特松(pirimiphos-methyl)、丙溴磷(profenofos)、丙硫磷(prothiofos)、硫滅克磷(sulprophos)、殺蟲畏(tetrachlorvinphos)、託福松(terbufos)、三唑磷(triazophos)、三氯松(trichlorfon);A.2.胺基甲酸酯:棉靈威(alanycarb)、得滅克(aldicarb)、免敵克(bendiocarb)、本夫克(benfuracarb)、加保利(carbaryl)、加保扶(carbofuran)、丁基加保扶(carbosulfan)、芬氧克(fenoxycarb)、呋線威(furathiocarb)、滅蟲威(methiocarb)、滅多蟲(methomyl)、草胺醯(oxamyl)、抗蚜威(pirimicarb)、殘殺威(propoxur)、硫雙威(thiodicarb)、唑蚜威(triazamate);A.3.擬除蟲菊酯:丙烯除蟲菊酯(allethrin)、畢芬寧(bifenthrin)、賽扶寧(cyfluthrin)、賽洛寧(cyhalothrin)、苯醚氰菊酯(cyphenothrin)、賽滅寧(cypermethrin)、α-亞滅寧(alpha-cypermethrin)、β-氯氰菊酯(beta-cypermethrin)、ζ-氯氰菊酯(zeta-cypermethrin)、第滅寧(deltamethrin)、益化利(esfenvalerate)、依芬寧(etofenprox)、芬普寧(fenpropathrin)、芬化利(fenvalerate)、依普寧(imiprothrin)、λ-賽洛寧(lambda-cyhalothrin)、百滅寧(permethrin)、炔丙菊酯(prallethrin)、除蟲菊素(pyrethrin)I及II、苄呋菊酯(resmethrin)、矽護芬(silafluofen)、τ-福化利(tau-fluvalinate)、七氟菊酯(tefluthrin)、胺菊酯(tetramethrin)、泰滅寧(tralomethrin)、四氟苯菊酯(transfluthrin)、丙氟菊醞(profluthrin)、四氟甲醚菊酯(dimefluthrin);A.4.生長調節劑:a)幾丁質合成抑制劑:苯甲醯脲:克福隆(chlorfluazuron)、二福隆(diflubenzuron)、氟環脲(flucycloxuron)、氟芬隆(flufenoxuron)、六伏隆(hexaflumuron)、祿芬隆(lufenuron)、諾華隆(novaluron)、得福隆(teflubenzuron)、殺蟲隆(triflumuron);布芬淨(buprofezin)、戴芬蘭(diofenolan)、合賽多(hexythiazox)、乙蟎唑(etoxazole)、克芬蟎(clofentazine);b)蛻皮激素拮抗劑:鹵芬載(halofenozide)、甲氧芬載(methoxyfenozide)、得布芬載(tebufenozide)、印苦楝子素(azadirachtin);c)類幼年素:比普西芬(pyriproxyfen)、美賜年(methoprene)、芬氧克(fenoxycarb);d)脂質生物合成抑制劑:螺二克芬(spirodiclofen)、斯必麥芬(spiromesifen)、螺四麥(spirotetramat);A.5.菸鹼受體促效劑/拮抗劑化合物:可尼丁(clothianidin)、達特南(dinotefuran)、益達胺(imidacloprid)、噻蟲嗪(thiamethoxam)、吡蟲胺(nitenpyram)、啶蟲脒(acetamiprid)、噻蟲啉(thiacloprid);式Γ1
之噻唑化合物
A.6. GABA拮抗劑化合物:乙醯普(acetoprole)、安殺番(endosulfan)、伊希普(ethiprole)、氟蟲腈(fipronil)、範裏普(vaniliprole)、派福若(pyrafluprole)、吡普若(pyriprole)、式Γ2
之5-胺基-1-(2,6-二氯-4-三氟甲基-苯基)-4-三氟甲亞磺醯基-1H-吡唑-3-硫代碳酸醯胺
A.7.巨環內酯殺昆蟲劑:阿巴汀(abamectin)、伊曼汀(emamectin)、密滅汀(milbemectin)、萊滅汀(lepimectin)、賜諾殺(spinosad);A.8. METI I化合物:芬那劄奎(fenazaquin)、噠蟎靈(pyridaben)、吡蟎胺(tebufenpyrad)、唑蟲醯胺(tolfenpyrad)、啼蟲胺(flufenerim);A.9. METI II與III化合物:亞醌蟎(acequinocyl)、福希普(fluacyprim)、伏蟻腙(hydramethylnon);A.10.解偶聯劑化合物:蟲蟎腈(chlorfenapyr);A.11.氧化磷酸化抑制劑化合物:環己錫(cyhexatin)、戴芬西隆(diafenthiuron)、芬布賜(fenbutatin oxide)、毆蟎多(propargite);A.12.蛻皮干擾劑化合物:賽滅淨(cyromazine);A.13.混合功能氧化酶抑制劑化合物:胡椒基丁醚(piperonylbutoxide);A.14.鈉通道阻斷劑化合物:因得克(indoxacarb)、麥特氟米腙(metaflumizone);A.15.多種物質:本克噻(benclothiaz)、畢芬載(bifenazate)、培丹(cartap)、氟啶蟲醯胺(flonicamid)、啶蟲丙醚(pyridalyl)、吡蚜酮(pymetrozine)、硫磺、殺蟲環(thiocyclam)、氟苯地胺(flubendiamide)、塞諾吡芬(cyenopyrafen)、吡氟硫磷(flupyrazofos)、西福托芬(cyflumetofen)、磺胺蜻醋(amidoflumet)、式Γ3
之鄰胺基苯甲醯胺化合物,
其中A1
為CH3
、Cl、Br、I,X為C-H、C-Cl、C-F或N,Y'為F、Cl或Br,Y"為氫、F、Cl、CF3
,B1
為氫、Cl、Br、I、CN,B2
為Cl、Br、CF3
、OCH2
CF3
、OCF2
H,且RB
為氫、CH3
或CH(CH3
)2
,及如JP 2002 284608、WO 02/89579、WO 02/90320、WO 02/90321、WO 04/06677、WO 04/20399、JP 2004 99597、WO 05/68423、WO 05/68432或WO 05/63694中所述之丙二腈化合物,尤其為丙二腈化合物CF2
HCF2
CF2
CF2
CH2
C(CN)2
CH2
CH2
CF3
(2-(2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-八氟戊基)-2-(3,3,3-三氟丙基)丙二腈)、CF3
(CH2
)2
C(CN)2
CH2
(CF2
)5
CF2
H(2-(2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7-十二氟-庚基)-2-(3,3,3-三氟-丙基)-丙二腈)、CF3
(CH2
)2
C(CN)2
(CH2
)2
C(CF3
)2
F(2-(3,4,4,4-四氟-3-三氟甲基-丁基)-2-(3,3,3-三氟-丙基)-丙二腈)、CF3
(CH2
)2
C(CN)2
(CH2
)2
(CF2
)3
CF3
(2-(3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-九氟-己基)-2-(3,3,3-三氟-丙基)-丙二腈)、CF2
H(CF2
)3
CH2
C(CN)2
CH2
(CF2
)3
CF2
H(2,2-雙-(2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-八氟-戊基)-丙二腈)、CF3
(CH2
)2
C(CN)2
CH2
(CF2
)3
CF3
(2-(2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-九氟-戊基)-2-(3,3,3-三氟-丙基)-丙二腈)、CF3
(CF2
)2
CH2
C(CN)2
CH2
(CF2
)3
CF2
H(2-(2,2,3,3,4,4,4-七氟-丁基)-2-(2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-八氟-戊基)-丙二腈)及CF3
CF2
CH2
C(CN)2
CH2
(CF2
)3
CF2
H(2-(2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-八氟-戊基)-2-(2,2,3,3,3-五氟-丙基)-丙二腈)。
市售之A組化合物可在The Pesticide Manual,第13版,British Crop Protection Council(2003)及其他出版物中找到。式Γ2
之硫代醯胺及其製備已在WO 98/28279中描述。萊滅汀係自Agro Project,PJB Publications Ltd,2004年11月已知。本克噻及其製備已在EP-A1 454621中描述。滅大松及對氧磷及其製備已在Farm Chemicals Handbook,第88卷,Meister Publishing Company,2001中描述。乙醯普及其製備已在WO 98/28277中描述。麥特氟米腙及其製備已在EP-A1 462 456中描述。吡氟硫磷已在Pesticide Science 54,1988,第237-243頁中及在US 4822779中描述。派福若及其製備已在JP 2002193709中及在WO 01/00614中描述。吡普若及其製備已在WO 98/45274中及在US 6335357中描述。磺胺蜻醋及其製備已在US 6221890中及在JP 21010907中描述。啼蟲胺及其製備已在WO 03/007717中及在WO 03/007718中描述。西福托芬及其製備已在WO 04/080180中描述。式Γ3
之鄰胺基苯甲醯胺及其製備已在WO 01/70671;WO 02/48137;WO 03/24222;WO 03/15518;WO 04/67528;WO 04/33468;及WO 05/118552中描述。該等丙二腈化合物CF2
HCF2
CF2
CF2
CH2
C(CN)2
CH2
CH2
CF3
(2-(2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-八氟戊基)-2-(3,3,3-三氟丙基)丙二腈)、CF3
(CH2
)2
C(CN)2
CH2
(CF2
)5
CF2
H(2-(2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7-十二氟-庚基)-2-(3,3,3-三氟-丙基)-丙二腈)、CF3
(CH2
)2
C(CN)2
(CH2
)2
C(CF3
)2
F(2-(3,4,4,4-四氟-3-三氟甲基-丁基)-2-(3,3,3-三氟-丙基)-丙二腈)、CF3
(CH2
)2
C(CN)2
(CH2
)2
(CF2
)3
CF3
(2-(3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-九氟-己基)-2-(3,3,3-三氟-丙基)-丙二腈)、CF2
H(CF2
)3
CH2
C(CN)2
CH2
(CF2
)3
CF2
H(2,2-雙-(2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-八氟-戊基)-丙二腈)、CF3
(CH2
)2
C(CN)2
CH2
(CF2
)3
CF3
(2-(2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-九氟-戊基)-2-(3,3,3-三氟-丙基)-丙二腈)、CF3
(CF2
)2
CH2
C(CN)2
CH2
(CF2
)3
CF2
H(2-(2,2,3,3,4,4,4-七氟-丁基)-2-(2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-八氟-戊基)-丙二腈)及CF3
CF2
CH2
C(CN)2
CH2
(CF2
)3
CF2
H(2-(2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-八氟-戊基)-2-(2,2,3,3,3-五氟-丙基)-丙二腈)已在WO 05/63694中描述。
下列可與根據本發明之結晶修飾物V一起使用之殺真菌化合物的清單意欲說明可能之組合,而非施加任何限制:較佳為含有作為化合物I之修飾物V之二元混合物。
較佳為含有作為化合物I之修飾物V、化合物IIA及化合物IIB之三元混合物。
較佳為含有作為化合物I之修飾物V、化合物IIA及兩種分別為化合物IIB1及IIB2之四元混合物。
尤其較佳為含有作為化合物I之修飾物V及選自包含唑之清單之殺真菌化合物IIA的二元混合物:環克座(cyproconazole)、苯醚甲環唑(di-fenoconazole)、環氧克座(epoxyconazole)、芬克座(fenbuconazole)、氟喹唑(fluquinconazole)、護汰芬(flutriafol)、己唑醇(hexaconazole)、依普克唑(ipconazole)、葉菌唑(metconazole)、普克利(propiconazole)、丙硫醇克唑(prothioconazole)、得克利(tebuconazole)、氟醚唑(tetraconazole)、三泰隆(triadimenol)、三泰芬(triadimefon)、環菌唑(triticonazole)、賽座滅(cyazofamid)、依滅列(imazalil)、咪醯胺(prochloraz)、賽福座(triflumizol)、免賴得(benomyl)、貝芬替(carbendazim)、噻苯咪唑(thiabendazole)、乙噻博胺(ethaboxam)及惡黴靈(hymexazole)。
尤其較佳為含有作為化合物I之修飾物V及選自包含嗜毬果傘素(strobilurin)之清單之殺真菌化合物IIA的二元混合物:亞托敏(azoxystrobin)、醚菌胺(dimoxystrobin)、烯肟茵酯(enestroburin)、氟氧菌胺(fluoxastrobin)、克收欣(kresoxim-methyl)、苯氧菌胺(metominostrobin)、啶氧菌酯(picoxystrobin)、百克敏(pyraclostrobin)、三氟敏(trifloxystrobin)、(2-氯-5-[1-(3-甲基苄氧基-亞胺基)乙基]苄基)胺基甲酸甲酯、(2-氯-5-[1-(6-甲基吡啶-2-基甲氧基-亞胺基)乙基]苄基)胺基甲酸甲酯及2-(鄰-((2,5-二甲基苯氧基-亞甲基)苯基)-3-甲氧基丙烯酸甲酯。
尤其較佳為含有作為化合物I之修飾物V及選自包含羧醯胺之清單之殺真菌化合物IIA的二元混合物:博克利(boscalid)、萎鏽靈(carboxin)、苯霜靈(benalaxyl)、環醯菌胺(fenhexamid)、氟多寧(flutolanil)、福拉比(furametpyr)、滅達樂(metalaxyl)、精甲霜靈(mefenoxam)(滅達樂-M(metalaxyl-M))、呋醯胺(ofurace)、歐殺斯(oxadixyl)、氧化萎鏽靈(oxycarboxin)、吡噻菌胺(penthiopyrad)、賽氟滅(thifluzamide)、汰敵寧(tiadinil)、達滅芬(dimethomorph)、氟吡菌胺(fluopicolide)(必克邁(picobenzamid))、二氯西莫(diclocymet)、N-(4'-溴聯苯-2-基)-4-二氟-甲基-2-甲基噻唑-5-甲醯胺、N-(4'-三氟甲基聯苯-2-基)-4-二-氟甲基-2-甲基噻唑-5-甲醯胺、N-(4'-氯-3'-氟聯苯-2-基)-4-二-氟甲基-2-甲基噻唑-5-甲醯胺、N-(3',4'-二氯-4-氟聯苯-2-基)-3-二氟甲基-1-甲基吡唑-4-甲醯胺、N-(3',4'-二氯-5-氟聯苯-2-基)-3-二氟甲基-1-甲基吡唑-4-甲醯胺;3,4-二氯-N-(2-氰基苯基)異噻唑-5-甲醯胺;N-(2',4'-二氟聯苯-2-基)-1-甲基-3-三氟甲基-1H-吡唑-4-甲醯胺;N-(2',4'-二氯聯苯-2-基)-1-甲基-3-三氟甲基-1H-吡唑-4-甲醯胺;N-(2',4'-二氟聯苯-2-基)-3-二氟甲基-1-甲基-1H-吡唑-4-甲醯胺;N-(2',4'-二氯-聯苯-2-基)-3-二氟甲基-1-甲基-1H-吡唑-4-甲醯胺;N-(2',5'-二氟聯苯-2-基)-1-甲基-3-三氟甲基-1H-吡唑-4-甲醯胺;N-(2',5'-二氯聯苯-2-基)-1-甲基-3-三氟甲基-1H-吡唑-4-甲醯胺;N-(2',5'-二氟聯苯-2-基)-3-二氟甲基-1-甲基-1H-吡唑-4-甲醯胺;N-(2',5'-二氯聯苯-2-基)-3-二-氟甲基-1-甲基-1H-吡唑-4-甲醯胺;N-(3',5'-二氟-聯苯-2-基)-1-甲基-3-三氟甲基-1H-吡唑-4-甲醯胺;N-(3',5'-二氯聯苯-2-基)-1-甲基-3-三氟甲基-1H-吡唑-4-甲醯胺、N-(3',5'-二氟聯苯-2-基)-3-二氟甲基-1-甲基-1H-吡唑-4-甲醯胺;N-(3',5'-二氯聯苯-2-基)-3-二氟甲基-1-甲基-1H-吡唑-4-甲醯胺;N-(3'-氟聯苯-2-基)-1-甲基-3-三氟-甲基-1H-吡唑-4-甲醯胺、N-(3'-氯聯苯-2-基)-1-甲基-3-三氟甲基-1H-吡唑-4-甲醯胺;N-(3'-氟聯苯-2-基)-3-二氟甲基-1-甲基-1H-吡唑-4-甲醯胺、N-(3'-氯聯苯-2-基)-3-二氟甲基-1-甲基-1H-吡唑-4-甲醯胺;N-(2'-氟聯苯-2-基)-1-甲基-3-三氟甲基-1H-吡唑-4-甲醯胺;N-(2'-氯聯苯-2-基)-1-甲基-3-三氟-甲基-1H-吡唑-4-甲醯胺;N-(2'-氟聯苯-2-基)-3-二氟-甲基-1-甲基-1H-吡唑-4-甲醯胺;N-(2'-氯聯苯-2-基)-3-二氟甲基-1-甲基-1H-吡唑-4-甲醯胺;N-(2'-氟-4'-氯-5'-甲基聯苯-2-基)-1-甲基-3-三氟甲基-1H-吡唑-4-甲醯胺;N-(3',4',5'-三氟聯苯-2-基)-1-甲基-3-三氟甲基-1H-吡唑-4-甲醯胺;N-(3',4',5'-三氟聯苯-2-基)-1-甲基-3-二氟甲基-1H-吡唑-4-甲醯胺;N-(2',4',5'-三氟聯苯-2-基)-1-甲基-3-二氟甲基-1H-吡唑-4-甲醯胺;N-(3',4',4,5'-三-氟聯苯-2-基)-3-氯氟甲基-1-甲基-1H-吡唑-4-甲醯胺;N-[2-(1,1,2,3,3,3-六-氟丙氧基)苯基]-1-甲基-3-三氟-甲基-1H-吡唑-4-甲醯胺;N-[2-(1,1,2,3,3,3-六氟丙氧基)-苯基]-3-二氟甲基-1-甲基-1H-吡唑-4-甲醯胺、N-[2-(2-氯-1,1,2-三氟乙氧基)苯基]-1-甲基-3-三氟甲基-1H-吡唑-4-甲醯胺;N-[2-(2-氯-1,1,2-三氟乙氧基)苯基]-3-二氟-甲基-1-甲基-1H-吡唑-4-甲醯胺;N-[2-(1,1,2,2-四-氟乙氧基)苯基]-3-二氟甲基-1-甲基-1H-吡唑-4-甲醯胺;N-[2-(1,1,2,2-四氟-乙氧基)苯基]-1-甲基-3-三氟-甲基-1H-吡唑-4-甲醯胺;N-(4'-(三氟-甲基硫基)聯苯-2-基)-3-二-氟甲基-1-甲基-1H-吡唑-4-甲醯胺;N-(4'-(三氟甲基-硫基)聯苯-2-基)-1-甲基-3-三氟甲基-1H-吡唑-4-甲醯胺;及5-氟-1,3-二甲基-1H-吡唑-4-甲酸[2-(1,2-二甲基-丙基)-苯基]-醯胺。
尤其較佳為含有作為化合物I之修飾物V及選自包含雜環化合物之清單之殺真菌化合物IIA的二元混合物:嘧黴胺(pyrimethanil)、拌種咯(fenpiclonil)、護汰寧(fludioxonil)、阿迪嗎啉(aldimorph)、嗎菌靈(dodemorph)、粉鏽啉(fenpropimorph)、三得芬(tridemorph)、依普同(iprodione)、撲滅寧(procymidone)、噁唑菌酮(famoxadone)、咪唑菌酮(fenamidone)、辛噻酮(octhilinone)、噻菌靈(probenazole)、噠菌清(diclomezine)、百快隆(pyroquilon)、丙氧喹啉(proquinazid)、三賽唑(tricyclazole)、四氯丹(captafol)、蓋普丹(captan)、邁隆(dazomet)、禾草靈(fenoxanil)、快諾芬(quinoxyfen)、5-氯-7-(4-甲基哌啶-1-基)-6-(2,4,6-三氟苯基)-[1,2,4]三唑幷[1,5-a]嘧啶、6-(3,4-二氯-苯基)-5-甲基-[1,2,4]三唑幷[1,5-a]嘧啶-7-基-胺、6-(4-第三丁基苯基)-5-甲基-[1,2,4]三唑幷[1,5-a]嘧啶-7-基胺、5-甲基-6-(3,5,5-三甲基-己基)-[1,2,4]三唑幷[1,5-a]嘧啶-7-基胺、5-甲基-6-辛基-[1,2,4]三唑幷[1,5-a]嘧啶-7-基胺、6-甲基-5-辛基-[1,2,4]三唑幷[1,5-a]嘧啶-7-基胺、6-乙基-5-辛基-[1,2,4]三唑幷[1,5-a]嘧啶-7-基胺、5-乙基-6-辛基-[1,2,4]三唑幷[1,5-a]嘧啶-7-基胺、5-乙基-6-(3,5,5-三甲基-己基)-[1,2,4]三唑幷[1,5-a]嘧啶-7-基胺、6-辛基-5-丙基-[1,2,4]三唑幷[1,5-a]嘧啶-7-基胺、5-甲氧基甲基-6-辛基-[1,2,4]三唑幷[1,5-a]嘧啶-7-基胺、6-辛基-5-三氟甲基-[1,2,4]三唑幷[1,5-a]嘧啶-7-基胺及5-三氟-甲基-6-(3,5,5-三甲基-己基)-[1,2,4]三唑幷[1,5-a]嘧啶-7-基胺。
尤其較佳為含有作為化合物I之修飾物V及選自包含胺基甲酸酯之清單之殺真菌化合物IIA的二元混合物:錳粉克(mancozeb)、錳乃浦(maneb)、威百畝(metam)、免得爛(metiram)、福美鐵(ferbam)、甲基鋅乃浦(propineb)、得恩地(thiram)、鋅乃浦(zineb)、益穗(ziram);乙黴威(diethofencarb)、纈黴威(iprovalicarb)、霜黴威(propamocarb)及3-(4-氯苯基)-3-(2-異丙氧基羰基-胺基-3-甲基丁醯基胺基)丙酸甲酯。
尤其較佳為含有作為化合物I之修飾物V及選自包含以下各物之清單之殺真菌化合物IIA的二元混合物:雙胍鹽(guazatine);鏈黴素(streptomycin)、維利微素A(validamycin A);百蟎克(binapacryl)、白粉克(dinocap)、大脫蟎(dinobuton);腈硫醌(dithianon)、稻瘟靈(isoprothiolane);三苯錫(fentin)鹽、諸如三苯醋錫(fentin-acetate);護粒松(edifenphos)、丙基喜樂松(iprobenfos)、福賽得(fosetyl)、白粉松(pyrazophos)、四氯異苯腈(chlorothalonil)、益發靈(dichlofluanid)、磺菌胺(flusulfamide)、苯酞(phthalide)、奎脫辛(quintozene)、甲基多保淨(thiophanate-methyl)、益洛寧(tolylfluanid);乙酸銅、氫氧化銅、氯氧化銅、鹼式硫酸銅、硫磺;噻芬胺(cyflufenamid)、霜脲氰(cymoxanil)、二甲嘧酚(dimethirimol)、乙菌定(ethirimol)、呋霜靈(furalaxyl)、美曲芬諾(metrafenone)及螺環菌胺(spiroxamine)。
上文所提及之活性化合物IIA、其製備及其抵抗有害真菌之作用通常為已知(參見:http://www.hclrss.demon.co.uk/index.html
);其可市售。根據IUPAC命名之化合物、其製備及其殺真菌活性同樣自以下專利已知:EP-A 12 01 648;EP-A 226 917;WO 98/46608;WO 99/24413;WO 2004/049804;WO 2003/066609;WO 2003/053145;WO 2003/14103;EP-A 10 35 122;EP-A 10 28 125;EP-A 71 792;EP-A 141 3 17;WO 2003/009687;WO 05/087771;WO 2005/087772;WO 2005/087773;WO 2006/087325;WO 2006/087325;WO 2006/092428;WO 2006/092428;WO 2006/087343;WO 2001/42223;WO 2005/34628;WO 2005/123689;WO 2005/123690;WO 2006/120219;PCT/EP2006/064991;WO 2007/017450及歐洲申請案第06123463.9號。
關於其所欲用途,以下作為化合物I之修飾物V之三元及四元混合物尤其較佳:表1其中化合物IIA為三氟敏且化合物IIB1與IIB2之組合在各種情況下對應於表Q之一列之混合物。
表2其中化合物IIA為亞托敏且化合物IIB1與IIB2之組合在各種情況下對應於表Q之一列之混合物。
表3其中化合物IIA為百克敏且化合物IIB1與IIB2之組合在各種情況下對應於表Q之一列之混合物。
表4其中化合物IIA為博克利且化合物IIB1與IIB2之組合在各種情況下對應於表Q之一列之混合物。
表5其中化合物IIA為滅達樂且化合物IIB1與IIB2之組合在各種情況下對應於表Q之一列之混合物。
表6其中化合物IIA為滅達樂-M且化合物IIB1與IIB2之組合在各種情況下對應於表Q之一列之混合物。
表7其中化合物IIA為環克座且化合物IIB1與IIB2之組合在各種情況下對應於表Q之一列之混合物。
表8其中化合物IIA為環氧克座且化合物IIB1與IIB2之組合在各種情況下對應於表Q之一列之混合物。
表9其中化合物IIA為芬克座且化合物IIB1與IIB2之組合在各種情況下對應於表Q之一列之混合物。
表10其中化合物IIA為氟喹唑且化合物IIB1與IIB2之組合在各種情況下對應於表Q之一列之混合物。
表11其中化合物IIA為護汰芬且化合物IIB1與IIB2之組合在各種情況下對應於表Q之一列之混合物。
表12其中化合物IIA為依普克唑且化合物IIB1與IIB2之組合在各種情況下對應於表Q之一列之混合物。
表13其中化合物IIA為葉菌唑且化合物IIB1與IIB2之組合在各種情況下對應於表Q之一列之混合物。
表14其中化合物IIA為普克利且化合物IIB1與IIB2之組合在各種情況下對應於表Q之一列之混合物。
表15其中化合物IIA為丙硫醇克唑且化合物IIB1與IIB2之組合在各種情況下對應於表Q之一列之混合物。
表16其中化合物IIA為得克利且化合物IIB1與IIB2之組合在各種情況下對應於表Q之一列之混合物。
表17其中化合物IIA為三泰隆且化合物IIB1與IIB2之組合在各種情況下對應於表Q之一列之混合物。
表18其中化合物IIA為環菌唑且化合物IIB1與IIB2之組合在各種情況下對應於表Q之一列之混合物。
表19其中化合物IIA為依滅列且化合物IIB1與IIB2之組合在各種情況下對應於表Q之一列之混合物。
表20其中化合物IIA為咪醯胺且化合物IIB1與IIB2之組合在各種情況下對應於表Q之一列之混合物。
表21其中化合物IIA為貝芬替且化合物IIB1與IIB2之組合在各種情況下對應於表Q之一列之混合物。
表22其中化合物IIA為噻苯咪唑且化合物IIB1與IIB2之組合在各種情況下對應於表Q之一列之混合物。
表23其中化合物IIA為乙噻博胺且化合物IIB1與IIB2之組合在各種情況下對應於表Q之一列之混合物。
表24其中化合物IIA為惡黴靈且化合物IIB1與IIB2之組合在各種情況下對應於表Q之一列之混合物。
表25其中化合物IIA為嘧黴胺且化合物IIB1與IIB2之組合在各種情況下對應於表Q之一列之混合物。
表26其中化合物IIA為護汰寧且化合物IIB1與IIB2之組合在各種情況下對應於表Q之一列之混合物。
表27其中化合物IIA為阿迪嗎啉且化合物IIB1與IIB2之組合在各種情況下對應於表Q之一列之混合物。
表28其中化合物IIA為嗎菌靈且化合物IIB1與IIB2之組合在各種情況下對應於表Q之一列之混合物。
表29其中化合物IIA為粉鏽啉且化合物IIB1與IIB2之組合在各種情況下對應於表Q之一列之混合物。
表30其中化合物IIA為依普同且化合物IIB1與IIB2之組合在各種情況下對應於表Q之一列之混合物。
表31其中化合物IIA為蓋普丹且化合物IIB1與IIB2之組合在各種情況下對應於表Q之一列之混合物。
表32其中化合物IIA為禾草靈且化合物IIB1與IIB2之組合在各種情況下對應於表Q之一列之混合物。
表33其中化合物IIA為噻菌靈且化合物IIB1與IIB2之組合在各種情況下對應於表Q之一列之混合物。
表34其中化合物IIA為錳粉克且化合物IIB1與IIB2之組合在各種情況下對應於表Q之一列之混合物。
表35其中化合物IIA為免得爛且化合物IIB1與IIB2之組合在各種情況下對應於表Q之一列之混合物。
表36其中化合物IIA為得恩地且化合物IIB1與IIB2之組合在各種情況下對應於表Q之一列之混合物。
表37其中化合物IIA為益穗且化合物IIB1與IIB2之組合在各種情況下對應於表Q之一列之混合物。
表38其中化合物IIA為雙胍鹽且化合物IIB1與IIB2之組合在各種情況下對應於表Q之一列之混合物。
表39其中化合物IIA為甲基多保淨且化合物IIB1與IIB2之組合在各種情況下對應於表Q之一列之混合物。
表40其中化合物IIA為四氯異苯腈且化合物IIB1與IIB2之組合在各種情況下對應於表Q之一列之混合物。
表41其中化合物IIA為美曲芬諾且化合物IIB1與IIB2之組合在各種情況下對應於表Q之一列之混合物。
結晶修飾物V及A.1-A.15組之一或多種化合物通常以500:1至1:100、較佳20:1至1:50、尤其5:1至1:20之重量比來施用。
上文之說明亦應用於修飾物V與殺真菌化合物IIA之組合的比率。化合物IIB通常以100:1至1:100之比率與修飾物V組合。
視所需之效應而定,根據本發明之混合物的施用率為5公克/公頃至2000公克/公頃,較佳為50至1500公克/公頃,尤其為50至750公克/公頃。
根據本發明之結晶修飾物V、混合物及組合物可施用於任何及所有發育階段,諸如卵、幼蟲、蛹及成蟲。可藉由使目標害蟲、其食物來源、棲息地、滋生地或其所在地與殺蟲有效量之根據本發明之結晶修飾物V、混合物及組合物接觸來控制害蟲。
"所在地"意謂害蟲正在其中生長或可生長於其中之植物、種子、土壤、區域、材料或環境。
一般而言,"殺蟲有效量"意謂對生長產生顯著作用所需之根據本發明之結晶修飾物I、混合物及組合物的量,該等作用包括壞死、死亡、延緩、阻止及排除、破壞或其他降低目標生物體之出現率及活性之作用。對於用於本發明之各種混合物/組合物而言,殺蟲有效量可改變。混合物/組合物之殺蟲有效量亦將根據諸如所需之殺蟲效應及持續時間、天氣、目標種類、所在地、施用方式及其類似條件之主要條件而變化。
根據本發明之結晶修飾物V、混合物及組合物亦可用於保護植物免受昆蟲、蟎蟲或線蟲之侵襲或侵染,其包含接觸植物或植物生長之土壤或水。
在本發明之內容中,術語植物係指完整植物、植物之一部分或植物之繁殖材料,意即種子或幼苗。
可用根據本發明之結晶修飾物V、混合物及組合物處理之植物包括所有遺傳改良植物或轉殖基因植物,例如由於包括遺傳工程方法之育種而對除草劑或殺真菌劑或殺昆蟲劑耐受之作物,或與現有植物相比具有改良特徵之植物,其可例如藉由傳統育種方法及/或產生突變體來產生,或藉由重組程序來產生。
本發明之混合物及組合物中之一些具有系統性作用且因此可用於保護植物枝條免受葉片害蟲侵害以及用於保護種子及根免受土壤害蟲侵害。術語種子處理包含此項技術中已知之所有合適之種子處理技術,諸如(但不限於)拌種、種子包衣、種子撒粉、浸種、種子包膜、種子多層包衣、種子鑲衣、種子滴藥及種子丸化。
本發明亦包含塗有或含有根據本發明之結晶修飾物V或混合物或組合物之種子。
術語種子包含種子及各種植物繁殖體,包括(但不限於)真種子、種子塊、根出條、球莖、鱗莖、果實、塊莖、穀粒、插條、伐條及其類似物且在一較佳實施例中意謂真種子。
合適之種子為穀類、根用作物、油料作物、蔬菜、香料、觀賞植物之種子,例如以下植物之種子:硬粒小麥及其他小麥、大麥、燕麥、裸麥、玉米(飼料玉米及甜玉米/甜玉米及田間玉米)、大豆、油料作物、十字花科植物、棉花、向日葵、香蕉、水稻、油菜、球莖甘藍、製糖甜菜、飼用甜菜、茄子、馬鈴薯、草、草坪、草皮、牧草、番茄、韮菜、南瓜、卷心菜、球葉萵苣、胡椒、黃瓜、甜瓜、蕓苔(Brassica)種類、甜瓜、豆、豌豆、大蒜、洋蔥、胡蘿蔔、塊莖類植物(諸如馬鈴薯)、糖甘蔗、煙草、葡萄、矮牽牛、天竺葵、三色堇及鳳仙花。
另外,根據本發明之結晶修飾物V、混合物及組合物亦可處理植物種子,其由於育種、突變及/或遺傳工程方法而對除草劑或殺真菌劑或殺昆蟲劑或殺線蟲劑耐受。
舉例而言,根據本發明之結晶修飾物V、混合物及組合物可用於對來自由組成以下各物組成之群之除草劑有抗性的轉殖基因作物中:磺醯脲(EP-A-0257993、美國專利第5,013,659號)、咪唑啉酮(看見例如US 6222100、WO0182685、WO0026390、WO9741218、WO9802526、WO 9802527、WO 04/106529、WO 05/20673、WO 03/14357、WO 03/13225、WO 03/14356、WO 04/16073)、草銨膦類型(看見例如EP-A-0242236、EP-A-242246)或草甘膦類型(看見例如WO 92/00377),或用於對選自環己二酮/芳基氧基苯氧基丙酸除草劑有抗性之植物中(US 5,162,602、US 5,290,696、US 5,498,544、US 5,428,001、US 6,069,298、US 6,268,550、US 6,146,867、US 6,222,099、US 6,414,222),或用於具有產生使得植物抵抗特定害蟲之蘇芸金桿菌(Bacillus thuringiensis)毒素(Bt毒素)之能力的轉殖基因作物植物(例如棉花)中(EP-A-0142924、EP-A-0193259)。
此外,根據本發明之結晶修飾物V、混合物及組合物亦可用於處理植物種子,該等植物與現有植物相比具有改良特徵,其可例如藉由傳統育種方法及/或產生突變體來產生,或藉由重組程序來產生。舉例而言,許多案例已描述出於改良植物中合成之澱粉而重組改良作物植物(例如WO 92/11376、WO 92/14827、WO 91/19806)或具有改良脂肪酸組成之轉殖基因作物植物(WO 91/13972)。
根據本發明之結晶修飾物V、混合物及組合物之種子處理應用係藉由在植物播種之群及植物發芽之前對種子噴霧或撒粉來進行。
在處理種子時,藉由用有效量之根據本發明之結晶修飾物V、混合物或組合物處理種子來施用相應調配物。本文中,結晶修飾物V之施用量通常為每100公斤種子0.1公克至10公斤,較佳每100公斤種子1公克至5公斤,尤其每100公斤種子1公克至2.5公斤。對於諸如萵苣及洋蔥之特定作物而言,施用率可更高。
根據本發明之混合物及組合物係經由接觸(經由土壤、玻璃、牆、蚊帳、地毯、植物部分或動物部分)及攝食(誘餌或部份植株)兩者及經由交哺及轉移而有效。
較佳施用方法為施於水體中,經由土壤、裂縫及縫隙、牧草、糞堆、陰溝施用,施於水中,施於地板、牆上,或藉由周圍噴塗及下餌來施用。
根據本發明之另一較佳實施例,為了用於抵抗諸如螞蟻、白蟻、黃蜂、蒼蠅、蚊子、蟋蟀、蝗蟲或蟑螂之非作物害蟲,將根據本發明之混合物及組合物製備成誘餌製劑。
誘餌可為液體、固體或半固體製劑(例如凝膠)。混合物/組合物中所用之誘餌為具有足以刺激諸如螞蟻、白蟻、黃蜂、蒼蠅、蚊子、蟋蟀等或蟑螂攝食之吸引力之產物。此引誘劑可選自此項技術中容易已知之激食物質或類費洛蒙及/或性費洛蒙。
用本發明之混合物及其各別組合物控制由昆蟲傳播之傳染性疾病(例如瘧疾、登革熱及黃熱病、淋巴絲蟲病及利什曼病(leishmaniasis))的方法亦包含處理房屋及住宅之表面、空中噴霧及浸漬窗簾、帳篷、衣服物品、蚊帳、捕蠅器或其類似物。用於施用於纖維、織物、針織品、非編織品、織網材料或箔及防水布之殺昆蟲組合物較佳包含包括本發明之混合物、視情況選用之驅蟲劑及至少一種黏合劑之組合物。
根據本發明之結晶修飾物V、混合物及組合物可用於保護諸如樹、木柵欄、枕木等之木製材料及諸如住宅、外屋、工廠之建築物,且亦保護建築材料、傢具、皮革、纖維、乙烯樹脂物品、電線及電纜等免受螞蟻及/或白蟻侵害,且用於控制螞蟻及白蟻對作物或人類產生危害(例如當害蟲侵入住宅及公共設施時)。
在土壤處理或施用於害蟲棲所或巢穴之情況下,活性成份之量在每100平方米0.0001至500公克,較佳每100平方米0.001至20公克之範圍內。
在保護材料時之習用施用量為(例如)每m2
經處理材料0.01公克至1000公克活性化合物,理想地為每m2
0.1公克至50公克。
用於浸漬材料之殺昆蟲組合物通常含有0.001至95重量%,較佳0.1至45重量%,且更佳1至重量%之至少一種驅蟲劑及/或殺昆蟲劑。
對於用於誘餌組合物而言,活性成份之典型含量為0.0001重量%至15重量%,理想地為0.001重量%至5%重量%之活性化合物。所用之組合物亦可包含其他添加劑,諸如活性物質之溶劑、調味劑、防腐劑、染料或苦味劑。其吸引力亦可藉由特殊顏色、形狀或質地來增強。
對於用於噴霧組合物而言,活性成份之含量為0.001至80重量%,較佳0.01至50重量%且最佳0.01至15重量%。
對於用於處理作物植物而言,活性成份之施用率可在每公頃0.1公克至4000公克,希望每公頃25公克至600公克,更希望每公頃50公克至500公克之範圍內。
本發明之一目的亦在於提供適合於處理、控制、預防及保護包括人類之溫血動物及魚免受害蟲之侵染及感染的混合物。對動物及/或人類身上或體內之害蟲控制可遇到之問題類似於最初所述之彼等者,亦即需要降低劑量率,及/或增強活性譜,及/或擊倒活性與延長控制之組合及/或抗性管理。
本發明亦提供一種處理、控制、預防及保護包括人類之溫血動物及魚免受蚤目、膜翅目、半翅目、直翅目、蜱蟎目、蝨目及雙翅目之害蟲侵染及感染的方法,其包含向該等動物經口、局部或非經腸投予或施用殺蟲有效量之根據本發明之結晶修飾物V、混合物及組合物。
本發明亦提供一種製備用於處理、控制、預防或保護溫血動物或魚免受蚤目、膜翅目、半翅目、直翅目、蜱蟎目、蝨目及雙翅目之害蟲侵染或感染之組合物的方法,該組合物包含殺蟲有效量之根據本發明之結晶修飾物V、混合物及組合物。
上述方法尤其適用於控制及預防溫血動物體內之侵染及感染,溫血動物諸如牛、綿羊、豬、駱駝、鹿、馬、家禽、山羊、狗及貓以及人類。
可藉由根據本發明之結晶修飾物V、混合物及組合物控制、預防或消除溫血動物及魚體內之侵染,該等侵染包括(但不限於)蝨、咬蝨、壁蝨、鼻蠅蛆、羊蜱蠅(keds)、牛蠅(biting fly)、家蠅(muscoid fly)、蒼蠅、蠅蛆症(myiasitic)蠅幼蟲、恙蟎、蚋、蚊子及跳蚤。
對於向溫血動物經口投藥而言,根據本發明之結晶修飾物V、混合物及組合物可調配為動物飼料、動物飼料預混合料、動物飼料濃縮物、藥丸、溶液、糊狀物、懸浮液、灌服藥、凝膠、錠劑、大丸劑及膠囊。另外,根據本發明之結晶修飾物V、混合物及組合物可投予動物之飲用水中。對於經口投藥而言,所選劑型應對動物提供每天每公斤動物體重0.01毫克至100毫克之根據本發明之結晶修飾物V、混合物及組合物。
或者,根據本發明之結晶修飾物V、混合物及組合物可非經腸投予動物,例如藉由瘤胃內、肌肉內、靜脈內或皮下注射。根據本發明之結晶修飾物V、混合物及組合物可分散於或溶於生理學上可接受之載劑中以用於皮下注射。或者,根據本發明之結晶修飾物V、混合物及組合物可調配為用於皮下投藥之植入物。另外,根據本發明之結晶修飾物V、混合物及組合物可經皮膚投予動物。對於非經腸投藥而言,所選劑型應對動物提供每天每公斤動物體重0.01毫克至100毫克之根據本發明之結晶修飾物V、混合物及組合物。
根據本發明之結晶修飾物V、混合物及組合物亦可以浸液、粉塵、粉末、頸圈、掛牌、噴霧、點藥調配物及傾注調配物之形式局部施用於動物。對於局部施用而言,浸液及噴霧通常含有0.5 ppm至5,000 ppm且較佳1 ppm至3,000 ppm之結晶修飾物V。另外,結晶修飾物V可調配為用於動物,尤其諸如牛及綿羊之四足動物之耳部標籤。
以下圖及實例用於說明本發明而不應理解為限制本發明。
以下所有製備程序均用根據WO 01/30760中所述之程序獲得之固體氟蟲腈的兩種樣品作為起始物質來進行,最後於70℃至35℃之溫度下使產物自單氯苯/乙醇之溶劑混合物(結晶開始時乙醇之重量%:13%)中結晶。在X射線粉末繞射圖研究中證明此固體形式為若干種結晶修飾物之混合物之結晶氟蟲腈。如同在申請中之申請案中第一次鑑別及描述,此混合物已經表徵由結晶修飾物I及結晶修飾物V組成。對形式I及形式V之單晶體資料之模擬X射線粉末繞射圖圖案之Topas程式的最小二乘方修正展示在此等兩種實例樣品中,形式I之百分比在30%至70%變化。兩種樣品之X射線粉末繞射圖在圖3中展示。
與用作起始物質之固體氟蟲腈之樣品無關,下文給出之實例中給出之結晶程序產生相同之本發明之修飾物V。溶劑合物修飾物II及F-ST較佳不用於蒸發結晶。
實例1:藉由自乙腈中結晶來製備修飾物V於75至81℃、回流下將1公克具有約96重量%之化學純度之結晶氟蟲腈溶解於25公克乙腈中。將溶液保持於此溫度下,同時用惰性N2
氣體之平緩流動使溶劑緩慢蒸發。使溶劑蒸發3天,之後將樣品冷卻至20℃至25℃且藉由使用真空將所獲得之乾燥結晶物質自一些殘餘溶劑中過濾於濾紙上。結晶產率>95%,熔點:202℃。所獲得之物質具有圖1中所示之X射線粉末繞射圖,其中反射列於以下表2中。
實例3:藉由自二甲亞碸中結晶來製備修飾物V於138至142℃下在圓底燒瓶中將0.5公克具有約96重量%之化學純度之結晶氟蟲腈溶解於10 ml DMSO中。將溶液保持於此溫度下,同時用惰性N2
氣體之平緩流動使溶劑緩慢蒸發。使溶劑蒸發約15小時,之後將樣品冷卻至20℃至25℃且藉由使用真空將所獲得之乾燥結晶物質自一些殘餘溶劑中於濾紙上過濾。結晶產率>85%,熔點:202.5℃。所獲得之物質具有圖1中所示之X射線粉末繞射圖,其中反射列於以下表2中。
分析:於25℃下使用Siemens D-5000繞射計(製造商:Bruker AXS)以反射幾何形狀在2θ=2°-60°之範圍內(增量為0.02°),使用Cu-Kα輻射獲得圖1中顯示之X射線粉末繞射圖的圖像。
使用石墨CuKα
輻射於Bruker AXS CCD偵測器上收集單晶體X射線繞射資料。將結構藉由使用直接法來解釋,改進,且使用傅裏葉(Fourier)技術以SHELX套裝軟體進行擴展(G.M.Sheldrick,SHELX-97,Universitt Gttingen,1997)。用SADABS軟體執行吸收校正。
使用得到之2θ值計算所述之晶面間距d。在圖1中,繪製峰值強度(y軸:線性強度,以計數表示)與2θ角(x軸,以度2θ表示)之關係圖。
本文所指值的熔融熱量係指於+30至+230℃範圍內在空氣氣氛中藉由差示掃描熱量測定(DSC)於Mettler DSC 823上以5 K/min之加熱速率測定的值。
本文中所示之熔點係指於Mettler熱載台顯微鏡上所測定之值且表示平衡熔點。
在空氣氣氛中於Mettler Toledo DSC 823模組上執行DSC。將取自母液之晶體於濾紙上吸乾且置於捲邊但開孔之鋁樣品盤中以用於DCS實驗。樣品大小在各種情況下為5至10毫克。溫度範圍通常為30℃至230℃,加熱速率為5 K/min。
圖1:修飾物V之X射線粉末繞射圖。
圖2:修飾物V之差示掃描熱量測定熱分析圖。
圖3:修飾物I及V之兩種混合物之X射線粉末繞射圖。
(無元件符號說明)
Claims (26)
- 一種氟蟲腈之結晶修飾物V,其於30℃下在X射線粉末繞射圖中展示至少5種以下反射:(1)d=8.55±0.1Å (2)d=7.94±0.07Å (3)d=6.78±0.05Å (4)d=5.43±0.05Å (5)d=4.35±0.05Å (6)d=2.83±0.03Å。
- 如請求項1之結晶修飾物V,其具有在201至203℃範圍內之熔點。
- 如請求項1或2之結晶修飾物V,其以具有中心對稱空間群P-1之三斜晶系存在。
- 如請求項1或2之結晶修飾物V,其具有至少98重量%之氟蟲腈含量。
- 一種固體氟蟲腈,其包含如請求項1至4中任一項所定義之結晶修飾物V及不同於結晶修飾物V之形式之氟蟲腈。
- 如請求項5之固體氟蟲腈,其包含至少85重量%之如請求項1至4中任一項所定義之結晶修飾物V。
- 一種用於製備如請求項1至4中任一項所定義之結晶修飾物V之方法,其包含以下步驟:步驟i)由不同於該結晶修飾物V之固體形式之氟蟲腈於選自具有100℃至150℃之溫度之二甲亞碸或具有60℃至81℃溫度之乙腈的溶劑S中製成溶液; 步驟ii)使氟蟲腈自該溶液中結晶;及步驟iii)分離所得沈澱物。
- 如請求項7之方法,其中該溶劑S為具有130℃至150℃之溫度之二甲亞碸或具有70℃至81℃之溫度之乙腈。
- 如請求項7或8之方法,其中該溶劑S為乙腈。
- 如請求項7或8之方法,其中該溶劑S為二甲亞碸。
- 如請求項7或8中任一項之方法,其中在步驟ii)中,藉由濃縮步驟i)中獲得之該溶液使該氟蟲腈進行結晶。
- 如請求項7或8之方法,其中步驟ii)係在如請求項1至4中任一項所定義之結晶修飾物V之晶種存在下進行。
- 一種協同殺蟲或殺寄生蟲混合物,其包含作為活性組份之如請求項1至4中任一項所定義之結晶修飾物V及一或多種殺蟲或殺寄生蟲化合物。
- 一種殺蟲或殺寄生蟲組合物,其包含如請求項1至4中任一項所定義之結晶修飾物V或如請求項13所定義之混合物及殺蟲或殺寄生蟲可接受之載劑及/或助劑。
- 如請求項14之組合物,其呈水性懸浮液濃縮物之形式。
- 如請求項14之組合物,其呈水分散性顆粒之形式。
- 如請求項14之組合物,其呈水分散性粉末之形式。
- 一種如請求項1至4中任一項所定義之結晶修飾物V或如請求項5或6所定義之固體氟蟲腈或如請求項13所定義之混合物或如請求項14至17中任一項所定義之組合物用於控制害蟲的用途。
- 一種用於控制害蟲之方法,其包含使該等害蟲或其食物 來源、棲息地、滋生地或其所在地與殺蟲有效量之如請求項1至4中任一項所定義之結晶修飾物V或如請求項5或6所定義之固體氟蟲腈或如請求項13所定義之混合物或如請求項14至17中任一項所定義之組合物接觸。
- 一種用於保護植物免受害蟲侵染及侵襲之方法,其包含向該植物之葉或莖施用殺蟲有效量之如請求項1至4中任一項所定義之結晶修飾物V或如請求項5或6所定義之固體氟蟲腈或如請求項13所定義之混合物或如請求項14至17中任一項所定義之組合物。
- 如請求項19或20中任一項之方法,其中如請求項1至4中任一項所定義之結晶修飾物V或如請求項5或6所定義之固體氟蟲腈或如請求項13所定義之混合物或如請求項14至17中任一項所定義之組合物係以5公克/公頃至2000公克/公頃之量施用。
- 如請求項18之用途,其中該等害蟲為昆蟲、蜘蛛類動物或植物線蟲。
- 如請求項19或20之方法,其中該等害蟲為昆蟲、蜘蛛類動物或植物線蟲。
- 一種保護種子之方法,其包含使該等種子與殺蟲有效量之如請求項1至4中任一項所定義之結晶修飾物V或如請求項5或6所定義之固體氟蟲腈或如請求項13所定義之混合物或如請求項14至17中任一項所定義之組合物接觸。
- 如請求項24之方法,其中如請求項1至4中任一項所定義之結晶修飾物V或如請求項5或6所定義之固體氟蟲腈或 如請求項13所定義之混合物或如請求項14至17中任一項所定義之組合物係以每100公斤種子使用0.1公克至10公斤之量施用。
- 一種如請求項1至4中任一項所定義之結晶修飾物V或如請求項5或6所定義之固體氟蟲腈或如請求項13所定義之混合物或如請求項14至17中任一項所定義之組合物用於製造供抵抗動物體內或身上之寄生蟲之製劑的用途。
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- 2007-11-05 CN CN200780044898.0A patent/CN101557712B/zh active Active
- 2007-11-05 WO PCT/EP2007/061897 patent/WO2008055883A1/en not_active Ceased
- 2007-11-05 EA EA200900630A patent/EA018341B1/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2007-11-05 EP EP07822226A patent/EP2083628A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2007-11-05 KR KR1020097011943A patent/KR101540122B1/ko active Active
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- 2007-11-05 JP JP2009535707A patent/JP5931322B2/ja active Active
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- 2007-11-05 AU AU2007316640A patent/AU2007316640B2/en active Active
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- 2009-05-29 MA MA31931A patent/MA30928B1/fr unknown
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| BRPI0718720A2 (pt) | 2013-12-03 |
| NZ576592A (en) | 2012-06-29 |
| EA018341B1 (ru) | 2013-07-30 |
| US9913473B2 (en) | 2018-03-13 |
| KR101540122B1 (ko) | 2015-07-28 |
| AU2007316640B2 (en) | 2012-11-29 |
| JP2014139189A (ja) | 2014-07-31 |
| US20100041727A1 (en) | 2010-02-18 |
| EA200900630A1 (ru) | 2009-12-30 |
| JP5931322B2 (ja) | 2016-06-08 |
| ZA200903972B (en) | 2012-02-29 |
| JP2010509276A (ja) | 2010-03-25 |
| IL198265A0 (en) | 2009-12-24 |
| TW200829168A (en) | 2008-07-16 |
| WO2008055883A1 (en) | 2008-05-15 |
| CA2667112A1 (en) | 2008-05-15 |
| CN101557712A (zh) | 2009-10-14 |
| CA2667112C (en) | 2015-08-11 |
| US8188136B2 (en) | 2012-05-29 |
| IL198265A (en) | 2017-08-31 |
| US20120225776A1 (en) | 2012-09-06 |
| CN101557712B (zh) | 2014-03-12 |
| AR063650A1 (es) | 2009-02-04 |
| AU2007316640A1 (en) | 2008-05-15 |
| EP2083628A1 (en) | 2009-08-05 |
| UA95991C2 (ru) | 2011-09-26 |
| MA30928B1 (fr) | 2009-11-02 |
| KR20090081423A (ko) | 2009-07-28 |
| MX2009004486A (es) | 2009-05-12 |
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