TW201713666A - 咪唑并嗒化合物 - Google Patents
咪唑并嗒化合物 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- TW201713666A TW201713666A TW105142733A TW105142733A TW201713666A TW 201713666 A TW201713666 A TW 201713666A TW 105142733 A TW105142733 A TW 105142733A TW 105142733 A TW105142733 A TW 105142733A TW 201713666 A TW201713666 A TW 201713666A
- Authority
- TW
- Taiwan
- Prior art keywords
- imidazo
- indole
- carbamamine
- chloro
- azetidin
- Prior art date
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Abstract
本發明係關於式I化合物:
□或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽,其中取代基R1、R3、R6、R7及b如本文所定義。本發明亦關於包含該等化合物之醫藥組合物、使用該等化合物治療之方法及製備該等化合物之方法。
Description
本發明係關於式I之咪唑并嗒化合物,其為PDE4同工酶之抑制劑,尤其具有針對PDE4B同功異型物之結合親和力;且關於此類化合物於治療中樞神經系統(CNS)、代謝、自體免疫性及發炎性疾病或病症之方法中的用途。
磷酸二酯酶(PDE)為一類胞內酶,其裂解第二信使分子腺苷3',5'-環單磷酸(cGMP)及鳥苷3',5'-環單磷酸(cGMP)中之磷酸二酯鍵。環核苷酸cAMP及cGMP充當各種細胞路徑中之第二信使。
cAMP充當調節體內多個胞內過程之第二信使。一個實例為在中樞神經系統之神經元中,其中cAMP依賴性激酶之活化及後續之蛋白質磷酸化參與敏銳調節突觸傳輸以及神經元分化及存活。環核苷酸信號傳導之複雜性由參與合成及降解cAMP之酶的分子多樣性表明。存在至少十個腺苷醯環化酶家族及十一個磷酸二酯酶家族。此外,已知不同類型之神經元表現此等類別中之每一者之多種同工酶,且存在既定神經元內不同同工酶區室化及功能特異性的充分證據。
調節環核苷酸信號傳導之主要機制為經由磷酸二酯酶催化之環核苷酸代謝。十一個已知PDE家族由21種不同基因編碼;各基因通常產生多種拼接變異體,其進一步有助於同工酶多樣性。PDE家族基於環核苷酸受質特異性、調節機制及對抑制劑之敏感性而在功能上進行
區別。此外,PDE在整個生物體中(包括中樞神經系統中)區別地表現。由於此等不同酶學活性及位置,不同PDE之同工酶可用於不同生理學功能。此外,可選擇性抑制不同PDE同工酶之化合物可提供特定治療作用、較少副作用或兩者(Deninno, M., Future Directions in Phosphodiesterase Drug Discovery. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters 2012, 22, 6794-6800)。
本發明係關於對PDE之第四家族(亦即PDE4A、PDE4B、PDE4C及PDE4D)具有結合親和力且尤其對PDE4B同功異型物具有結合親和力的化合物。
PDE4同工酶對第二信使腺苷3',5'-環單磷酸(cAMP)進行選擇性、高親和力水解降解。由該抑制引起的有利藥理學作用已展示於多個疾病模型中。近年來已發現多種PDE4抑制劑。舉例而言,批准羅氟司特(Roflumilast)(Daliresp®)(由Forest Pharmaceuticals, Inc.出售)用於嚴重慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)以減少急性發作之次數或防止COPD症狀惡化。阿普司特(Apremilast)(Otezla®)已經美國食品藥物管理局(U.S. Food and Drug Administration)批准用於治療患有活動性牛皮癬性關節炎之成人。
儘管已展示PDE4抑制劑之有利藥理學活性,但此等療法之常見副作用為誘發胃腸症狀,諸如噁心、嘔吐及腹瀉,其目前被認為與抑制PDE4D同功異型物有關。已嘗試開發相對於PDE4D同功異型物對PDE4B同功異型物具有親和力的化合物(參見:Donnell, A. F.等人,Identification of pyridazino[4,5-b]indolizines as selective PDE4B inhibitors. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 2010, 20, 2163-7;及Naganuma, K.等人,Discovery of selective PDE4B inhibitors. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters 2009, 19, 3174-6)。然而,仍需要開發選擇性PDE4抑制劑,尤其對PDE4B同功異型物具有親和
力之選擇性PDE4抑制劑。詳言之,相對於PDE4D同功異型物對PDE4B同功異型物具有增強之結合親和力的化合物預期適用於治療中樞神經系統(CNS)之各種疾病及病症。發現所選本發明化合物解決此持續需要,且提供治療中樞神經系統(CNS)之各種疾病及病症以及代謝、自體免疫性及發炎性疾病或病症的其他療法。
用本發明之PDE4B抑制劑治療亦可使被認為與抑制PDE4D同功異型物有關的胃腸副作用(例如噁心、嘔吐及腹瀉)減少(Robichaud, A.等人,Deletion of Phosphodiesterase 4D in Mice Shortens α2-Adrenoreceptor-Mediated Anesthesia, A Behavioral Correlate of Emesis. Journal of Clinical Investigation 2002, 110, 1045-1052)。
本發明係針對式I化合物:
或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽,其中:R1選自由以下組成之群:-(CH2)m-(C3-C8)環烷基、-(CH2)m-(4至10員)雜環烷基、-(CH2)m-(C6-C10)芳基及-(CH2)m-(5至14員)-雜芳基,且在化學上容許時,該等(C3-C8)環烷基、(4至10員)雜環烷基、(C6-C10)芳基及(5至14員)雜芳基部分視情況經1至5個R2取代;在存在時,各R2係獨立地選自由以下組成之群:鹵素、側氧基、氰基、羥基、-SF5、硝基、視情況經取代之(C1-C6)烷基、視情況經取代之(C2-C6)烯基、視情況經取代之(C2-C6)炔基、視情況經取代之(C1-C6)烷基硫基、視情況經取代之(C1-C6)烷氧基、-N(R4)(R5)、-
N(R4)(C=(O)R5)、-C(=O)N(R4)(R5)、-C(=O)-O-N(R4)(R5)、-C(=O)-R4、-C(=O)-OR4及視情況經取代之(C3-C8)環烷基;在存在時,各R3係獨立地選自由以下組成之群:鹵素、氰基、羥基、-SF5、硝基、視情況經取代之(C1-C6)烷基、視情況經取代之(C2-C6)烯基、視情況經取代之(C2-C6)炔基、視情況經取代之(C1-C6)烷基硫基、視情況經取代之(C1-C6)烷氧基、-N(R4)(R5)、-N(R4)(C=(O)R5)、-C(=O)N(R4)(R5)、-C(=O)-O-N(R4)(R5)、-C(=O)-R4及-C(=O)-OR4;R4及R5各獨立地選自由氫及視情況經取代之(C1-C6)烷基組成之群;R6及R7各獨立地選自由以下組成之群:氫、視情況經取代之(C1-C6)烷基、-(CH2)n-(C3-C8)環烷基、-(CH2)n-(4至10員)雜環烷基、-(CH2)n-(C6-C10)芳基及-(CH2)n-(5至10員)雜芳基,且在化學上容許時,該(C3-C8)環烷基、(4至10員)雜環烷基、(C6-C10)芳基及(5至10員)雜芳基視情況經一至五個R8取代;或R6及R7與其所連接之氮一起形成(4至10員)雜環烷基,且在化學上容許時,該(4至10員)-雜環烷基視情況經一至五個R9取代;在存在時,各R8係獨立地選自由以下組成之群:鹵素、側氧基、氰基、羥基、-SF5、硝基、視情況經取代之(C1-C6)烷基、視情況經取代之(C2-C6)烯基、視情況經取代之(C2-C6)炔基、視情況經取代之(C1-C6)烷基硫基、視情況經取代之(C1-C6)烷氧基、-N(R4)(R5)、-N(R4)(C=(O)R5)、-C(=O)N(R4)(R5)、-C(=O)-O-N(R4)(R5)、-C(=O)-R4及-C(=O)-OR4;在存在時,各R9係獨立地選自由以下組成之群:鹵素、側氧基、氰基、羥基、-SF5、硝基、視情況經取代之(C1-C6)烷基、視情況經取代之(C2-C6)烯基、視情況經取代之(C2-C6)炔基、視情況經取代之(C1-
C6)烷基硫基、視情況經取代之(C1-C6)烷氧基、-N(R4)(R5)、-N(R4)(C=(O)R5)、-C(=O)N(R4)(R5)、-C(=O)-O-N(R4)(R5)、-C(=O)-R4及-C(=O)-OR4;b由選自0、1、2或3之整數表示;m由選自0、1或2之整數表示;且n由選自0、1、2、3或4之整數表示。
本發明化合物包括如本文所述之實例1-104或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽。
式I化合物為PDE4B同功異型物之抑制劑。
式I化合物適用於治療或預防中樞神經系統(CNS)之疾病及/或病症、疼痛、創傷、心臟病性、血栓性、代謝、自體免疫性及發炎性疾病或病症以及與增強之內皮活性/削弱之內皮障壁功能有關的病症。
本發明亦針對本文所述化合物或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽的用途,其係用於製備用於治療或預防易受調節PDE4B基因家族(亦即PDE4B酶)影響之病狀的藥物。
本發明亦針對醫藥學上可接受之調配物,其含有調配成醫藥劑型的本發明化合物及至少一種賦形劑之混合物。此類劑型之實例包括錠劑、膠囊、栓劑、凝膠、乳膏、軟膏、洗劑、注射用溶液/懸浮液(例如儲槽)、用於吸入之氣溶膠及用於口服攝取之溶液/懸浮液。
本文之標題僅用於使讀者快速進行其評述。其不應解釋為以任何方式限制本發明或申請專利範圍。
在該申請案,包括申請專利範圍中使用時,除非另外特別表
明,否則如下術語具有下文定義之含義。複數及單數應視為可互換的,除了指出數值:如本文所使用,n為整數之術語「n員」通常描述部分中成環原子之數目,其中成環原子之數目為n。舉例而言,吡啶為6員雜芳環之實例,而噻吩為5員雜芳基之實例。
在本說明書之各個位置處,本發明化合物之取代基以群或範圍之形式揭示。尤其希望本發明包括此類群及範圍之成員的各自及每一個別子組合。舉例而言,術語「(C1-C6)烷基」尤其意欲包括C1烷基(甲基)、C2烷基(乙基)、C3烷基、C4烷基、C5烷基及C6烷基。對於另一實例,術語「(5至10員)雜環烷基」尤其意欲包括任何5、6、7、8、9及10員雜環烷基。
如本文所使用,術語「(C1-C6)烷基」係指含有1至6個碳原子之飽和、分支鏈或直鏈烷基,諸如(但不限於)甲基、乙基、正丙基、異丙基、正丁基、第二丁基、異丁基、第三丁基、正戊基、異戊基、新戊基及正己基。
如本文所用,術語「視情況經取代之(C1-C6)烷基」係指如上文所定義之(C1-C6)烷基,其中一或多個氫原子經選自由以下組成之群的取代基置換:鹵素、側氧基、氰基、羥基、-SF5、硝基、-N(R4)(R5)、-N(R4)(C(=O)R5)、-N(R4)C(=O)-OR5、-C(=O)-N(R4)(R5)、-C(=O)-O-N(R4)(R5)、-C(=O)-R4、-C(=O)-OR4及(C3-C8)環烷基,其中R4及R5各獨立地為氫或視情況經取代之(C1-C6)烷基。舉例而言,(C1-C6)烷基部分可經一或多個鹵素原子取代以形成「鹵基(C1-C6)烷基」。鹵基(C1-C6)烷基之代表性實例包括(但不限於)氟甲基、二氟甲基、2-氟乙基、三氟甲基、五氟乙基及2-氯-3-氟戊基。
術語「(C2-C6)烯基」係指具有2至6個碳原子且具有至少一個碳-碳雙鍵之脂族烴,包括具有至少一個碳-碳雙鍵之直鏈或分支鏈基
團。代表性實例包括(但不限於)乙烯基、1-丙烯基、2-丙烯基(烯丙基)、異丙烯基、2-甲基-1-丙烯基、1-丁烯基、2-丁烯基及其類似基團。當本發明化合物含有(C2-C6)烯基時,該化合物可以純E(entgegen)形式、純Z(zusammen)形式或其任何混合物形式存在。
術語「視情況經取代之(C2-C6)烯基」係指如上文所定義之(C2-C6)烯基,其中一或多個氫原子經選自由以下組成之群的取代基置換:鹵素、側氧基、氰基、羥基、-SF5、硝基、-N(R4)(R5)、-N(R4)(C(=O)R5)、-N(R4)C(=O)-OR5、-C(=O)-N(R4)(R5)、-C(=O)-O-N(R4)(R5)、-C(=O)-R4、-C(=O)-OR4及(C3-C8)環烷基,其中R4及R5各獨立地為氫或視情況經取代之(C1-C6)烷基。
術語「(C2-C6)烯基」係指具有二至六個碳原子且具有至少一個碳-碳參鍵之脂族烴,其包括具有至少一個碳-碳參鍵之直鏈或分支鏈。代表性實例包括(但不限於)乙炔基、丙炔基、丁炔基、戊炔基及己炔基。
術語「視情況經取代之(C2-C6)炔基」係指如上文所定義之(C2-C6)炔基,其中一或多個氫原子經選自由以下組成之群的取代基置換:鹵素、側氧基、氰基、羥基、-SF5、-N(R4)(R5)、-N(R4)(C(=O)R5)、-N(R4)C(=O)-OR5、-C(=O)-N(R4)(R5)、-C(=O)-O-N(R4)(R5)、-C(=O)-R4、-C(=O)-OR4及(C3-C8)環烷基,其中R4及R5各獨立地為氫或視情況經取代之(C1-C6)烷基。
如本文所用,術語「(C1-C6)烷氧基」係指如上文所定義之(C1-C6)烷基,其經由氧原子連接於母分子部分。(C1-C6)烷氧基之代表性實例包括(但不限於)甲氧基、乙氧基、丙氧基、2-丙氧基、丁氧基、第三丁氧基、戊氧基及己氧基。
如本文所用,術語「視情況經取代之(C1-C6)烷氧基」係指如上文所定義之(C1-C6)烷氧基,其中一或多個氫原子經選自由以下組成之
群的取代基置換:鹵素、側氧基、氰基、羥基、-SF5、硝基、-N(R4)(R5)、-N(R4)(C(=O)R5)、-N(R4)C(=O)-OR5、-C(=O)-N(R4)(R5)、-C(=O)-O-N(R4)(R5)、-C(=O)-R4、-C(=O)-OR4及(C3-C8)環烷基,其中R4及R5各獨立地為氫或視情況經取代之(C1-C6)烷基。舉例而言,(C1-C6)烷氧基可經一或多個鹵素原子取代以形成「鹵基(C1-C6)烷氧基」。鹵基(C1-C6)烷氧基之代表性實例包括(但不限於)氟甲氧基、二氟甲氧基、2-氟乙氧基、三氟甲氧基及五氟乙氧基。
如本文所用,術語「(C1-C6)烷基硫基」係指如上文所定義之(C1-C6)烷基,其經由硫原子連接於母分子部分。(C1-C6)烷基硫基之代表性實例包括(但不限於)甲基硫基、乙基硫基、丙基硫基及其類似基團。
如本文所用,術語「視情況經取代之(C1-C6)烷基硫基」係指如上文所定義之(C1-C6)烷基硫基,其中一或多個氫原子經選自由以下組成之群的取代基置換:鹵素、側氧基、氰基、羥基、-SF5、硝基、-N(R4)(R5)、-N(R4)(C(=O)R5)、-N(R4)C(=O)-OR5、-C(=O)-N(R4)(R5)、-C(=O)-O-N(R4)(R5)、-C(=O)-R4、-C(=O)-OR4及(C3-C8)環烷基,其中R4及R5各獨立地為氫或視情況經取代之(C1-C6)烷基。
如本文所用,術語「(C3-C8)環烷基」係指藉由自環狀構架具有3至8個碳之飽和碳環分子移除氫獲得的碳環取代基。「(C3-C6)環烷基」係指藉由自具有3至6個碳原子之飽和碳環分子移除氫獲得的碳環取代基。「環烷基」可為單環環,其實例包括環丙基、環丁基、環戊基、環己基、環庚基及環辛基。環烷基之定義中亦包括不飽和非芳族環烷基,諸如(但不限於)環己烯基、環己二烯基、環戊烯基、環庚烯基及環辛烯基。或者,環烷基可含有超過一個環,諸如「(C4-C8)雙環烷基」。術語「(C4-C8)雙環烷基」係指含有4至8個碳原子之雙環環系統。雙環烷基可為稠合基團,諸如雙環[1.1.0]丁烷基、雙環[2.1.0]戊
烷基、雙環[2.2.0]己烷基、雙環[3.1.0]己烷基、雙環[3.2.0]庚烷基及雙環[3.3.0]辛烷基。術語「雙環烷基」亦包括橋接的雙環烷基系統,諸如(但不限於)雙環[2.2.1]庚烷基及雙環[1.1.1]戊烷基。
術語「視情況經取代之(C3-C8)環烷基」係指如上文所定義之(C3-C8)環烷基,其中一或多個氫原子經選自由以下組成之群的取代基置換:鹵素、側氧基、氰基、羥基、-SF5、硝基、-N(R4)(R5)、-N(R4)(C(=O)R5)、-N(R4)C(=O)-OR5、-C(=O)-N(R4)(R5)、-C(=O)-O-N(R4)(R5)、-C(=O)-R4、-C(=O)-OR4及(C3-C8)環烷基,其中R4及R5各獨立地為氫或視情況經取代之(C1-C6)烷基。
如本文所用,「雜環烷基」係指如上文所定義之環烷基,其中至少一個環碳原子經選自氮、氧或硫之雜原子置換。術語「(4至6員)雜環烷基」意謂含有總共4至6個環原子之雜環烷基取代基,其中該等環原子中之至少一者為雜原子。術語「(4至8員)雜環烷基」意謂含有總共4至8個環原子之雜環烷基取代基,其中該等環原子中之至少一者為雜原子。術語「(4至10員)雜環烷基」意謂含有總共4至10個環原子之雜環烷基取代基。「(6員)雜環烷基」意謂含有總共6個環原子之雜環烷基取代基,其中該等環原子中之至少一者為雜原子。「(5員)雜環烷基」意謂含有總共5個環原子之雜環烷基取代基,其中該等環原子中之至少一者為雜原子。雜環烷基可為具有最多總共10個成員之單個環。或者,如上文所定義之雜環烷基可包含2或3個稠合在一起之環,其中至少一個此類環含有雜原子作為環原子(亦即氮、氧或硫)。雜環烷基取代基可經由具有適當價態之氮原子或經由任何環碳原子連接於本發明化合物之咪唑并嗒核心。雜環烷基取代基亦可連接於咪唑并嗒核心上醯胺部分之氮。雜環烷基部分可視情況經一或多個取代基在具有適當價態之氮原子處或在任何可用碳原子處取代。
「雜環烷基」定義中亦包括與苯基或萘基環或雜芳基環(諸如(但
不限於)吡啶基環或嘧啶基環)稠合之雜環烷基。
雜環烷基環之實例包括(但不限於)氮雜環丁烷基、二氫呋喃基、二氫噻吩基、四氫噻吩基、四氫呋喃基、四氫三嗪基、四氫吡唑基、四氫噁嗪基、四氫嘧啶基、八氫苯并呋喃基、八氫苯并咪唑基、八氫苯并噻唑基、咪唑啶基、吡咯啶基、哌啶基、哌嗪基、噁唑啶基、噻唑啶基、吡唑啶基、硫代嗎啉基、四氫哌喃基、四氫噻嗪基、四氫噻二嗪基、四氫噁唑基、嗎啉基、環氧丙烷基、四氫二氮雜環己烯基、噁嗪基、噁噻嗪基、啶基、烷基、異烷基、二氫苯并二氧雜環己烯基、苯并間二氧雜環戊烯基、苯并噁嗪基、吲哚啉基、二氫苯并呋喃基、四氫喹啉基、異鉻醯基、二氫-1H-異吲哚基、2-氮雜雙環[2.2.1]庚酮基、3-氮雜雙環[3.1.0]己烷基、3-氮雜雙環[4.1.0]庚烷基及其類似物。雜環烷基環之其他實例包括四氫呋喃-2-基、四氫呋喃-3-基、咪唑啶-1-基、咪唑啶-2-基、咪唑啶-4-基、吡咯啶-1-基、吡咯啶-2-基、吡咯啶-3-基、哌啶-1-基、哌啶-2-基、哌啶-3-基、哌啶-4-基、哌嗪-1-基、哌嗪-2-基、1,3-噁唑啶-3-基、1,4-氧氮雜環庚烷-1-基、異噻唑啶基、1,3-噻唑啶-3-基、1,2-吡唑啶-2-基、1,2-四氫噻嗪-2-基、1,3-硫雜環己烷-3-基、1,2-四氫二氮雜環己烯-2-基、1,3-四氫二氮雜環己烯-1-基、1,4-噁嗪-4-基、噁唑啶酮基、2-側氧基-哌啶基(例如2-側氧基-哌啶-1-基)及其類似物。
術語「視情況經取代之雜環烷基」[例如視情況經取代之(4至10員)雜環烷基]係指如上文所定義之雜環烷基,其中在化學上容許時,一或多個氫原子經選自由以下組成之群的取代基置換:鹵素、側氧基、氰基、羥基、-SF5、硝基、-N(R4)(R5)、-N(R4)(C(=O)R5)、-N(R4)C(=O)-OR5、-C(=O)-N(R4)(R5)、-C(=O)-O-N(R4)(R5)、-C(=O)-R4、-C(=O)-OR4及(C3-C8)環烷基,其中R4及R5各獨立地為氫或視情況經取代之(C1-C6)烷基。
「(C6-C10)芳基」係指含有6至10個碳原子且具有共軛π電子系統之所有碳單環或稠環多環芳族基,諸如苯基或萘基。
術語「視情況經取代之(C6-C10)芳基」係指如上文所定義之(C6-C10)芳基,其中一或多個氫原子經選自由以下組成之群的取代基置換:鹵素、氰基、羥基、-SF5、硝基、-N(R4)(R5)、-N(R4)(C(=O)R5)、-N(R4)C(=O)-OR5、-C(=O)-N(R4)(R5)、-C(=O)-O-N(R4)(R5)、-C(=O)-R4、-C(=O)-OR4及(C3-C8)環烷基,R4及R5各獨立地為氫或視情況經取代之(C1-C6)烷基。
如本文所用,術語「雜芳基」係指單環或稠環多環芳族雜環基團,其中至少一個環中之一或多個雜原子環成員(成環原子)各獨立地選自氧(O)、硫(S)及氮(N)。「(5-至14員)雜芳基」環係指具有5至14個環原子之雜芳基環,其中至少一個環原子為雜原子(亦即氧、氮或硫),且其餘環原子獨立地選自由碳、氧、氮及硫組成之群。「(5至10員)雜芳基」環係指具有5至10個環原子之雜芳基環,其中至少一個環原子為雜原子(亦即氧、氮或硫),且其餘環原子獨立地選自由碳、氧、氮及硫組成之群。「(5至10員)含氮雜芳基」環係指具有5至10個環原子之雜芳基環,其中至少一個環原子為氮,且其餘環原子獨立地選自由碳及氮組成之群。「(5至6員)雜芳基」環係指具有5至6個環原子之雜芳基環,其中至少一個環原子為雜原子(亦即氧、氮或硫),且其餘環原子獨立地選自由碳、氧、氮及硫組成之群。「(5至6員)含氮雜芳基」係指具有5至6個環原子之雜芳基環,其中環中所有雜原子均為氮。「(6員)含氮雜芳基」係指具有6個環原子之雜芳基環,其中環中之所有雜原子均為氮。「(5員)含氮雜芳基」係指具有5個環原子之雜芳基環,其中環中之所有雜原子均為氮。雜芳基可為單環或2或3個稠環。雜芳基之實例包括(但不限於)6員環取代基,諸如吡啶基、吡嗪基、嘧啶基及嗒基;5員雜芳基,諸如三唑基、咪唑基、呋喃
基、異噁唑基、異噻唑基、1,2,3-、1,2,4、1,2,5-或1,3,4-噁二唑基、噁唑基、噻吩基、噻唑基、異噻唑基及吡唑基;6/5員稠環取代基,諸如吲哚基、吲唑基、苯并呋喃基、苯并咪唑基、苯并噻吩基、苯并噁二唑基、苯并噻唑基、異苯并硫代呋喃基、苯并硫代呋喃基、苯并異噁唑基、苯并噁唑基、苯并間二氧雜環戊烯基、呋喃并吡啶基、嘌呤基、咪唑并吡啶基、咪唑并嘧啶基、吡咯并吡啶基、吡唑并吡啶基、吡唑并嘧啶基、噻吩并吡啶基、三唑并嘧啶基、三唑并吡啶基(例如5,6,7,8-四氫[1,2,4]三唑并[1,5-a]吡啶-2-基)及鄰胺基苯甲醯基;及6/6員稠環取代基,諸如喹啉基、異喹啉基、啉基、喹唑啉基、側氧基烷基及1,4-苯并噁嗪基。
應瞭解,雜芳基可視情況與如本文所定義之環烷基或雜環烷基稠合。
雜芳基取代基可經由具有適當價態之氮原子或經由任何環碳原子連接於本發明化合物之咪唑并嗒核心或連接於咪唑并嗒核心上醯胺部分之氮。雜芳基部分可視情況經一或多個取代基在具有適當價態之氮原子處或在任何可用碳原子處取代。
術語「視情況經取代之(5至14員)雜芳基」、「視情況經取代之(5至6員)雜芳基」及「視情況經取代之(5至6員)含氮雜芳基」指如上文所定義之(5至14員)雜芳基、(5至6員)雜芳基及(5至6員)含氮雜芳基,其中一或多個氫原子在化學上容許時經選自由以下組成之群的取代基置換:鹵素、側氧基、氰基、羥基、-SF5、硝基、-N(R4)(R5)、-N(R4)(C(=O)R5)、-N(R4)C(=O)-OR5、-C(=O)-N(R4)(R5)、-C(=O)-O-N(R4)(R5)、-C(=O)-R4、-C(=O)-OR4及(C3-C8)環烷基,其中R4及R5各獨立地為氫或視情況經取代之(C1-C6)烷基。取代基可在任何可用碳原子處連接於雜芳基部分或在雜原子為具有適當價態之氮時連接於雜原子。
如本文所用,「鹵基」或「鹵素」係指氯、氟、溴或碘原子。
如本文所用,「羥基」意謂-OH基團。
如本文所用「氰基」意謂-CN基團,其亦可描繪成。
如本文所用,「硝基」意謂-NO2基團。
如本文所用,「側氧基」意謂=O部分。當側氧基在碳原子上取代時,其一起形成羰基部分[-C(=O)-]。當一個側氧基在硫原子上取代時,其一起形成亞碸部分[-S(=O)-];當兩個側氧基在硫原子上取代時,其一起形成磺醯基部分[-S(=O)2-]。
如本文所使用,術語「視情況經取代」意謂取代為視情況選用的,因此包括未經取代與經取代之原子及部分。「經取代」之原子或部分表明在指定原子或部分上之任何氫可經來自指定取代基群之選擇置換(多至且包括指定原子或部分上之每個氫原子經來自指定取代基群之選擇置換),其限制條件為不超出指定原子或部分之正常價態且取代產生穩定化合物。舉例而言,若甲基(亦即-CH3)視情況經取代,則碳原子上之3個氫原子可經取代基置換。
如本文所用,除非規定,否則取代基之連接點可為取代基之任何適合位置。舉例而言,吡啶基可為2-吡啶基(或吡啶-2-基)、3-吡啶基(或吡啶-3-基)或4-吡啶基(或吡啶-4-基)。
當取代基之鍵經展示與環中連接兩個原子之鍵交叉時,則此類取代基可鍵結於該可取代之環中的任一成環原子(亦即鍵結於一或多個氫原子)。舉例而言,如上式I中所展示,R3可鍵結於可取代之嗒環的任何成環原子。
「治療有效量」係指在某種程度上減輕所治療病症之一或多種症狀的化合物之投藥量。
「患者」係指恆溫動物,諸如豬、牛、雞、馬、天竺鼠、小
鼠、大鼠、沙鼠、貓、兔、狗、猴、黑猩猩及人類。
除非另外指明,否則如本文中所用,術語「治療」意謂逆轉、緩解、抑制該術語所應用之病症或病狀或該病症或病狀之一或多種症狀的進展或對其進行預防。除非另外指明,否則如本文所用之術語「治療」係指起如上文剛定義之「治療」般的治療作用。術語「治療」亦包括對個體之輔佐及新輔佐治療。
「醫藥學上可接受」表明物質或組合物必須在化學上及/或毒理學上與構成調配物之其他成分及/或用其治療之哺乳動物兼容。
「同功異型物」意謂相同蛋白質之數種不同形式中之任一者。
「同工酶」意謂酶之胺基酸序列不同但催化相同化學反應之密切相關變異體。
「異構體」意謂如下文所定義之「立體異構體」及「幾何異構體」。
「立體異構體」係指具有一或多個對掌性中心之化合物,其可各以R或S構型存在。立體異構體包括所有非對映異構、對映異構及差向異構形式以及其外消旋體及混合物。
「幾何異構物」係指可以順、反、反式、異側(E)及同側(Z)形式以及其混合物存在的化合物。
本說明書可互換地使用術語「取代基」、「基團(radical)」及「基團(group)」。
若取代基描述為「獨立地選擇」自一個群,則取代基之各實例係獨立於其他取代基而選擇。因此各取代基可與其他取代基相同或不同。
如本文所用,術語「式I」在下文可稱作「本發明化合物」。此類術語亦經定義以包括本發明化合物之所有形式,包括水合物、溶劑合物、異構體、結晶及非結晶形式、同晶型體、多晶型物及其代謝物。
舉例而言,本發明化合物或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽可以非溶劑合物及溶劑合物形式存在。當溶劑或水緊密結合時,複合物將具有與濕度無關的確定化學計量。然而當溶劑或水弱結合時(如在通道溶劑合物及吸濕化合物中),水/溶劑含量將取決於濕度及乾燥條件。在此類情況下,以非化學計量為準。
本發明化合物可以籠形物或其他複合物之形式存在。在本發明之範疇內包括複合物,諸如籠形物、藥物-基質包含複合物,其中藥物及基質以化學計量或非化學計量量存在。亦包括含有兩種或兩種以上有機及/或無機組分之本發明化合物之複合物,其可為化學計量或非化學計量量。所得複合物可經離子化、部分離子化或未經離子化。關於對此類複合物之評述,參見J. Pharm. Sci., 64 (8), 1269-1288, Haleblian (1975年8月)。
一些本發明化合物具有不對稱碳原子。在本文中,本發明化合物之碳-碳鍵可使用實線()、實線楔()或虛線楔()描繪。使用實線描繪連接至不對稱碳原子之鍵以意欲表明包括關於該碳原子之所有可能之立體異構體(例如特定對映異構體、外消旋混合物等)。使用實線或虛線楔描繪連接於不對稱碳原子之鍵意謂表明所示立體異構體存在。在存在於外消旋化合物中時,實線及虛線楔用於定義相關立體化學,而非絕對立體化學。具有此類指示之外消旋化合物用(+/-)標記。除非另外說明,否則,預期本發明化合物可以立體異構體之形式存在,其包括順式及反式異構體、光學異構體(諸如R及S型對映異構體)、非對映異構體、幾何異構體、旋轉異構體、構形異構體、滯轉異構體及其混合物(諸如外消旋物及非對映異構對)。本發明化合物可展現超過一種異構現象。亦包括酸加成鹽或鹼加成鹽,其中相對離子具有光學活性,例如D-乳酸鹽或L-離胺酸,或具有外消旋性,例如DL-酒石酸鹽或DL-精胺酸。
當任何外消旋體結晶時,可能有兩種不同類型之晶體。第一種類型為上文所提及之外消旋化合物(真實消旋體),其中產生一種均質形式晶體,其含有等莫耳量之兩種對映異構體。第二種類型為外消旋混合物或聚結物,其中產生等莫耳量之兩種形式之晶體,各包含單一對映異構體。
本發明化合物可以由無機酸或有機酸衍生之鹽形式使用。視特定化合物而定,由於鹽之一或多種物理特性(諸如在不同溫度及濕度下之強醫藥穩定性或於水或油中之適宜溶解性),化合物之鹽可能有利。在一些情況下,化合物之鹽亦可有助於化合物之分離、純化及/或解析。
當意欲向患者(與例如用於活體外之情況下相對)投與鹽時,該鹽較佳為醫藥學上可接受的。術語「醫藥學上可接受之鹽」係指藉由組合本發明化合物與酸或鹼而製備的鹽,其中酸之陰離子或鹼之陽離子一般認為適用於哺乳動物食用。醫藥學上可接受之鹽因其水溶性比母化合物大而尤其適用作本發明方法之產物。
本發明化合物之適合的醫藥學上可接受之酸加成鹽在可能時包括衍生自以下酸之酸加成鹽:無機酸,諸如(但不限於)鹽酸、氫溴酸、氫氟酸、硼酸、氟硼酸、磷酸、偏磷酸、硝酸、碳酸、磺酸及硫酸;及有機酸,諸如乙酸、苯磺酸、苯甲酸、檸檬酸、乙烷磺酸、反丁烯二酸、葡萄糖酸、乙醇酸、羥乙磺酸、乳酸、乳糖酸、順丁烯二酸、蘋果酸、甲烷磺酸、三氟甲烷磺酸、丁二酸、甲苯磺酸、酒石酸及三氟乙酸。適合之有機酸一般包括(但不限於)脂族、環脂族、芳族、芳脂族、雜環、羧酸及磺酸類別之有機酸。
適合有機酸之特定實例包括(但不限於)乙酸鹽、三氟乙酸鹽、甲酸鹽、丙酸鹽、丁二酸鹽、羥乙酸鹽、葡糖酸鹽、二葡糖酸鹽、乳酸鹽、蘋果酸鹽、酒石酸鹽、檸檬酸鹽、抗壞血酸鹽、葡糖醛酸鹽、順
丁烯二酸鹽、反丁烯二酸鹽、丙酮酸鹽、天冬胺酸鹽、麩胺酸鹽、苯甲酸鹽、鄰胺基苯甲酸鹽、硬脂酸鹽、水楊酸鹽、對羥基苯甲酸鹽、苯基乙酸鹽、杏仁酸鹽、恩波酸鹽(雙羥萘酸鹽)、甲烷磺酸鹽、乙烷磺酸鹽、苯磺酸鹽、泛酸鹽、甲苯磺酸鹽、2-羥基乙烷磺酸鹽、磺胺酸鹽、環己胺基乙烷磺酸鹽、褐藻酸鹽、β-羥基丁酸鹽、半乳糖二酸鹽、半乳糖醛酸鹽、己二酸鹽、海藻酸鹽、丁酸鹽、樟腦酸鹽、樟腦磺酸鹽、環戊烷丙酸鹽、十二烷基硫酸鹽、葡糖庚酸鹽、甘油磷酸鹽、庚酸鹽、己酸鹽、菸鹼酸鹽、2-萘磺酸鹽、草酸鹽、棕櫚酸鹽、果膠酸鹽、3-苯基丙酸鹽、苦味酸鹽、特戊酸鹽、硫氰酸鹽及十一烷酸鹽。
此外,當本發明化合物具有酸性部分時,其適合的醫藥學上可接受之鹽可包括鹼金屬鹽,例如鈉鹽或鉀鹽;鹼土金屬鹽,例如鈣鹽或鎂鹽;及與適合有機配位體形成之鹽,例如四級銨鹽。在另一實施例中,鹼鹽由形成無毒鹽之鹼形成,包括鋁鹽、精胺酸鹽、苄星青黴素鹽、膽鹼鹽、二乙胺鹽、二乙醇胺鹽、甘胺酸鹽、離胺酸鹽、葡甲胺鹽、乙醇胺鹽、緩血酸胺鹽及鋅鹽。
有機鹽可由以下製得:二級胺鹽、三級胺鹽或四級胺鹽,諸如緩血酸胺、二乙胺、N,N'-二苯甲基乙二胺、氯普魯卡因、膽鹼、二乙醇胺、乙二胺、葡甲胺(N-甲基葡糖胺)及普魯卡因。鹼性含氮基團可用諸如以下之試劑四級銨化:低碳烷基(C1-C6)鹵化物(例如甲基、乙基、丙基及丁基之氯化物、溴化物及碘化物)、硫酸二烷酯(例如硫酸二甲酯、硫酸二乙酯、硫酸二丁酯及硫酸二戊酯)、長鏈鹵化物(例如癸基、月桂醯基、十四醯基及硬脂醯基之氯化物、溴化物及碘化物)、芳基烷基鹵化物(例如苯甲基及苯乙基溴化物)及其他試劑。
在一個實施例中,亦可形成酸及鹼之半鹽,例如半硫酸鹽及半鈣鹽。
特定本發明化合物可以幾何異構體之形式存在。本發明化合物可具有一或多個不對稱中心,因此以兩種或兩種以上立體異構形式存在。本發明包括本發明化合物之所有個別立體異構體及幾何異構體及其混合物。個別對映異構體可藉由對掌性分離或在合成中使用相關對映異構體獲得。
此外,本發明之化合物可以非溶劑化物以及藉由醫藥學上可接受之溶劑(諸如水、乙醇及其類似物)以溶劑化物形式存在。一般而言,出於本發明之目的,認為溶劑化形式與非溶劑化形式等效。該等化合物亦可以一或多種晶態即多晶型物存在,或其可以非晶形固體形式存在。申請專利範圍涵蓋所有此類形式。
本發明化合物之所謂「前藥」亦屬於本發明範疇內。因此,本身可具有極小藥理學活性或無藥理學活性的本發明化合物之特定衍生物在投與體內或身體上時可例如藉由水解分裂轉化為具有所需活性之本發明化合物。此類衍生物稱為「前藥」。關於前藥使用之其他資訊可見於「Pro-drugs as Novel Delivery Systems」,第14卷,ACS Symposium Series (T. Higuchi及W. Stella)及「Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design」, Pergamon Press, 1987 (E. B. Roche編,American Pharmaceutical Association)。根據本發明之前藥可例如藉由用熟習此項技術者已知為「前部分」的特定部分置換本發明化合物中存在的適當官能基來製備,如例如H. Bundgaard(Elsevier, 1985),「Design of Prodrugs」中所述。
本發明亦涵蓋含有保護基之本發明化合物。熟習此項技術者亦瞭解本發明化合物亦可經製備而具有適用於純化或儲存且可在投與患者前移除的特定保護基。官能基之保護及去除保護基描述於「Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry」, J. W. F. McOmie編,Plenum Press (1973)及「Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis」,第3
版,T. W. Greene及P. G. M. Wuts, Wiley-Interscience (1999)中。
本發明亦包括所有醫藥學上可接受之經同位素標記之化合物,其等同於本文所述之化合物,其中一或多個原子經具有相同原子數之原子置換,但原子質量或質量數不同於自然界中佔優勢之原子質量或質量數。適用於包括於本發明化合物中之同位素之實例包括(但不限於)以下之同位素:氫,諸如2H、3H;碳,諸如11C、13C及14C;氯,諸如36Cl;氟,諸如18F;碘,諸如123I及125I;氮,諸如13N及15N;氧,諸如15O、17O及18O;磷,諸如32P;及硫,諸如35S。特定經同位素標記之本發明化合物(例如併入放射性同位素者)適用於藥物及/或受質組織分佈研究(例如分析)。放射性同位素氚(亦即3H)及碳-14(亦即14C)由於其易於併入性及現成偵測手段而尤其適用於此目的。經諸如氘(亦即,2H)之較重同位素取代可提供因較大代謝穩定性而產生之某些治療優勢,例如活體內半衰期延長或劑量需求降低,因此,在一些情況下可能為較佳的。經正電子發射同位素(諸如11C、15F、18F、15O及13N)取代可適用於正電子發射斷層攝影術(PET)研究以檢查受質受體佔有率。經同位素標記之本發明化合物可一般藉由熟習此項技術者已知之習知技術或藉由類似於隨附流程及/或實例及製備中所述之方法使用適當經同位素標記之試劑替代此前所用之未經標記之試劑製備。根據本發明之醫藥學上可接受之溶劑合物包括結晶之溶劑可經同位素取代之彼等溶劑合物,例如D2O、丙酮-d 6 或DMSO-d 6 。包括下述實例1-104中例示之化合物的本發明化合物包括此等化合物之經同位素(諸如(但不限於)氘化及氚化同位素及如上文所述之所有其他同位素)標記之型式。
上述式I化合物含有咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒核心,其中該核心在3位經視情況經1至3個R2取代之R1部分取代;在5、6及/或7位視情況經R3部
分取代;以及連接於咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒核心之2位的醯胺部分的氮經R6及R7取代。
在一個實施例中,在上述式I中,m為0,且R1為視情況經1至3個R2取代之(4至10員)雜環烷基。
在某些實施例中,當R1為視情況經取代之(4至10員)雜環烷基時,雜環烷基選自由以下組成之群:氮雜環丁烷基、二氫呋喃基、二氫噻吩基、四氫噻吩基、四氫呋喃基、四氫三嗪基、四氫吡唑基、四氫噁嗪基、四氫嘧啶基、八氫苯并呋喃基、八氫苯并咪唑基、八氫苯并噻唑基.、咪唑啶基、吡咯啶基、哌啶基、哌嗪基、噁唑啶基、異噻唑啶基、噻唑啶基、吡唑啶基、硫代嗎啉基、四氫哌喃基、四氫噻嗪基、四氫噻二嗪基、四氫噁唑基、嗎啉基、環氧丙烷基、四氫二氮雜環己烯基、二氫噁嗪基、噁噻嗪基、啶基、烷基、異烷基、二氫苯并二氧雜環己烯基、苯并間二氧雜環戊烯基、苯并噁嗪基、吲哚啉基、二氫苯并呋喃基、四氫喹啉基、異烷基、二氫-1H-異吲哚基、2-氮雜雙環[2.2.1]庚酮基、3-氮雜雙環[3.1.0]己烷基及3-氮雜雙環[4.1.0]庚烷基。
在某些其他實施例中,當R1為視情況經取代之(4至10員)雜環烷基時,雜環烷基選自二氫苯并呋喃基、苯并間二氧雜環戊烯基或二氫苯并二氧雜環己烯基。
在另一實施例中,在上述式I中,R1為視情況經1至3個R2取代之(C6-C10)芳基。
在某些實施例中,當R1為視情況經取代之(C6-C10)芳基時,芳基選自苯基或萘基。
在某些其他實施例中,當R1為視情況經取代之(C6-C10)芳基時,芳基為苯基。
在另一實施例中,在上述式I中,R1為視情況經1至3個R2取代之
(5至14員)雜芳基。
在某些實施例中,R1為視情況經取代之(5至10員)雜芳基。
在某些其他實施例中,當R1為視情況經取代之(5至10員)雜芳基時,雜芳基選自由以下組成之群:三唑基、咪唑基、呋喃基、異噁唑基、異噻唑基、1,2,3-、1,2,4、1,2,5-或1,3,4-噁二唑基、噁唑基、噻吩基、噻唑基、異噻唑基、吡唑基、吡啶基、吡嗪基、嘧啶基、嗒基、吲哚基、吲唑基、苯并呋喃基、苯并咪唑基、苯并噻吩基、苯并噁二唑基、苯并噻唑基、異苯并硫代呋喃基、苯并硫代呋喃基、苯并異噁唑基、苯并噁唑基、苯并間二氧雜環戊烯基、呋喃并吡啶基、嘌呤基、咪唑并吡啶基、咪唑并嘧啶基、吡咯并吡啶基、吡唑并吡啶基、吡唑并嘧啶基、噻吩并吡啶基、三唑并嘧啶基、三唑并吡啶基、喹啉基、異喹啉基、啉基、喹唑啉基、側氧基烯基及1,4-苯并噁嗪基。
在某些其他實施例中,R1為視情況經取代之(5至10員)含氮雜芳基。舉例而言,當R1為視情況經取代之(5至10員)含氮雜芳基時,雜芳基選自三唑基、咪唑基、吡唑基、吡啶基、吡嗪基、嘧啶基、嗒基、吲哚基、吲唑基、苯并咪唑基、嘌呤基、咪唑并吡啶基、咪唑并嘧啶基、吡咯并吡啶基、三唑并嘧啶基、三唑并吡啶基、吡唑并吡啶基、吡唑并嘧啶基、喹啉基、啉基、喹唑啉基、異喹啉基或喹喏啉基。
在某些其他實施例中,當R1為視情況經取代之(5至10員)含氮雜芳基時,雜芳基選自三唑基、咪唑基、吡唑基、吡啶基、吡嗪基、嘧啶基、嗒基、三唑并吡啶基、吡唑并吡啶基、吡唑并嘧啶基或喹喏啉基。
在某些其他實施例中,R1為視情況經取代之(6員)含氮雜芳基。舉例而言,當R1為視情況經取代之(6員)含氮雜芳基時,雜芳基選自
吡啶基、吡嗪基、嘧啶基或嗒基。
在某些實施例中,當R1為視情況經取代之(6員)含氮雜芳基時,雜芳基選自嘧啶基或吡啶基。
在某些其他實施例中,R1為視情況經取代之(5員)含氮雜芳基。舉例而言,當R1為視情況經取代之(5員)含氮雜芳基時,雜芳基選自三唑基、咪唑基或吡唑基。
在任一前述實施例中,在化學上容許時,當R1經1至3個R2取代時,各R2係獨立地選自由以下組成之群:鹵素、側氧基、氰基、羥基、視情況經取代之(C1-C6)烷基及視情況經取代之(C1-C6)烷氧基。
在某些實施例中,當R2為鹵素時,鹵素選自氟及氯。
在某些其他實施例中,當R2為視情況經取代之(C1-C6)烷基時,烷基選自甲基、乙基或丙基,且該甲基、乙基及丙基視情況經1至3個氟原子取代。舉例而言,視情況經取代之烷基包括(但不限於)氟甲基、二氟甲基、三氟甲基、氟乙基、二氟乙基、三氟乙基及其類似基團。
在另一實施例中,當R2為視情況經取代之(C1-C6)烷氧基時,烷氧基選自甲氧基、乙氧基或丙氧基,且該甲氧基、乙氧基及丙氧基視情況經1至3個氟原子取代。舉例而言,視情況經取代之烷氧基包括(但不限於)氟甲氧基、二氟甲氧基、三氟甲氧基、氟乙氧基、二氟乙氧基、三氟乙氧基及其類似基團。
應瞭解,R1之任何上述亞類可與上文及下文所述之R3、R6及R7之任何實施例組合。舉例而言,在一個實施例中,當R1為視情況經取代之(C6-C10)芳基且芳基為苯基時,b可為0(R3不存在);且R6及R7中之一者可為氫且另一者為視情況經取代之(C3-C8)環烷基,諸如環丙基。
在另一實施例中,在上述式I中,n為選自0、1或2之整數;且R6及R7各獨立地選自由以下組成之群:氫、視情況經取代之(C1-C6)烷
基、-(CH2)n-(C3-C8)環烷基、-(CH2)n-(C6-C10)芳基及-(CH2)n-(5至6員)雜芳基,且在化學上容許時,(C3-C8)環烷基、(C6-C10)芳基及(5至6員)雜芳基視情況經1至3個R8取代;或R6及R7與其所連接之氮一起形成(4至6員)雜環烷基,且在化學上容許時,(4至6員)-雜環烷基視情況經1至3個R9取代;在存在時,各R8係獨立地選自由以下組成之群:鹵素、側氧基、氰基、羥基、-SF5、硝基、視情況經取代之(C1-C6)烷基、視情況經取代之(C2-C6)烯基、視情況經取代之(C2-C6)炔基、視情況經取代之(C1-C6)烷基硫基、視情況經取代之(C1-C6)烷氧基、-N(R4)(R5)、-N(R4)(C=(O)R5)、-C(=O)N(R4)(R5)、-C(=O)-O-N(R4)(R5)、-C(=O)-R4及-C(=O)-OR4;且在存在時,各R9係獨立地選自由以下組成之群:鹵素、側氧基、氰基、羥基、-SF5、硝基、視情況經取代之(C1-C6)烷基、視情況經取代之(C2-C6)烯基、視情況經取代之(C2-C6)炔基、視情況經取代之(C1-C6)烷基硫基、視情況經取代之(C1-C6)烷氧基、-N(R4)(R5)、-N(R4)(C=(O)R5)、-C(=O)N(R4)(R5)、-C(=O)-O-N(R4)(R5)、-C(=O)-R4及-C(=O)-OR4。
在某些實施例中,在上述式I中,R6及R7中之一者為氫且另一者為視情況經取代之(C1-C6)烷基。
在某些實施例中,當R6及R7中之一者為視情況經取代之(C1-C6)烷基時,烷基選自由以下組成之群:甲基、乙基、丙基、異丙基、丁基、第三丁基、戊基及己基,其中該甲基、乙基、丙基、異丙基、丁基、第三丁基、戊基及己基視情況經一或多個氟原子取代。
在某些其他實施例中,當R6及R7中之一者為視情況經取代之(C1-C6)烷基時,烷基選自甲基、乙基或丙基,且該甲基、乙基及丙基視情況經1至3個氟原子取代。舉例而言,視情況經取代之(C1-C6)烷基選
自氟甲基、二氟甲基、三氟甲基、氟乙基、二氟乙基或三氟乙基。
在另一實施例中,在上述式I中;n為選自0、1或2之整數;且R6及R7中之一者為氫且另一者為-(CH2)n-(C3-C8)環烷基,其中環烷基視情況經1至3個R8取代。
在某些實施例中,當R6及R7中之一者為視情況經取代之(C3-C8)環烷基時,環烷基選自環丙基、環丁基、環戊基、環己基、環辛基或雙環[1.1.1]戊基。
在某些實施例中,當R6及R7中之一者為視情況經取代之(C3-C8)環烷基時,環烷基選自環丙基或雙環[1.1.1]戊基。
在某些實施例中,當R6及R7中之一者為視情況經取代之(C3-C8)環烷基時,環烷基為環丙基。
在另一實施例中,在上述式I中;n選自0、1或2;且R6及R7中之一者為氫且另一者為-(CH2)n-(C6-C10)芳基,其中芳基視情況經1至3個R8取代。
在某些實施例中,當R6及R7中之一者為視情況經取代之(C6-C10)芳基時,(C6-C10)芳基選自苯基或萘基。
在某些實施例中,當R6及R7中之一者為視情況經取代之(C6-C10)芳基時,(C6-C10)芳基為苯基。
在另一實施例中,在上述式I中;R6及R7中之一者為氫且另一者為-(CH2)n-(5至6員)雜芳基,其中雜芳基視情況經1至3個R8取代。
在某些實施例中,當R6及R7中之一者為視情況經取代之(5至6員)雜芳基時,雜芳基選自三唑基、咪唑基、呋喃基、異噁唑基、異噻唑基、1,2,3-、1,2,4、1,2,5-或1,3,4-噁二唑基、噁唑基、噻吩基、噻唑基、異噻唑基、吡唑基、吡啶基、吡嗪基、嘧啶基或嗒基。
在某些實施例中,當R6及R7中之一者為視情況經取代之(5至6員)雜芳基時,雜芳基為噁唑基。
在某些實施例中,當R6及R7中之一者為視情況經取代之(5至6員)雜芳基時,雜芳基為(5至6員)含氮雜芳基。
在某些實施例中,當R6及R7中之一者為視情況經取代之(5至6員)含氮雜芳基時,雜芳基選自三唑基、咪唑基、吡唑基、吡啶基、吡嗪基、嘧啶基或嗒基。
在某些實施例中,當R6及R7中之一者為視情況經取代之(5至6員)含氮雜芳基時,雜芳基選自三唑基、吡唑基或嘧啶基。
在任何前述實施例中,當R6及R7中之一者為經1至3個R8取代之(C3-C8)環烷基、(C6-C10)芳基或(5至6員)雜芳基時,各R8係獨立地選自由以下組成之群:鹵素、側氧基、氰基、羥基、視情況經取代之(C1-C6)烷基及視情況經取代之(C1-C6)烷氧基。
在某些實施例中,當R8為鹵素時,鹵素選自氟及氯。
在某些其他實施例中,當R8為視情況經取代之(C1-C6)烷基時,烷基選自甲基、乙基或丙基,且該甲基、乙基及丙基視情況經1至3個氟原子取代。舉例而言,視情況經取代之烷基包括(但不限於)氟甲基、二氟甲基、三氟甲基、氟乙基、二氟乙基、三氟乙基及其類似基團。
在另一實施例中,當R8為視情況經取代之(C1-C6)烷氧基時,烷氧基選自甲氧基、乙氧基或丙氧基,且該甲氧基、乙氧基及丙氧基視情況經1至3個氟原子取代。舉例而言,視情況經取代之烷氧基包括(但不限於)氟甲氧基、二氟甲氧基、三氟甲氧基、氟乙氧基、二氟乙氧基、三氟乙氧基及其類似基團。
在另一實施例中,在上述式I中,R6及R7與其所連接之氮一起形成視情況經1至3個R9取代之(4至6員)雜環烷基。
在某些實施例中,當R6及R7與其所連接之氮一起形成(4至6員)雜環烷基時,雜環烷基選自氮雜環丁烷基、四氫吡唑基、四氫噁嗪基、
四氫嘧啶基、咪唑啶基、哌啶基、哌嗪基、噁唑啶基或吡咯啶基。
在某些實施例中,當R6及R7與其所連接之氮一起形成(4至6員)雜環烷基時,雜環烷基為氮雜環丁烷基。
在任何前述實施例中,當R6及R7與其所連接之氮一起形成經1至3個R9取代之(4至6員)雜環烷基時,各R9係獨立地選自由以下組成之群:鹵素、側氧基、氰基、羥基、視情況經取代之(C1-C6)烷基及視情況經取代之(C1-C6)烷氧基。
在某些實施例中,當R9為鹵素時,鹵素選自氟及氯。
在某些其他實施例中,當R9為視情況經取代之(C1-C6)烷基時,烷基選自甲基、乙基或丙基,且該甲基、乙基及丙基視情況經1至3個氟原子取代。舉例而言,視情況經取代之烷基包括(但不限於)氟甲基、二氟甲基、三氟甲基、氟乙基、二氟乙基、三氟乙基及其類似基團。
在另一實施例中,當R9為視情況經取代之(C1-C6)烷氧基時,烷氧基選自甲氧基、乙氧基或丙氧基,且該甲氧基、乙氧基及丙氧基視情況經1至3個氟原子取代。舉例而言,視情況經取代之烷氧基包括(但不限於)氟甲氧基、二氟甲氧基、三氟甲氧基、氟乙氧基、二氟乙氧基、三氟乙氧基及其類似基團。
應瞭解,R6及R7之任何上述亞類可與上文及下文所述之R1及R3之任何實施例組合。舉例而言,在一個實施例中,當R6及R7中之一者為氫且另一者為視情況經取代之(C3-C8)環烷基(諸如環丙基)時,R1可為視情況經取代之(C6-C10)芳基,其中芳基為苯基,且b可為0(R3不存在)。
在另一實施例中,在上述式I中,在存在時,各R3係獨立地選自由以下組成之群:鹵素、氰基、羥基、-SF5、硝基、視情況經取代之(C1-C6)烷基及視情況經取代之(C1-C6)烷氧基。
在某些實施例中,當R3為鹵素時,鹵素選自氟及氯。
在某些其他實施例中,當R3為視情況經取代之(C1-C6)烷基及/或視情況經取代之(C1-C6)烷氧基時,(C1-C6)烷基及(C1-C6)烷氧基如上文在任何前述實施例中所述。
應瞭解,R3之任何上述亞類可與上述R1、R6及R7之任何實施例組合。
在另一實施例中,在如上文在任何前述實施例中所述的式I中,b為0。
在另一實施例中,所選本發明化合物可適用於治療PDE4B介導之病症,包含投與有需要之哺乳動物(較佳人類)治療有效量之有效抑制PDE4B活性之本發明化合物;更佳地,投與一定量之對PDE4B具有改良結合親和力同時對PDE4D具有較少抑制活性的本發明化合物。
在某些其他實施例中,所選本發明化合物可對PDE4B同功異型物展現結合親和力。
在某些實施例中,本發明化合物相對於PDE4D同功異型物對PDE4B同功異型物具有增強之結合親和力以使得該等化合物相對於PDE4D同功異型物對PDE4B同功異型物呈現約2倍至約325倍結合親和力。在某些其他實施例中,本發明化合物相對於PDE4D同功異型物對PDE4B同功異型物呈現約5倍至約50倍結合親和力。在某些其他實施例中,本發明化合物相對於PDE4D同功異型物對PDE4B同功異型物呈現約51倍至約100倍結合親和力。在某些其他實施例中,本發明化合物相對於PDE4D同功異型物對PDE4B同功異型物呈現約101倍至約200倍結合親和力。在某些其他實施例中,本發明化合物相對於PDE4D同功異型物對PDE4B同功異型物呈現約201倍至約250倍結合親和力。在某些其他實施例中,本發明化合物相對於PDE4D同功異型物對PDE4B同功異型物呈現約251倍至約300倍結合親和力。在某些其他實施例
中,本發明化合物相對於PDE4D同功異型物對PDE4B同功異型物呈現約301倍至約325倍結合親和力。在某些實施例中,本發明化合物相對於PDE4D同功異型物對PDE4B同功異型物呈現至少約5倍結合親和力。在某些其他實施例中,本發明化合物相對於PDE4D同功異型物對PDE4B同功異型物呈現至少約10倍結合親和力。在某些實施例中,本發明化合物相對於PDE4D同功異型物對PDE4B同功異型物呈現至少約20倍結合親和力。在某些其他實施例中,本發明化合物相對於PDE4D同功異型物對PDE4B同功異型物呈現至少約40倍結合親和力。在某些其他實施例中,本發明化合物相對於PDE4D同功異型物對PDE4B同功異型物呈現至少約50倍結合親和力。在某些其他實施例中,本發明化合物相對於PDE4D同功異型物對PDE4B同功異型物呈現至少約75倍結合親和力。在某些其他實施例中,本發明化合物相對於PDE4D同功異型物對PDE4B同功異型物呈現至少約100倍結合親和力。在某些其他實施例中,本發明化合物相對於PDE4D同功異型物對PDE4B同功異型物呈現至少約200倍結合親和力。在某些其他實施例中,本發明化合物相對於PDE4D同功異型物對PDE4B同功異型物呈現至少約300倍結合親和力。在某些其他實施例中,本發明化合物相對於PDE4D同功異型物對PDE4B同功異型物呈現高達約325倍結合親和力。本發明化合物對PDE4B及PDE4D同功異型物之結合親和力展示於以下實驗部分之表3中。
在另一實施例中,本發明提供一種醫藥組合物,其包含本發明化合物或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽與至少一種醫藥學上可接受之賦形劑的混合物。
在另一實施例中,投與有需要之患者本發明化合物亦可使目前被認為與投與對其他PDE4同功異型物、尤其PDE4D同功異型物具有結合親和力之化合物有關的胃腸不適(諸如嘔吐、腹瀉及噁心)減少,
從而使患者順應性以及整個治療結果提高。
在另一實施例中,本發明提供一種治療中樞神經系統(CNS)、神經發炎性、代謝、自體免疫性及發炎性疾病或病症的方法,其包含投與哺乳動物、尤其需要此類治療之人類治療有效量之本發明化合物或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽。
在另一實施例中,本發明提供本發明化合物或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽之用途,其係用於製造用於治療中樞神經系統(CNS)、神經發炎性、自體免疫性及發炎性疾病或病症的藥物。
PDE4家族之磷酸二酯酶(PDE)之特徵為選擇性、高親和力水解降解第二信使環核苷酸腺苷3',5'-環單磷酸(cAMP)。PDE4A、PDE4B及PDE4D次型已知廣泛表現於整個腦中,其中PDE4A、PDE4B及PDE4D次型之局部及胞內分佈不同,而PDE4C次型以較低含量表現於整個中樞神經系統中(參見:Siuciak, J. A.等人,Antipsychotic profile of rolipram: efficacy in rats and reduced sensitivity in mice deficient in the phosphodiesterase-4B (PDE4B) enzyme, Psychopharmacology (2007) 192:415-424)。PDE4次型之位置使其成為探究中樞神經系統疾病及病症之新穎療法之受關注標靶。舉例而言,PDE4B已鑑別為精神分裂症之遺傳易感因素(參見:Millar, J. K.等人,Disrupted in schizophrenia 1 and phosphodiesterase 4B: towards an understanding of psychiatric illness, J. Physiol. 584 (2007)第401-405頁)。
PDE4抑制劑洛利普南(rolipram)已展示適用於經由減少神經元發炎及細胞凋亡介導之cAMP/CREB信號傳導治療或逆轉Aβ誘發性記憶缺乏;因此PDE4為治療與AD有關之認知不足之潛在標靶。(參見:Wang, C.等人,The phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor rolipram reverses Aβ-induced cognitive impairment and neuroinflammatory and apoptotic responses in rats, International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology (2012), 15, 749-766)。
PDE4抑制劑亦可藉由標準化cAMP級聯而具有抗抑鬱作用(參見:Fujita,M.等人,Downregulation of Brain Phosphodiesterase Type IV Measured with 11 C-(R)-Rolipram Positron Emission Tomography in Major Depressive Disorder, Biological Psychiatry, 72, 2012, 548-554)。
此外,PDE4抑制劑已展示具有治療活性,從而推斷可用於治療多發性硬化(參見:Sun, X.等人,Rolipram promotes remyelination possibly via MEK-ERK signal pathway in cuprizone-induced demyelination mouse, Experimental Neurology 2012; 237:304-311)。
鑒於上述內容,在某些實施例中,本發明化合物具有各種治療應用以治療中樞神經系統之病狀或疾病,其包括神經、神經退化性及/或精神病症。神經、神經退化性及/或精神病症包括(但不限於)(1)情緒[情感]病症;(2)神經性、壓力相關及類軀體化症精神病症,包括焦慮症;(3)哺乳動物(包括人類)之包含認知缺乏症狀之病症;(4)包含注意力缺乏、執行功能缺乏(操作記憶缺乏)、衝動控制功能障礙、錐體外症狀的病症,其為基於基底神經節功能障礙之病症;(5)發作通常發生在兒童期及青年期之行為及情感病症;(6)心理發育病症;(7)主要影響中樞神經系統之全身性萎縮症;(8)錐體外及運動障礙;(9)與生理紊亂及身體因素有關之行為症候群;(10)成人人格及行為障礙;(11)精神分裂症及其他精神病症;(12)由於使用神經活性物質而致之精神及行為障礙;(13)包含性慾亢進之性功能障礙;(14)智力遲鈍;(15)人為疾患,例如急性幻覺性躁症;(16)間歇性及突發性病症,癲癇;(17)發作性睡病;及(18)癡呆。
可根據本發明治療之情緒[情感]病症之實例包括(但不限於)躁鬱症I、輕躁狂(躁狂及混合形式)、躁鬱症II;抑鬱症,諸如單次抑鬱發
作或復發性重度抑鬱症、慢性抑鬱、精神病性抑鬱、輕微抑鬱症、產後發作之抑鬱症、具有精神病性症狀之抑鬱症;持久性情緒[情感]病症,諸如情感迴環、輕鬱症、情感愉快;經前症候群(PMS)及經前煩躁不安症。
可根據本發明治療之神經性、壓力相關及類軀體化症精神病症之實例包括(但不限於)焦慮症、社交焦慮症、一般焦慮症、有或無畏曠症之恐慌症、特定恐懼症、社交恐懼症、慢性焦慮症;強迫症;對嚴重壓力之反應及調節病症,諸如創傷後壓力症(PTSD)、急性壓力症;其他神經性病症,諸如人格解體-現實解體症候群。
如本文用於「包含認知缺乏症狀之病症」中之片語「認知缺乏」係指相較於相同一般年齡人群之其他個體,特定個體在一或多個認知態樣(諸如記憶、智力、學習及邏輯能力)或注意力及執行功能(操作記憶)中之次正常功能或次優功能。
可根據本發明治療之「包含認知缺乏症狀之病症」的實例包括(但不限於)主要但非排他地與以下有關的認知缺乏:健忘症、精神病(精神分裂症)、帕金森氏病(Parkinson's disease)、阿茲海默氏病(Alzheimer's disease)、多梗死性癡呆、老年癡呆、路易體癡呆(Lewis body dementia)、中風、額顳葉型癡呆、進行性核上麻痹、亨廷頓氏病(Huntington's disease)、HIV疾病(HIV相關之癡呆)、大腦創傷及藥物濫用;輕度認知病症ADHD、阿斯伯格氏症候群(Asperger's syndrome)及年齡相關之記憶障礙;術後或與集中護理療法有關之認知減退或惡化。
可根據本發明治療之通常首先在嬰兒期、兒童期及青年期中診斷之病症的實例包括(但不限於)過動性病症,包括活動及注意力紊亂、注意力不足/過動症(ADHD)、過動性品行障礙;注意力不足症(ADD);品行障礙,包括(但不限於)抑鬱性品行障礙;抽動症,包括
短暫抽動症、慢性運動性或發聲抽動症、組合之發聲及多發性運動性抽動症(妥瑞氏症候群(Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome))、物質誘發性抽動症;自閉症;貝敦氏病(Batten disease)、過度自慰行為、咬指甲、樞鼻子及吮姆指。
可根據本發明治療之心理發育病症的實例包括(但不限於)廣泛性發育障礙,包括(但不限於)阿斯伯格氏症候群(Asperger's syndrome)及瑞特氏症候群(Rett syndrome)、自閉症、與智力遲鈍及刻板運動有關之兒童期自閉症及多動症、特定運動功能發育障礙、特定學習技能發育障礙。
可根據本發明治療之主要影響中樞神經系統之全身性萎縮症的實例包括(但不限於)主要影響基底神經節之多發性硬化性全身性萎縮症,包括亨廷頓氏病,及肌肉萎縮性側索硬化。
可根據本發明治療之具有基底神經節功能障礙及/或退化的錐體外及運動障礙的實例包括(但不限於)帕金森氏病;第二帕金森氏症,諸如腦炎後帕金森氏症;其他病症中包含之帕金森氏症;尼曼匹克病(Niemann-Pick disease)、路易體病;基底神經節之退化性疾病;其他錐體外及運動障礙,包括震顫、特發性震顫及藥物誘發性震顫、肌陣攣、舞蹈症及藥物誘發性舞蹈症、藥物誘發性抽動及器質性抽動、藥物誘發性急性肌張力障礙、藥物誘發性遲發性運動不能、肌肉痙攣及與肌肉痙攣或無力有關之病症(包括震顫);精神缺乏(包括痙攣、唐氏症候群(Down syndrome)及X脆折症候群)、左旋多巴誘發性運動困難;腿不寧症候群及僵人症候群。
可根據本發明治療之具有基底神經節功能障礙及/或退化之運動障礙的其他實例包括(但不限於)肌張力障礙,包括(但不限於)病灶性肌張力障礙、多發性病灶性或區段性肌張力障礙、扭轉性肌張力障礙、半球性、全身性及遲發性肌張力障礙(由心理藥理學藥物誘發)。
病灶性肌張力障礙包括頸肌張力障礙(斜頸)、眼瞼痙攣(眼瞼之痙攣)、附肢肌張力障礙(肢端中痙攣,如書寫痙攣)或下頜肌張力障礙及痙攣性發聲障礙(聲帶痙攣);精神安定劑誘發性運動障礙,包括(但不限於)精神安定劑惡性症候群(NMS)、精神安定劑誘發性帕金森氏症、精神安定劑誘發性早期發作或急性運動困難、精神安定劑誘發性急性肌張力障礙、精神安定劑誘發性急性靜坐不能、精神安定劑誘發性遲發性運動不能、精神安定劑誘發性震顫。
根據本發明的與生理紊亂及身體因素有關之行為症候群的實例包括(但不限於)非器質性睡眠失調,包括(但不限於)非器質性睡眠過度、非器質性睡眠清醒週期失調(晝夜節律睡眠失調)、失眠、類睡症及睡眠剝奪;與產褥期有關之精神及行為障礙,包括分娩後及產後抑鬱;進食障礙,包括(但不限於)神經性厭食、神經性貪食、暴食症、攝食過量、肥胖、強迫性進食障礙及食冰癖。
可根據本發明治療之成人人格及行為障礙的實例包括(但不限於)人格障礙,其包括(但不限於)情緒不穩定、邊緣型、強迫型(obsessive-compulsive/anankastic)、依賴型及被動攻擊型人格障礙;習性及衝動病症(衝動控制病症),包括間歇爆發性病症、病理性賭博、病理性縱火(放火癖)、病理性偷竊(盜竊癖)、拔毛癖;孟喬森氏症候群(Munchausen syndrome)。
可根據本發明治療之精神分裂症及其他精神病症的實例包括(但不限於)不同類型之持續或間歇性精神分裂症(例如妄想症、青春期癡呆症、緊張性精神症、未分化型、後遺症型及類精神分裂症);分裂病症(諸如邊緣型、潛伏型、前精神病型、前驅型、假神經病性假精神變態性精神分裂症及分裂型人格障礙);持久性妄想症;急性、短暫及持久性精神病症;誘發性妄想症;不同類型之分裂情感性病症(例如躁狂抑鬱或混合類型);產後精神病及其他及未指定之非器質性
精神病。
可根據本發明治療之由於使用神經活性物質而致之精神及行為障礙包括(但不限於)由於使用酒精、類鴉片、大麻素、鎮靜劑或安眠藥、可卡因(cocaine)所致之精神及行為障礙;由於使用其他刺激劑(包括咖啡鹼)所致之精神及行為障礙;由於藥物依賴及濫用(例如麻醉劑依賴、酒精中毒、安非他明(amphetamine)及甲基安非他明(methamphetamine)依賴、類鴉片依賴、可卡因成癮、尼古丁依賴及藥物戒斷症候群及復發預防)、使用迷幻藥、菸草(菸鹼)、揮發性溶劑所致之精神及行為障礙;及由於多種藥物使用及使用其他神經活性物質所致之精神及行為障礙,包括以下次型症狀:有害使用、依賴症候群、戒斷狀態及伴有譫妄之戒斷狀態。
可根據本發明治療之癡呆之實例包括(但不限於)血管性癡呆;由於庫賈氏病(Creutzfeld-Jacob disease)、HIV、頭部創傷、帕金森氏病、亨廷頓氏症、皮克氏病所致之癡呆;阿茲海默氏型癡呆。
在某些實施例中,本發明係針對藉由投與有需要之患者治療有效量之本發明化合物治療精神分裂症之方法。
在某些其他實施例中,本發明進一步係針對一種藉由投與有需要之患者治療有效量之本發明化合物治療與精神分裂症有關之認知障礙的方法。
除上述中樞神經系統病症以外,此項技術中有大量文獻描述PDE抑制劑對各種自體免疫性及發炎性細胞反應之作用,其除cAMP增加以外亦包括抑制嗜伊紅血球、嗜中性球及單核細胞中之過氧化物產生、去顆粒、趨化及腫瘤壞死因子(TNF)釋放。因此,本發明化合物可適用於治療自體免疫性及發炎性疾病。(參見:Schett, G.等人,Apremilast: A novel PDE4 Inhibitor in the Treatment of Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases, Ther. Adv. Musculoskeletal Dis. 2010; 2(5):271-
278)。舉例而言,本發明化合物可適用於治療與白塞氏病(Behçet's disease)有關之口腔潰爛。本發明化合物亦可適用於治療與關節炎有關之疼痛(參見:Hess,A.等人,Blockade of TNF-α rapidly inhibits pain responses in the central nervous system, PNAS,第108卷,第9期,3731-3736 (2011)或治療牛皮癬或牛皮癬性關節炎(參見:Schafer, P., Apremilast mechanism of action and application to psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis, Biochem. Pharmacol. (2012), 15;83(12):1583-90)。因此,本發明化合物亦可適用於治療僵直性脊椎炎[參見:Patan, E.等人,Efficacy and safety of apremilast, an oral phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, in ankylosing spondylitis, Ann. Rheum. Dis. (2102年9月14日)]。可藉由投與本發明化合物治療之其他病狀包括(但不限於)急性及慢性呼吸道疾病,諸如(但不限於)哮喘、慢性或急性支氣管收縮、慢性支氣管炎、支氣管擴張、小呼吸道阻塞、肺氣腫、阻塞性或發炎性呼吸道疾病、急性呼吸窘迫症候群(ARDS)、COPD、塵肺症、季節性過敏性鼻炎或常年性過敏性鼻炎或鼻竇炎及急性肺損傷(ALI)。
在另一實施例中,本發明化合物可適用於治療類風濕性關節炎、痛風及發熱、與發炎有關之水腫及疼痛、嗜伊紅血球相關病症、皮炎或濕疹、風疹、結膜炎、葡萄膜炎、牛皮癬、發炎性腸病、敗血症、敗血性休克、肝損傷、肺高血壓、肺水腫、骨質流失病及感染。
在另一實施例中,本發明化合物可適用於治療癌症。舉例而言,本發明化合物可適用於治療腦癌(例如神經管胚細胞瘤)(參見:Schmidt, A. L., BDNF and PDE4, but not GRPR, Regulate Viability of Human Medulloblastoma Cells, J. Mol. Neuroscience (2010) 40:303-310)。本發明化合物亦可適用於治療黑色素瘤(參見:Marquette, A.等人,ERK and PDE4 cooperate to induce RAF isoform switching in melanoma, Nature Structural & Molecular Biology,第18卷,第5期,
584-91, 2011)。在某些實施例中,本發明化合物可適用於治療白血病,例如慢性淋巴細胞性白血病,(參見:Kim, D. H.等人,Type 4 Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Phosphodiesterase as a Therapeutic Target in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia, Blood Journal of The American Society of Hematology, 1998年10月1日,第92卷,第7期2484-2494)。在其他實施例中化合物可適用於治療腦或眼部腫瘤。
在某些其他實施例中,本發明化合物可適用於治療糖尿病或與糖尿病有關之疾病(參見:Vollert, S.等人,The glucose-lowering effects of the PDE4 inhibitors roflumilast and roflumilast-N-oxide in db/db mice, Diabetologia (2012) 55:2779-2788。Wouters, E. F. M.等人,Effect of the Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitor Roflumilast on Glucose Metabolism in Patients with Treatment-Naïve, Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2012, 97, 1720-1725)。其他實例包括(但不限於)糖尿病性黃斑變性、糖尿病性神經病、肥胖、2型糖尿病(非胰島素依賴性糖尿病)、代謝症候群、葡萄糖不耐、尿失禁(例如膀胱過度活性)、糖尿病性黃斑水腫、腎病及相關健康風險、症狀或病症。因此,化合物亦可用於降低超重或肥胖個體之體脂肪或體重。
在某些其他實施例中,本發明化合物可適用於預防及治療與增強之內皮活性、削弱之內皮障壁功能及/或增強之血管新生有關之病症,諸如敗血性休克;血管性水腫、周邊水腫、交通性水腦或非交通性水腦、血管水腫、大腦水腫;減少之鈉尿病變;發炎性疾病,包括哮喘、鼻炎、關節炎及類風濕性疾病及自體免疫疾病;急性腎或肝損傷、肝功能障礙;牛皮癬、腸激躁疾病(IBD)、克隆氏病(Crohn's disease)及良性/惡性贅瘤形成。
在某些其他實施例中,本發明化合物可適用於治療脊髓及/或周
邊神經系統之疾病,包括脊髓損傷、脊髓水腫、脊髓腫瘤、血管畸形或脊髓異常、脊髓空洞病及脊髓積水。
在某些其他實施例中,本文所述化合物進一步適用於預防及治療與血栓、栓塞或局部缺血性病症有關之病症,包括(但不限於)冠狀動脈疾病、腦血管疾病(包括大腦動脈硬化、大腦澱粉樣血管病、遺傳性大腦出血及腦缺氧性缺血)及/或周邊血管疾病中之血栓誘發性組織梗塞;穩定及不穩定絞痛、短暫性缺血發作、中風、動脈粥樣硬化、心肌梗塞、大腦梗塞、再灌注損傷(腦/心肌)、創傷性腦損傷、硬膜下、硬膜外或蛛膜下出血、偏頭痛、叢集性及緊張性頭痛、胎盤不全、手術程序(諸如繞通、血管成形術、支架置入術及心臟瓣膜更換)後血栓。
在某些其他實施例中,本文所述化合物進一步適用於治療疼痛病狀及病症。此類疼痛病狀及病症之實例包括(但不限於)發炎性疼痛、痛覺過敏、發炎性痛覺過敏、偏頭痛、癌症痛、骨關節炎痛、手術後疼痛、非發炎性疼痛、神經痛、神經痛之亞類(包括周邊神經痛症候群)、化學療法誘發性神經病、複雜區域疼痛症候群、HIV感覺神經病、繼發於腫瘤浸潤之神經病、疼痛性糖尿病性神經病、幻肢痛、疱疹後遺神經痛、乳房切除術後疼痛、三叉神經痛、中樞神經痛症候群、中樞中風後疼痛、多發性硬化痛、帕金森病痛及脊髓損傷痛。
在某些其他實施例中,本文所述化合物進一步適用於治療創傷(或促進創傷癒合)、灼痛、疤痕及相關病狀。
在某些其他實施例中,本文所述化合物進一步適用於治療神經元破壞病症(包括眼破壞、視網膜病(包括糖尿病性黃斑水腫或眼部黃斑變性)、耳鳴、聽覺損傷及喪失、及腦水腫)。
在某些其他實施例中,本文所述化合物進一步適用於治療移植排斥、同種異體移植排斥、腎及肝衰竭及腿不寧症候群。
本發明之化合物可經口投與。經口投藥可包括吞服,以便化合物進入胃腸道中,或可使用經頰或舌下投藥,從而化合物自口直接進入血流中。
在另一實施例中,本發明化合物亦可直接投與血流中、肌肉中或內部器官中。適於非經腸投藥之方式包括靜脈內投藥、動脈內投藥、腹膜內投藥、鞘內投藥、心室內投藥、尿道內投藥、胸骨內投藥、顱內投藥、肌肉內投藥及皮下投藥。適用於非經腸投藥之裝置包括針(包括微針)注射器、無針注射器及輸注技術。
在另一實施例中,本發明化合物亦可經調配以使得向皮膚或黏膜局部(亦即經皮)投與可全身性吸收化合物。在另一實施例中,本發明化合物亦可經調配以使得鼻內或藉由吸入投與可全身性吸收化合物。在另一實施例中,本發明化合物可經調配以使得經直腸或經陰道投與可全身性吸收化合物。
該等化合物及/或含有該等化合物之組合物的給藥方案係基於多種因素,包括患者之類型、年齡、體重、性別及醫學病狀;病狀之嚴重程度;投藥途徑;及所用特定化合物之活性。因此,給藥方案可極大不同。每天每公斤體重約0.01mg至約100mg之數量級的劑量適用於治療上文所示之病狀。在一個實施例中,本發明化合物之總日劑量(以單次劑量或分次劑量投與)通常為約0.01mg/kg至約100mg/kg。在另一實施例中,本發明化合物之總日劑量為約0.1mg/kg至約50mg/kg,且在另一實施例中,為約0.5mg/kg至約30mg/kg(亦即,每公斤體重本發明化合物之毫克數)。在一實施例中,劑量為0.01至10毫克/公斤/天。在另一實施例中,劑量為0.1至1.0毫克/公斤/天。單位劑量組合物可含有此等量或其次分量以構成日劑量。在許多情況下,一天內重複投與化合物複數次(通常不超過4次)。必要時,每天多次
劑量通常可用以增加總日劑量。
對於經口投藥,組合物以含有0.01、0.05、0.1、0.5、1.0、2.5、5.0、10.0、15.0、25.0、50.0、75.0、100、125、150、175、200、250或500毫克活性成分之錠劑形式提供,根據症狀來調節給與患者之劑量。藥劑通常含有約0.01mg至約500mg活性成分,或在另一實施例中,約1mg至約100mg活性成分。對於靜脈內投藥,在恆定速率輸注期間,劑量可在約0.1至約10毫克/公斤/分鐘範圍內。
本發明之適合個體包括哺乳動物個體。本發明之哺乳動物包括(但不限於)犬、貓、牛、山羊、馬、綿羊、豬、嚙齒動物、兔類動物、靈長類動物及其類似動物,且涵蓋子宮內之哺乳動物。在一個實施例中,人類為適合個體。人類個體可為任一性別且處於任一發育階段。
在另一實施例中,本發明包含一或多種本發明化合物之用途,其係用於製備用以治療本文所述病狀之藥劑。
為治療上文所提及之病狀,本發明化合物可以化合物本身之形式投與。或者,醫藥學上可接受之鹽由於其相對於母化合物之水溶性較大故適用於醫學應用。
在另一實施例中,本發明包含醫藥組合物。該等醫藥組合物包含與醫藥學上可接受之載劑一起提供之本發明化合物。該載劑可為固體、液體或兩者,且可與化合物一起調配為單位劑量組合物,例如錠劑,其可含有0.05重量%至95重量%之活性化合物。本發明化合物可與作為可靶向藥物載劑之適合聚合物偶合。亦可存在其他藥理學活性物質。
本發明之化合物可藉由任何合適途徑投與,較佳以適於該途徑之醫藥組合物的形式且以對於所欲治療有效之劑量投與。活性化合物及組合物例如可經口、經直腸、非經腸或局部(例如鼻內或經眼)投
與。
固體劑型之經口投與可例如以個別單元呈現,諸如硬或軟膠囊、丸劑、扁囊劑、口含錠或錠劑,其各含有預定量之至少一種本發明化合物。在另一實施例中,該經口投藥可呈粉末或顆粒形式。在另一實施例中,該口服劑量形式為舌下形式,諸如口含劑。在此類固體劑型中,本發明化合物通常與一或多種佐劑組合。此類膠囊或錠劑可含有控制釋放之調配物。在膠囊、錠劑及丸劑情況下,該等劑型亦可包含緩衝劑或可經製備而具有腸溶衣。
在另一實施例中,經口投藥可呈液體劑型。用於經口投藥之液體劑型包括例如醫藥學上可接受之乳液、溶液、懸浮液、糖漿及含有此項技術中常用之惰性稀釋劑(例如水)的酏劑。該等組合物亦可包含佐劑,諸如潤濕劑、乳化劑、懸浮劑、調味劑(例如甜味劑)及/或芳香劑。
在另一實施例中,本發明包含非經腸劑型。「非經腸投藥」包括例如皮下注射、靜脈內注射、腹膜內注射、肌肉內注射、胸骨內注射及輸注。可根據已知技術使用適合分散劑、濕潤劑及/或懸浮劑來調配可注射製劑(亦即無菌可注射水性或油性懸浮液),且其包括儲槽式調配物。
在另一實施例中,本發明包含局部劑型。「局部投藥」包括例如經皮投藥,諸如經由經皮貼片或離子導入療法裝置;眼內投藥;或鼻內或吸入投藥。用於局部投藥之組合物亦包括例如局部凝膠、噴霧、軟膏及乳膏。局部調配物可包括增強活性成分經由皮膚或其他受感染區域吸附或穿透之化合物。當本發明化合物藉由經皮裝置投與時,投與將使用儲集器及多孔膜類型或固體基質種類之貼片來實現。用於此目的之典型調配物包括凝膠、水凝膠、洗劑、溶液、乳膏、軟膏、粉劑、敷料、發泡體、膜、皮膚貼片、糯米紙囊劑、植入物、海綿、纖
維、繃帶及微乳液。亦可使用脂質體。典型載劑包括醇、水、礦物油、液態石蠟、白石蠟、甘油、聚乙二醇及丙二醇。可併入滲透增強劑,參見例如Finnin及Morgan, J. Pharm. Sci., 88 (10), 955-958(1999)。
適用於局部投與眼之調配物包括例如滴眼劑,其中本發明化合物溶解或懸浮於適合載劑中。適於經眼或經耳投與之典型調配物可呈含於pH值經調節之等張無菌生理食鹽水中之微粉化懸浮液或溶液的滴劑形式。適於經眼及耳投與之其他調配物包括軟膏、生物可降解型(例如可吸收凝膠海綿、膠原蛋白)及非生物可降解型(例如聚矽氧)植入物、糯米紙囊劑、隱形眼鏡及微粒或囊狀系統,諸如囊泡(niosome)或脂質體。聚合物(諸如交聯聚丙烯酸、聚乙烯醇、玻尿酸、纖維素聚合物(例如羥丙基甲基纖維素、羥乙基纖維素或甲基纖維素)或雜多醣聚合物(例如結冷膠)可與防腐劑(諸如苯紮氯銨(benzalkonium chloride))一起併入。此類調配物亦可藉由離子導入療法傳遞。
對於鼻內投藥或藉由吸入投藥,本發明之活性化合物宜以溶液或懸浮液形式自泵噴霧容器(其由患者擠壓或泵吸)傳遞,或以氣溶膠噴霧呈現形式使用適當推進劑自壓縮容器或霧化器傳遞。適於鼻內投與之調配物通常自乾粉吸入器以乾粉形式(單獨;呈例如與乳糖乾燥摻合之混合物形式,或呈例如與磷脂(諸如卵磷脂)混合之混合組分粒子)投與,或在使用或不使用適合推進劑(諸如1,1,1,2-四氟乙烷或1,1,1,2,3,3,3-七氟丙烷)下自加壓容器、泵、噴霧器、噴灑器(用電流體動力產生細霧之噴灑器為較佳)或霧化器以氣霧劑噴霧形式投與。對於鼻內使用而言,粉末可包含生物黏著劑,例如聚葡萄胺糖或環糊精。
在另一實施例中,本發明包含直腸劑型。此類直腸劑型可呈例如栓劑形式。可可脂為傳統栓劑基質,但適當時可使用各種替代物。
亦可使用醫藥技術中已知之其他載劑物質及投藥模式。本發明之醫藥組合物可藉由藥劑學中任一熟知技術(諸如有效調配及投藥程序)來製備。關於有效調配及投藥程序之上述事項為此項技術中熟知且描述於標準教科書中。藥物之調配係論述於例如Hoover, John E., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pennsylvania, 1975;Liberman等人編,Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Marcel Decker, New York, N.Y., 1980;及Kibbe等人編,Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients (第3版), American Pharmaceutical Association, Washington, 1999中。
本發明化合物可單獨或與其他治療劑組合用於治療各種病狀或疾病病況。本發明化合物可與其他治療劑同時投與(在同一劑型中或在各別劑型中)或依序投與。例示性治療劑可為例如代謝型麩胺酸受體促效劑。
兩種或兩種以上化合物「組合」投與意謂兩種化合物投與時間足夠靠近,以致一種化合物之存在改變另一化合物之生物效應。可同時、並行或依序投與兩種或兩種以上化合物。另外,可藉由在投藥之前混合化合物,或藉由在同一時間點但在不同解剖部位或使用不同投藥途徑投與化合物來同時投藥。
短語「並行投與」、「共投與」及「同時投與」意謂化合物組合投與。
本發明包括使用本發明之PDE4抑制劑化合物與一或多種其他醫藥活性劑的組合。若投與活性劑之組合,則其可以各別劑型或組合於單一劑型中依序或同時投與。因此,本發明亦包括醫藥組合物,其包含一定量之:(a)包含本發明化合物或該化合物之醫藥學上可接受之鹽的第一藥劑;(b)第二醫藥活性劑;及(c)醫藥學上可接受之載劑、媒劑或稀釋劑。
可視欲治療之疾病、病症或病狀而選擇各種醫藥活性劑以與本發明化合物結合使用。可與本發明之組合物組合使用的醫藥活性劑包括(但不限於):
(i)乙醯膽鹼酯酶抑制劑,諸如鹽酸多奈哌齊(donepezil hydrochloride)(ARICEPT、MEMAC)、水楊酸毒扁豆鹼(physostigmine salicylate)(ANTILIRIUM)、硫酸毒扁豆鹼(physostigmine sulfate)(ESERINE)、美曲磷酯(metrifonate)、新斯的明(neostigmine)、更斯的明(ganstigmine)、吡啶斯的明(pyridostigmine)(MESTINON)、美斯的明(ambenonium)(MYTELASE)、地美溴銨(demarcarium)、Debio 9902(亦稱為ZT-1;Debiopharm)、雷斯替明(rivastigmine)(EXELON)、拉多替吉(ladostigil)、NP-0361、氫溴酸加蘭他敏(galantamine hydrobromide)(RAZADYNE、RIMINYL、NIVALIN)、他可林(tacrine)(COGNEX)、托西林(tolserine)、順丁烯二酸維吖啶(velnacrine maleate)、麥莫曲林(memoquin)、石杉鹼A(huperzineA)(HUP-A;NeuroHitech)、苯絲瑞林(phenserine)、艾卓酚(edrophonium)(ENLON、TENSILON)及INM-176;
(ii)澱粉樣蛋白-β(或其片段),諸如結合於與泛HLA DR結合之抗原決定基的Aβ1-15(PADRE)、ACC-001(Elan/Wyeth)、ACI-01、ACI-24、AN-1792、Affitope AD-01、CAD106及V-950;
(iii)澱粉樣蛋白-β之抗體(或其片段),諸如泊尼株單抗(ponezumab)、索拉珠單抗(solanezumab)、貝頻珠單抗(bapineuzumab)(亦稱為AAB-001)、AAB-002(Wyeth/Elan)、ACI-01-Ab7、BAN-2401、靜脈內Ig(GAMMAGARD)、LY2062430(人類化m266;Lilly)、R1450(Roche)、ACU-5A5、huC091,及國際專利公開案第WO04/032868號、第WO05/025616號、第WO06/036291號、第WO06/069081號、第WO06/118959號、美國專利公開案第
US2003/0073655號、第US2004/0192898號、第US2005/0048049號、第US2005/0019328號、歐洲專利公開案第EP0994728號及第1257584號及美國專利第5,750,349號中所述之物質;
(iv)降低或抑制澱粉樣蛋白之藥劑(包括降低澱粉樣蛋白產生、聚積及纖維化之藥劑),諸如迪美本(dimebon)、達尼替德(davunetide)、依羅沙特(eprodisate)、亮丙立德(leuprolide)、SK-PC-B70M、塞內昔布(celecoxib)、洛伐他汀(lovastatin)、安納普斯(anapsos)、奧拉西坦(oxiracetam)、普拉西坦(pramiracetam)、伐侖克林(varenicline)、麥角溴菸酯(nicergoline)、初乳素(colostrinin)、雙諾斯瑞林(bisnorcymserine)(亦稱為BNC)、NIC5-15(Humanetics)、E-2012(Eisai)、吡格列酮(pioglitazone)、氯碘羥喹(clioquinol)(亦稱為PBT1)、PBT2(Prana Biotechnology)、氟比洛芬(flurbiprofen)(ANSAID、FROBEN)及其R-對映異構體他倫福比(tarenflurbil)(FLURIZAN)、硝基氟吡洛芬(nitroflurbiprofen)、非諾洛芬(fenoprofen)(FENOPRON、NALFON)、布洛芬(ibuprofen)(ADVIL、MOTRIN、NUROFEN)、離胺酸布洛芬(ibuprofen lysinate)、甲氯芬那酸、甲氯芬那酸鈉(MECLOMEN)、吲哚美辛(indomethacin)(INDOCIN)、雙氯芬酸鈉(VOLTAREN)、雙氯芬酸鉀、舒林酸(CLINORIL)、舒林酸硫化物(sulindac sulfide)、二氟尼柳(diflunisal)(DOLOBID)、萘普生(naproxen)(NAPROSYN)、萘普生鈉(ANAPROX、ALEVE)、ARC031(Archer Pharmaceuticals)、CAD-106(Cytos)、LY450139(Lilly)、降胰島素酶(亦稱為胰島素溶酶)、銀杏葉提取物EGb-761(ROKAN、TEBONIN)、特拉米特(tramiprosate)(CEREBRIL、ALZHEMED)、依羅沙特(eprodisate)(FIBRILLEX、KIACTA)、化合物W[3,5-雙(4-硝基苯氧基)苯甲酸]、NGX-96992、奈溶酶(亦稱為中性內肽酶(NEP))、鯊肌醇(亦稱為青蟹肌醇(scyllitol))、
阿托伐他汀(atorvastatin)(LIPITOR)、辛伐他汀(simvastatin)(ZOCOR)、KLVFF-(EEX)3、SKF-74652、甲磺酸伊布莫侖(ibutamoren mesylate)、BACE抑制劑,諸如ASP-1702、SCH-745966、JNJ-715754、AMG-0683、AZ-12304146、BMS-782450、GSK-188909、NB-533、E2609及TTP-854;γ分泌酶調節劑,諸如ELND-007;及RAGE(晚期糖基化終產物之受體)抑制劑,諸如TTP488(Transtech)及TTP4000(Transtech),及美國專利第7,285,293號中所揭示之物質,包括PTI-777;
(v)α-腎上腺素激導性受體促效劑,諸如胍法新(guanfacine)(INTUNIV、TENEX)、可樂定(clonidine)(CATAPRES)、間羥胺(metaraminol)(ARAMINE)、甲基多巴(methyldopa)(ALDOMET、DOPAMET、NOVOMEDOPA)、替紮尼定(tizanidine)(ZANAFLEX)、苯腎上腺素(phenylephrine)(亦稱為新福林(neosynephrine))、美速胺(methoxamine)、西拉唑啉(cirazoline)、肌法新(guanfacine)(INTUNIV)、洛菲西汀(lofexidine)、甲苯噻嗪(xylazine)、莫達非尼(modafinil)(PROVIGIL)、阿屈非尼(adrafinil)及阿莫達非尼(armodafinil)(NUVIGIL);
(vi)β-腎上腺素激導性受體阻斷劑(β阻斷劑),諸如卡替洛爾(carteolol)、艾司洛爾(esmolol)(BREVIBLOC)、拉貝洛爾(labetalol)(NORMODYNE、TRANDATE)、氧烯洛爾(oxprenolol)(LARACOR、TRASACOR)、品多洛爾(pindolol)(VISKEN)、普萘洛爾(propanolol)(INDERAL)、索他洛爾(sotalol)(BETAPACE、SOTALEX、SOTACOR)、噻嗎洛爾(timolol)(BLOCADREN、TIMOPTIC)、醋丁洛爾(acebutolol)(SECTRAL、PRENT)、納多洛爾(nadolol)(CORGARD)、酒石酸美托洛爾(LOPRESSOR)、丁二酸美托洛爾(metoprolol succinate)(TOPROL-XL)、阿替洛爾(atenolol)
(TENORMIN)、布托沙明(butoxamine)及SR 59230A(Sanofi);
(vii)抗膽鹼激導性劑,諸如阿米替林(amitriptyline)(ELAVIL、ENDEP)、布替林(butriptyline)、甲磺酸苯紮托品(benztropine mesylate)(COGENTIN)、三己芬迪(trihexyphenidyl)(ARTANE)、苯海拉明(diphenhydramine)(BENADRYL)、奧芬那君(orphenadrine)(NORFLEX)、茛菪鹼、阿托品(atropine)(ATROPEN)、莨菪胺(TRANSDERM-SCOP)、莨菪胺甲基溴(PARMINE)、雙環維林(dicycloverine)(BENTYL、BYCLOMINE、DIBENT、DILOMINE)、托特羅定(tolterodine)(DETROL)、氧基羥丁寧(oxybutynin)(DITROPAN、LYRINEL XL、OXYTROL)、噴噻溴銨(penthienate bromide)、普魯本辛(propantheline)(PRO-BANTHINE)、賽克利嗪(cyclizine)、鹽酸丙咪嗪(imipramine hydrochloride)(TOFRANIL)、順丁烯二酸丙咪嗪(imipramine maleate)(SURMONTIL)、洛夫帕明(lofepramine)、地昔帕明(desipramine)(NORPRAMIN)、多塞平(doxepin)(SINEQUAN、ZONALON)、曲米帕明(trimipramine)(SURMONTIL)及格隆溴銨(glycopyrrolate)(ROBINUL);
(viii)抗驚厥劑,諸如卡馬西平(carbamazepine)(TEGRETOL、CARBATROL)、奧卡西平(oxcarbazepine)(TRILEPTAL)、苯妥英鈉(phenytoin sodium)(PHENYTEK)、磷苯妥英(fosphenytoin)(CEREBYX、PRODILANTIN)、雙丙戊酸鈉(divalproex sodium)(DEPAKOTE)、加巴噴丁(gabapentin)(NEURONTIN)、普瑞巴林(pregabalin)(LYRICA)、托吡酯(topirimate)(TOPAMAX)、丙戊酸(DEPAKENE)、丙戊酸鈉(DEPACON)、1-苯甲基-5-溴尿嘧啶、普羅加胺(progabide)、苄氯丙醯胺(beclamide)、唑尼沙胺(zonisamide)(TRERIEF、EXCEGRAN)、CP-465022、瑞替加濱(retigabine)、他侖帕奈(talampanel)及普里米酮(primidone)(MYSOLINE);
(ix)抗精神病劑,諸如魯拉西酮(lurasidone)(LATUDA,亦稱為SM-13496;Dainippon Sumitomo)、阿立哌唑(aripiprazole)(ABILIFY)、氯丙嗪(chlorpromazine)(THORAZINE)、氟哌啶醇(haloperidol)(HALDOL)、伊潘立酮(iloperidone)(FANAPTA)、癸酸氟哌噻噸(flupentixol decanoate)(DEPIXOL、FLUANXOL)、蛇根素鹼(reserpine)(SERPLAN)、哌迷清(pimozide)(ORAP)、癸酸氟非那嗪(fluphenazine decanoate)、鹽酸氟非那嗪(fluphenazine hydrochloride)、丙氯拉嗪(prochlorperazine)(COMPRO)、阿塞那平(asenapine)(SAPHRIS)、洛沙平(loxapine)(LOXITANE)、嗎茚酮(molindone)(MOBAN)、奮乃靜(perphenazine)、硫利達嗪(thioridazine)、替沃噻噸(thiothixine)、三氟吡啦嗪(trifluoperazine)(STELAZINE)、雷美替胺(ramelteon)、氯氮平(clozapine)(CLOZARIL)、去甲氯氮平(norclozapine)(ACP-104)、利培酮(risperidone)(RISPERDAL)、帕潘立酮(paliperidone)(INVEGA)、美哌隆(melperone)、奧氮平(olanzapine)(ZYPREXA)、喹硫平(quetiapine)(SEROQUEL)、他爾奈坦(talnetant)、胺磺必利(amisulpride)、齊拉西酮(ziprasidone)(GEODON)、布南色林(blonanserin)(LONASEN)及ACP-103(Acadia Pharmaceuticals);
(x)鈣離子通道阻斷劑,諸如洛美利嗪(omerizine)、齊考諾肽(ziconotide)、尼伐地平(nilvadipine)(ESCOR、NIVADIL)、地普地平(diperdipine)、胺氯地平(amlodipine)(NORVASC、ISTIN、AMLODIN)、非洛地平(felodipine)(PLENDIL)、尼卡地平(nicardipine)(CARDENE)、硝苯地平(nifedipine)(ADALAT、PROCARDIA)、MEM 1003及其母化合物尼莫地平(nimodipine)(NIMOTOP)、尼索地平(nisoldipine)(SULAR)、尼群地平(nitrendipine)、拉西地平(lacidipine)(LACIPIL、MOTENS)、樂卡地
平(lercanidipine)(ZANIDIP)、利法利嗪(lifarizine)、地爾硫卓(diltiazem)(CARDIZEM)、維拉帕米(verapamil)(CALAN、VERELAN)、AR-R18565(AstraZeneca)及恩尼卡丁(enecadin);
(xi)兒茶酚O-甲基轉移酶(COMT)抑制劑,諸如硝替卡朋(nitecapone)、托卡朋(tolcapone)(TASMAR)、恩他卡朋(entacapone)(COMTAN)及罩酚酮(tropolone);
(xii)中樞神經系統刺激劑,諸如阿托西汀(atomoxetine)、瑞波西汀(reboxetine)、育亨賓(yohimbine)、咖啡鹼、吩美嗪(phenmetrazine)、苯二甲嗎啉(phendimetrazine)、匹莫林(pemoline)、芬坎法明(fencamfamine)(GLUCOENERGAN、REACTIVAN)、芬乙茶鹼(fenethylline)(CAPTAGON)、哌苯甲醇(pipradol)(MERETRAN)、丹醇(deanol)(亦稱為二甲基胺基乙醇dimethylaminoethanol)、哌醋甲酯(methylphenidate)(DAYTRANA)、鹽酸哌醋甲酯(methylphenidate hydrochloride)(RITALIN)、德克莫西特(dexmethylphenidate)(FOCALIN)、安非他明(amphetamine)(單獨或與其他CNS刺激劑組合,例如ADDERALL(天冬胺酸安非他明、硫酸安非他明、葡糖二酸右旋苯丙胺及硫酸右旋苯丙胺))、硫酸右旋苯丙胺(DEXEDRINE、DEXTROSTAT)、甲基安非他明(methamphetamine)(DESOXYN)、離胺酸安非他明(lisdexamfetamine)(VYVANSE)及苄非他明(benzphetamine)(DIDREX);
(xiii)皮質類固醇,諸如強的松(prednisone)(STERAPRED、DELTASONE)、潑尼松龍(prednisolone)(PRELONE)、乙酸潑尼松龍(OMNIPRED、PRED MILD、PRED FORTE)、潑尼松龍磷酸鈉(ORAPRED ODT)、甲基潑尼松龍(MEDROL);乙酸甲基潑尼松龍(DEPO-MEDROL)及甲基潑尼松龍丁二酸鈉(A-METHAPRED、SOLU-MEDROL);
(xiv)多巴胺受體促效劑,諸如阿樸嗎啡(apomorphine)(APOKYN)、溴麥角環肽(bromocriptine)(PARLODEL)、卡麥角林(cabergoline)(DOSTINEX)、二羥西汀(dihydrexidine)、二氫麥角隱亭(dihydroergocryptine)、非諾多泮(fenoldopam)(CORLOPAM)、麥角乙脲(lisuride)(DOPERGIN)、特麥角脲(terguride)、培高利特(spergolide)(PERMAX)、吡貝地爾(piribedil)(TRIVASTAL、TRASTAL)、普拉克索(pramipexole)(MIRAPEX)、喹吡羅(quinpirole)、羅匹尼洛(ropinirole)(REQUIP)、羅替戈汀(rotigotine)(NEUPRO)、SKF-82958(GlaxoSmithKline)、卡利拉嗪(cariprazine)、帕多盧諾(pardoprunox)及沙立佐坦(sarizotan);
(xv)多巴胺受體拮抗劑,諸如氯丙嗪(chlorpromazine)、氟非那嗪(fluphenazine)、氟哌啶醇(haloperidol)、洛沙平(loxapine)、利培酮(risperidone)、硫利達嗪(thioridazine)、胺碸噻噸(thiothixene)、三氟吡啦嗪(trifluoperazine)、四苯納嗪(tetrabenazine)(NITOMAN、XENAZINE)、7-羥基阿莫沙平(7-hydroxyamoxapine)、氟哌啶(droperidol)(INAPSINE、DRIDOL、DROPLETAN)、多潘立酮(domperidone)(MOTILIUM)、L-741742、L-745870、雷氯必利(raclopride)、SB-277011A、SCH-23390、依考匹泮(ecopipam)、SKF-83566及甲氧氯普胺(metoclopramide)(REGLAN);
(xvi)多巴胺再吸收抑制劑,諸如安非他酮(bupropion)、沙芬醯胺(safinamide)、順丁烯二酸諾米芬辛(nomifensine maleate)(MERITAL)、伐諾司林(vanoxerine)(亦稱為GBR-12909)及其癸酸酯DBL-583及安咪奈丁(amineptine);
(xvii)γ-胺基-丁酸(GABA)受體促效劑,諸如氯苯胺丁酸(baclofen)(LIORESAL、KEMSTRO)、思克菲那、戊巴比妥(pentobarbital)(NEMBUTAL)、普羅加胺(progabide)(GABRENE)及氯
美噻唑(c1omethiazole);
(xviii)組胺3(H3)拮抗劑,諸如環丙沙芬(ciproxifan)、替洛利生(tiprolisant)、S-38093、伊達比賽(irdabisant)、必托里賽(pitolisant)、GSK-239512、GSK-207040、JNJ-5207852、JNJ-17216498、HPP-404、SAR-110894、反-N-乙基-3-氟-3-[3-氟-4-(吡咯啶-1-基甲基)苯基]-環丁甲醯胺(PF-3654746,及美國專利公開案第US2005-0043354號、第US2005-0267095號、第US2005-0256135號、第US2008-0096955號、第US2007-1079175號及第US2008-0176925號;國際專利公開案第WO2006/136924號、第WO2007/063385號、第WO2007/069053號、第WO2007/088450號、第WO2007/099423號、第WO2007/105053號、第WO2007/138431號及第WO2007/088462號;及美國專利第7,115,600號中所揭示之物質);
(xix)免疫調節劑,諸如醋酸格拉替雷(glatiramer acetate)(亦稱為共聚物-1;COPAXONE)、MBP-8298(合成髓鞘鹼性蛋白肽)、反丁烯二酸二甲酯、芬戈莫德(fingolimod)(亦稱為FTY720)、羅喹美克(roquinimex)(LINOMIDE)、拉喹莫德(laquinimod)(亦稱為ABR-215062及SAIK-MS)、ABT-874(人類抗IL-12抗體;Abbott)、利妥昔單抗(rituximab)(RITUXAN)、阿侖單抗(alemtuzumab)(CAMPATH)、達利珠單抗(daclizumab)(ZENAPAX)及那他珠單抗(natalizumab)(TYSABRI);
(xx)免疫抑制劑,諸如甲胺喋呤(methotrexate)(TREXALL、RHEUMATREX)、米托蒽醌(mitoxantrone)(NOVANTRONE)、黴酚酸嗎啉乙酯(mycophenolate mofetil)(CELLCEPT)、黴酚酸鈉(mycophenolate sodium)(MYFORTIC)、硫唑嘌呤(azathioprine)(AZASAN、IMURAN)、巰基嘌呤(mercaptopurine)(PURI-NETHOL)、環磷醯胺(cyclophosphamide)(NEOSAR、CYTOXAN)、苯丁酸氮芥
(chlorambucil)(LEUKERAN)、克拉屈濱(cladribine)(LEUSTATIN、MYLINAX)、α-胎蛋白、依那西普(etanercept)(ENBREL)及4-(苯甲氧基)-5-[(5-十一烷基-2H-吡咯-2-亞基)甲基]-1H,1'H-2,2'-聯吡咯(亦稱為PNU-156804);
(xxi)干擾素,包括干擾素β-1a(AVONEX、REBIF)及干擾素β-1b(BETASERON、BETAFERON);
(xxii)左旋多巴(levodopa)(或其甲酯或乙酯),單獨或與以下物質組合:DOPA去羧酶抑制劑(例如卡比多巴(carbidopa)(SINEMET、CARBILEV、PARCOPA)、苄絲肼(benserazide)(MADOPAR)、α-甲基多巴、單氟甲基多巴、二氟甲基多巴、溴克利辛(brocresine)或間羥基苯甲肼);
(xxiii)N-甲基-D-天冬胺酸酯(NMDA)受體拮抗劑,諸如美金剛(memantine)(NAMENDA、AXURA、EBIXA)、金剛胺(amantadine)(SYMMETREL)、阿坎酸(acamprosate)(CAMPRAL)、貝森迪爾(besonprodil)、氯胺酮(ketamine)(KETALAR)、迪魯西明(delucemine)、地塞比諾(dexamabinol)、右依法克生(dexefaroxan)、右甲嗎喃(dextromethorphan)、右羥嗎喃(dextrorphan)、曲索羅地(traxoprodil)、CP-283097、西曼堂(himantane)、依丹塔多(idantadol)、伊培沙宗(ipenoxazone)、L-701252(Merck)、蘭西策明(lancicemine)、左啡諾(levorphanol)(DROMORAN)、LY-233536及LY-235959(均來自Lilly)、美沙酮(methadone)(DOLOPHINE)、紐美仙(neramexane)、哌氟特爾(perzinfotel)、苯環己哌啶(phencyclidine)、噻奈普汀(tianeptine)(STABLON)、地佐環平(dizocilpine)(亦稱為MK-801)、EAB-318(Wyeth)、伊波加因(ibogaine)、老刺木鹼(voacangine)、替來他明(tiletamine)、利魯唑(riluzole)(RILUTEK)、阿替加奈(aptiganel)(CERES0TAT)、加維斯替奈(gavestinel)及瑞瑪希
德(remacimide);
(xxiv)單胺氧化酶(MAO)抑制劑,諸如司來吉蘭(selegiline)(EMSAM)、鹽酸司來吉蘭(1-鹽酸司來吉蘭、ELDEPRYL、ZELAPAR)、二甲基司來吉蘭、溴法羅明(brofaromine)、苯乙肼(NARDIL)、反苯環丙胺(PARNATE)、嗎氯貝胺(moclobemide)(AURORIX、MANERIX)、貝氟沙通(befloxatone)、沙芬醯胺(safinamide)、異卡波肼(isocarboxazid)(MARPLAN)、尼阿拉米(nialamide)(NIAMID)、雷沙吉蘭(rasagiline)(AZILECT)、異丙菸肼(iproniazide)(MARSILID、IPROZID、IPRONID)、CHF-3381(Chiesi Farmaceutici)、異丙氯肼(iproclozide)、托洛沙酮(toloxatone)(HUMORYL、PERENUM)、二苯美倫(bifemelane)、鴨嘴花鹼(desoxypeganine)、野芸香鹼(harmine)(亦稱為特立帕尼(telepathine)或巴納瑞尼(banasterine))、駱駝蓬鹼(harmaline)、利奈唑胺(linezolid)(ZYVOX、ZYVOXID)及巴吉林(pargyline)(EUDATIN、SUPIRDYL);
(xxv)蕈毒鹼受體(尤其M1次型)促效劑,諸如西維美林(cevimeline)、左乙拉西坦(levetiracetam)、氯化胺甲醯甲膽鹼(bethanechol chloride)(DUVOID、URECHOLINE)、伊他美林(itameline)、匹魯卡品(pilocarpine)(SALAGEN)、NGX267、檳榔鹼(arecoline)、L-687306(Merck)、L-689660(Merck)、碘化索銨(FURAMON、FURANOL)、苯磺酸索銨、對甲苯磺酸索銨、McN-A-343、氧特莫林(oxotremorine)、沙可美林(sabcomeline)、AC-90222(Acadia Pharmaceuticals)及碳醯膽鹼(carbachol)(CARBASTAT、MIOSTAT、CARBOPTIC);
(xxvi)神經保護性藥物,諸如伯舒替尼(bosutinib)、孔多里斯(condoliase)、愛莫科莫(airmoclomol)、拉莫三嗪(lamotrigine)、派拉帕尼(perampanel)、阿尼西坦(aniracetam)、米那普瑞(minaprime)、利
魯唑(riluzole)、N-羥基-1,2,4,9-四氫-3H-咔唑-3-亞胺、去胺普酶(desmoteplase)、安那替拌(anatibant)、蝦青素(astaxanthin)、神經肽NAP(例如AL-108及AL-208;均來自Allon Therapeutics)、紐柔措(neurostrol)、哌若潘尼(perampenel)、異丙克蘭(ispronicline)、酒石酸雙(4-β-D-哌喃葡萄糖基氧基苯甲基)-2-β-D-哌喃葡萄糖基-2-異丁酯(亦稱為達特羅欣(dactylorhin)B或DHB)、氟莫巴亭(formobactin)、紮利羅登(xaliproden)(XAPRILA)、雷克塔西汀(lactacystin)、丹吡芙蓉鹽酸鹽(dimeboline hydrochloride)(DIMEBON)、迪蘇芬通(disufenton)(CEROVIVE)、奧倫迪酸(arundic acid)(ONO-2506、PROGLIA、CEREACT)、胞磷膽鹼(citicoline)(亦稱為胞嘧啶核苷5'-二磷酸膽鹼)、依達拉奉(edaravone)(RADICUT)、AEOL-10113及AEOL-10150(均來自Aeolus Pharmaceuticals)、AGY-94806(亦稱為SA-450及Msc-1)、顆粒球群落刺激因子(亦稱為AX-200)、BAY-38-7271(亦稱為KN-387271;Bayer AG)、安克洛酶(ancrod)(VIPRINEX、ARWIN)、DP-b99(D-Pharm Ltd)、HF-0220(17-β-羥基上雄固酮;Newron Pharmaceuticals)、HF-0420(亦稱為奧利格平(oligotropin))、5'-磷酸吡哆醛(亦稱為MC-1)、微纖溶酶、S-18986、匹克佐坦(piclozotan)、NP031112、他克莫司(tacrolimus)、L-絲胺醯基-L-甲硫丁胺醯基-L-丙胺醯基-L-離胺醯基-L-麩胺醯基-甘胺醯基-L-纈胺酸、AC-184897(Acadia Pharmaceuticals)、ADNF-14(National Institutes of Health)、思替巴基硝酮(stilbazulenyl nitrone)、SUN-N8075(Daiichi Suntory Biomedical Research)及宗那哌尼(zonampanel);
(xxvii)菸鹼受體促效劑,諸如地棘蛙素(epibatidine)、安非他酮(bupropion)、CP-601927、伐侖克林(varenicline)、ABT-089(Abbott)、ABT-594、AZD-0328(AstraZeneca)、EVP-6124、R3487(亦稱為MEM3454;Roche/Memory Pharmaceuticals)、R4996(亦稱為
MEM63908;Roche/Memory Pharmaceuticals)、TC-4959及TC-5619(均來自Targacept)及RJR-2403;
(xxviii)正腎上腺素(去甲腎上腺素)再吸收抑制劑,諸如阿托西汀(atomoxetine)(STRATTERA)、多塞平(doxepin)(APONAL、ADAPIN、SINEQUAN)、去甲替林(nortriptyline)(AVENTYL、PAMELOR、NORTRILEN)、阿莫沙平(amoxapine)(ASENDIN、DEMOLOX、MOXIDIL)、瑞波西汀(reboxetine)(EDRONAX、VESTRA)、維洛沙嗪(viloxazine)(VIVALAN)、麥普替林(maprotiline)(DEPRILEPT、LUDIOMIL、PSYMION)、安非他酮(bupropion)(WELLBUTRIN)及瑞達沙法(radaxafine);
((xxix)磷酸二酯酶(PDE)抑制劑,包括(但不限於)(a)PDE1抑制劑(例如長春西汀(vinpocetine)(CAVINTON、CERACTIN、INTELECTOL)及美國專利第6,235,742號中所揭示之物質),(b)PDE2抑制劑(例如赤-9-(2-羥基-3-壬基)腺嘌呤(EHNA)、BAY60-7550及美國專利第6,174,884號中所述之物質),(c)PDE3抑制劑(例如阿那格雷(anagrelide)、西洛他唑(cilostazol)、米利酮(milrinone)、奧普力農(olprinone)、帕羅格列(parogrelil)及匹莫苯(pimobendan)),(d)PDE4抑制劑(例如阿普司特(apremilast)、異丁司特羅氟司特(ibudilastroflumilast)、洛利普南(rolipram)、Ro 20-1724、異丁司特(ibudilast)(KETAS)、吡拉米司特(piclamilast)(亦稱為RP73401)、CDP840、西洛司特(cilomilast)(ARIFLO)、羅氟司特(roflumilast)、托菲司特(tofimilast)、奧利司特(oglemilast)(亦稱為GRC 3886)、替托司特(tetomilast)(亦稱為OPC-6535)、利林司特(lirimifast)、茶鹼(theophylline)(UNIPHYL、THEOLAIR)、阿羅茶鹼(arofylline)(亦稱為LAS-31025)、多索茶鹼(doxofylline)、RPR-122818或番杏鹼(mesembrine)),及(e)PDE5抑制劑(例如西地那非(sildenafil)
(VIAGRA、REVATIO)、他達拉非(tadalafil)(CIALIS)、伐地那非(vardenafil)(LEVITRA、VIVANZA)、烏地那非(udenafil)、阿伐那非(avanafil)、雙嘧達莫(dipyridamole)(PERSANTINE)、E-4010、E-4021、E-8010、紮普司特(zaprinast)、羅地那非(iodenafil)、米羅那非(mirodenafil)、DA-8159及國際專利申請案WO2002/020521、WO2005/049616、WO2006/120552、WO2006/126081、WO2006/126082、WO2006/126083及WO2007/122466中所揭示之物質),(f)PDE7抑制劑;(g)PDE8抑制劑;(h)PDE9抑制劑(例如BAY 73-6691(Bayer AG)及美國專利公開案第US2003/0195205號、第US2004/0220186號、第US2006/0111372號、第US2006/0106035號及第USSN 12/118,062號(2008年5月9日申請)中所揭示之物質),(i)PDE10抑制劑,諸如2-({4-[1-甲基-4-(吡啶-4-基)-1H-吡唑-3-基]苯氧基}甲基)喹啉-3(4H)-酮及SCH-1518291;及(j)PDE11抑制劑;
(xxx)喹啉,諸如奎寧(quinine)(包括其鹽酸鹽、二鹽酸鹽、硫酸鹽、硫酸氫鹽及葡糖酸鹽)、氯奎(chloroquine)、甲基氯喹(sontoquine)、羥基氯奎(hydroxychloroquine)(PLAQUENIL)、甲氟喹(mefloquine)(LARIAM)及阿莫地喹(amodiaquine)(CAMOQUIN、FLAVOQUINE);
(xxxi)β-分泌酶抑制劑,諸如ASP-1702、SCH-745966、JNJ-715754、AMG-0683、AZ-12304146、BMS-782450、GSK-188909、NB-533、LY-2886721、E-2609、HPP-854、(+)-酒石酸芬色林((+)-phenserine tartrate)(POSIPHEN)、LSN-2434074(亦稱為LY-2434074)、KMI-574、SCH-745966、Ac-rER(N2-乙醯基-D-精胺醯基-L-精胺酸)、洛西他汀(loxistatin)(亦稱為E64d)及CA074Me;
(xxxii)γ-分泌酶抑制劑及調節劑,諸如BMS-708163(Avagacest)、WO20060430064(Merck)、DSP8658(Dainippon)、ITI-
009、L-685458(Merck)、ELAN-G、ELAN-Z、4-氯-N-[(2S)-3-乙基-1-羥基戊-2-基]苯磺醯胺;
(xxxiii)血清素(5-羥基色胺)1A(5-HT1A)受體拮抗劑,諸如螺哌隆(spiperone)、左品多洛爾(levo-pindolol)、BMY 7378、NAD-299、S-(-)-UH-301、NAN 190、立科左坦(lecozotan);
(xxxiv)血清素(5-羥基色胺)2C(5-HT2c)受體促效劑,諸如戊卡色林(vabicaserin)及茲諾納平(zicronapine);
(xxxv)血清素(5-羥基色胺)4(5-HT4)受體促效劑,諸如PRX-03140(Epix);
(xxxvi)血清素(5-羥基色胺)6(5-HT6)受體拮抗劑,諸如A-964324、AVI-101、AVN-211、米安色林(mianserin)(TORVOL、BOLVIDON、NORVAL)、美賽西平(methiothepin)(亦稱為甲替平(metitepine))、利坦舍林(ritanserin)、ALX-1161、ALX-1175、MS-245、LY-483518(亦稱為SGS518;Lilly)、MS-245、Ro 04-6790、Ro 43-68544、Ro 63-0563、Ro 65-7199、Ro 65-7674、SB-399885、SB-214111、SB-258510、SB-271046、SB-357134、SB-699929、SB-271046、SB-742457(GlaxoSmithKline)、Lu AE58054(Lundbeck A/S)及PRX-07034(Epix);
(xxxvii)血清素(5-HT)再吸收抑制劑,諸如阿拉丙酯(alaproclate)、西他普蘭(citalopram)(CELEXA、CIPRAMIL)、草酸依西普蘭(escitalopram)(LEXAPRO、CIPRALEX)、氯米帕明(clomiprainine)(ANAFRANIL)、度洛西汀(duloxetine)(CYMBALTA)、非莫西汀(femoxetine)(MALEXIL)、氟苯丙胺(fenfluramine)(PONDIMIN)、去乙氟苯丙胺(norfenfluramine)、氟西汀(fluoxetine)(PROZAC)、氟伏沙明(fluvoxamine)(LUVOX)、吲達品(indalpine)、米那普侖(milnacipran)(IXEL)、帕羅西汀(paroxetine)
(PAXIL、SEROXAT)、舍曲林(sertraline)(ZOLOFT、LUSTRAL)、曲唑酮(trazodone)(DESYREL、MOLIPAXIN)、文拉法辛(venlafaxine)(EFFEXOR)、苯吡烯胺(zimelidine)(NORMUD、ZELMID)、比西發定(bicifadine)、去甲文拉法辛(desvenlafaxine)(PRISTIQ)、布索芬新(brasofensine)、維拉唑酮(vilazodone)、卡利拉嗪(cariprazine)、紐若斯坦(neuralstem)及泰索酚辛(tesofensine);
(xxxviii)營養因子,諸如神經生長因子(NGF)、鹼性纖維母細胞生長因子(bFGF;ERSOFERMIN)、神經營養素-3(NT-3)、心營養素-1、源自腦之神經營養因子(BDNF)、神經胚素、美他素(meteorin)及源自神經膠質之神經營養因子(GDNF),及刺激營養因子產生之藥劑,諸如丙戊茶鹼(propentofylline)、艾地苯醌(idebenone)、PYM50028(COGANE;Phytopharm)及AIT-082(NEOTROFIN);
(xxxix)甘胺酸轉運體-1抑制劑,諸如哌立氟汀(paliflutine)、ORG-25935、JNJ-17305600及ORG-26041;
(xl)AMPA型麩胺酸酯受體調節劑,諸如派拉帕尼(派拉帕尼)、米巴帕特(mibampator)、西魯帕尼(selurampanel)、GSK-729327、N-{(3S,4S)-4-[4-(5-氰基噻吩-2-基)苯氧基]四氫呋喃-3-基}丙烷-2-磺醯胺及其類似物。
(xli)傑納斯激酶(Janus kinase)抑制劑(JAK),諸如(但不限於)托法替尼(tofacitinib)、蘆可替尼(ruxolitinib)、巴瑞替尼(baricitinib)、CYT387、GLPG0634、來他替尼(lestaurtinib)、帕瑞替尼(pacritinib)及TG101348。
本發明進一步包含適用於執行上述治療方法之套組。在一個實施例中,套組含有包含一或多種本發明化合物之第一劑型及數量足以執行本發明方法之給藥容器。
在另一個實施例中,本發明之套組包含一或多種本發明化合
物。
本發明化合物或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽可藉由此項技術中類似已知之多種方法製備。下述反應流程以及有機化學技術中已知之合成方法或一般技術者熟悉之修改及衍生方法說明製備化合物之方法。熟習此項技術者容易對其他方法(包括其修改)顯而易知。
本文所用之起始物質可購得可藉由此項技術中已知之常規方法(諸如標準參考書(諸如COMPENDIUM OF ORGANIC SYNTHETIC METHODS,第I-XII卷(Wiley-Interscience出版))中所揭示的彼等方法)製備。較佳方法包括(但不限於)下述彼等方法。
在任一以下合成程序期間,可能需要及/或希望保護任一相關分子上之敏感性或反應性基團。此可藉助於習知保護基團達成,諸如以下文獻中所述之保護基:T. W. Greene, Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, 1981;T. W. Greene及P. G. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons,1991;及T. W. Greene及P. G. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, 1999;及T. W. Greene及P. G. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, 2006,其特此以引用之方式併入。
本發明化合物或該等化合物或互變異構體及放射性同位素之醫藥學上可接受之鹽可根據下文所述之反應流程製備。除非另外指明,否則流程中之取代基如上文所定義。產物之分離及純化藉由一般技術之化學家已知之標準程序來實現。
熟習此項技術者應認識到,在一些情形下,流程1中之化合物以非對映異構體及/或對映異構體之混合物形式產生;其可在合成流程之各種階段使用習知技術或此類技術之組合(諸如(但不限於)結晶、正相層析、逆相層析及對掌性層析)分離,得到本發明之單一對映異構
體。
熟習此項技術者應瞭解,流程、方法及實例中所用的各種符號、上標及下標係為便於表示而使用及/或用於反映其引入流程中的次序,且不欲一定對應於隨附申請專利範圍中的符號、上標或下標。該等流程代表適用於合成本發明化合物之方法。其不以任何方式限制本發明之範疇。
流程1係指由式I表示之化合物的一般合成製法。此前已描述由式A表示之化合物的製備,其中R=低碳烷基。一些實例:Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry 1968, 5(1), 35-39;II Farmaco-Ed. Sci. 1977, 36(6), 430-437;Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry 2002, 39, 737-742。直接安裝R1取代基以得到式B化合物可藉由C-H插入/直接芳基化反應實現。此等轉化可藉由於通常加熱至高於50℃之溫度的適當溶劑中用適當芳基鹵化物、金屬來源(乙酸鈀(II)、四(三苯基膦)鈀(0)、參(二苯亞甲基丙酮)二鈀(0)、碘化銅)、配位體(三苯基膦、雙(金剛烷-1-基)(丁基)膦、1,10-啡啉)及鹼(碳酸鉀、碳酸銫、第三丁醇鉀)處理來執行(RSC Advances 2012, 2(14), 5972-5975;Organic Letters 2012, 14(7), 1688-1691;PCT國際申請案2011075643)。在此步驟期間,(R3)b及R1部分應由與最終產物中所要相同之部分表示。舉例而言,在實例1之化合物中,b為0且R1為4-氯苯基部分。式B之中間物可隨後經由於適當溶劑中使用加熱及路易斯酸(Lewis acid)(諸如甲醇鎂或氯化鈣)用適當胺處理酯轉化為式I化合物(參見Tetrahedron Letters 2010, 51, 3879-3882)。在此步驟期間,R6及R7部分應由與最終產物中所要相同之部分表示。舉例而言,在實例4中,R6為環丙基且R7為氫。或者,式B之酯向式I之醯胺的轉化可經由兩步方法進行,其中首先經由於水及共溶劑中酸性或鹼性處理使酯水解為酸;隨後藉由在-20℃至100℃範圍內之溫度下在醯胺偶合/脫水劑(諸如2,4,6-三丙基-1,3,5,2,4,6-三
氧雜三磷雜環己烷2,4,6-三氧化物(T3P)、六氟磷酸O-(7-氮雜苯并三唑-1-基)-N,N,N',N'-四甲基(HATU)、1,3-二環己基碳化二亞胺(DCC)等)存在下用適當胺處理使酸轉化為醯胺而得到式I化合物。在此等步驟中之任一者期間,R1部分應由與最終產物中所要相同之部分表示。舉例而言,在實例1中,R1應由4-氯苯基部分表示。
或者,藉由在室溫至100℃下於惰性溶劑中視情況在酸催化下用親電子鹵素試劑(諸如N-碘丁二醯亞胺(NIS)、N-溴丁二醯亞胺(NBS)、一氯化碘(ICl)、碘(I2)、溴(B12)等)處理鹵化式A化合物,得到式C化合物,其中X由溴或碘表示。式C化合物可以兩種方式轉化成式I化合物。第一方法採用經由鈴木-宮浦反應(Suzuki-Miyaura reaction)取代經鹵化之式C咪唑并嗒(Chemical Society Reviews 2014, 43, 412-443;Accounts of Chemical Research 2013, 46, 2626-2634):於適當溶劑中,在鹼、過渡金屬催化劑[可能乙酸鈀(II)或參(二苯亞甲基丙酮)二鈀(0)]及螯合金屬之配位體(一般基於膦)存在下,用適當酸烷酯、芳酯或雜芳酯處理,安設適當R1部分且提供式B。隨後,式B化合物如先前所述轉化為式I化合物。在第二方法中,式C之中間物可藉由在加熱及路易斯酸(諸如甲醇鎂或氯化鈣)存在下用適當胺處理酯轉化為醯胺D。或者,式C中間物向式D化合物之轉化可以兩步方法執行,其中藉由於適合共溶劑中用鹼性或酸性水處理將酯水解為酸。隨後,藉由在-20℃至100℃範圍內之溫度下在醯胺偶合/脫水劑(諸如2,4,6-三丙基-1,3,5,2,4,6-三氧雜三磷雜環己烷2,4,6-三氧化物(T3P)、六氟磷酸O-(7-氮雜苯并三唑-1-基)-N,N,N',N'-四甲基(HATU)、1,3-二環己基碳化二亞胺(DCC)等)存在下用適當胺處理使所得酸轉化為式D化合物。式D中間物可隨後經由鈴木-宮浦反應轉化為式I化合物(Chemical Society Reviews 2014, 43, 412-443;Accounts of Chemical Research 2013, 46, 2626-2634):於適當溶劑中,在鹼、過渡金屬催化
劑[可能乙酸鈀(II)或參(二苯亞甲基丙酮)二鈀(0)]及螯合金屬之配位體(一般基於膦)存在下,用適當酸烷酯、芳酯或雜芳酯處理,安設所要R1部分。
以下說明各種本發明化合物之合成。其他處於本發明範疇內之化合物可單獨使用此等實例中所說明之方法或將其與此項技術中一般已知之技術組合使用來製備。
一般在惰性氛圍(氮氣或氬氣)下進行實驗,尤其在使用氧氣或水分敏感性試劑或中間物時。市售溶劑及試劑通常不經進一步純化即使用。在適當時使用無水溶劑,通常為來自Acros Organics之AcroSeal®產品或來自EMD Chemicals之DriSolv®產品。在其他情況下,使市售溶劑穿過用4Å分子篩填充之管柱直至獲得以下水之QC標準為止:a)二氯甲烷、甲苯、N,N-二甲基甲醯胺及四氫呋喃<100ppm;b)甲醇、乙醇、1,4-二噁烷及二異丙胺<180ppm。對於極敏感性反應,進一步用金屬鈉、鈣氫化物或分子篩處理溶劑且在臨使用之前蒸餾。產物在進行其他反應或提交以供生物測試之前通常在真空下乾燥。由液相層析-質譜分析(LCMS)、大氣壓化學電離(APCI)或氣相層析-質譜分析
(GCMS)儀器報導質譜資料。核磁共振(NMR)資料之化學位移參考來自所用之氘化溶劑之殘餘峰以百萬分率(ppm,δ)來表示。在一些實例中,執行對掌性分離以分離特定本發明化合物之對映異構體(在一些實例中,將所分離對映異構體根據其溶離次序稱為ENT-1及ENT-2)。在一些實例中,使用偏光計量測對映異構體之旋光度。根據其所觀察之旋轉資料(或其特定旋轉資料),順時針旋轉之對映異構體稱為(+)-對映異構體且逆時針旋轉之對映異構體稱為(-)-對映異構體。
通常在經由可偵測中間物進行反應後進行LCMS,且使進行至完全轉化,隨後添加後續試劑。對於其他實例或方法中之合成參考程序,反應條件(反應時間及溫度)可變化。一般而言,反應之後進行薄層層析或質譜,且適當時進行溶解。實驗之間的純化可變化:通常,選擇用於溶離劑/梯度之溶劑及溶劑比率以提供適當Rf或滯溜時間。
在回流下加熱嗒-3-胺(20g,210mmol)及3-溴-2-側氧基丙酸乙酯(82g,420mmol)於乙醇(300mL)中之混合物16小時。經由蒸餾移除
溶劑後,將殘餘物溶解於2M鹽酸(100mL)中且用乙酸乙酯洗滌。經由添加碳酸氫鈉水溶液將水層鹼化至約pH 8,隨後用氯仿萃取;經硫酸鈉乾燥此有機層,過濾且在真空中濃縮。矽膠層析(溶離劑:20%乙酸乙酯之石油醚溶液)得到呈棕色固體狀之產物。產量:8.0g,42mmol,20%。LCMS m/z 192.0[M+H]+。1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ 8.53(s,1H),8.39(dd,J=4.4,1.6Hz,1H),8.01-8.04(m,1H),7.12(dd,J=9.3,4.4Hz,1H),4.48(q,J=7.1Hz,2H),1.45(t,J=7.1Hz,3H)。
將N-碘丁二醯亞胺(24.6g,109mmol)添加至C1(19g,99mmol)於乙腈(250mL)中之溶液中,且在室溫下攪拌反應混合物24小時。再引入N-碘丁二醯亞胺(每24小時後1當量)且再繼續攪拌48小時(總共72小時),直至經由薄層層析分析表明起始物質完全消耗為止。在真空中移除溶劑後,將殘餘物溶解於二氯甲烷中且用1M鹽酸及水洗滌。經硫酸鈉乾燥有機層,過濾且在減壓下濃縮;矽膠層析(溶離劑:20%乙酸乙酯之石油醚溶液),得到呈灰白色固體狀之產物。產量:14.5g,45.7mmol,46%。LCMS m/z 318.0[M+H]+。1H NMR(300MHz,DMSO-d 6 )δ 8.74(dd,J=4.3,1.3Hz,1H),8.18(dd,J=9.2,1.4Hz,1H),7.41(dd,J=9.3,4.4Hz,1H),4.35(q,J=7.0Hz,2H),1.36(t,J=7.1Hz,3H)。
將碳酸鈉水溶液(3M,8.4mL,25mmol)添加至C2(2.00g,6.31mmol)、(4-氯苯基)酸(1.48g,9.46mmol)及[1,1'-雙(二環己基膦)二茂鐵]二氯鈀(II)(382mg,0.505mmol)於1,4-二噁烷(32mL)中之混合物中。在90℃下加熱反應混合物隔夜,之後使其分配於乙酸乙酯(150mL)與水(50mL)之間。用乙酸乙酯(3×150mL)萃取水層且經硫酸鎂乾燥經合併之有機層,過濾且在真空中濃縮。經由矽膠層析(梯度:0%
至100%乙酸乙酯之庚烷溶液)純化,得到產物。產量:1.25g,4.14mmol,66%。LCMS m/z 302.0,304.0[M+H]+。1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ 8.39(dd,J=4.3,1.5Hz,1H),8.09(dd,J=9.3,1.5Hz,1H),7.65(br d,J=8.5Hz,2H),7.50(br d,J=8.5Hz,2H),7.17(dd,J=9.3,4.3Hz,1H),4.42(q,J=7.1Hz,2H),1.38(t,J=7.1Hz,3H)。
將C3(1.75g,5.80mmol)於甲醇(25mL)及四氫呋喃(25mL)中之溶液添加至氫氧化鈉水溶液(2M,25mL)中,且在室溫下攪拌反應混合物4小時。經由過濾收集所得固體且用冷水(2×25mL)洗滌,得到呈固體狀之產物。產量:1.50g,5.07mmol,87%。LCMS m/z 274.0,276.0[M+H]+。
將化合物C4(1.40g,4.74mmol)與六氟磷酸O-(苯并三唑-1-基)-N,N,N',N'-四甲基(HBTU,2.92g,7.70mmol)及N,N-二異丙基乙胺(3.56mL,20.4mmol)於N,N-二甲基甲醯胺(75mL)中組合。2分鐘後,添加氮雜環丁烷鹽酸鹽(957mg,10.2mmol)且在50℃下攪拌反應混合物隔夜。在真空中移除溶劑後,對殘餘物進行矽膠層析(梯度:0%至100%乙酸乙酯之庚烷溶液),繼而在50℃下用乙酸乙酯(30mL)濕磨;冷卻此混合物至0℃且過濾。用乙醚(50mL)及冷乙酸乙酯(15mL)洗滌所收集之固體。隨後自乙酸乙酯再結晶,得到呈灰白色固體狀之產物。產量:980mg,3.13mmol,66%。LCMS m/z 313.2,315.2[M+H]+。1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ 8.41(dd,J=4.4,1.6Hz,1H),8.10(br d,J=9.2Hz,1H),7.75(br d,J=8.6Hz,2H),7.48(br d,J=8.6Hz,2H),7.19(dd,J=9.2,4.3Hz,1H),4.46-4.57(m,2H),4.17-4.28(m,2H),2.28-2.39(m,2H)。
將六氟磷酸O-苯并三唑-1-基-N,N,N',N'-四甲基(97%,3.21g,8.21mmol)添加至C4之羧酸(以與C4相同之方式製備,但在此情形下用鹽酸酸化,得到羧酸而非鈉鹽)(1.50g,5.48mmol)及N,N-二異丙基乙胺(2.86mL,16.4mmol)於四氫呋喃(100mL)中之混合物中,且在室溫下攪拌反應混合物2分鐘。引入環丙胺(0.77mL,11mmol)且在室溫下繼續攪拌隔夜。在真空中濃縮反應混合物且對殘餘物進行矽膠層析(梯度:0%至100%乙酸乙酯之庚烷溶液)。用乙醚與二氯甲烷之10:1混合物濕磨所得固體,隨後經由矽膠層析(梯度:0%至100%乙酸乙酯之庚烷溶液)再一次純化,得到呈固體狀之產物。產量:1.39g,4.44mmol,81%。LCMS m/z 313.3,315.2[M+H]+。1H NMR(400MHz,CD3OD)δ 8.46(dd,J=4.3,1.6Hz,1H),8.06(dd,J=9.3,1.7Hz,1H),7.71(br d,J=8.7Hz,2H),7.48(br d,J=8.6Hz,2H),7.31(dd,J=9.3,4.4Hz,1H),2.79-2.86(m,1H),0.78-0.84(m,2H),0.62-0.68(m,2H)。
將C1(500mg,2.6mmol)、5-溴-1,3-二氟-2-甲氧基苯(864mg,3.87mmol)及碳酸鉀(866mg,6.27mmol)於N,N-二甲基甲醯胺(l0mL)中之混合物用氮氣脫氣數次。添加乙酸鈀(II)(50mg,0.22mmol)及肆(三苯基膦)鈀(0)(30mg,26μmol)且在110℃下攪拌反應混合物隔夜。添加水(50mL)後,用乙酸乙酯(3×30mL)萃取混合物;在真空中濃縮經合併之有機層且藉由矽膠層析純化,得到呈黃色固體狀之產物。產量:500mg,1.5mmol,58%。LCMS m/z 334.0[M+H]+。
向C5(500mg,1.5mmol)於乙醇(30mL)中之溶液中添加氫氧化鋰(2當量)於水(10mL)中之溶液,在室溫下攪拌反應混合物4小時,之後在真空中濃縮。用水稀釋殘餘物且用鹽酸酸化至pH 4。用二氯甲烷(3×30mL)萃取混合物後,在減壓下濃縮經合併之有機層,得到呈黃色固體狀之產物,其不經另外純化即用於下一步驟中。產量:500mg,定量。LCMS m/z 305.9[M+H]+。
在室溫下攪拌C6(100mg,0.328mmol)、氮雜環丁烷鹽酸鹽(45mg,0.48mmol)、六氟磷酸O-(7-氮雜苯并三唑-1-基)-N,N,N',N'-四甲基(HATU,186mg,0.489mmol)、N,N-二異丙基乙胺(126mg,0.975mmol)及N,N-二甲基甲醯胺(10mL)之混合物隔夜。隨後用水稀釋反應混合物且用乙酸乙酯(3×10mL)萃取。在真空中濃縮經合併之有機層且藉由逆相HPLC(管柱:Phenomenex Synergi C18,4μm;移動相A:0.225%甲酸水溶液;移動相B:乙腈;梯度:33%至53% B)純化,得到呈黃色固體狀之產物。產量:35.7mg,0.104mmol,32%。LCMS m/z 344.9[M+H]+。1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO-d 6 )δ 8.63(dd,J=4.4,1.6Hz,1H),8.24(dd,J=9.3,1.6Hz,1H),7.56(br d,J=9.9Hz,2H),7.39(dd,J=9.4,4.4Hz,1H),4.46-4.53(m,2H),4.01-4.07(m,2H),4.01(br s,3H),2.22-2.32(m,2H)。
將C2(1.8g,5.7mmol)、(2-甲氧基嘧啶-5-基)酸(1.3g,8.4mmol)、碳酸鈉(1.8g,17mmol)及1,4-二噁烷(30mL)之混合物用氮氣脫氣數次。添加[1,1'-雙(二苯基膦基)二茂鐵]二氯鈀(II)(30mg,40μmol)且在110℃下攪拌反應混合物隔夜。隨後用水稀釋且用乙酸乙酯(4×100mL)萃取;用飽和氯化鈉水溶液洗滌經合併之有機層,經硫酸
鈉乾燥,過濾且在減壓下濃縮。經由矽膠層析純化,得到呈黃色固體狀之產物。產量:800mg,2.7mmol,47%。LCMS m/z 299.7[M+H]+。
將環丙胺(5mL,70mmol)添加至C7(800mg,2.7mmol)及氯化鈣(200mg,1.8mmol)於甲醇(200mL)中之溶液中。在50℃下攪拌反應混合物5小時,之後用水稀釋且用乙酸乙酯(2×100mL)萃取。用飽和氯化鈉水溶液洗滌經合併之有機層,經硫酸鈉乾燥,過濾且在真空中濃縮。經由逆相HPLC(管柱:Agella Venusil ASB C18,5μm;移動相A:0.225%甲酸水溶液;移動相B:乙腈;梯度:29%至49% B)純化,得到呈白色固體狀之產物。產量:430.3mg,1.39mmol,51%。LCMS m/z 311.0[M+H]+。1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ 9.01(s,2H),8.40(dd,J=4.4,1.6Hz,1H),7.97(dd,J=9.2,1.7Hz,1H),7.60(br s,1H),7.20(dd,J=9.3,4.3Hz,1H),4.10(s,3H),2.88-2.95(m,1H),0.84-0.91(m,2H),0.66-0.72(m,2H)。
將N-溴丁二醯亞胺(25.6g,144mmol)添加至C1(25.0g,131mmol)於二氯甲烷(250mL)中之0℃溶液中。使反應混合物逐漸升溫至室溫且攪拌隔夜,之後用10%亞硫酸氫鈉水溶液淬滅反應物。再用二氯甲烷稀釋所得混合物且用飽和碳酸氫鈉水溶液及水洗滌。經硫酸鎂乾燥有機層,過濾且在真空中濃縮。用第三丁基甲基醚濕磨,得到呈粉紫色固體狀之產物(25.4g)。在減壓下濃縮濾液,繼而用第三丁基甲基醚及己烷濕磨,得到第二批產物(6.46g)。合併之產量:31.9g,118mmol,90%。LCMS m/z 270.0,272.0[M+H]+。1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ 8.55(dd,J=4.4,1.6Hz,1H),8.05(dd,J=9.3,1.6Hz,1H),7.22(dd,J=9.3,4.4Hz,1H),4.53(q,J=7.1Hz,2H),1.49(t,J=7.1Hz,3H)。
在50℃下加熱C8(27.0g,100mmol)、環丙胺(25.0mL,349mmol)及氯化鈣(12.2g,110mmol)於甲醇(250mL)中之混合物3天,之後冷卻至室溫且在真空中濃縮。使殘餘物分配於二氯甲烷與水之間且在減壓下濃縮有機層。用乙醚及水濕磨殘餘物,得到呈粉紅色固體狀之產物。產量:24.4g,86.8mmol,87%。LCMS m/z 281.0,283.0[M+H]+。1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ 8.52(dd,J=4.4,1.6Hz,1H),7.90(dd,J=9.3,1.6Hz,1H),7.46(br s,1H),7.20(dd,J=9.2,4.4Hz,1H),2.91-2.98(m,1H),0.86-0.92(m,2H),0.67-0.72(m,2H)。
向C9(300mg,1.07mmol)於2-甲基四氫呋喃(7mL)及水(2mL)中之經脫氣溶液中添加磷酸鉀(80%,849mg,3.20mmol)。加熱混合物至80℃,隨後用[1,1'-雙(二苯基膦基)二茂鐵]二氯鈀(II)二氯甲烷錯
合物(97%,53.9mg,64.0μmol)處理。2分鐘後,添加5-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧硼-2-基)吡啶-2-甲腈(319mg,1.39mmol)且在80℃下維持反應混合物隔夜。隨後使其冷卻至室溫且經由矽藻土過濾;用乙酸乙酯沖洗過濾墊且用水洗滌經合併之濾液。在真空中濃縮有機層後,經由矽膠層析(梯度:50%至100%乙酸乙酯之庚烷溶液)純化殘餘物,得到白色固體(196mg)。自甲醇再結晶,得到呈無色針狀之產物。產量:135mg,0.444mmol,41%。LCMS m/z 305.1[M+H]+。1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ 9.18(d,J=1.5Hz,1H),8.41-8.46(m,2H),8.01(dd,J=9.2,1.4Hz,1H),7.82(d,J=8.0Hz,1H),7.66(br s,1H),7.26(dd,J=9.2,4.4Hz,1H),2.86-2.94(m,1H),0.85-0.92(m,2H),0.66-0.72(m,2H)。
將化合物C9(1.90g,6.76mmol)與6-(4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧硼-2-基)[1,2,4]三唑并[1,5-a]吡啶(1.82g,7.43mmol)、[1,1'-雙(二環己基膦)二茂鐵]二氯鈀(II)(51.4mg,68.0μmol)及1,4-二噁烷(34mL)組合。添加碳酸鈉水溶液(3M,9.0mL,27mmol)且用氮氣吹掃反應混合物15分鐘,隨後在100℃下加熱20小時。冷卻反應混合物至室溫且立即經由矽藻土墊過濾上清液,用10%甲醇之乙酸乙酯溶液沖洗。藉由攪拌5分鐘使其餘固體分配於半飽和氯化鈉水溶液(25mL)與
10%甲醇之乙酸乙酯溶液之間;亦經由矽藻土過濾此混合物。用飽和氯化鈉水溶液(25mL)且再用10%甲醇之乙酸乙酯溶液稀釋經合併之濾液。用10%甲醇之乙酸乙酯溶液萃取水層三次,且用飽和氯化鈉水溶液洗滌經合併之有機層,經硫酸鈉乾燥,過濾且在真空中濃縮。使用二氯甲烷及甲醇將殘餘物吸附於矽藻土(粗產物之重量的4倍)上,且進行矽膠層析(梯度:0%至20%甲醇之乙酸乙酯溶液)。將所得物質(1.83g)與甲醇(20mL)混合且加熱至72℃後維持20分鐘;冷卻後,過濾混合物且用甲醇洗滌,得到呈灰白色固體狀之產物。經由粉末X射線繞射發現此物質結晶。產量:1.66g,5.20mmol,77%。LCMS m/z 320.2[M+H]+。1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO-d 6 )δ 9.35(dd,J=1.4,1.3Hz,1H),8.64(dd,J=4.4,1.6Hz,1H),8.61(br d,J=5Hz,1H),8.60(s,1H),8.24(dd,J=9.3,1.6Hz,1H),7.93-7.99(m,2H),7.44(dd,J=9.3,4.4Hz,1H),2.82-2.90(m,1H),0.64-0.70(m,4H)。
將碳酸鈉水溶液(3M,8.8mL,26mmol)添加至C2(2.10g,6.62mmol)、(4-氯-3-氟苯基)酸(1.73g,9.92mmol)及[1,1'-雙(二環己基膦)二茂鐵]二氯鈀(II)(401mg,0.530mmol)於1,4-二噁烷(34mL)中之混合物中,且在85℃下加熱反應混合物隔夜。隨後用水(75mL)稀釋且用乙酸乙酯(4×250mL)萃取。經硫酸鎂乾燥經合併之有機層,過濾且在真空中濃縮;經由矽膠層析(梯度:5%至100%乙酸乙酯之庚烷溶液)純化,得到產物。產量:1.50g,4.69mmol,71%。LCMS m/z 320.0,322.0[M+H]+。1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ 8.43(br d,J=4.3Hz,1H),8.11(br d,J=9.3Hz,1H),7.52-7.58(m,2H),7.46-7.50(m,1H),7.22(dd,J=9.3,4.4Hz,1H),4.44(q,J=7.1Hz,2H),1.39(t,J=7.1Hz,3H)。
在室溫下攪拌C10(700mg,2.2mmol)及單水合氫氧化鋰(200mg,4.8mmol)於甲醇(100mL)及水(30mL)中之混合物16小時。濃縮反應混合物以移除甲醇,且用乙酸乙酯洗滌殘餘物。經由過濾收集所得固體,得到呈黃色固體狀之產物。產量:700mg,定量。1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO-d 6 )δ 8.56(br d,J=4Hz,1H),8.13(br d,J=9Hz,1H),7.97(d,J=11Hz,1H),7.79(d,J=8Hz,1H),7.65(dd,J=8.5,8Hz,1H),7.32(dd,J=9.3,4.3Hz,1H)。
在室溫下攪拌C11(200mg,0.67mmol)及六氟磷酸O-(7-氮雜苯并三唑-1-基)-N,N,N',N'-四甲基(500mg,1.3mmol)於N,N-二甲基甲醯胺(5mL)及N,N-二異丙基乙基胺(2mL)中之混合物20分鐘。添加1-甲基-1H-吡唑-4-胺(200mg,2.1mmol)且在35℃下攪拌反應混合物2小時,之後用水稀釋且過濾。用乙酸乙酯及甲醇洗滌所收集之固體,
得到呈粉紅色固體狀之產物。產量:130mg,0.351mmol,52%。LCMS m/z 393.0[M+Na+]。1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO-d 6 )δ 10.76(s,1H),8.64(br d,J=4.4Hz,1H),8.26(br d,J=9.4Hz,1H),8.04(s,1H),7.82(br d,J=10.7Hz,1H),7.73(dd,J=8.3,8.0Hz,1H),7.66(s,1H),7.61(br d,J=8.4Hz,1H),7.44(dd,J=9.3,4.3Hz,1H),3.79(s,3H)。
將6-溴吡唑并[1,5-a]吡啶(1.5g,7.6mmol)、4,4,4',4',5,5,5',5'-八甲基-2,2'-聯-1,3,2-二氧硼(2.03g,7.99mmol)、[1,1'-雙(二苯基膦基)二茂鐵]二氯鈀(II)(0.27g,0.37mmol)及乙酸鉀(2.2g,22mmol)於1,4-二噁烷(25mL)中之混合物脫氣10分鐘,隨後在100℃下加熱隔夜。在真空中移除溶劑後,用二氯甲烷稀釋殘餘物,與矽藻土(約5g)混合且在減壓下濃縮。矽膠層析(梯度:0%至50%乙酸乙酯之庚烷溶
液)得到呈綠色液體狀之產物。產量:1.35g,5.53mmol,73%。GCMS m/z=244[M+]。1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ 8.86-8.87(m,1H),7.99(d,J=2.2Hz,1H),7.50(dd,J=8.8,1.1Hz,1H),7.37(dd,J=8.8,1.1Hz,1H),6.49(dd,J=2.2,0.9Hz,1H),1.37(s,12H)。
在室溫下攪拌氮雜環丁烷鹽酸鹽(1.73g,18.5mmol)及三乙胺(2.57mL,18.5mmol)於無水甲醇(18mL)中之混合物10分鐘。添加化合物C8(500mg,1.85mmol)及氯化鈣(206mg,1.86mmol),將反應容器蓋嚴且在50℃下加熱反應混合物隔夜。在真空中移除溶劑後,使殘餘物分配於水(25mL)與二氯甲烷(100mL)之間。經硫酸鎂乾燥有機層,過濾且在減壓下濃縮;矽膠層析(溶離劑:乙酸乙酯)得到呈淡黃色固體狀之產物。產量:357mg,1.27mmol,69%。LCMS m/z 281.0,283.0[M+H]+。1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ 8.45(dd,J=4.4,1.6Hz,1H),7.87(dd,J=9.2,1.6Hz,1H),7.12(dd,J=9.2,4.4Hz,1H),4.59-4.65(m,2H),4.17-4.24(m,2H),2.27-2.37(m,2H)。
在高真空下抽空含有C13(1.06g,3.77mmol)於甲苯(60mL)中之溶液的燒瓶,隨後用氮氣填充。每次添加後重複抽空/氮氣填充,依序添加C12(2.84g,11.6mmol)、氟化銫(2.87g,18.9mmol)於水(18mL)中之溶液及雙[二第三丁基(4-二甲基胺基苯基)膦]二氯鈀(II)(335mg,0.473mmol)於1,2-二氯乙烷(9mL)中之溶液。在100℃下加熱反應混合物23小時,之後冷卻至室溫,在真空中濃縮且進行矽膠層析(溶離劑:乙酸乙酯,隨後5%甲醇之二氯甲烷溶液)。將此物質與來自對C13(200mg,0.71mmol)執行之類似反應的產物組合且經由超臨界流體層析(管柱:Princeton甲烷磺醯胺,5μm;移動相:4:1二氧化碳/
甲醇)純化。將所得物質自乙醇再結晶,得到呈白色固體狀之產物。經由粉末X射線繞射發現此物質結晶。產量:540mg,1.7mmol,38%。LCMS m/z 319.1[M+H]+。1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ 9.07(br s,1H),8.40(dd,J=4.3,1.6Hz,1H),8.01(d,J=2.2Hz,1H),8.01(dd,J=9.3,1.7Hz,1H),7.63(d,half of AB quartet,J=9.3Hz,1H),7.54(dd,half of ABX pattern,J=9.2,1.4Hz,1H),7.16(dd,J=9.3,4.4Hz,1H),6.56(d,J=2.2Hz,1H),4.59-4.65(m,2H),4.20-4.27(m,2H),2.31-2.40(m,2H)。
將磷酸鉀(80%,1.42g,5.35mmol)添加至C9(500mg,1.78mmol)於2-甲基四氫呋喃(20mL)及水(5mL)中之經脫氣溶液中,且加熱混合物至80℃。引入[1,1'-雙(二苯基膦基)二茂鐵]二氯鈀(II)二氯甲烷錯合物(97%,90.1mg,0.107mmol),2分鐘後,添加2-(4-氯-2,5-二氟苯基)-4,4,5,5-四甲基-1,3,2-二氧硼(635mg,2.31mmol)。在80℃下維持反應混合物隔夜,之後冷卻至室溫且經由矽藻土過濾。用乙酸乙酯沖洗過濾墊且用水洗滌經合併之濾液;在真空中濃縮有機層且經由矽膠層析(梯度:50%至100%乙酸乙酯之庚烷溶液)純化。自甲醇再結晶,得到呈灰白色固體狀之產物。產量:217mg,0.622mmol,35%。LCMS m/z 349.1,351.1[M+H]+。1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ 8.40(dd,J=4.4,1.7Hz,1H),7.98(dd,J=9.3,1.6Hz,1H),7.53(br s,
1H),7.50(dd,J=8.9,5.9Hz,1H),7.31(dd,J=8.6,6.1Hz,1H),7.21(dd,J=9.3,4.4Hz,1H),2.86-2.93(m,1H),0.84-0.89(m,2H),0.66-0.71(m,2H)。
使用上文對於實例1-9所述之方法,合成實例10-25。對於所用特定方法以及此等實例之特徵資料,參見表1。
1.在此情形下,用於鈴木反應之催化劑為二氯雙(三環己基膦)鈀(II)。
2.所需3-(5-氯吡啶-3-基)咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲酸乙酯自C1及3-溴-5-氯吡啶使用對於實例3中C1轉化為C5所述之方法合成。
3.使用實例8中對於C8轉化為C13所述之方法將化合物C1轉化為氮雜環丁烷-1-基(咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-基)甲酮。使用對於實例3中C1
轉化為C5所述之化學方法對實例16進行進一步詳細描述。
4.在高溫下,在氯化烯丙基鈀二聚物及乙酸四丁銨存在下,使C1與4-溴-5-氟-2-甲基苯甲腈反應,得到所要3-(4-氰基-2-氟-5-甲基苯基)咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲酸乙酯。
5.分析型HPLC之條件。管柱:Waters Atlantis dC18,4.6×50mm,5μm;移動相A:0.05%三氟乙酸之水溶液(v/v);移動相B:0.05%三氟乙酸之乙腈溶液(v/v);梯度:5.0%至95% B,線性,經4.0分鐘;流速:2毫升/分鐘。
6.自C1及4-溴-2-氟-5-甲基苯甲腈使用腳註4中所述之化學方法製備3-(4-氰基-5-氟-2-甲基苯基)咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲酸,繼而用氫氧化鋰酯水解。
7.在[1,1'-雙(二苯基膦基)二茂鐵]二氯鈀(II)及乙酸鉀存在下,自相應芳基溴經由與4,4,4',4',5,5,5',5'-八甲基-2,2'-聯-1,3,2-二氧硼反應製備所要酸芳酯衍生物。
8.在高溫(80℃)下獲得之1H NMR譜提供以下資料:1H NMR(400MHz,DMSO-d 6 ),特徵峰:δ 8.66(br d,J=4Hz,1H),8.23(br d,J=9Hz,1H),7.85(br d,J=11Hz,1H),7.73(dd,J=8,8Hz,1H),7.62(br d,J=8Hz,1H),7.40(dd,J=9,4Hz,1H),2.88-3.02(br s,3H),0.28-0.61(br s,4H)。
9.在此情形下,用於鈴木反應之催化劑為[1,1'-雙(二第三丁基膦基)二茂鐵]二氯鈀(II)。
10.分析型HPLC之條件。管柱:Waters XBridge C18,2.1×50mm,5μm;移動相A:0.0375%三氟乙酸之水溶液;移動相B:0.01875%三氟乙酸之乙腈溶液;梯度:1%至5% B,經0.6分鐘;5%至100% B,經3.4分鐘;流速:0.8毫升/分鐘。
表2使用類似於對於實例1-25所用之方法或經由熟習此項技術者已知之方法製備實例26-104。
利用以下生物學分析測定本發明化合物之PDE4A、PDE4B、PDE4C及PDE4D結合親和力:
將人類PDE4A3編碼序列(寄存編號NP_001104779之序列的胺基酸2至825)選殖於桿狀病毒表現載體pFastBac(Invitrogen)中,該表現載體經工程改造以包括N端His6親和力標記物及c端FLAG親和力標記物以輔助純化。分離重組穿梭載體且用於轉染昆蟲細胞以產生病毒儲備液。為產生用於純化之細胞漿料,用病毒儲備液感染昆蟲細胞且感染後72小時收集細胞。將昆蟲細胞漿料溶解且在離心後,使上清液分批結合於Ni-NTA(GE Healthcare)且用250mM咪唑溶離。用FLAG緩衝液(50mM Tris HCL 7.5,100mM NaCl,5%甘油,1mM含蛋白酶抑制劑之TCEP)稀釋此溶離液,且在4℃下分批結合於抗FLAG M2瓊脂糖(Sigma)上隔夜。將瓊脂糖填充於管柱中,用緩衝液洗滌且用含有使用250μg/ml Flag-肽獲得之溶離液的緩衝液溶離。使用SDS-PAGE考馬斯藍(Coomassie blue)染色分析溶離份且根據純度彙集。於S200120ml管柱(GE Healthcare)上於50mM Tris HCL pH 7.5、150mM NaCl、10%甘油、2mM含蛋白酶抑制劑之TCEP中層析所彙集之溶離份。藉由SDS-PAGE考馬斯藍染色分析PDE4A3溶離份,根據純度彙集,關於50mM Tris HCL pH 7.5、100mM NaCl、20%甘油、2mM TCEP透析,冷凍且儲存在-80℃下。
將具有引起胺基酸取代S134E、S654A、S659A及S661A之突變的人類PDE4B1編碼序列(寄存編號Q07343之序列的胺基酸122至736)選殖於桿狀病毒表現載體pFastBac(Invitrogen)中,該表現載體經工程改造以依序包括用於輔助純化之N端His6親和力標記物及凝血酶裂解位點。分離重組穿梭載體且用於轉染昆蟲細胞以產生病毒儲備液。為產生用於純化之細胞漿料,如Seeger, T. F.等人,Brain Research 985 (2003) 113-126中所述,用病毒儲備液感染昆蟲細胞且感染後72小時收集細胞。溶解昆蟲細胞漿料且在離心後,如Seeger, T. F.等人,Brain
Research 985 (2003) 113-126中所述,於Ni-NTA瓊脂糖(Qiagen)上層析上清液。彙集Ni-NTA瓊脂糖溶離份,用Q緩衝液A (20mM Tris HCl pH 8,5%甘油,1mM TCEP)稀釋以使NaCl降至約100mM且裝載於Source 15Q (GE Healthcare)管柱上。用Q緩衝液A/10%緩衝液B洗滌至基線後,用10%至60%緩衝液B (20mM Tris HCl pH 8,1M NaCl,5%甘油,1mM TCEP)之梯度溶離PDE4D。藉由SDS-PAGE考馬斯藍染色分析PDE4D溶離份,根據純度彙集,冷凍且儲存在-80℃下。
將人類PDE4C1編碼序列(寄存編號NP_000914.2之序列的胺基酸2至712)選殖於桿狀病毒表現載體pFastBac (Invitrogen)中,該表現載體經工程改造以包括N端His6親和力標記物及c端FLAG親和力標記物以輔助純化。分離重組穿梭載體且用於轉染昆蟲細胞以產生病毒儲備液。為產生用於純化之細胞漿料,用病毒儲備液感染昆蟲細胞且感染後72小時收集細胞。將昆蟲細胞漿料溶解且在離心後,使上清液分批結合於Ni-NTA(GE Healthcare)且用250mM咪唑溶離。用FLAG緩衝液(50mM Tris HCL 7.5,100mM NaCl,5%甘油,1mM含蛋白酶抑制劑之TCEP)稀釋此溶離液,且在4℃下分批結合於抗FLAG M2瓊脂糖(Sigma)上隔夜。將瓊脂糖填充於管柱中,用緩衝液洗滌且用含有使用250μg/ml Flag-肽獲得之溶離液的緩衝液溶離。使用SDS-PAGE考馬斯藍染色分析溶離份且根據純度彙集。於S200 120ml管柱(GE Healthcare)上於50mM Tris HCl pH 7.5、150mM NaCl、10%甘油、2mM含蛋白酶抑制劑之TCEP中層析所彙集之溶離份。藉由SDS-PAGE考馬斯藍染色分析PDE4C1溶離份,根據純度彙集,關於50mM Tris HCL pH 7.5、100mM NaCl、20%甘油、2mM TCEP透析,冷凍且儲存在-80℃下。
如Seeger, T. F.等人,Brain Research 985 (2003) 113-126中所述,將人類PDE4D3編碼序列之一部分(寄存編號Q08499-2之序列的胺基酸
50至672)選殖於桿狀病毒表現載體pFastBac (Invitrogen)中,該表現載體經工程改造以包括C端His6親和力標記物而輔助純化。分離重組穿梭載體且用於轉染昆蟲細胞以產生病毒儲備液。為產生用於純化之細胞漿料,使昆蟲細胞感染且感染後72小時收集細胞。溶解昆蟲細胞漿料且在離心後,如Seeger, T. F.等人,Brain Research 985 (2003) 113-126中所述,於Ni-NTA瓊脂糖(Qiagen)上層析上清液。彙集含有PDE4之Ni-NTA瓊脂糖溶離份,用Q緩衝液A (50mM Tris HCl pH 8,4%甘油,100mM NaCl,1mM TCEP,無蛋白酶抑制劑EDTA(Roche))稀釋以使NaCl降至約200mM且裝載於Q瓊脂糖(GE Healthcare)管柱上。用Q緩衝液A洗滌至基線後,用10%至60%緩衝液B(50mM Tris HCl pH 8,1M NaCl,4%甘油,1mM TCEP)之梯度溶離PDE4D。藉由SDS-PAGE考馬斯藍染色分析PDE4D溶離份,根據純度彙集,冷凍且儲存在-80℃下。
PDE4A3、PDE4B1、PDE4C1及PDE4D3分析使用閃爍近接檢定(SPA)技術來量測化合物在活體外對人類重組PDE4A1、PDE4B3、PDE4C1及PDE4D3酶活性之抑制。同時使用相同參數進行PDE4A1、PDE4B3、PDE4C1及PDE4D3分析,除酶濃度以外(80pM PDE4A3、40pM PDE4B3、40pM PDE4C1及10pM PDE4D)。於384孔形式中用50μL含有足以轉化約20%受質(由20nM 3H-cAMP+980μM冷cAMP組成之1μM cAMP)之PDE4A3、PDE4B1、PDE4C1及PDE4D及一系列抑制劑的分析緩衝液(50mM TRIS pH7.5;1.3mM MgCl2;.01% Brij)執行分析。在25℃下培育反應物30分鐘。添加20μL 8mg/ml矽酸釔SPA珠粒(Perkin Elmer)終止反應。將培養盤密封(TopSeal,Perkin Elmer)且使珠粒靜置8小時,之後於Trilux Microbeta上讀取隔夜。
a.值代表1個測定值
b.除非另外指明,否則值代表2-9個測定值之幾何平均值。
c.值代表10個測定值之幾何平均值
ND.值未測定
Claims (6)
- 一種化合物或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽,其係選自由以下組成之群:3-(4-氯苯基)-N-環丙基咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲醯胺;氮雜環丁烷-1-基[3-(3,5-二氟-4-甲氧基苯基)咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-基]甲酮;N-環丙基-3-(2-甲氧基嘧啶-5-基)咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲醯胺;3-(4-氯-3-氟苯基)-N-(1-甲基-1H-吡唑-4-基)咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲醯胺;氮雜環丁烷-1-基[3-(吡唑并[1,5-a]吡啶-6-基)咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-基]甲酮;3-(4-氯-3-氟苯基)-N-環丙基咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲醯胺;N-環丙基-3-(3,4-二氯苯基)咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲醯胺;3-(4-氯-2-甲基苯基)-N-環丙基咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲醯胺;氮雜環丁烷-1-基[3-(4-氯-3-氟苯基)咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-基]甲酮;3-(5-氯吡啶-3-基)-N-環丙基咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲醯胺;氮雜環丁烷-1-基[3-(5-氯吡啶-3-基)咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-基]甲酮;氮雜環丁烷-1-基[3-([1,2,4]三唑并[1,5-a]吡啶-6-基)咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-基]甲酮;3-(4-氰基-2-氟-5-甲基苯基)-N-環丙基咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲醯胺;4-[2-(氮雜環丁烷-1-基羰基)咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-3-基]-5-氟-2-甲基苯甲腈; 3-(4-氰基-5-氟-2-甲基苯基)-N-環丙基咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲醯胺;3-(4-氯-3-氟苯基)-N-環丙基-N-甲基咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲醯胺;N-環丙基-3-(吡唑并[1,5-a]吡啶-6-基)咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲醯胺;4-[2-(氮雜環丁烷-1-基羰基)咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-3-基]-2-氟苯甲腈;4-[2-(氮雜環丁烷-1-基羰基)咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-3-基]-2,5-二氟苯甲腈;3-(4-氯-5-氟-2-甲基苯基)-N-甲基咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲醯胺;3-(4-氯苯基)-N-丙基咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲醯胺;[3-(4-氯苯基)咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-基](吡咯啶-1-基)甲酮;3-(3,5-二氯苯基)-N-丙基咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲醯胺;3-(4-氯-3-氟苯基)-N-丙基咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲醯胺;3-(4-氯苯基)-N-(2-甲基環丙基)咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲醯胺;[3-(4-氯苯基)咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-基](3-甲氧基氮雜環丁烷-1-基)甲酮;3-(4-氯苯基)-N-環丙基-N-甲基咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲醯胺;3-(4-氯苯基)-N-(1-甲基環丙基)咪唑并[1,2-b嗒-2-甲醯胺;3-(3-氯-5-氟苯基)-N-丙基咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲醯胺;3-(3-氯-5-氟苯基)-N-環丙基咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲醯胺;3-(3-氯苯基)-N-環丙基咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲醯胺;N-(雙環[1.1.1]戊-1-基)-3-(4-氯苯基)咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲醯胺;N-環丙基-3-(呋喃并[3,2-b]吡啶-6-基)咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲醯 胺;3-(1,3-苯并噁唑-5-基)-N-環丙基咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲醯胺;3-(4-氯-2-氟苯基)-N-環丙基咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲醯胺;N-環丙基-3-(3-氟-4-甲基苯基)咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲醯胺;N-環丙基-3-[2-(三氟甲基)吡啶-4-基]咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲醯胺;氮雜環丁烷-1-基{3-[2-(三氟甲基)吡啶-4-基]咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-基}甲酮;3-(4-氯-3-氟苯基)-N-(2,2-二氟環丙基)咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲醯胺;3-(4-氯-3-氟苯基)-N-[(1R,2S)-2-氟環丙基]咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲醯胺;3-(4-氯苯基)-N-[(1R,2S)-2-氟環丙基]咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲醯胺;氮雜環丁烷-1-基[3-(4-氯-3,5-二氟苯基)咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-基]甲酮;3-(5-氯吡啶-3-基)-N-丙基咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲醯胺;氮雜環丁烷-1-基[3-(3-氯-4-甲基苯基)咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-基]甲酮;氮雜環丁烷-1-基[3-(2,3-二氫-1-苯并呋喃-5-基)咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-基]甲酮;氮雜環丁烷-1-基[3-(4-氯-3-甲基苯基)咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-基]甲酮;氮雜環丁烷-1-基[3-(4-氯-2-氟苯基)咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-基]甲酮;氮雜環丁烷-1-基[3-(4-氟-3,5-二甲基苯基)咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2- 基]甲酮;氮雜環丁烷-1-基[3-(2-氟-4-甲基苯基)咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-基]甲酮;氮雜環丁烷-1-基[3-(3-氟-4-甲氧基苯基)咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-基]甲酮;[3-(4-氯苯基)咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-基](3-氟氮雜環丁烷-1-基)甲酮;[3-(4-氯苯基)咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-基](3,3-二氟氮雜環丁烷-1-基)甲酮;氮雜環丁烷-1-基[3-(5-氯-2-甲基苯基)咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-基]甲酮;氮雜環丁烷-1-基[3-(2,4-二氯苯基)咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-基]甲酮;3-(4-氯-2-氟苯基)-N-[(1R,2S)-2-氟環丙基]咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲醯胺;3-(5-氯吡啶-3-基)-N-[(1R,2S)-2-氟環丙基]咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲醯胺;3-(4-氯-2-甲基苯基)-N-[(1R,2S)-2-氟環丙基]咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲醯胺;3-(3-氯-4-甲基苯基)-N-[(1R,2S)-2-氟環丙基]咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲醯胺;N-[(1R,2S)-2-氟環丙基]-3-(2-氟-4-甲基苯基)咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲醯胺;氮雜環丁烷-1-基[3-(2-氟-4-甲氧基苯基)咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-基]甲酮;氮雜環丁烷-1-基[3-(吡唑并[1,5-a]嘧啶-6-基)咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒- 2-基]甲酮;N-環丙基-3-[2-(二氟甲氧基)吡啶-4-基]咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲醯胺;氮雜環丁烷-1-基[3-(4-氯-2-甲基苯基)咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-基]甲酮;氮雜環丁烷-1-基{3-[2-(二氟甲氧基)吡啶-4-基]咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-基}甲酮;氮雜環丁烷-1-基[3-(1,3-苯并噁唑-6-基)咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-基]甲酮;N-環丙基-3-(吡唑并[1,5-a]嘧啶-6-基)咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲醯胺;3-(4-氰基-2-氟苯基)-N-環丙基咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲醯胺;3-(5-氰基-2-甲基苯基)-N-環丙基咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲醯胺;3-(4-氯-3-氟苯基)-N-乙基咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲醯胺;3-(4-氯-3-氟苯基)-N-(1H-吡唑-4-基)咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲醯胺;氮雜環丁烷-1-基[3-(3,4-二氯苯基)咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-基]甲酮;氮雜環丁烷-1-基[3-(3-氯苯基)咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-基]甲酮;3-(4-氯苯基)-N-乙基咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲醯胺;氮雜環丁烷-1-基[3-(2,2-二氟-1,3-苯并間二氧雜環戊烯-5-基)咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-基]甲酮;N-環丙基-3-[6-(二氟甲氧基)吡啶-3-基]咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲醯胺;3-(1,3-苯并噁唑-6-基)-N-環丙基咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲醯胺;N-環丙基-3-(7-甲基[1,2,4]三唑并[1,5-a]吡啶-6-基)咪唑并[1,2-b] 嗒-2-甲醯胺;3-(4-氰基-3-氟苯基)-N-環丙基咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲醯胺;氮雜環丁烷-1-基[3-(4-氯-2,5-二氟苯基)咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-基]甲酮;3-(4-氰基-2,5-二氟苯基)-N-環丙基咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲醯胺;3-(4-氯-2,5-二氟苯基)-N-甲基咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲醯胺;3-(4-氯-3-氟苯基)-N-甲基咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲醯胺;3-(4-氯-2-甲基苯基)-N-乙基咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲醯胺;3-(4-氯-2,5-二氟苯基)-N-乙基咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲醯胺;3-(4-氯-5-氟-2-甲基苯基)-N-(丙-2-基)咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲醯胺;3-(4-氰基-5-氟-2-甲基苯基)-N-乙基咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲醯胺;3-(4-氰基-5-氟-2-甲基苯基)-N-(丙-2-基)咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲醯胺;3-(4-氯-2,5-二氟苯基)-N-(丙-2-基)咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲醯胺;3-(4-氯苯基)-N-(嘧啶-2-基)咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲醯胺;3-(4-氯苯基)-N-(環丙基甲基)咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲醯胺;3-(4-氯苯基)-N-(1H-吡唑-5-基)咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲醯胺;及3-(4-氯-3,5-二氟苯基)-N-環丙基咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲醯胺;或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽。
- 一種化合物或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽,其係選自由以下組成之群:氮雜環丁烷-1-基[3-(3-氯-2,4-二甲基苯基)咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-基]甲酮甲酸鹽;氮雜環丁烷-1-基[3-(2,3-二氫-1,4-苯并二氧雜環己烯-6-基)咪唑 并[1,2-b]嗒-2-基]甲酮甲酸鹽;氮雜環丁烷-1-基[3-(喹喏啉-6-基)咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-基]甲酮甲酸鹽;1-{3-[2-(氮雜環丁烷-1-基羰基)咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-3-基]-4-氟苯基}乙酮甲酸鹽;3-(4-氯苯基)-N-[2-(2-羥基苯基)乙基]咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲醯胺甲酸鹽;3-(4-氯苯基)-N-(5-甲基-1,2-噁唑-3-基)咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲醯胺三氟乙酸鹽;及3-(4-氯苯基)-N-(2-甲基-2H-1,2,3-三唑-4-基)咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲醯胺三氟乙酸鹽。或其醫藥上可接受之鹽。
- 一種3-(4-氯-2-甲基苯基)-N-[(1R,2S)-2-氟環丙基]咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲醯胺或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽。
- 一種3-(4-氯-5-氟-2-甲基苯基)-N-(丙-2-基)咪唑并[1,2-b]嗒-2-甲醯胺或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽。
- 一種醫藥組合物,其包含如請求項1至4中任一項之化合物或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽,及醫藥學上可接受之賦形劑。
- 一種如請求項1至4中任一項之化合物或其醫藥學上可接受之鹽之用途,其用於製造治療由PDE4B同功異型物介導之疾病或病狀的藥物,其中該疾病或病狀係選自精神分裂症、抑鬱、焦慮、阿茲海默氏病(Alzheimer's disease)、帕金森氏病(Parkinson's disease)、多發性硬化、慢性阻塞性肺病、發炎、中風、哮喘、大腦血管疾病及過敏性結膜炎。
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2018
- 2018-08-07 US US16/056,968 patent/US20180346475A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2018-10-26 AU AU2018253590A patent/AU2018253590A1/en not_active Abandoned
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2019
- 2019-03-29 JP JP2019065718A patent/JP2019163256A/ja active Pending
- 2019-04-16 IL IL266108A patent/IL266108A/en active IP Right Grant
- 2019-06-27 US US16/455,020 patent/US10669279B2/en active Active
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2021
- 2021-03-10 JP JP2021037945A patent/JP7074903B2/ja active Active
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