TWI418077B - Lithium secondary battery - Google Patents
Lithium secondary battery Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- TWI418077B TWI418077B TW097126635A TW97126635A TWI418077B TW I418077 B TWI418077 B TW I418077B TW 097126635 A TW097126635 A TW 097126635A TW 97126635 A TW97126635 A TW 97126635A TW I418077 B TWI418077 B TW I418077B
- Authority
- TW
- Taiwan
- Prior art keywords
- positive electrode
- negative electrode
- active material
- secondary battery
- lithium secondary
- Prior art date
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- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 62
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 61
- 238000005192 partition Methods 0.000 claims description 38
- 239000002608 ionic liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 30
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- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
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- 150000002736 metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052976 metal sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000013081 microcrystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012982 microporous membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004005 microsphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002114 nanocomposite Substances 0.000 description 1
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000620 organic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000033116 oxidation-reduction process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005011 phenolic resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002285 poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920006122 polyamide resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000767 polyaniline Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000447 polyanionic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001225 polyester resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004645 polyester resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000009719 polyimide resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000128 polypyrrole Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001282 polysaccharide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005017 polysaccharide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002620 polyvinyl fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000002459 porosimetry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- PBMFSQRYOILNGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridazine Chemical compound C1=CC=NN=C1 PBMFSQRYOILNGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-O pyridinium Chemical compound C1=CC=[NH+]C=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- HNJBEVLQSNELDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrrolidin-2-one Chemical compound O=C1CCCN1 HNJBEVLQSNELDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002964 rayon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000009566 rice Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002153 silicon-carbon composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009987 spinning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920003048 styrene butadiene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010345 tape casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920005992 thermoplastic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229930192474 thiophene Natural products 0.000 description 1
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000314 transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-O triethylammonium ion Chemical compound CC[NH+](CC)CC ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000013585 weight reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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Description
本發明係有關於一種將離子液體用於非水電解液的鋰二次電池,更詳而言之係有關於一種使用由電絕緣性之多孔性無機皮膜與基材所構成之分隔構件的鋰二次電池。
鋰二次電池係小型輕量的可充電式電池,每一單位容積或單位重量的蓄電容量很大,被廣泛利用於行動電話、筆記型個人電腦、個人數位助理(PDA)、錄放影機、數位相機等,對小型輕量且耗電較大的各種可攜式裝置來說,已成為不可或缺之物。
又,近幾年來,搭載於電動腳踏車或電力汽車的中型、或是大型的鋰電池的開發正持續進行,作為減少環境負荷的手段,該開發亦受到期待。
以往,鋰二次電池的非水電解液所使用之非水溶劑係使用容易溶解鋰鹽,且不易電性分解之極性非質子性有機溶劑,但由於前述有機溶劑的閃火點極低,會因過度充電時或短路時的發熱造成閃火或爆炸等,在電池的安全性方面有很大的問題。尤其,近幾年來,隨著電子機器的小型化、輕量化或電力汽車的開發,大容量、高輸出之鋰二次電池的開發已成當務之急,安全性問題成為越來越重要的需解決之課題。
因此,已在研討各種將作為難燃性化合物之離子液體使用於鋰二次電池的非水電解液的方法。將離子液體使用於非水電解液的方法,已揭示有例如,使用含有作為陰離子成分之雙(氟磺醯)醯亞胺陰離子的離子液體作為溶劑的方法(專利文獻1)。
又,分隔構件方面,已揭示有由具有多數開口之平面狀柔軟基材與多孔性無機皮膜所構成的鋰高能電池用分隔構件(專利文獻2)。
專利文獻1:美國專利第6,365,301號說明書
專利文獻2:特表2005-536857號公報
然而,前述專利文獻1所舉例說明之鋰二次電池,可使用之電壓區域為狹窄的2.8~2.0V,無法得到充分的電池性能。又,專利文獻2記載之使用離子液體的鋰電池相較於有機溶劑系的電池,電解液的黏度很高,因此對分隔構件等電池構件的液浸漬性很低,故電池的電荷傳遞阻力很大,現狀上在輸出及壽命兩方面比電解液系的電池性能來得差。
因此,期望使用難燃性離子液體的鋰二次電池可藉由開發新的電池構件或研究添加劑而提高電池性能。
有鑑於前述問題,本發明之目的在於提供一種提高對鋰二次電池強烈要求的安全性,並進行電池構件的選擇與
推究,而具有優於習知電池的電池性能與高安全性的難燃性鋰二次電池。
為解決前述課題,本發明人反覆積極研究,結果發現,使用含有作為陰離子成分之雙(氟磺醯)醯亞胺陰離子的離子液體作為用以在鋰離子傳導性之非水電解液中溶解支援電解質之鋰鹽的溶劑時,藉由組合於有開孔的平面狀柔軟基材上具有電絕緣性之無機皮膜的分隔構件,可改善離子液體對分隔構件的液浸漬性。
還發現,電池的內部阻力會隨此而大幅降低,且會提高將離子液體用於電解質的鋰二次電池的輸出特性及循環特性。此外,藉由前述分隔構件具有的斷電機構賦予使用難燃性離子液體的電池更高的安全性,可使電池的安全性飛躍性地提高。
即,本發明係一種鋰二次電池,係由設置於正極與負極間之分隔構件、及含有鋰鹽之非水電解液所構成者,其中前述非水電解液使用離子液體作為溶劑,且前述分隔構件係由電絕緣性之多孔性無機皮膜與基材所構成。
在本發明之鋰二次電池中,前述基材宜由聚合物纖維所構成。
前述鋰二次電池中,前述離子液體可含有作為陰離子成分之雙(氟磺醯)醯亞胺陰離子。
又,在本發明之鋰二次電池中,前述離子液體亦可為含有作為陽離子成分之含氮原子陽離子者。
在前述內容中,前述離子液體的含氮原子陽離子宜為選自於烷基銨、咪唑鎓、吡咯烷鎓、及哌啶鎓的1種或2種以上之混合物。
根據本發明,針對因電池的使用環境惡劣或事故發生時的內部溫度上升所帶來的電池之短路、起火、爆炸等問題,可從難燃性離子液體以及組合具斷電功能的分隔構件等兩點提出安全對策,而可賦予高於習知電解液系鋰電池的安全性。
現有的聚合物分隔構件具有約120℃之斷電溫度,在該溫度下,分隔構件的細孔結構會崩壞並封閉所有的細孔,可藉此阻止電池內的電流輸送而提高安全性。然而,在150~200℃的更高溫環境下,分隔構件會熔融收縮,在電池內的多處部位造成電極間的直接接觸而引起大面積的內部短路。這會造成使電池爆炸的無法控制的反應。
相對於此,本發明使用的分隔構件係由基材與無機皮膜成分所構成,由於無機皮膜成分不會引起熔毀,故即使在高溫環境下,亦不會產生因熱收縮而造成之大面積的內部短路。即使是在電池過熱到超過200℃而使外部燃燒的情況下,陶瓷分隔構件亦可保持其絕緣功能。
加上具有前述高溫下之斷電功能的分隔構件,將難燃性離子液體用於電解質的本發明,相較於使用組合習知聚合物分隔構件與有機電解液的系統,明顯具有高安全性。
除了安全性提高以外,本發明的另一項重要優點係在
於本分隔構件的良好濕潤性。因此,即使是在將黏度高於有機系電解液的離子液體用於電解質的情況下,本分隔構件亦具有優於現有分隔構件的液浸漬性,可大幅改善離子液體對分隔構件表面以及內部的浸漬性。藉此,可大幅降低將離子液體用於電解質時的電荷傳遞阻力,結果,可提高電池的輸出特性以及循環特性。
以下,說明本發明之實施態樣。
本發明之鋰二次電池係由設置於正極與負極之間來隔離兩者的分隔構件、及令作為支援電解質之鋰鹽溶解於用以傳導鋰離子之溶劑的非水電解液所構成。
前述正極之活性物質,只要是可吸附、脫附鋰離子者即可,並無特別受限。活性物質可舉例如:CuO、Cu2
O、MnO2
、MoO3
、V2
O5
、CrO3
、MoO3
、Fe2
O3
、Ni2
O3
、CoO3
等金屬氧化物;LixCoO2
、LixNiO2
、LixMn2
O4
等鋰與過渡金屬之複合氧化物;TiS2
、MoS2
、NbSe3
等金屬硫化物;聚並苯、聚對苯、聚吡咯、聚苯胺等導電性高分子化合物等。
特別是,在本發明中,就鋰離子的排出性、容易獲得高電壓的觀點來看,係以1種以上選自於普遍稱為高電壓系之鈷、鎳、錳等過渡金屬與鋰之複合氧化物為佳。鈷、鎳、錳與鋰之複合氧化物的具體範例可舉:LiCoO2
、LiMnO2
、LiMn2
O4
、LiNiO2
、LiNixCo(l-x)O2
、LiMnaNibCoc(a+b+c=1)等。
又,亦可在前述鋰複合氧化物中摻雜少量的氟、硼、鋁、鉻、鋯、鉬、鐵等元素。
又,亦可以碳、MgO、Al2
O3
、SiO2
等將鋰複合氧化物之粒子表面進行表面處理。
本發明之正極活性物質,除了前述鋰與過渡金屬氧化物以外,宜可舉以LixFePO4
(0<x≦1.2,通常為1)表示之磷酸鋰鐵。
磷酸鋰鐵在3.1~3.5V/Li附近具有平坦之鋰吸附、脫附電位,且所有的氧會透過共價鍵與磷結合而形成聚陰離子,故不會發生正極內的氧隨著溫度上升而排出而造成電解液燃燒的情形。因此,高溫充電狀態下的安全性優於LiCoO2
等。又,具有化學性、機械性穩定性亦相當優異的性質,且長期保存性能亦良好。
前述正極活性物質亦可合併2種以上使用。
負極活性物質可使用可吸附、脫附鋰離子的活性物質。該種活性物質可同樣地使用前述正極所使用之金屬化合物或導電性高分子化合物,可舉金屬鋰、LiAl等鋰系合金;SbSn、InSb、CoSb3
、Mi2
MnSb等吸附式銻系鋰合金;Sn2
M(M=Fe、Co、Mn、V、Ti)、V2
Sn3
、Sn/Cu6
Sn6
、Sn/Ag3
Sn等吸附式錫系鋰合金;Si-C複合系、Si-Ti複合系、Si-M薄膜等吸附式矽系鋰合金;奈米複合材料;非晶質合金材料;電鍍合金;Si系非晶質薄膜等;非晶質碳、中間相碳微球(MCMB)、石墨、天然石墨等碳材料;該等碳材料之表面改質物;氧化錫、SiO2
等Si系負極等,此外,碳材料亦可合併
活性碳、碳纖維、碳黑等使用。
又,負極活性物質亦可使用難石墨化碳(HC)。HC只要是難以經由燒結而碳化,且如玻璃碳般地難以經由高溫下之加熱處理而石墨化的碳材料即可,並無特別受限,通常會使用即使經由碳化或石墨化處理亦不會形成石墨的碳材料。HC可單獨使用或組合2種以上使用,又,亦可組合前述鋰系合金、碳材料使用。
生成難石墨化碳的原料可舉例如;糠醇樹脂;糠醛樹脂;酚樹脂;呋喃樹脂;鹵化乙烯樹脂;丙烯酸樹脂;聚醯亞胺樹脂;聚醯胺樹脂;PFA樹脂碳或PAN系碳纖維、玻璃碳等共軛系樹脂,但不受限於該等樹脂。又,纖維素及其衍生物、有機系高分子系化合物亦可作為難石墨化碳的原料使用,即使燒結砂糖、咖啡豆、米糠等天然素材亦可硬碳化。
難石墨化碳除了顯示出LiC6
以上的高容量以外,伴隨充放電反應的面間隔d002
的變化量亦很小,故具有微晶體在充放電時的扭曲很小,且體積膨脹亦小於石墨質材料的優點。
前述負極活性物質可藉由選擇盡可能接近金屬鋰之氧化還原電位者,而實現本發明之高電位、及高能量密度。因此,與前述正極之組合相當重要。
在前述正極及負極中可使用導電劑。只要是不會對電池性能造成不良影響之電子傳導性材料即可作為導電劑使用。雖然一般多使用乙炔黑或導電碳黑(ketjen black)等碳
黑,但亦可使用天然石墨(鱗狀石墨、鱗片狀石墨、土狀石墨等)、人造石墨、碳晶鬚、碳纖維或金屬(銅、鎳、鋁、銀、金等)粉、金屬纖維、導電性陶瓷材料等導電性材料,並可包含前述2種以上者之混合物。相對於活性物質量,其添加量以1~30重量%為佳,特別是以2~20重量%為更佳。
另外,電極活性物質的集電體只要是不會對已形成之電池造成不良影響的電子傳導體即可。例如,正集用極電體除了鋁、鈦、不鏽鋼、鎳、燒結碳、導電性高分子、導電性玻璃等之外,為了提高接著性、導電性、及耐氧化性,可使用鋁或銅等之表面業已經過碳、鎳、鈦或銀等處理者。
負極用集電體除了銅、不鏽鋼、鎳、鋁、鈦、燒結碳、導電性高分子、導電性玻璃、Al-Cd合金等之外,為了提高接著性、導電性、及耐氧化性,可使用銅等之表面業已經過碳、鎳、鈦或銀等處理者。
亦可對前述集電體材料之表面進行氧化處理。關於形狀方面,除了箔狀之外,亦可使用薄膜狀、片狀、網狀、經擠壓或延展之物、板體、多孔體、發泡體等成形體。厚度並無特別限制,可使用1~100μm之厚度者。
使前述活性物質黏結於正極或負極之黏合劑,可舉例如:聚氟乙烯(PVDF)、PVDF與六氟丙烷(HFP)或全氟甲基乙烯醚(PFMV)及四氟乙烯(TFE)之共聚合物等PVDF共聚合物樹脂;聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)、氟橡膠等氟系樹脂;或丁苯橡膠(SBR)、乙烯-丙烯橡膠(EPDM)、苯乙烯-丙烯腈共合聚物等聚合物,且可併用羧甲基纖維素(CMC)等多醣體、
聚醯亞胺樹脂等熱可塑性樹脂等,但不受限於此。又,前述物亦可混合2種以上使用。相對於活性物質,其添加量以0.5~30重量%為佳,特別是以1~10重量%為更佳。
一般係使用多孔性膜作為分隔構件,本發明中,係使用由電絕緣性之多孔性無機皮膜與基材所構成的分隔構件。
前述基材係由已編織或未編織的聚合物纖維或天然纖維所構成者。已編織的聚合物纖維並無特別受限。未編織的聚合物纖維或天然纖維可舉不織布、絲絨(fleece)或氈(felt)等。從電解質之液浸漬性的觀點來看,其中以不織布為佳。
由聚合物纖維所構成的不織布可由聚乙烯、聚丙烯等聚烯烴纖維、聚對苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)等聚酯樹脂、醯胺纖維、聚丙烯腈纖維、維尼綸纖維、嫘縈(rayon)纖維、玻璃纖維等所構成,或可將該等混合纖維作為基材。
前述不織布可經由眾所周知的紡絲黏合法、熱黏合法、針軋法、針織黏合法、化學黏合法等製法來得到例如由具有0.1~10μm且以1~4μm為佳之直徑的聚合物纖維所構成的長絲狀纖維或短絲狀纖維。
該基材的厚度並無特別受限,以50μm以下為佳,且以40μm以下為更佳,特別是以具有10~40μm之厚度為有利的。基材厚度會對分隔構件的特性造成顯著影響,這是因為其柔軟性與以電解液浸漬之分隔構件的面積阻力,依持於該分隔構件之基材厚度的緣故。此外,由於更薄的分隔
構件可提高電池槽中的填充密度,故在相同體積下可儲存更大的能量。此外,藉由提高電極表面積以及分隔構件表面積,即使總重量固定的情況下,亦可提高極限電流密度。
又,為了可特別有利地在高能電池中使用,分隔構件最好是盡可能地呈低重量。因此,作為基材,期望呈30g/m2
以下,尤其是呈25g/m2
以下,特別是呈5~25g/m2
的重量。
本發明之分隔構件,於前述基材被覆有具多孔性且電絕緣性之無機皮膜。無機皮膜可舉選自於Al、Zr、Si、Ti或Y的元素之金屬氧化物,但不受限於此。藉此,分隔構件將具有非導電性。具體而言,可舉Al2
O3
、SiO2
、ZrO2
,亦可為該等物之混合物。
本發明之分隔構件的無機成分以被覆基材的50%以上為佳,特別是以被覆60%以上為更佳。又,無機成分的多孔率以30~80%為佳,且以50~70%為較佳。多孔率可使用眾所周知的水銀多孔度測定法來測定。
該金屬氧化物的皮膜係透過將具金屬氧化物之懸浮液塗佈於基材上,再將懸浮液於固定溫度下至少加熱一次而得以適用。該方法在WO 99/15252裡已眾所周知,藉由印刷、壓縮、壓入、輥塗佈、刮刀塗佈、刷毛塗佈、浸漬塗佈、噴氣塗佈、或澆鑄塗佈,令懸浮液適用於基材上,可得到多孔性的非導電性分隔構件,且可改善離子液體對分隔構件的液浸漬性。
本發明之鋰二次電池中,使用由不燃性離子液體與鋰鹽所構成之非水電解液作為鋰離子導電性之電解質。
非水電解液之溶劑,可使用含有作為陰離子成分之以下述(1)式所示之雙(氟磺醯)醯亞胺陰離子(FSI陰離子)的離子液體。
前述FSI陰離子的調製方法並未特別受限,可使用氟磺酸與尿素之反應等眾所週知的方法。為了使藉由前述方法得到之FSI化合物可得到低於一般純度,且雜質在10ppm以下之理想離子液體,可用水、有機溶劑等適度地精製後再使用。另外,雜質的確認可使用電漿發光分析裝置(ICP)來分析。
又,離子液體所包含之陰離子成分除了前述FSI陰離子之外,可含有例如:BF4 -
、PF6 -
、SbF6 -
、NO3 -
、CF3
SO3 -
、(CF3
SO2
)2
N-
(稱之為TFSI)、(C2
F5
SO2
)2
N-
、(CF3
SO2
)3
C-
、CF3
CO2 -
、C3
F7
CO2 -
、CH3
CO2 -
、(CN)2
N-
等陰離子,亦可含有2種以上前述陰離子。
本發明之鋰二次電池所含有之離子液體中,與前述FSI陰離子組合之陽離子結構並無特別限制,但最好是與可形成融點為50℃以下之離子液體的陽離子組合。一旦融點超過50℃,則非水電解液之黏度會上升,使鋰二次電池之循環特性出現問題,會有放電容量降低的傾向,故不理想。
前述陽離子,可舉結構中含有N、P、S、O、C、Si中任一者或2種以上之元素,且骨架內具有鏈狀或5環、6環等環狀結構之化合物。
5環、6環等環狀結構,可舉例如:呋喃、噻吩、吡咯、吡啶、唑、異唑、噻唑、異噻唑、呋呫、咪唑、吡哩、吡、嘧啶、嗒、吡咯啶、哌啶等雜單環化合物;苯并呋喃、異苯并呋喃、吲哚、異吲哚、吲嗪、咔唑等縮合雜環化合物。
前述陽離子中,就工業方面的價格低廉,且化學、電性化學方面很穩定的觀點來看,特別是以含氮元素之鏈狀或環狀化合物為佳
含氮元素之陽離子的理想範例可舉:三乙銨等烷基銨;乙基甲基咪唑鎓、丁基甲基咪唑鎓等咪唑鎓;1-甲基-1-丙基吡咯烷鎓等吡咯烷鎓、甲基丙基哌啶鎓等哌啶鎓等。
在本發明中,作為非水電解液之支援電解質而溶解於前述離子液體的鋰鹽,一般說來,只要是可作為非水電解液用電解質使用之鋰鹽,即可不特別受限地使用。
前述鋰鹽可舉:LiPF6
、LiBF4
、LiClO4
、LiAsF6
、LiCl、LiBr、LiCF3
SO3
、LiI、LiAlClO4
、LiC(CF3
SO2
)3
、LiN(C2
F5
SO2
)2
、LiBC4
O8
、LiFSI、LiTFSI等。前述鋰鹽可混合2種以上使用,其中以LiFSI、LiTFSI為佳。
離子液體中所含有之前述鋰鹽的濃度通常期望為0.1~2.0莫耳/公升,且以0.3~1.0莫耳/公升為佳。
又,用於本發明之鋰二次電池的非水電解液內所含有
的作為雜質之鹵離子最好是在10ppm以下。另外,其他雜質可舉鹼金屬離子、鹼土類金屬離子等,該等雜質之總量最好是在10ppm以下。一旦含有過多前述雜質,則會對鋰二次電池的循環特性造成不良影響,而縮短二次電池的壽命。
本發明之鋰二次電池可形成為圓筒型、硬幣型、四方型、及其他任意形狀,且電池的基本構造不因形狀而有所不同,可依目的變更設計並實施。
本發明之鋰二次電池中,例如,圓筒型係在將使塗布負極活性物質於負極集電體後所形成之負極、及塗布正極活性物質於正極集電體後所形成之正極隔著分隔構件捲繞而成的捲繞體容納於電池罐,然後注入非水電解液並於上下方載置有絕緣板的狀態下密封製成。
又,應用於硬幣型鋰二次電池時,係在積層有圓盤狀負極、分隔構件、圓盤狀正極、及不鏽鋼板的狀態下容納於硬幣型電池罐,然後注入非水電解液並密封。
以下,根據實施例詳細地說明本發明,但本發明並不僅限於此。
製作各實施例、比較例的鋰二次電池。根據下述內容調製正極、負極,並製作表1、3所示之鋰二次電池。使用材料如下。
‧負極活性物質(難石墨化碳)HC:(株)KUREHA 「CARBOTRON PS(F)」
‧負極活性物質MCMB:大阪GAS CHEMICAL(株)「MCMB 25-28」
‧負極活性物質石墨:大阪GAS CHEMICAL(株)「OMAC-1.5」
‧導電劑乙炔黑:電氣化學工業(株)「DENKA BLACK」
‧黏合劑PVDF:(株)KUREHA「KF黏合劑」
‧分散介質N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮(NMP):KISHIDA化學(株)製
‧SEPARRION S240P30:DEGUSSA JAPAN(株)製
‧SEPARRION S240P25:DEGUSSA JAPAN(株)製
‧SEPARRION S450P35:DEGUSSA JAPAN(株)製
‧聚烯烴微多孔膜:CELLGUARD(株)製「CELLGUARD」
用周轉式攪拌器混合正極活性物質之LiMn1/3
Ni1/3
Co1/3
O2
100g、作為導電劑之乙炔黑5g、作為黏合劑之PVDF6g、作為分散介質之N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮(NMP)75g,調製成固體成分(NMP除外之成分)60%的正極塗佈液。用塗佈機將該塗佈液塗佈於厚度20μm的鋁箔上,以130℃乾燥後進行輥擠壓處理,來得到正極活性物質的塗佈重量為4mg/cm2
的正極。
用周轉式攪拌器混合負極活性物質之HC(難石墨化碳)100g、作為導電劑之乙炔黑10g、作為黏合劑之PVDF5g、作為分散介質之NMP100g,調製成固體成分53.6%的負極塗佈液。將該塗佈液塗佈於厚度10μm之電解銅箔上,以130℃乾燥後進行輥擠壓處理,來得到負極活性物質的塗佈重量為3mg/cm2
的負極。
作成於所得到之正極、負極間夾有作為分隔構件之SEPARRION S240P30的構造的積層體,並熔接用以取出端子的導線(Tab Lead)後,放入已摺疊的鋁積層包材,來製成正極面積9cm2
、負極面積10.2cm2
的鋰二次電池。注入於乙基甲基咪唑鎓-FSI溶劑中溶解有鹽濃度0.8mol/kg之LiTFSI的溶液作為電解液後,以熱封機密封開放部之鋁積層包材,來製成試驗用電池。
除了令100g的正極活性物質為LiMn2
O4
:LiMn1/3
Ni1/3
Co1/3
O2
=50:50以外,依實施例1的方法製作,來得到正極活性物質的塗佈重量為5mg/cm2
的正極。
依實施例1的方法製作,來得到負極活性物質的塗佈重量為5mg/cm2
的負極。
除了使用SEPARRION S450P35作為分隔構件,且使用
甲基丙基哌啶鎓-FSI作為電解液,並使用LiFSI作為電解質以外,依實施例1的方法製作。
依實施例1的方法製作,來得到正極活性物質的塗佈重量為5mg/cm2
的正極。
除了使用MCMB作為負極活性物質以外,依實施例1的方法製作,來得到負極活性物質的塗佈重量為5mg/cm2
的負極。
除了使用SEPARRION S240P25作為分隔構件,且使用甲基丙基哌啶鎓-FSI作為電解液,並使用LiFSI作為電解質以外,依實施例1的方法製作。
除了使用LiMn2
O4
作為正極活性物質以外,依實施例1的方法製作,來得到正極活性物質的塗佈重量為8mg/cm2
的正極。
除了使用HC作為負極活性物質以外,依實施例1的方法製作,來得到負極活性物質的塗佈重量為6mg/cm2
的負極。
依實施例1的方法製作。
除了使用LiFePO4
作為正極活性物質以外,依實施例1的方法製作,來得到正極活性物質的塗佈重量為5mg/cm2
的正極。
依實施例1的方法製作,來得到負極活性物質的塗佈重量為4mg/cm2
的負極。
除了使用LiFSI作為電解質以外,依實施例1的方法製作。
除了使用LiNiO2
作為正極活性物質以外,依實施例1的方法製作,來得到正極活性物質的塗佈重量為6mg/cm2
的正極。
除了使用石墨作為負極活性物質以外,依實施例1的方法製作,來得到負極活性物質的塗佈重量為5mg/cm2
的負極。
除了使用SEPARRION S240P25作為分隔構件,且使用甲基丙基吡咯烷鎓-FSI作為電解液以外,依實施例1的方法
製作。
依實施例1的方法製作,來得到正極活性物質的塗佈重量為4mg/cm2
的正極。
依實施例1的方法製作,來得到負極活性物質的塗佈重量為5mg/cm2
的負極。
除了令電解液為乙基甲基咪唑鎓-FSI:四乙基銨-FSI=9:1,且使用LiFSI作為電解質以外,依實施例1的方法製作。
除了使用LiFePO4
作為正極活性物質以外,依實施例1的方法製作,來得到正極活性物質的塗佈重量為5mg/cm2
的正極。
除了使用HC作為負極活性物質以外,依實施例1的方法製作,來得到負極活性物質的塗佈重量為5mg/cm2
的負極。
除了令電解液為乙基甲基咪唑鎓-FSI:己基三甲基銨-TFSI=8:2以外,依實施例1的方法製作。
依實施例1的方法製作,來得到正極活性物質的塗佈重量為5mg/cm2
的正極。
除了使用MCMB作為負極活性物質以外,依實施例1的方法製作,來得到負極活性物質的塗佈重量為5mg/cm2
的負極。
除了使用LiFSI作為電解質以外,依實施例1的方法製作。
依實施例1的方法製作,來得到正極活性物質的塗佈重量為4mg/cm2
的正極。
依實施例1的方法製作,來得到負極活性物質的塗佈重量為2mg/cm2
的負極。
除了使用CELLGUARD作為分隔構件,且使用LiFSI作為電解質以外,依實施例1的方法製作。
除了使用LiFePO4
作為正極活性物質以外,依實施例1
的方法製作,來得到正極活性物質的塗佈重量為5mg/cm2
的正極。
除了使用MCMB作為負極活性物質以外,依實施例1的方法製作,來得到負極活性物質的塗佈重量為2mg/cm2
的負極。
除了使用CELLGUARD作為分隔構件以外,依實施例1的方法製作。
除了使用LiMn2
O4
作為正極活性物質以外,依實施例1的方法製作,來得到正極活性物質的塗佈重量為7mg/cm2
的正極。
依實施例1的方法製作,來得到負極活性物質的塗佈重量為2mg/cm2
的負極。
依比較例1的方法製作。
依實施例1的方法製作,來得到正極活性物質的塗佈重量為5mg/cm2
的正極。
依實施例3的方法製作,來得到負極活性物質的塗佈重量為5mg/cm2
的負極。
依比較例1的方法製作。
針對製成之實施例1~8、比較例1~3的鋰二次電池,進行在20℃下的性能試驗、阻抗測定。評價方法如下。結果顯示於表1。
使用充放電試驗裝置,在充電0.2C小時率、放電0.1C至3C小時率的條件下進行,確認3C放電容量對0.1C放電容量的容量保持率。接著,在充電及放電0.5小時率的條件下進行,以初次的放電容量為基準,確認第50次循環的容量保持率。
使用阻抗測定裝置,確認初次充放電後的電池的內部阻力,藉此比較電池內部的電荷傳遞阻力值。
接著,針對實施例9、比較例4,進行過度充電試驗。
評價方法如下。結果顯示於表2。
在試驗環境溫度20℃±5℃下,進行過度充電試驗(JIS5.2.1.3)。充電條件為3C CC-CV。確認電壓從12V上升到20V時的電池表面溫度最高值,來進行安全性評價。
本發明之鋰二次電池可使用於行動電話、筆記型個人電腦、個人數位助理(PDA)、錄放影機、數位相機等各種可攜式裝置。此外,對搭載於電動腳踏車或電力汽車的中型、或是大型的鋰電池亦是有用的。
Claims (2)
- 一種鋰二次電池,係由設置於正極與負極間之分隔構件、及含有鋰鹽之非水電解液所構成者,其中前述非水電解液係使用離子液體作為溶劑,該離子液體含有雙(氟磺醯)醯亞胺陰離子作為陰離子成分且含有甲基丙基哌啶鎓及/或甲基丙基吡咯烷鎓作為陽離子成分,並且前述分隔構件係由聚合物纖維構成之基材與電絕緣性之多孔性無機皮膜所構成者。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之鋰二次電池,其中構成前述分隔構件之由聚合物纖維構成的基材厚度為10~40μm,且重量為5~25g/m2。
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| EP (1) | EP2169756B1 (zh) |
| JP (1) | JP5215307B2 (zh) |
| KR (1) | KR101130471B1 (zh) |
| CN (1) | CN101689676A (zh) |
| TW (1) | TWI418077B (zh) |
| WO (1) | WO2009011249A1 (zh) |
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP2169756B1 (en) | 2015-04-29 |
| KR101130471B1 (ko) | 2012-03-27 |
| US9214697B2 (en) | 2015-12-15 |
| US20100159334A1 (en) | 2010-06-24 |
| EP2169756A1 (en) | 2010-03-31 |
| EP2169756A4 (en) | 2012-11-28 |
| CN101689676A (zh) | 2010-03-31 |
| JPWO2009011249A1 (ja) | 2010-09-16 |
| KR20100007974A (ko) | 2010-01-22 |
| WO2009011249A1 (ja) | 2009-01-22 |
| TW200913348A (en) | 2009-03-16 |
| JP5215307B2 (ja) | 2013-06-19 |
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