RU2182163C2 - Fuel composition - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: chemical industry, fuels. SUBSTANCE: invention proposes compositions of fuel based on reactive, turbine, diesel, mazut and gasoline fuels. Compositions comprise the basis fuel, at least one fuel oxygen-containing СПС-- compound and at least one compound of metal and element including compounds that are inorganic and organic derivatives and taken in amounts improving the combustion. Invention provides producing metal-containing fuel with the improved structure of combustion and providing the increased rate of combustion and the decreased combustion temperature. EFFECT: improved quality and properties of fuels. 14 cl, 3 tbl

Description

 The invention relates to combustible compounds intended for jet turbine, diesel, gasoline and other combustion systems. More specifically, it relates to a unique method of burning in the vapor phase, in which the use of fuel compositions and metal compounds with high heat of enthalpy can improve combustion, lower the temperature of combustion, increase thermal efficiency, fuel economy and reduce harmful emissions.

 It is known to include metal compounds in hydrocarbon fuel, including various organomanganese compounds, as antiknock agents (for example, methylcyclopentadienyl manganesetricarbonyl - MMT, etc.), see US Patents 2818417, 2839552 and 3127351. The use of organomanganese compounds in heavier fuels, in particular coal and diesel, as well as in jet fuel for jet engines, is also known and is supposed to reduce smoke and particulate emissions. See U.S. Patents 3,927,992, 4,240,802, 4,207,078, 4,240,801.

Despite the fact that organomanganese compounds are antiknock and have other advantages, their use in hydrocarbon fuels creates a number of other environmental and practical problems. Thus, metal-based fuel during combustion forms metal oxides. In the case of organomanganese compounds, the corresponding metal particles when burned in hydrocarbon fuel form harmful heavy manganese oxides (Mn ₃ O ₄ and Mn ₂ O ₃ ), which cover engine parts, combustion systems, turbines, exhaust surfaces, emission / exhaust catalysts, etc. ., causing, for example, early fatigue, failures, excessive wear, specific metal emissions, hydrocarbon emissions with a long decomposition period, etc. See U.S. Patents 3,585,012, 3,442,631, 3,718,444, and also my EPO Patent No. 0235280.

 The harmful deposition of metal components is well known and previously represented a practical problem in their use. So, for example, the deposition of manganese oxide on jet engines, turbines, etc. for a long time was the main obstacle to the use of manganese. Due to the strength of the precipitated manganese compounds, various methods have been developed specifically for removing such oxides from jet engines. See US Pat.

 US patent 4600408 (issued in 1986) describes one of the alkyl phenyl carbonates as an antiknock. Patent 4,600,408 notes the aforementioned organomanganese oxide problem and describes a composition that should not contain organomanganese compounds.

 Since specialists in this field have long abandoned their hopes to fundamentally resolve the issue of the possibility of burning metal components and for some time pointed out the inadmissibility of the presence of manganese in gasoline that does not contain tetraethyl lead, practitioners have long lost the desire to separate MMT from the used lead additives. See, for example, European patent application 91306278.2, which refers to “Asymmetric dialkyl carbonate fuel additives” and recognizes this reality by describing tetraethyl lead, tetramethyl lead and cyclopentadienyltricarbonyl manganese in the general context, without suggesting that they are used independently of one another.

 The applicant has discovered a new class of compounds for high-energy low-temperature combustion and methods for their use, and a new form of combustion has been found, hereinafter referred to as vapor phase combustion.

 The essence of the applicant’s invention is to discover the source of a fundamental problem regarding the traditional method of combustion and the compounds used for this, namely, insufficient combustion compared to ideal combustion occurs due to the lack of simultaneous optimization of the combustion rate during combustion and temperature.

 By effectively increasing the burning rate of the fuel while lowering the burning temperature, the applicant not only regulates or prevents the formation of the most harmful emissions, but also releases the calorific value of the fuel. The introduced metal components (see below) become the main factor in the new pure "high-energy" class of low-temperature jet and other fuels and in the combustion process, which previously limited the use of metals only as additives or agents.

 Essentially, the applicant has discovered a unique form of combustion, as well as related methods and compositions. Various methods and compositions to a large extent include certain chemical and / or mechanical structures / substructures that simultaneously 1) increase the rate of combustion and 2) reduce the temperature of combustion, while there is a high rate of release of a value that can be known as free energy with concomitant reducing harmful emissions, increasing power, fuel economy, mileage, etc.

 Transition and alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, halogens, elements of group IIIA and mixtures thereof (hereinafter referred to as "metals" or "metal components") are the core of the applicant's invention, which relates to vapor phase combustion.

 Such combustion is a long-awaited solution not only to improving non-optimal fuel combustion in the absence of metals, but also a long-awaited solution to the metal oxide problem. Both of them are a single solution to the same problem and represent the basis of the invention, to which the applicant adds many compositions and methods.

 Pure fuel contains only compounds with an enhanced combustion structure (“ATP”) and metal components and is hereinafter referred to as ATP fuel. ATP fuel can be combined with traditional fuels or fuel additives. This combination is hereinafter referred to as ATP / additional fuel.

 Other clean fuels and methods include means of achieving reduced latent heat of vaporization ("STP") and / or increased burning rate with or without ATP compounds to meet this requirement. These fuels are called “modified fuels” or additional fuels. Modified fuels include individual fuels that are modified in accordance with the object of the invention of the applicant. These fuels have improved STP and / or burning rate ("SG"). The improvement of these parameters is provided by changing the composition of the compounds, including the modification of components and the distillation temperature. However, the modified fuel usually does not contain ATP and / or metal additives.

 The additional fuel is usually traditional fuels that may or may not have been modified before adding ATP to the fuel.

 Compositions and methods using ATP fuel, ATP / additional fuel or only modified additional fuel, as well as the description of the drawings and figures 1-8 are given in the international applications PCT / US95 / 02691 and PCT / US95 / 06758 and in all respects are their integral parts.

 Applicant's invention relates to a rare form of combustion, known as vapor phase combustion.

 The unity of the applicant’s invention is based on this discovery and the solution to the fundamental problem of burning. This invention alone encompasses many fuels and combustion systems stemming from the same discovery. See PCT / US95 / 02691, international patent application filed by me, filed March 2, 1995, and PCT / US95 / 06758, filed May 31, 1995, incorporated herein by reference.

 The invention of the applicant relates to fuel both containing and not containing metals. However, under significantly improved combustion conditions by the applicant, the use of transition and alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, halogens, elements of group IIIA and their mixtures (hereinafter referred to as “metal components”) is strongly recommended since metals become an important and potent factor in the combustion process, and not just fuel additive.

 The applicant in the General case further refers to the thermal efficiency in both its chemical and mechanical aspects, i.e. on the efficiency of the combustion process and the amount of useful or "clean" work performed, in other words, on free energy.

 The applicant has discovered a radically increased thermal efficiency. and / or combustion efficiency (which provides, in particular, an increase in flight range, fuel economy, working potential, reliability, lift, combustion efficiency, etc.) compared to conventional or restructured fuels.

 This ensures compliance with industry standards, including ASTM standards, which apply to published standards from the American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race St., Philadelphia, Pa. 19103.

 Applicant's invention relates to an increase in 1) the burning rate of unleaded fuel containing metal in relation to traditional fuels by a) increasing the laminar burning rate (due to the chemical composition of the ATP, modifying the distillation and / or restructuring process), b) increasing the turbulent speed ( chemical or mechanical means) and / or 2) lowering the temperature of combustion by chemical means, for example, by increasing the heat of vaporization of the fuel, etc. or mechanical means (for example, improved cooling systems or lowering the temperature in the air supply chamber).

 Thus, the simplicity underlying the invention of the applicant allows to unify many interconnected chemical and mechanical elements associated with an increase in STP and SG.

CHEMICAL PRODUCTS
Applicant's invention includes the discovery of a class of chemical compounds that increase STP and SG. The latter occurs when some free radicals are released during combustion.

 These compounds are hereinafter referred to as compounds with enhanced combustion or ATP compounds.

FREE RADICALS
The Applicant has discovered that certain molecular forces arising from combustion are responsible for the rapid diffusion of heat and the formation of reactive centers in unburned gases. These forces are responsible for increasing the burning rate.

Certain molecular free radicals, not limited to H, H ₂ , O, O ₂ , CO, F ₂ , F ₃ , F, N, B ₂ , Be, BO, B, BF, AL, ALO, CH ₃ , NH ₃ , CH, C ₂ H ₂ , C ₂ H ₅ , Li, ONH, NH, NO, NH ₂ , OCH ₃ (methoxy radicals), OCH, OCH ₂ and OH (hydroxyl radicals) are assumed to be responsible for such a result. Additional ATP structures include C1, OSOO, COOH, C ₂ H ₅ OOC, CH ₃ CO, OCH ₂ O, OCCO and CONH ₂ .

 One of the options for implementing the present invention is that these radicals are freely formed in the early stages of the combustion process (preferably after ignition and before complete combustion, i.e., unburned vapors after ignition); however, these radicals are generally unstable and dissociated and have one or more free or unused valence electrons that can enter into a chemical bond. It is highly desirable that they act as active centers in the main chain reaction of combustion, especially if combustion occurs with the participation of metal particles.

 Preferred combustion yields a significant amount of dissociated free radicals (e.g., OH, CH, CH, NH, etc.) and / or unstable molecules and / or atoms, which subsequently reassociate and dissociate during the combustion process. This results in longer burning times, contributing to an increase in exhaust speed and / or an increase in effective working fluid. The increase in exhaust speed compared with traditional compositions / methods is 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300 and more percent.

 The increased exhaust speeds achieved by the applicant represent a significant deviation from previously obtained values and are a consequence of the combined action of the applicant’s free radicals with high kinetic energy and the metal component. Under the conditions determined by the applicant, this combination leads to bright burning in the vapor phase (see below).

The applicant has established that in order to solve this problem, an important factor is the heat of formation of these free radicals. In general, lower heat of formation is preferred. Acceptable values of the heat of formation of these free radicals are usually less than 150, 125, 100, 90, 80, 75, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 10, 5, 2 kcal / mol ^-1 . Of these, heats of formation less than 50 kcal / mol ^-1 or negative are desirable. Values of heat outside this range are also acceptable. Desirable values of the heat of formation of free radicals include 34 (CH ₃ ), 26 (C ₂ H ₅ ), 9.3 (OH), 2.0 (CH ₃ O) kcal / mol ^-1 .

Thus, preferred are PCA compounds that give a significant portion of the CH ₃ , CO, OH and / or CH ₃ O radicals as a percentage by weight in pre-combustion fumes. The preferred structures of the OH, O, CH ₃ and CH ₃ O radicals proposed by the applicant are characteristic of methanol, dimethyl carbonate ("DMC") and SPS methyl compounds (see below).

 Reactive free radicals with high kinetic energy include those radicals that provide a burning rate in excess of 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 55, 58, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 90 or more cm / s (laminar flame of a Bunsen burner). As indicated, the burning rate is measured in cm / s in a laminar Bunsen flame.

 Due to the diffusion of gases generated before combustion before or after ignition and containing the indicated reactive kinetic free radicals, the momentum / viscosity of unburned gas rises to the level closest to the viscosity of the burnt gas. This in turn reduces the viscosity between the burnt and unburnt gas. Elimination or reduction of this resistance significantly increases the burning rate. Thus, the diffusion of reactive free radicals in front of the flame front is carried out by creating pre-chamber combustion vapor after ignition, which is a function of the type of fuel and the combustion system.

 The speed of flame propagation relative to unburned gas in practically formed fuel-air residual gas mixtures is a fundamental parameter that directly affects the useful objectives of the invention. Moreover, the maximization of elementary reactions in which free radicals participate and which take place in unburned gas vapors and / or flames, and the regulation of the mass and thermal diffusion coefficient of various gaseous particles containing these radicals (for example, with an improved combustion structure), in order to increase the rate combustion is a clear implementation of the present invention.

Example 1
A composition comprising high kinetic energy free radicals in a vapor / gaseous state, comprising: at least one dissociated radical selected from the group consisting of H, H ₂ , O, O ₂ , CO, F, F ₂ , F ₃ , N , B, Be, BO, B ₂ , BF, AL ALO, CH ₃ , NH ₃ , CH, C ₂ H ₂ , C ₂ H ₅ , Li, ONH, ON, NH, NH ₂ , OCH ₃ , OCH, OCH ₂ , OH, Cl, CN, and / or optionally a group including LLC, COOH, C ₂ H ₅ OOC, CH ₃ CO, OCH ₂ O or CONH ₂ and a mixture thereof. The heat of formation of the selected radical is less than 628, 523 , 419, 377, 335, 314, 293, 251, 209, 167, 126, 84, 42, 21, 8 KJ / mol ^-1 (150, 125, 100, 90, 80, 75, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 10, 5, 2 k cal / mol ^-1 ) or is negative, preferably less than 209, 167, 126, 84, 42, 21, 8 KJ / mol ^-1 (50, 40, 30, 20, 10, 5, 2 kcal / mol ^-1 ) and optionally its speed exceeds 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 55, 58, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 90 or more cm / s, more preferably exceeds 60, 65 or 70 cm / s , and optionally having at least one free or unused valence electron, wherein said radical is different in that it is the active center of the main chain reaction of combustion and can dissociate and reassociate during combustion.

Example 2
Pre-chamber combustion gaseous fuel vapor (“fuel vapor”) or a method in which the kinetic free radicals of Example 1 are 2, 5, 8, 10, 12, 15, 17, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60 or more % wt., and preferably more than 20% of the pre-chamber combustion fuel vapor.

Example 3
Gaseous unburned pre-chamber combustion fuel vapor or method 1, wherein said vapor reduces the viscosity between the burnt and unburned gases and optionally reduces the combustion temperature, wherein said vapor is characterized in that it increases the combustion time by sequential reassociation / dissociation of these radicals until the final oxidation / burning and increases the rate of burnt / unburnt gases; if the specified vapor contains a transition metal, alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, halogen, an element of group IIIA or a mixture thereof, bright combustion occurs in the vapor phase with the formation of submicron oxide particles, while the exhaust velocities of the burnt gases increase compared to burnt gases of a traditional fuel vapor in which these free radicals or metals are absent.

ATP COMPOUNDS
ATP compounds can be solid, liquid, gaseous, or mixed and can be used in various fuel systems. ATP liquid compounds must dissolve in the fuel and are intended for all systems with any state of fuel. Solid ATP compounds are typically used in solid fuel systems, however, they can be introduced into systems with liquid or gaseous fuels by appropriate means.

 ATP compounds can be selected from the group consisting of alcohols, amines, amides, oxalates, esters, dibasic esters, glycols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, glycols, glycol ethers, peroxides, phonols, carboxylic acids, acetic acids, oxalic acids, boric acids, peroxides, hydroperoxides, esters, orthoesters, aldehyde acids, ketonic acids, hydroxy acids, ortho acids, anhydrides, acetates, acetyls, orthoborates, formic acids, nitrates, double nitrates, carbonates, bicarbonates, nitroesters, etc.

Non-limiting examples include hydrogen, carbon monoxide, methylene dimethyl ether (also known as methylal, dimethoxymethane), carbonic acid dimethyl ether (also known as dimethyl carbonate, "DMC"), diethyl carbonate, methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), ethyl tert-butyl ether, (Et) tert-butyl ether, (E) (MTAE), methanol, ethanol, propanol, tertiary butyl alcohol, dimethyl ether, other lower alcohols from C ₃ to C _6, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, diethyl ether, dimethyl efi a, ieopropilovy ether, diisopropyl ether (DIPE), nitromethane, nitroethane, nitropropane, nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, water, gas hydrates (methane hydrates), hydrogen peroxide, hydroperoxides, oxygen, and similar compounds. The Applicant believes that there are many other compounds, not identified to date, that serve as ATP.

 ATP compounds include compounds containing carboethoxy, carbomethoxy, carbonyl, carbonyloxy, carboxy, ethoxalyl, glyoxyl, methoxy, methylenedioxy, glycol, and / or hydroxyl components and / or radicals.

 Particularly desirable are ATP compounds containing C = O or C = N milking bonds. Non-limiting examples include oxalates, carbonates, acetylacetones, dimethylglyoximes, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acids, and the like.

 Further non-limiting examples of probable ATP compounds include ethylene, propylene, tert-butyl cumyl peroxide, butylene, 1,2-butadiene, 1,3-butadiene, acetylene hydrocarbons including acetylene, allylene, butin-1, pentin-1, hexin-1; substituted hydrazines, including methylhydrazine, symmetric dimethylhydrazine, asymmetric dimethylhydrazine, hydrazine; ethane, propane, butane, diborane, tetraborane, pentaborane, hexaborane, decaborane, aluminum borohydride, beryllium borohydride, lithium borohydride, ammonium nitrate, potassium nitrate, nitric acid, ammonium azide, ammonium perchlorate, lithium perchlorate, potassium nitrate nitrogen, nitric acid, dicyan, hydrocyanic acid, monoethylanil, acetylene, aluminum borohydride, ammonia, aniline, benzene, butyl mercaptan, diborane, dimethylamine, diethylene triamine, ethanol, ethylamine, ethylenediamine, ethylene oxide, ethylenediamine, ethylene diamine ilosulfide, furfuryl alcohol, heptene, hydrazine, hydrogen, isoethyl nitrate, isopropyl alcohol, lithium, lithium hydride, methane, methylal, netanol, methylnitrate, methylamine, methylacetylene, methylvinylacetylene, monoethylaniline, nitromethane, nitropropane, nitro-nitrilethylene , n-propyl nitrate, o-toluidine, triethylamine, trimethylamine, trimethyl trithiophosphide, turpentine, asymmetric dimethylhydrazine, xylidine, 2,3-xylidine, lithium borohydride, monomethylhydrazine, pentaborane, etc.

Other candidates for ATP compounds include ditretbutyl peroxide, alkyl peroxides, alkyl hydroperoxides, acetyl hydroperoxides. Non-limiting examples of peroxides include tert-butyl cumyl peroxide, di (tertamyl) peroxide, tert-butyl hydroperoxide, di (tert-butyl) peroxide, tertamyl hydroperoxide, acetyl tert-butyl hydroperoxide ((CH ₃ ) ₃ COOH), cyclohexyl (acetyl) hydroperoxide, ethyl ( ₂ ) acetyl ₅ UN), diacetyl peroxide, diethyl peroxide, dimethyl peroxide, methyl hydroperoxide (CH ₃ UN), acetyl benzoyl peroxide, acetyl peroxide, formic acid, n, n-dimethyl formic acid, formamide, methyl formate, alkyl nitrates (including ethyl hexyl nitrate) and isopropyl imethyl-2,3-di (tert-butylperoxy) hexane; ONH (CH ₂ ) ₄ CHO; CH ₃ SNONSONS ₃ ; (CH ₃ ) ₃ CCHOSCH ₃ ; CH ₂ CH ₂ C (CH ₃ ) (OH) CH ₃ ; (CH ₃ ) ₂ COOH; (CH ₃ ) ₃ COOH; CH ₃ NO ₂ ; CH ₃ CCCOH; (CH ₃ ) CCH ₂ COH; HOCH ₂ CH ₂ OCH ₂ CH ₂ OH; HOCH ₂ CH ₂ OH; OCH ₂ ATCH; (CH ₃ ) ₃ CCHO; (CH ₃ ) ₃ CCH (OH) CH ₃ ; C ₅ H ₄ O ₂ ; HO ₂ CCH ₂ CH ₂ CO ₂ C ₂ H ₂ ;
C ₃ H ₇ SOCC ₂ N; C ₅ H ₈ O ₂ , CH ₃ PINE, ethionic acid, methyl glycolate, glyoxylic acid, phenyl glyoxylic acid, diethylene glycol ethers, methyl formate, isoamyl formate, 1,2-ethanediol, 1,2-ethanediol dimethyl ether, ethylene nitrite, ethylene nitrate, ethylene acetate formic acid ester, formic acid, glyoxal, glyceric acid, tetraethoxymethane, triethoxymethane, trimethoxymethane, oxalic acid, oxalic acid ester, oxalic acid dimethyl ether, oxalic acid dipropyl ester; phenols, including 2-methoxyphenol, 3-ethoxytoluene; acetylacetone, acetic anhydrides, ethyl acetate, methyl acetate, methanediol diacetate, amyl acetate, acetonyl acetate, ethanoic acid, 2,4-pentadione, methanediol diacetate, ethyl acetate, propanoic acid, ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, ammonium nitrate, diazotetrocid and the like.

 Applicant believes that compounds that contain strong chelating agents or become such upon combustion are also desirable ATP candidates.

Compounds having the following structure and performing the function of ATP are desirable: R-OO, R-OO-R, R-COOOCO-R, R-COO-COO-R, R-CO-R, R-COO-R, H ₃ CO-R, CO ₂ -R or R-CO-R, where any R may be zero or no structure. R itself can be different, the same or multiple. R may be 2 (R), 3 (R), 4 (R), where R may be hydrogen, carbethoxy, carbomethoxy, carbonyldioxy, carboxy, carbyl, ethoxalyl, ethoxy, ethylenedioxy, glycolyl, glyoxyl, hydroxy, methoxy, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, methylenedioxy, acetonyl, acetoxy, acetyl, alkyloxy, benzoxy or benzoyl radical.

 Obviously, different ATP compounds in different systems will cause a different reaction. So, for example, it is expected that alcohols will have lower combustion and exhaust temperatures than ethers, due to the difference in the latent heat of vaporization. It is also expected that lower alcohols and carbonates decompose during combustion at a higher rate compared to some ethers.

 Applicant has established the desirability of positive or slightly negative heat of formation of an ATP compound containing said reactive kinetic free radicals. Acceptable negative heat values of the formation of ATP compounds include less than or approximately equal to -837, -754, -670, -628, -607, -544, -502, -419 kJ / mol (-200, -180, -160, -150 , -145, -130, -120, -100 kcal / mol), more preferably less than about -377, -335, -314, -293, -272 kJ / mol (-90, -80, -75, - 70, -65 kcal / mol) and most preferably less than about -251, -230, -209, -188, -167, -147, -126, -84, -42 kJ / mol (-60, -55, -50, -45, -40, -35, -30, -20, -10 kcal / mol) or positive values. The closer to a positive value or the higher the positive value, the more preferable.

In order to lower the combustion temperature, it is desirable that said vapor structure and / or ATP compound themselves have a high latent heat of vaporization (vaporization enthalpy), in particular equal to or greater than 28.0 J / kmol ^-1 , at the boiling point of the compounds. Other vaporization enthalpies (at the boiling point) are equal to or greater than 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 42, 43 , 45, 47 J / kmol ^-1 or higher. In general, the higher the better.

 Higher latent heat of vaporization additionally increases the volumetric efficiency by cooling the feed, as the fuel evaporates and should increase the energy density.

 In addition, it is particularly desirable that said vapor structure or ATP compound itself have a high burning rate. As a rule, when burning in air, the burning rate (as a function of the intrinsic structure of the components, measured in a laminar Bunsen flame) should be equal to or greater than 40, 43, 45, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150 cm / s.

 Vapor-based ATP compounds that readily decompose and / or dissociate at high temperatures to form a significant amount of kinetic free radicals upon compression, ignition, after ignition, during pre-combustion or combustion, are desirable. Preferably after ignition. It is also desirable that the decomposition takes place under reduced, normal or increased pressure relative to normal compression pressure.

 It is highly desirable that dissociation act on rapidly diffusing unburned vapors containing the indicated free radicals in front of the flame front, in which metal compounds also burn, while burning in the vapor phase occurs.

The preferred boiling point of the compounds of ATP should be below 350 ^o C, 325 ^o C, 300 ^o C, 275 ^o C, 250 ^o C, 225 ^o C, 200 ^o C, 175 ^o C, 170 ^o C, 160 ^o C, 150 ^o C, 140 ^o C, 130 ^o C, 120 ^o C, 110 ^o C, 105 ^o C and 100 ^o C. The preferred latent heat of vaporization of the compounds of the ATP at 16 ^o C (60 ^o F) should be equal to or greater than 174, 233, 256, 279, 302, 314, 326, 337, 349, 361, 372, 384, 395, 419, 442, 465, 488, 512, 535, 558, 582, 628, 675, 698, 756, 814, 872, 930, 989, 1047, 1105, 1163 kJ / kg (75, 100, 110, 120, 130, 135, 140, 145, 150, 155, 150, 160, 165, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, 220 , 230, 240, 250, 270, 290, 300, 325, 350, 375, 400, 425, 450, 475, 500 British thermal units (BTU) / lb) or more. In the General case, it is preferable that the latent heat of vaporization of the compounds of the ATP was at least equal to or more preferably greater by 0.5%, 1.0% 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%, 150%, 200%, 250%, 300% than any unmodified main or additional fuel to which the corresponding compound can be added. Usually, the higher this difference, the better. The applicant has established that the higher the relative difference in the heat of vaporization, the more it is possible to cool the feed load of fuel and the more to increase the volumetric efficiency.

 In this case, the burning rate of ATP compounds can be measured separately or in the presence of a preferred metal compound. The burning rate of ATP compounds in the presence of a metal compound is generally assumed to be greater than in its absence.

 In the general case, the laminar flame propagation velocity should exceed 30, 32, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55 cm / s. The higher the better. Preferably, the flame propagation velocity of any ATP compound measured in a laminar Bunsen flame is at least 0.05% - 1.0%, 1.0% - 3.0%, 2.0% -4.0 %, 3.0% - 6.0%, 5.0% - 10.0%, 7.0% - 20.0%, 8.0% - 30.0%, 10.0% - 40.0 %, 15.0% - 60.0%, 30.0% - 200.0%, 50.0% - 300.0% or more than the main or additional fuel, to which the corresponding ATP compound can be added.

It is preferred that the ATP compounds decompose rapidly at a temperature that is slightly or moderately higher than the flash point, but lower than the combustion temperature. Decomposition is allowed at higher or even lower temperatures, including temperatures below the ignition temperature. However, in the case of gasoline fuels, temperatures below the ignition temperature should be avoided. In the case of turbojet fuels, which can act as a heat sink, heat stability in both liquid and vapor phases up to 165 ^o C, 205 ^o C, 220 ^o C, 260 ^o C, 280 ^o C, 300 ^o C, 320 is desirable ^o C, 350 ^o C or more.

 Preferably, the incompletely burned ATP compounds decompose rapidly upon release to the atmosphere after incineration. The preferred decomposition should have a half-life of less than 20, 15, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 days and more preferably a half-life of less than 24, 22, 20, 18, 16, 14, 12, 10, 8, 6, 4, 2 hours or less. The most preferred half-lives are less than 1.0, 0.5, 0.25 hours or even less.

It is preferred that the ATP compounds are thermally stable under normal handling and operating temperatures in a liquid or vapor state of up to about 66 ^° C, 121 ^° C, 149 ^° C, 177 ^° C, 204 ^° C, 232 ^° C, 260 ^° C, 288 ^° C, 316 ^o C, 343 ^o C, 371 ^o C (150 ^o F, 250 ^o F, 300 ^o F, 350 ^o F, 400 ^o F, 450 ^o F, 500 ^o F, 550 ^o F, 600 ^o F, 650 ^o F, 700 ^o F), but easily decomposed in a vapor state at temperatures slightly higher than those indicated above, or in the range from 149 ^o C to 593 ^o C, from 204 ^o C to 538 ^o C, from 260 ^o C to 482 ^o C, from 343 ^o C to 427 ^o C (from 300 ^o F to 1100 ^o F, from 400 ^o F to 1000 ^o F, from 500 ^o F to 900 ^o F, from 650 ^o F to 800 ^o F), more preferably from 288 ^o C to 492 ^o C (from 550 ^o F to 900 ^o F). However, decomposition can occur at temperatures other than the indicated ranges, and / or, for example, during injection, compression, before ignition, after ignition and / or during combustion. The optimal decomposition temperature will vary depending on the conditions and depends on the type of fuel and the combustion system used.

 Preferred ATP compounds have a relatively simple molecular structure. Preferred characteristics of the applicant ATP fuel chain organic compounds have a limited number of carbon atoms in the chain, preferably 6, 5, 4, 3 or less. More preferably 3, 2 or 1 carbon atom. In general, the shorter the carbon chain length, the more preferred is the ATP compound.

ATP compounds having a flash point of about -101 ^° C, -93 ^° C, -84 ^° C, -82 ^° C, -29 ^° C, -32 ^° C, -23 ^° C, -18 ^° C are acceptable for liquid fuels ^. C, 4 ^o C, 10 ^o C, 77 ^o C, 138 ^o C (-150 ^o F, -135 ^o F, -120 ^o F, -115 ^o F, -20 ^o F, -25 ^o F, -10 ^o F, O ^o F, 40 ^o F, 50 ^o F, 170 ^o F, 280 ^o F), higher or lower. For fuels intended for jet aircraft and other similar fuels, a flash point of more than 30 ^° C, 38 ^° C, 40 ^° C, 60 ^° C, 70 ^° C, 80 ^° C, 90 ^° C, 100 ^° C, 105 is desirable ^o C, 110 ^o C, 120 ^o C, 130 ^o C and above.

 ATP compounds are preferred that do not cause an unfavorable increase in vapor pressure and do not lower the ignition temperature of the additional fuel at ambient or operating temperatures. An acceptable vapor mixture pressure is from 3.5 to 352 kPa (0.5 to 50 psi). A more desirable vapor mixture pressure is a range from 3.5 to 84, from 3.5 to 70, from 3.5 to 63, from 3.5 to 56, from 3.5 to 49, from 3.5 to 42, from 3.5 to 35 kPa or from 3.5 to 21, from 3.5 to 11, from 3.5 to 7 kPa, from 0.35 to 3.5 kPa or less (from 0.5 to 15.0, from 0.5 to 12.0, from 0.5 to 10.0, from 0.5 to 9.0, from 0.5 to 8.0, from 0.5 to 7.0, from 0.5 to 6.0, or from 0.5 to 5.0 psi, or from 0.5 to 3.0, from 0.5 to 1.5, from 0.5 to 1.0 psi. inch, from 0.05 to 0.5 or less). Individual steam pressures include 3.5, 7, 11, 14, 21, 25, 28, 32, 35, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 54, 57 58 kPa (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.5, 5.0, 5.4, 5.6, 5, 7, 5.9, 6.1, 6.3, 6.6, 6.8, 6.9, 7.1, 7.2, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7, 8.1, 8.3 psi). The vapor mixture pressure is less than 281, 246, 211, 176, 155, 141, 127, 112, 105, 98, 95, 91, 90, 88, 87, 86, 84, 83, 81, 79, 77, 76, 74, 72, 70, 69, 67, 66, 65, 64, 63, 62, 60, 58, 57, 56, 55, 54, 53, 52, 51, 50, 49, 48, 47, 46, 45, 44, 43, 42, 41, 40, 39, 38, 37, 36, 35, 34, 33, 32, 31, 30, 29, 28, 27, 26, 25, 23, 22, 21, 20, 18, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10.5, 9.8, 9.1, 8.4, 7.7, 7.0, 6.3, 5.6, 4.9, 3.5, 1, 4 kPa (40, 35, 30, 25, 22, 20, 18, 16, 15, 14, 13.5, 13.0, 12.8, 12.5, 12.4, 12.2, 12.0 , 11.8, 11.5, 11.2, 11.0, 10.8, 10.5, 10.2, 10.0, 9.8, 9.5, 9.4, 9.2, 9 , 1, 9.0, 8.8, 8.5, 8.3, 8.2, 8.1, 8.0, 7.9, 7.8, 7.7, 7.6, 7.5 , 7.4, 7.3, 7.2, 7.1, 7.0, 6.9, 6.8, 6.7, 6.6, 6.5, 6.4, 6.3, 6 , 2, 6.1, 6.0, 5.9, 5.8, 5.7, 5.6, 5.4, 5.3, 5.2, 5.1, 5.0 4.9, 4.8, 4.7, 4.6, 4.5, 4.4, 4.3, 4.2, 4.1, 4.0 3.9, 3.8, 3.7, 3.5, 3.3, 3 , 2, 3.1, 3.0 2.9, 2.8, 2.5, 2.2, 2.0 1.9, 1.8, 1.7, 1.6, 1.5, 1.4 , 1.3, 1.2, 1.1, 1.0 0.9, 0.8, 0.7, 0.5, 0.2 psi) is the reception lem.

 Vapor pressure and flash point can be reduced or controlled using an additional solvent and / or salt as described below.

Example 4
ATP compound, comprising: a carbon chain with a maximum length of 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1 carbon atom; negative heat of formation -377, -251 kJ / mol (-90, -60 kcal / mol) or less, including the positive heat of formation; melting point - less than 20, 10, 5, 0, -10, -20, -30, -50 ^o C or lower; boiling point - more than 25, 30, 40, 42, 43, 44, 60, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 140 ^o C or higher, the propagation velocity of the laminar Bunsen flame above 40, 45, 48, 50, 55, 60, 65 or 70 cm / s; latent heat of vaporization above 186, 209, 233, 279, 302, 309, 326, 333, 337, 344, 349, 354, 361, 372, 384, 395, 407, 419, 430, 442, 454, 465, 477, 488, 500, 512, 535, 547, 558, 582, 698, 884, 930, 1047, 1163 kJ / kg (80, 90, 100, 120, 130, 133, 140, 143, 145, 148, 150, 152 , 155, 160, 165, 170, 175, 180, 185, 190, 195, 200, 205, 210, 215, 220, 230, 240, 250, 300, 380, 400, 450, 450 BTU / lb) at 16 ^o C (60 ^o F); thermally stable in liquid or vapor state up to 93 ^o C, 121 ^o C, 149 ^o C, 177 ^o C, 204 ^o C, 232 ^o C, 246 ^o C, 260 ^o C, 288 ^o C, 316 ^o C, 343 ^o C, 371 ^o C, 399 ^o C (200 ^o F, 250 ^o F, 300 ^o F, 350 ^o F, 400 ^o F, 450 ^o F, 475 ^o F, 500 ^o F, 550 ^o F, 600 ^o F, 650 ^o F, 700 ^o F, 750 ^o F), after which there is a rapid decomposition into free radicals with high kinetic energy, including at least one or more free radicals selected from the group including H, H ₂ , O, O ₂ , CO, F, F ₂ , F ₃ , N, B, Be, BO, B ₂ , BF, Al, AlO, CH ₃ , NH ₃ , CH, C ₂ H ₂ , C ₂ H ₅ , Li, ONH, NH, NH ₂ , OCH ₃ , OCH, OCH ₂ , OH and mixtures thereof.

Priier 5
Example 4, in which the ATP compound is soluble in fuel and possibly has a mass oxygen content of approximately 1%, 3%, 5%, 8%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 33% , 40%, 45%, 50%, 52%, 53%, 55%, 58%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 90%, 95% or 100%, with preferred compounds ATP with an oxygen concentration exceeding 25% wt. More preferred with a concentration in excess of 40% wt.

 The Applicant acknowledges that there are large differences between the possible ATP compounds, which may make some ATP compounds less satisfactory than others or completely unsatisfactory for use in certain types of primary or secondary fuel. Some of them can be very effective in unregulated aircraft engines, modern jet or diesel systems, but unacceptable for automotive fuel.

 Other ATP compounds are potentially harmful to health. For example, MTBE is used in many types of fuel as an octane increasing component, however, it is now recognized as a possible carcinogen and allergen and, unfortunately, is relatively stable during combustion, having a long half-life in the atmosphere. Therefore, its long-term use in the environment in the absence of an auxiliary ATP compound, accelerating its decomposition in the atmosphere, can be limited.

 Higher-octane oxygen-containing compounds of ATP, in particular MTBE, ETBE, TAME, improve the quality of ignition. However, these compounds have moderate latent heat of vaporization and burning rate.

 In various aspects of the present invention, the multiple utility of groups, classes, and compounds is unequivocally relied upon. The applicant assumes that classes and functions have a dual role. For example, in the case of an ATP metal compound, this compound can play the role of both an ATP compound and a metal if the object of the invention is fulfilled.

 It is assumed that certain ATP compounds can serve as additional solvents (see below) or be additional ATP compounds that promote the use of one or more ATP compounds. Additional ATP compounds may also serve as additional solvents. So, for example, it is possible to increase the ignition temperature, reduce the vapor pressure according to Reid (OPR), or the combustion temperature of certain compounds of the SPS with high SG / STP by adding an additional solvent. Alternatively, it may be necessary to increase the SG or STP of the existing ATP compound, in particular MTBE, by adding DMC as an additional ATP compound.

 There is a certain synergy between the individual compounds of the ATP, the classes of compounds of the ATP, as well as between the individual compounds and classes, increasing their respective capabilities. This results in a wide range of mixtures. For example, ATP compounds in combination with alkyl nitrates, especially in combination with distilled fuel, unexpectedly exhibit improved combustion characteristics.

 A practical implementation of the present invention includes the administration of an ATP compound, an additional ATP compound, an additional solvent and / or additional solution by various means, including separate fuel injection.

 It is contemplated that appropriate solvents may be used to dissolve the insoluble and sparingly soluble ATP compounds, however it is preferred that the ATP compounds are soluble in the fuel itself.

Example 6
A fuel soluble ATP compound having a melting point of less than -100 ^° C, -80 ^° C, -55 ^° C, -20 ^° C, -5 ^° C, 10 ^° C, 50 ^° C, -25 ^° C, -5 ^o C, 0 ^o C, 5 ^o C, 10 ^o C and boiling point not less than 40 ^o C, 60 ^o C, 75 ^o C, 85 ^o C, 100 ^o C, 150 ^o C, 275 ^o C, 485 ^o C and above.

 It is also assumed that a certain mechanical structure will be required to satisfactorily increase the burning rate of the ATP compound and / or reduce the combustion temperature factors, in particular, increased atomization or pressure / injection method.

 Thus, those elements or compounds / components that have the aforementioned improved combustion structure in a relatively high concentration and / or which become intermediate and / or initial / burned in front of the chamber and / or structure / product burned in the chamber, especially when supplied steam and / or compression of the steam after ignition, when burning in front of the chamber and / or burning steam in the chamber, confirmed by an increased burning rate, form the specified ATP compound.

 The higher the percentage of the mass or volume of kinetically free radicals to unburned fuel vapor, the better.

 Thus, an embodiment of the present invention is to use a sufficient amount of enhanced combustion structure to increase the diffusion rate between unburned and burned gases. It is assumed that the diffusion means according to the invention of the applicant may be additional mechanical or chemical means for separately increasing the laminar and / or turbulent burning rate. Such agents may not be available when using the ATP compound (see below).

 In the practical implementation of the present invention, ATP compounds may not contain an ATP structure if their use or combination otherwise forms or causes the formation of an ATP structure during compression, ignition and / or combustion.

 Thus, in the practical implementation of the present invention, any compound that promotes the formation of ATP during combustion is considered a compound of ATP.

 Chemical and mechanical means capable of causing droplets of the vapor fraction of the fuel or injected fuel particles to burst (including an explosion outside the spray zone) or otherwise cause rapid diffusion of the vapor fraction in the combustion zone are preferred. Non-limiting examples of such ATP compounds capable of causing an explosion of fuel particles include water, methanol, hydrogen peroxide, rapeseed oil, and the like.

 Thus, a fuel containing water or another ATP compound in the form of an emulsion, additive, additional solvent, introduced by ultrasonic mixing or in another way / combination, is included in the invention, including water-containing gasoline fuel, diesel fuel, naphtha, jet fuel distilled fuel, alkylates, reforming products, and the like.

 ATP compounds are preferred that do not cause corrosion and do not adversely affect seals and elastomers. However, the addition of a corrosion inhibitor may also be provided. A non-limiting example includes DuPont's DC1 11, which is used at a concentration of about 20 to 30 ppm, although concentrations outside this range are also acceptable. Other known inhibitors may be used.

Preferred ATP compounds used in liquid fuels should have a melting point below 0 ^° C, -18 ^° C, -29 ^° C, -40 ^° C, -46 ^° C, -51 ^° C, -57 ^° C, -62 ^o C, -68 ^o C (32 ^o F, 0 ^o F, -20 ^o F, -40 ^o F, -50 ^o F, -60 ^o F, -70 ^o F, -80 ^o F, -90 ^o F and most preferably below -73 ^{° C.} (-100 ^° F.) Lower temperatures are allowed if appropriate conditions are provided. If necessary, an additional ATP compound and / or additives, in particular ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, can be used. combustion rates and / or lower combustion temperatures, as well as flash point or vapor pressure less than optimal melting point can be balanced by another SPS compound, additive or additional solvent.

 Preferably, the practical ATP compound is not toxic, or at least not highly toxic, or is associated with significant toxicity. It is also preferable that the connection can be pumped at low temperatures, so that it has a satisfactory ignition quality and is thermally stable, although additives can be used to correct poor thermal stability.

 Preferred in practice are oxygen-containing compounds ATP. In general, a maximum oxygen content is desired. The oxygen content can be in the range from 0.0001 to 5.0, 8.0, 12.0, 15.0, 18.0, 20.0, 22.0, 25.0, 28.0, 30.0 , 33.0, 35.0, 37.0, 40.0, 45.0, 50.0, 53.3, 60.0, 80.0 percent by weight or more.

 In the preparation of ATP fuel, the challenge is also to maximize the oxygen content in the fuel. Positive results, as a rule, are not achieved until an oxygen content of approximately 0.05%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2% or more is achieved. However, lower concentrations, including 0.001%, are also acceptable if additional fuel is used. The desired range is from 0.001 to 80% oxygen by weight. Other ranges include from 0.001 to 50%, from 0.001 to 15%, from 0.5% to 1.5%, from 0.3% to 2.7%, from 0.3% to 2.7%, from 0 , 4% to 1.8%, from 0.5% to 1.9%, from 0.6% to 2.0%, from 0.7% to 2.1%, from 0.8% to 2, 2%, from 0.9% to 2.3%, from 1.0% to 2.4%, from 1.1% to 2.5%, from 1.2% to 2.6%, from 1, 8% to 2.2%, from 2.0% to 3.7%, from 0.2% to 0.9%, from 1.0% to 4%, from 2.0% to 8.0%, from 1.8% to 12%, from 2.0% to 10%, from 3.0% to 30%, from 5.0% to 40%, from 2.0% to 53% wt. oxygen. Other concentrations include greater than 0.5, 0.9, 1.4, 1.9, 2.4, 2.9, 3.4, 3.5, 4.2, 4.7, 5.2, 5 , 9, 6.3, 6.6, 7.4, 7.5, 7.8, 9.2, 10.1, 14.3, 18.4, 23.2, 36.3 and more percent of oxygen by weight. Oxygen concentrations in percent by weight of less than 0.1, 0.3, 0.7, 1.1, 1.2, 1.9, 2.0, 2.3, 2.7, 3.3, 3.7 , 3.9, 5.1, 6.3, 8.2, 10.3, 15.3, 22.5, 32.6, 43.5, 48.3, 62.3 are valid. These concentrations include both ATP fuel and ATP / additional fuel combinations.

 It is assumed that in the fuel without additives, as well as in rocket fuel, the oxygen concentration will be high. In the additional fuel used for ignition, the oxygen concentration will be more moderate. However, to maximize the solution of the problem of the invention, a high concentration of oxygen, which can react aggressively with the metal compound, should be provided. In some cases, the ATP fuel may not contain oxygen.

APPLICABLE METALS
In the practical implementation of the present invention, at least one active transition metal, an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, an element of group IIIA, or a mixture thereof (hereinafter referred to as the "metal / metal component") is used in conjunction with the ATP compound in the ATP fuel composition.

 A preferred type and amount of metals according to the present invention should provide improved combustion and / or reduced emissions. It is preferable to provide bright combustion in the vapor phase, for example, one that does not occur on the surface of the metal, and also not within and not on the surface of the molten oxide layer covering the metal, but typically metal combustion.

 In addition, combustion in the vapor phase is characterized by a high burning rate and the presence of a luminous reaction zone, which passes at a certain distance from the metal surface and in which submicron-sized metal oxide particles are formed. Such combustion spreads very quickly and provides an increased exhaust speed.

 In a preferred embodiment, the metal is used as the primary or secondary driving force. In this case, the hydrogen content in the compound of the metal and / or fuel containing the metal should be as possible. Therefore, metal hydrides or other similar compounds are desirable. Salts containing hydrogen are also desirable.

Example 7
A method of burning metal in the vapor phase, comprising introducing kinetically free radicals having an enhanced combustion structure into a combustion chamber; igniting and burning a combustible metal or metal compound in the presence of said free radicals at a temperature below the boiling point of the oxide of said metal and preferably / possibly above the boiling point of said metal or metal compound; metal burning; in this case, an increase in the burning rate occurs, as evidenced by a bright luminous reaction zone, passing at a certain distance from the metal surface; while the particles of metallic oxide, which are obtained as a result of combustion, are small, up to submicron, in size and / or remain in a gaseous state.

Example 8
The vapor phase method of example 39, in which the exhaust gases of this method exit at a high speed exceeding 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 200 cm / s or more; while these oxides have a particle size on average less than 3.0, 2.5, 2.0, 1.5, 1.0, 0.9, 0.8, 0.7, 0.6, 0.5 , 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1, 0.09, 0.05, 0.04, 0.02 microns or less.

 It is also preferable that the metal is introduced into the combustion chamber in the form of steam, however, it can be introduced in solid form, in a sprayed state or in the form of dispersed particles, if this meets the objectives of the present invention. In the case of the use of solid fuels, the metal can be introduced in solid form. In mixed fuel, it can be introduced in solid form or in the form of a liquid.

 Included metal components cover all lead-free metals, some non-metallic elements with a metallic effect (hereinafter “metals / metal components”), as well as related compounds whose combustion products have a high negative heat of formation. Of these metals and / or metal compounds, those having a high heat of combustion or heating are desirable. Non-limiting examples include aluminum, boron, bromine, bismuth, beryllium, calcium, cesium, chromium, cobalt, copper, France, gallium, germanium, iodine, iron, indium, lithium, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, phosphorus, potassium , palladium, rubidium, sodium, tin, zinc, praseodymium, rhenium, silicon, vanadium, strontium, barium, radium, scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, actinium, cerium, thorium, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, praseodymium, protactinium, tantalum, neodymium , uranium, tungsten, promethium, neptunium, samarium, plutonium, ruthenium, osmium, europium, americium, rhodium, iridium, gallium, cerium, platinum, erby, Berkeley, silver, gold, dysprosium, California, cadmium, mercury, holmium, titanium, erbium, thulium, arsenic, antimony, ytterbium, selenium, tellurium, polonium, astatine, and lutetium. Compounds called applicant metals may be organometallic or inorganic compounds.

 This also includes alkali metals of group 1A, alkaline earth metals of group 2A, transition elements and metals of groups 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B, 7B, 8, 1B, 2B, halogens of group 7A, and elements of group 3A, as well as their compounds. Transition metals and cyclomatic / cyclopentadienyl compounds, including carbonyls, are definitely included. Their preparation is described in US Pat. Nos. 2,818,416, 3,127,351, 2,818,417, 2,839,552 (incorporated herein by reference). Applicant has found that methylcyclopentadienyltricarbonyl groups are effective.

 Particularly contemplated are non-limiting cyclomatic or cyclopentadienyl compounds that contain elements in groups 4B, 5B, 6B, 7B, and 8. Also include compounds that contain more than one metal and / or a mixture of metals and / or their compounds.

 The metals and their non-limiting compounds included in group 3A of the Periodic Table of Elements, in particular boron and aluminum, are definitely included. Metals can be introduced into the combustion zone using an ATP compound or by other methods, including soluble compounds, appropriate dispersants / solvents, colloids, suspensions, separate injection.

 Group 7A halogens are included with restrictions on the use of fluorine, chlorine, and bromine due to their environmental and health hazards, such as fluorinated hydrocarbons, etc.

 Chalcogenes of group 6A, for example sulfur, selenium, tellurium and polonium, with the exception of oxygen, are included with a restriction on sulfur due to its harmfulness to the environment and health.

 Elements of group 5A and their compounds are included with the restriction of phosphorus due to its harmfulness to the environment.

 Applicant believes that metals or metal compounds that are generally soluble in fuel have melting and boiling points compatible with liquid hydrocarbon fuels are the best immediate choice.

Non-limiting examples of such organometallic compounds include tsiklopentadienilmetiltsiklopentadienilzhelezo, ferrocene, metilferrotsen, butadienzhelezotrikarbonil, ditsiklopentadienilzhelezo and compounds ditsiklopentadienilzheleza (see. US 2,680 patents 2804468, 3341311), nickel, tsiklopentadienilnikelnitrozil, geksakarbonilmolibden, tsiklopentadienilmolibdenkarbonily (see. US 3,272,606 patent 3,718,444), technetium compounds, magnesium, rhenium (see Canadian patent 1073207), diborane, tetraborane, hexaborane and a mixture thereof. The use of oranic and inorganic compounds of these metals is included. U.S. Patent 2218416 describes a number of compounds such as trimethylaluminum, triethylaluminum, dimetilberilly hydrate, boron, boron hydride, boron anhydride, triethylboron (C ₂ H _{5) 3} B, compounds of boron with hydrogen and lithium, pentaborane, decaborane, borazole borohydride, aluminum, beryllium borohydride, lithium borohydride and mixtures thereof, light metal compounds (CH ₃ ) ₃ HBH (CH ₃ ) ₃ , (CH ₃ ) ₂ BI, Be (C ₂ H ₅ ) ₂ , C ₄ H ₉ B (OH) ₂ , Al (BH ₄ ) ₃ , Be (BH ₄ ) ₂ , LiBH ₄ , B (OC ₂ H ₅ ) ₃ , (BO) ₃ (OCH ₃ ) ₃ ,
Zn (CH ₃ ) ₂ . Connections with
several metals are included unambiguously.

 A preferred cyclomatic manganese tricarbonyl is cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl. A more preferred cyclomatic manganese tricarbonyl is methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT).

 Non-limiting examples of suitable substituents for cyclomatic compounds include alkyl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl and alkenyl groups.

 Non-limiting examples of cyclomatic compounds include compounds with one or more ring systems, including alicyclic or aromatic ring systems, systems that can be partially or fully organic, inorganic, or heterocyclic. Organic and inorganic ring systems can be completely homogeneous or heterocyclic and can include cyclic boron compounds (borazoles), cyclic silanes (silacyclobutane, 2,4,6,8,10-pentamethylcyclopentasilazane, etc.), cyclic nitrogen-containing compounds (pyrazoles, pyridines, pyrroles, piperazines, imidazals, etc.), cyclic oxygen-containing compounds (benzoyls, furans, pyranes, for example tetrahydropyran, pyrons, dioxins, etc.), cyclic sulfur-containing compounds (thiophenes, dityls, etc.) or other cyclically inorganic compounds. Cyclomatic organic ring systems include saturated rings (cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclooctyl, etc.), unsaturated rings, rings with one or more multiple or double bonds (cyclohexadiene, cyclopentadiene, cyclotetraen, etc.), aromatic rings (phenyl, benzyl, styryl, etc.), condensed rings, condensed aromatic rings (naphthyl, naphthenates, etc.), condensed rings with a cyclopentadienyl moiety, rings containing oxygen or hydroxyl (phenol, etc.) .

One or more radicals in the form of side chains are also included in combination with or separately from the ring systems mentioned above. These radicals may be saturated or unsaturated, attached to one or more positions of the ring and / or to one or more ions of each metal. Non-limiting examples include all classes of organic and inorganic radicals, including: hydrogen (hydride), hydroxyl, a hydrocarbyl group of radicals, including alkyl radicals (e.g. methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, secondary butyl, tertiary butyl , amyl, pentyl, hexyl, etc.), alkoxy radicals, their various positional isomers (e.g. 1-methylbutyl, 2-methylbutyl, 3-methylbutyl, 1,1-dimethylpropyl, 1,2-dimethylpropyl, etc. ) corresponding straight and branched chain isomers (e.g. hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl , decyl, etc.), alkenyl radicals (ethyl, Δ ¹ -propenyl, Δ ² -propenyl, isopropenyl, etc.), their corresponding branched isomers, their other isomers (e.g. heptenyl, octenyl, nonyl , decenyl, etc.), alkenyloxy radicals, aryl radicals (e.g. phenyl, a-naphthyl, b-naphthyl, a-anthril, b-antryl, etc.), aryloxy radicals, including monovalent radicals of such aromatic substances (e.g. , indene, isoinden, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, naphthacene, chrysene, pyrene, triphenylene, etc.), aralkyl radicals (e.g. benzyl, a-phenylethyl, b-phenyleth silt, a-phenylpropyl, etc.), aralkyloxy radicals, their various positional isomers (for example, derivatives of 1-methylbutyl, 2-methylbutyl, 3-methylbutyl, 1,1-dimethylpropyl, etc.), the corresponding alkyl derivatives of phenanthrene , fluorene, acenaphthene, etc., alkaryl radicals (e.g. o-tolyl, m-tolyl, p-tolyl, o-ethylphenyl, etc.), cycloalkyl radicals (benzyl, etc.), cycloalkyloxy radicals, aliphatic radicals.

 Hydroxyl, alkanol, hydroxy and / or radicals containing oxygen are included, including derivatives of the above compounds. Non-limiting examples will include hydroxy radicals, methylate, ethylate, propylate, isopropylate, butylate, isobutylate, secondary butylate, tertiary butylate, pentylate, amylate, phenyloxy perhydroxy, methoxy, methylol, methylenedioxy, ethoxy, ethylol, ethylenedioxy, enantyl, propoxy, propylene, isopropoxy, isopropylol, isopropylenedioxy, butoxy, butylenedioxy, butylol, isobutoxy, isobutylol, isobutylenedioxy, isobutyryl, secondary butoxy, secondary butylol, secondary butylenedioxy, tertiary butoxy, tertiary butylol, tertiary butylenedioxy, butyryl, caproyl, capryl, caprylyl, pentoxy, pentylol, pentalenedioxy, amylol, amylenedioxy, phenoxy, phenylol, phenylenedioxy, phenylmethoxy, diphenylmethoxy, benzoyl, benzyloxy, benzoxy, isobenzoyl, naphthoxy, naphthyloxy, heptanedioyl, hexylendoxy, carbomethoxy, carbethoxy, carbobenzoxy, carbopropoxy, carbisopropoxy, carbutoxy, phenacyl, phenalcylidene, propionyl radicals, etc., including their derivatives, homologs, analogues and isomers. Other oxygen radicals include acetyl, acetamido, acetoacetyl, acetonyl, acetonylidene, acrylyl, alanyl, b-alanyl, allofanoyl, anisyl, benzamido, butryl, carbonyl, carboxy, carbazoyl, caproyl, capryl, capryl, carbamido, carbamido, carbamo , cinnamoyl, crotoxyl, cyanato, decanoyl, disiloxanoxy, epoxy, formamido, formyl, furyl, furfuryl, furfurilidene, glutaryl, glycinamido, glycolyl, glycyl, glycocylyl, heptadecanoyl, heptanolyl, hydroperoxy, hydroxydido, hydroxydido, hydroxamido o, isocyanato, isonitrozo, keto, lactyl, methacrylyl, malonyl, nitroamino, nitro, nitrosamino, nitrosimino, nitrosyl / nitroso, nitrilo, oxamido, phosphinyl, phosphide / phosphido, phosphite / phosphito, phospho, phosphono, phosphorylen, selenyl, siloxy, succinamyl, sulfamino, sulfamyl, sulfeno, thiocarboxy, toluyl, ureido, valeryl radicals, etc., including their derivatives, homologs, analogues and isomers.

 Non-limiting examples of other radicals included include radicals: acetimido, amidino, amido, amino, aniline, anilino, arsino, azido, azino, azo, azoxy, benzylidine, benzolidine, biphenylyl, butylene, isobutylene, secondary butylene, tertiary butylene, cyano, cyanamido, diazo, diazoamino, ethylene, disilanyl, glycidyl, guanidino, guanyl, heptanamido, hydrazino, hydrazo, hypophosphite (hypophosphito), imido, isobutylidene, isopropylidene, silyl, silylene, methylene, mercapto, methylene, ethylene, naphthyl, naphthalene, , propylene, propylene, pyrid l, pyrryl, phenethyl, phenylene, pyridino, sulfinyl, sulfo, sulfonyl, tetramethylene, tenyl, thienyl, thiobenzyl, thiocarbamyl, thiocarbonyl, thiocyanato, thionyl, thiuram, toluidino, tolyl, a-tolyl, tolylene, a-tolylene, triazano, ethenyl (vinyl), selenyl, trihydrocarbylamino, trialoamino, trihydrocarbylphosphite, trihalophosphine, trimethylene, trityl, vinylidene, biphenylyl, xylidino, xylyl, xylylene, 1,3-diene, their hydrocarbyl radicals, etc., etc. , analogues and isomers.

 One or more of the above radicals may be attached to other radicals directly or indirectly. Indirect attachment can occur through one or more intermediate atoms, including without limitation carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, silicon, boron, sulfur, or another metal. In the absence of a ring system, one or more of the above radicals can be directly or indirectly attached to the metal. One or more of the above ring systems can be directly or indirectly attached to the metal in the absence of a separate radical. One or more cyclic rings may be joined, fused, or indirectly linked through one or more radicals, one or more atoms, including, without limitation, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, silicon, boron, sulfur, or a metal. The compound may be ionic.

 One or more metals can be combined with one another directly or indirectly through one or more radicals and / or one or more atoms, including without limitation carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, silicon, boron, sulfur, or another metal. The compound may be ionic.

 Similarly, one or more cyclic rings may be coupled to the metal directly or indirectly through one or more radicals and / or one or more intermediate atoms, including without limitation carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, silicon, boron, sulfur, or another metal. The compound may also be ionic. Thus, one or more metals can be directly or indirectly attached to any possible position of the ring system. Similarly, one or more ring systems can be directly or indirectly attached to any possible metal position.

 The radical can be independently attached directly or indirectly to the metal in the absence of connection with the ring system. In the practical implementation of the present invention, the option of attaching one or more radicals to a metal in the absence of a ring system is uniquely included. Similarly, one or more radicals can be independently attached directly or indirectly to the ring system in the absence of attachment to the metal. Independent attachment can occur via an intermediate radical, one or more intermediate atoms, including, without limitation, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, silicon, boron, sulfur, or another metal. The compound may also be ionic. However, the metal must be attached in another way.

 A cyclic ring or radical can be indirectly attached to the metal through one or more atoms, including without limitation carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, silicon, boron, sulfur or a metal. Cyclic rings can be attached to one or more radicals and / or ring systems before direct or indirect attachment to the metal. Thus, cyclomatic compounds can contain one or more ring systems with one or more independent radicals attached to them, wherein said ring directly or indirectly joins a metal, said metal can directly or indirectly join an independent radical, and said radical represents one or several groups of hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, aryl, carbonyl, alkanol, hydroxy or oxygen radicals. An example is methylcyclopentadienylmarganetricarbonyl.

 Illustrative and other non-limiting examples of suitable cyclomatic antiknock compounds of manganesetricarbonyl include benzylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, 1,2-dipropyl-3-cyclohexylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, 1,2-diphenylcyclopentadienyl manganetricariconyl, 2-benzyl-trimethyl-benzyl-mangan-tricarbonyl, 2-propenyl-aminryl-benzyl-mangan-tricarbonyl-2-manganyl-tincarbonyl-2-benzylcarbonyl-2-benzylcarbonyl-2-benzylcarbonyl-2-benzylcarbonyl-2-benzylcarbonyl-2-benzylcarbonyl-2-benzylcarbonyl-2-methylcarbonyl-2-methylcarbonyl. 2,3,4,7-propifluorentyl manganesetricarbonyl, 3-naphthylfluorenyl manganesetricarbonyl, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroindenylmarganetricarbonyl, 3,3-ethenyl-4, 7-dihydroindenyl manganesetricarbonyl, 2-ethyl 3 (a-phenyleneethenyl) 4,5 , 7 tetrahydroinmarganetricarbonyl, 3- (a-cyclohexylenetenyl) -4,7-dihydroindenylmarganetricarbonyl, 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydrofluorenyl manganesetricarbonyl, etc. Mixtures of such compounds can also be used. The above compounds can be obtained by known methods.

 The applicant has found that potassium, magnesium, lithium, boron and their derivatives with high energy of combustion are particularly effective and therefore desirable. It is also possible to use promoters such as Li and LH, if circumstances so require.

Non-limiting examples of derivatives of lithium compounds according to this invention, described below or cited above, include: lithium bis (dimethylsilyl) amide, lithium bis (trimethylsilyl) amide, oxamic acid, lithium salt of p-aminosalicylic acid, lithium salt of 5-nitroorotinic acid, D- lithium gluconate, lithium hexacyanoferrate (III) (Li ₃ Fe (CN) ₆ ), lithium diphenyl phosphide, lithium acetate, lithium acetic acid, lithium salt of acetic acid, lithium acetamide, lithium anilide, lithium azide, lithium benzamide, lithium antimonide, orthoar about lithium toarsenite, lithium meta arsenite, lithium diborane, lithium pentaborate, lithium dihydoxydiborane, lithium borane, lithium cadmium iodide, lithium chloride, lithium calcium chloride, lithium carbide, lithium carbonate, acid lithium carbonate, lithium carbonate, lithium carbonyl, lithium cobal (II) cyanide, lithium cobalt (III) cyanide, lithium cobalt (III) nitrite, lithium cyanomanganate (II), lithium cyanomanganate (III), lithium citrate, lithium ferricyanide, lithium ferrocyanide, lithium hydride, lithium hydroxide, lithium manganate lithium permanganate, lithium methionate, lithium naphthenate, lithium nitride, lithium nitrate, nitrite lithium, nitrobenzene lithium (e.g. p-nitrobenzene lithium), lithium nitrophenoxide, lithium ether, lithium chromate, lithium oleate, lithium oxalate, lithium oxalate ferrate (II), lithium oxalate ferrate (III), lithium monoxide, lithium oxide, lithium peroxide, lithium, monoorthophosphate lithium, lithium hypophosphite, lithium orthophosphite, lithium oxoplumbate, lithium rhodium cyanide, lithium selenide, lithium selenite, lithium selenocyanate, lithium disilicate, lithium metasilicate, lithium sodium carbonate, lithium sodium lithium sulfate, lithium disodium sulfate, lithium oxide, hydrosulfide lit i, lithium pentasulfide, lithium tetrasulfide, lithium trisulfide, lithium telluride, lithium thioarsenate, lithium thioarsenite, lithium thiocarbonate, lithium thiocyanate, lithium amide, lithium salt (E, E) -2,4-hexadiene acid, dilithifluorophosphate, diphosphate, diphosphate, lithium perchlorate, lithium salt of propanoic acid, lithium formate, lithium cyanate, lithium hexacyanocobaltate (III), lithium hypophosphite, lithium hexafluorosilicate, lithium nitroprusside, lithium phenoxide, lithium phosphate (dibasic, monobasic, tribasic), lithium salicylate lithium nide, lithium tetracyanone nickelate (11), lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium xanthate, lithium p-aminobenzoate, lithium copper (I) ferrocyanide, lithium copper (II) ferrocyanide, lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium hexanitrocobaltate, lithium (III) lithium lithium naphthoxide, lithium polysulfide, lithium sodium phosphate, lithium stearate, lithium sulfide, lithium sulfite, lithium sulfate, lithium thiocyanate, lithium xanthate, lithium fluorosilicate, N-lithium methylenediamine, oxalic acid dilithium salt, lithium salt of betahydropyranovide 1 , 1-dimethylurea, lithium-1,1-diethyl urea, lithium-1,1-dipropylurea, lithium xanthate, lithium ethyl xanthate, lithium methyl xanthate, thiophenol lithium salt, lithium triphenylmethyl lithium, methyl lithium, ethyl lithium, lithium methinyl (acetylide), propyl lithium, isopropyl lithium, butyl lithium, tert-butyl butyllutium pentalithium, hexyllithium, heptalithium, amyllithium, isoamyl lithium, benzyl lithium, dimethylbenzyl lithium, tollithium, dodecyllithium, cyclopentadienyl lithium, methylcyclopentadienyl lithium, cyclohexyl lithium, heptyl lithium, dodecyllithium, tetradecyllithium, hex adecyllithium, octadecyllithium, phenyl lithium, o-tolyl lithium, m-tolyl lithium, p-tolyl lithium, p-chlorophenyllithium, p-bromophenyl lithium, o-anisillith, m-anisyllithium, p-anisillith, diethoxyphenyl lithium, dimethoxyphenol lithium, m-ethium m-dimethylaminophenyllithium, 9-fluorenlithium, a-naphthyllithium, b-naphthyllithium, p-phenylphenyllithium, 9-phenylanthryl lithium, 9-antithrilium, 9-methylphenanthritium, pyridyllithium, 2-pyridyllithium, 3-pyridyllithium, 6-bromo-2 5-bromo-2-pyridyllithium, dibenzofurillithium, 3-quinoyllithium, 2-lepidyllithium, triphenylmethyl lithium, 2,4,6, -trimethylphenyllithium, 2,4,6, -triisopropylphenyl lithium, 2,3,5,6, -tetraisopropylphenyl lithium, tetrabutylphenyl lithium, thiophenyl dilithium, toluene lithium, diphenylethylene lithium, amylethinyl lithium, phenylethynyl lithium, methoxybromphenyl phenyl lithium, phenoxyphenylphenyl phenyl lithium, phenoxyphenyl phenyl lithium, phenoxyphenyl phenyl lithium, phenyl lithium phenyl lithium phenyl lithium phenyl lithium phenyl lithium phenyl lithium boron -thienyllithium, m-trifluoromethylphenyllithium, phenylethynyl lithium, 3-furyl lithium, phenylisopropyl lithium, 3-furyl lithium, phenyl isopropyl lithium, dibenzofuranyl lithium, dimethyl benzyl lithium, lithium selenocyanate, lithium trimethylsilanolate, lithium dimethyl bisphosphonyl lithium phosphate lithium, lithium azide, dilithium cyanamide, lithium cyanide, lithium dicyanamide, lithium salt of cyclohexanebutyric acid, lithium salt of cyclohexanoic acid, cyclopentadienyl lithium, tri-tertiary butoxyaluminum hydride lithium, lithium triethylborane, lithium triisobutyribo-lithium triisopropyl lithium triisobutyribo secondary lithium butyl borane, lithium tri-tertiary butyl borane, lithium triamyl borane, lithium chlorate, lithium tertiary butoxide, secondary lithium butoxide, isobutoxide, lithium antimonate, diphenylphos lithium id, lithium bis (trimethylsilyl) amide, trilithium phosphite, lithium selenocyanate, lithium tri-butyl borane, lithium triethylsilanolate, lithium acetylide, lithium chlorate, lithium salicylate, lithium lithium lithium tetracarbonyl lithium triborate, lithium tetrafluenyl boron lithium tetrafenylate lithium hydroxide, lithium diphenyl phosphide, lithium methoxide, lithium ethoxide, tri-secondary lithium butyl borane, lithium tri-tertiary butyl borane, lithium triamyl borane, lithium triphenyl borane, lithium triamyl borane, metavanad lithium atom, lithium cyclohexane butyrate, lithium hexachloroplatinate, lithium thiocyanate, lithium selenocyanate, lithium fluoride, lithium hexafluoroantimonate, lithium hexafluoroaluminate, lithium aluminate, tertiary aluminum nitrate (II) hexafluoroacetate (IIF), lithium, lithium ferro-silicon, dilithium hexacyanocobalt (II) ferrate (II), lithium hexafluorotitanate, lithium hexafluorozirconate, lithium hexahydroxyantimonate, lithium hexachlororutenate, lithium hexachloropalladate, lithium formate, lithium tetracyanelonate i, lithium tetrafluoroaluminate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, lithium thioacetate, monolithium salt of L-glutamic acid, lithium salt of fumaric acid, lithium salt of oxamic acid, lithium salt of diphenylphosphane, lithium salt of p-aminobenzoic acid, lithium salt of aminobenzene aluminosulfic acid, lithium , dilithium salt of 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid, lithium cyclohexane ether, lithium phthalimide, lithium salt of p-aminosalicylic acid, lithium 3,5-dimethylcyclohexyl sulfate, lithium salt s, indole-3-butyric acid lithium salt, diphenylphosphide, lithium dimethylsilanolate, lithium triethyl borane, lithium propylate, lithium butylate, lithium secondary butylate, lithium pentylate, tertiary lithium pentylate, lithium acid phthalate, lithium sulfate, lithium acid monolithium salt of acetylenedicarboxylic acid, lithium pyrophosphate, lithium double acid phosphate, lithium hexoate (caproic acid lithium salt), lithium diphenyl phosphide, lithium trimethylsilonolate, phthalic acid lithium salt, p-aminobenzoic acid lithium salt, mon lithium salt of L-aspartic acid tetrafenildility (C ₆ H _{5) 2} CLi ₂ C (C ₆ H _{5) 2,} litiymetilfenil (LiCH ₂ C ₆ H _5), bromate, lithium sour lithium phosphate, monolithium salt of D-saccharic acid lithium salt of D1-aspartic acid, lithium salt of (R) -alpha-hydroxymethyl aspartic acid, lithium fluoride, lithium iodate, lithium ethyl malonate, lithium thioacetate, phenol lithium, lithium aminobenzoic acid salt, aminophenol lithium, lithium lithium lithium cyclophenol, methyl lithium methyl cyclopropanol, lithium cyclobutanol, methyl cyclobutano lithium, lithium methylcyclopentanol, lithium cyclopentanol, lithium cyclohexenol, lithium methylcyclohexenol, lithium dimethylcyclohexenols (e.g. lithium 3,5-dimethylcyclohexanol, lithium 2,3-dimethylcyclohexanol, lithium 2,5-dimethylcyclohexanol, 3,5-lithium dimethylcyclohexanol -dimethylcyclohexanol), lithium salt of o-ethylxanthogenic acid, monolithium salt of 2-ketoglutaric acid, dilithium salt of ketomalonic acid, lithium salt of lactic acid, dilitythiosulfate, lithium stibintartrate, lithium dichloroacetate, lithium dimethyl acetate, diethyl atm lithium dipropilatsetat lithium metaborate, lithium tetraborate, lithium tetrahlorokuprat lithium acetoacetate, lithium diisopropylamide, lithium diethylamide, lithium dimethylamide, lithium, lithium bis (dimethylsilyl) amide, dilitiyftalotsianin, dilitiytetrabromokuprat, dilitiytetrabromonikelyat, dilitiytetrahloromanganat, dilitiybutadiin, litiytsiklopentadienid, litiyditsiklogeksilamid, litiydietilamid, litiydimetilamid , lithium dipropylamide, lithium diisopropylamide, lithium hexyl borohydride, lithium tertiary butoxyaluminum hydride, (lithium trimethylsilyl) acetylide, ( thiitriethylsilyl) acetylide, lithium tri [(3-ethyl-3-pentyl) oxy] aluminum hydride, (phenylethynyl) lithium, 2-thienyllithium, lithium diethyl dihydroaluminate, lithium dimethyldihydroaluminate, lithium lithium bifluoride, lithium bifenylidene -methoxyethoxy) aluminum hydride, lithium bismuthate, lithium borate, lithium chlorite, lithium cobaltonitrite, lithium cyanoborane, lithium cyclopentadienide, lithium hexametaphosphate, lithium geoscanitrocobaltate, lithium acid lithium hydrogen phosphate, lithium hydrogen sulfate, lithium hydrogen sulfate, lithium hydrogen sulfate, lithium hydrogen sulfate lithium metabisulfide, lithium meta-periodate, lithium methacrylate, lithium nitroferricyanide, lithium oxybate, lithium pentamethylcyclopentadienide, lithium polyphosphate, lithium polyphosphite, lithium propionate, lithium lithium pyrophosphate, lithium lithium lithium sulfate, lithium lithium lithium sulfate, lithium lithium lithium sulfate, lithium lithium sulfate lithium thiosulfite, lithium triactoxyborane, lithium trimethylsilonate, lithium thiethylsilonate, lithium tri (1-pyrazole), including their analogues, homologs, isomers and derivatives.

Non-limiting examples of derivatives of boron compounds of the present invention include: diisopropoxymethylborane, ethylborane, diethylborane, dimethylborane, dicyclohexylborane, boric acid esters (e.g., boric ester, dimethyl borate, di-n-butyl borate, dicyclohexyl borate, didodecyl borate, di-dodecyl borate, di-decyl borate, di-phenyl borate, di-decyl borate, di-phenyl borate, di-decyl borate, di-decyl borate, di-decyl borate, di-decyl borate, di-decyl borate, di-decyl borate, di-decyl borate, di-phenyl borate, di acid, 2-phenyl-1,3,2-dioxobaryl, pyrroliboranes (e.g. 1-pyrroliborane, 2-pyrroliborane), tetrabutylammonium borane, tetramethylammonium borane, tetraisopropylammonium borane, tetrapropylammonium borane, tetraethylammonium iyboran, tetraizobutilammoniyboran, tetratretichny butilammoniyboran, tetravtorichny butilammoniyboran, tetrabutilammoniytsianoboran, tetrametilammoniytsianoboran, tetraizopropilammoniytsianoboran, tetrapropilammoniytsianoboran, tetraetilammoniytsianoboran, tetraizobutilammoniytsianoboran, tetratretichny butilammoniytsianoboran, tetravtorichny butilammoniytsianoboran, tetrametilammoniytriatsetoksiboran, tiofenbornuyu acid, 2-tiofenbornuyu acid, 3-tiofenbornuyu acid, tolylboronic acid (e.g., -tolylboric acid, n lilbornuyu acid, m-tolylboronic acid), tributoksiboran, tributylborane, tri-sec-butylborane, tri-tert-butylborane, tributylborate, tri-tert-butyl borate, trimethoxyboroxine, trimetilaminoboran, trimethylborate, trimethylboroxine, trimethylborazine, trimetilenborat, trifenilborat, triphenylborane tribenzilborat, borate, triamylborane, tris (2-methoxyethyl) borate, borohydride, lithium borane, sodium borane, borohydrate, borane, borane hydride, triethylboron B (C ₂ H ₅ ) ₃ , decaborane, borazoles, aluminum borane, beryllium borane, lithium borane, hexamethyldiaminoborane (CH ₃ ) ₃ N BH (CH ₃ ) ₃ ), (CH ₃ ) ₂ BI, beryllium borane (Be (BH ₄ ) ₂ ), trimethoxytriborate (BO) ₃ (OCH ₃ ) ₃ , trimethoxytriborane, 3-bromophenylboronic acid, trimethoxyborate, triethoxyborate, triproxyborate, tributoksiborat, triizobutoksiborat, tri-tertiary butoksiborat, tri-secondary butoksiborat, trifenoksiborat, trifenoksiboroamin, trifenoksiboran, phenyl boronic acid, benzilbornuyu acid tsiklogeksilbornuyu acid tsiklogeksenilbornuyu acid tsiklopentilbornuyu acid, methylphenylboronic acid, metiltsiklogeksilbornuyu acid metiltsiklopentilbornuyu acids , Metilbenzilbornuyu acid dimetilfenilbornuyu acid dimetiltsiklogeksilbornuyu acid dimetiltsiklopentilbornuyu acid dimetilbenzilbornuyu acid difenilbornuyu acid dibenzilbornuyu acid ditsiklogeksilbornuyu acid ditsiklogeksenilbornuyu acid ditsiklopentilbornuyu acid metildifenilbornuyu acid, bis [(methyl) -cyclohexyl] boric acid, bis [(methyl) cyclopentyl ] boric acid, bis [(methyl) benzyl] boric acid, bis [(dimethyl) phenyl] boric acid, bis [(dimethyl) cyclohexyl] boric acid, bis [(dimethyl) cyclopentyl] borne w acid, bis [(dimethyl) benzyl] boronic acid, fenilborokarbonil, benzilborokarbonil, tsiklogeksilborokarbonil, tsiklogeksenilborokarbonil, tsiklopentilborokarbonil, metilfenilborokarbonil, metiltsiklogeksilborokarbonil, metiltsiklopentilborokarbonil, metilbenzilborokarbonil carbonyl phenylboronic acid carbonyl benzilbornoy acid carbonyl tsiklogeksilbornoy acid carbonyl tsiklogeksenilbornoy acid carbonyl tsiklopentilbornoy acid , methylphenylboronic acid carbonyl, methylcyclohexylboronic acid carbonyl, carbonyl metiltsiklopentilbornoy acid metilbenzilborokarbonil, dimetilfenilborokarbonil, dimetiltsiklogeksilborokarbonil, dimetiltsiklopentilborokarbonil, dimetilbenzilborokarbonil, difenilborokarbonil, dibenzilborokarbonil, ditsiklogeksilborokarbonil, ditsiklogeksenilborokarbonil, metildifenilborokarbonil, di [(methyl) -cyclohexyl] borokarbonil, di [(methyl) cyclopentyl] borokarbonil, di [(methyl) benzyl] borokarbonil, di [(dimethyl) phenyl] borocarbonyl, di [(dimethyl) cyclohexyl] borocarbonyl, di [(dimethyl) cyclopentyl] borocarbonyl, di [(dimethyl) benzyl] b orokarbonil, fenilborometoksid (fenilborometoksid C ₆ H ₅ (OCH _{3) 2),} benzilborometoksid, tsiklogeksilborometoksid, tsiklogeksenilborometoksid, tsiklopentilborometoksid, metilbenzilborometoksid, metilfenilborometoksid, dimetilfenilborometoksid, metiltsiklogeksilborometoksid, dimetiltsiklogeksilborometoksid, metilbenzilborometoksid, metiltsiklopentilborometoksid, dimetiltsiklopentilborometoksid, metilbenzilborometoksid, dimetilbenzilborometoksid, difenilborometoksid, dibenzilborometoksid, ditsiklogeksilborometoksid dicyclohex nylboromethoxide, dicyclopentyl boromethoxide, di (methylphenyl) boromethoxide, di (methylcyclohexyl) boromethoxide, di (methylcyclopentyl) boromethoxide, di (methylbenzyl) boromethoxide, di (dimethylphenyl) boromethoxide, di (dimethylcyclohexyl) boromethoxide, di (dimethylcyclopentyl) boromethoxide boromethoxide, phenylboroethoxide (phenylborodioethoxide C ₆ H ₅ V (OCH ₃ ) ₂ ), benzylboroethoxide, cyclohexylboroethoxide, cyclohexenylboroethoxide, cyclopentylboroethoxide, methylphenylboroethoxide, methylcyclohexylboroethoxide, methylcyclopentylboroethoxide , Metilbenzilboroetoksid, metilfenilboroetoksid, dimetilfenilboroetoksid, metiltsiklogeksilboroetoksid, dimetiltsiklogeksilboroetoksid, metiltsiklopentilboroetoksid, dimetiltsiklopentilboroetoksid, metilbenzilboroetoksid, dimetilbenzilboroetoksid, difenilborodietoksid, dibenzilboroetoksid, ditsiklogeksilboroetoksid, ditsiklogeksenilboroetoksid, ditsiklopentilboroetoksid, di (methylphenyl) boroetoksid, di (methylcyclohexyl) boroetoksid, di (methylcyclopentyl) boroetoksid, di (methylbenzyl ) boroethoxide, di (dimethylphenyl) boroethoxide, di (dimet ltsiklogeksil) boroetoksid, di (dimethylcyclopentyl) boroetoksid, di (dimethylbenzyl) boroetoksid, phenyl boronic acid, benzilbornuyu acid tsiklogeksilbornuyu acid tsiklogeksenilbornuyu acid tsiklopentilbornuyu acid, methylphenylboronic acid, metiltsiklogeksilbornuyu acid netiltsiklopentilbornuyu acid metilbenzilbornuyu acid dimetilfenilbornuyu acid dimetiltsiklogeksilbornuyu acid dimetiltsiklopentilbornuyu acid, dibenzylboronic acid, dicyclohexylboronic acid, dicyclohexenylboronic acid, dicyclopentyl hydrochloric acid, methyldiphenylboronic acid, bis (methylcyclohexyl) boric acid, bis (methylcyclopentyl) boric acid, bis (methylbenzyl) boric acid, bis (dimethylphenyl) boric acid, bis (dimethylcyclohexyl) boric acid, bis (dimethylcyclopentyl) boric acid, bis ( dimethylbenzyl) boric acid, aminophenylboronic acid, 3-aminophenylboronic acid, diborane, boric acid, borazine, borocarbonate, borane-tertiary butylamine, tetraethylammonium borohydride, tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate, tetrapropylammoniumtetrafluoro s (e.g. 1-naphthylboronic acid, 2-naphthylboronic acid, 3-naphthylboronic acid, 4-naphthylboronic acid), methylnaphthylboronic acid, biphenylboronic acid, carboran, cyclohexylamine diborane, methylbenzeneboronic acid, dimethylbenzeneboronic acid (e.g.) , hexadecanoboric acid, tetradecanoboric acid, phenylethylboroamine, methylborazine, dimethylborazine, trimethylborazine, ethylborazine, diethylborazine, triethylborazine, carboborazine, dicarbobrazine, tricarboborazine, triisopropoxyboroxiboxane, tri oroksin, trimentilborat, trimentilboralkil, trimentilboran, trimetallilborat, trimetallilboralkil, tripentilborat, tripentilboralkil, tripentilboran, trimethylborate, trimetilboralkil, trietilboralkil, triethylborane, triethylborate, tripropylborane, tripropilboralkil, tripropilborat (tripropoksiboran) triizopropilboran, triisopropylborate, triizopropilboralkil, triisobutylborane, triizobutilborat, tri-sec -butylborane, tri-sec-butyl borate, tri-sec-butyl boralkyl, tributyl borate, tributyl boralkyl, tributyl borane, tri-tertiary butyl borate, tertiary butylboralkyl, tertiary tertiary butylborane, triphenylborane, tricyclohexyl borate, tricyclohexylborane, dimethylboronic acid, diethylboronic acid, diisopropylboronic acid, diisobutylboronic acid, di-sec-butylboronic acid, di-sec-butylboronic acid, di-sec-butylboronic acid , dicyclohexylboronic acid, boron tribronide, sodium tetrafluoroborane, sodium trimethylborane, triethylborane, sodium tripropylborane, sodium triisopropylborane, sodium tributylborane, triisobutylborane sodium oia, sodium tertiary butylborane, sodium secondary butylborane, sodium phenylborane, potassium tetrafluoroborane, potassium trimethylborane, potassium triethylborane, potassium triisopropylborane, potassium tributylborane, potassium triisobutylborane, potassium tri-butobutyranobutyribo butylobutyriboyl butobutylobutyriboyl butobutylobutyriboyl triobutylobenoyl butobutyrobutylobutyrobutylobenoyl acid, sodium borane, methyldichloroborane, ethyldichloroborane, propyldichloroboran, isopropyl dichloroboran, butyldichloroborane, isobutyl dichloroboran, tertiary butyl dichloroborane, secondary buty dichlorborane, phenyldichlorborane, methylboric acid, ethylboronic acid, trichlorobrazine, borantetrahydrofuran, tetrafluoroboric acid, boron trichloride, tri-secondary butylborane, borantrimethylamine, borantriethylamine, borane-n-amine tri-amine borane-tri-amine borane-tri-amine borane-tri-amine borane-tri-amine borane-tri-amine borane-tri-amine borane-tri-amine borane-tri-amine borane-tri-amine borane-tri-amine borane trisiamylborate, diisiamylborane, disiamylborate, trimesitylborane, sodium metaborate, lithium metabolite, potassium metabolite, sodium metaborate, borantrimethylphosphine, lanthanum hexaboride, borantriphenylphos fin, borantributylphosphine, borane-N, N-diisopropylborane, N, N'-bis (monoisoisopinocampheylborane) -N, N, N'N'-tetramethylethylenedianine, boron nitride, 4- (borane dimethylamine) benzene, 4- (borandimethylamine) pyridyl 3- (methylthio) propylborane, tris (dimethylamino) borane, butyldiisopropoxyborane, triphenylboran sodium, sodium tetraphenylborane, sodium tetraphenylborane, sodium tetrakis (1-imidazolyl) borane, sodium tetracycodirobenodiophenodiboro-di-boron di 3-pyridyl) borane, dimethyl (3-pyridyl ) Borane, teksilboran lithium dihlorometildiizopropilborat, diethylmethoxyborane, dimetilmetoksiboran, dipropilmetoksiboran, diizopropilmetoksiboran, dietiletoksiboran, dipropiletoksiboran, diizopropiletoksiboran, boranpiperidin, difenilboralkilovy anhydride, tris (trimethylsilyl) borate, tris (trimethylsilyl) borane, trimethylacetic acid with dietilboralkilovoy acid, (2-methylpropyl) boralkyl acid, boroglycine, boric alcohols, boric ethers, boracetates (e.g. propyl borodiacetate, phenylborodiacetate, tris (trifluoro) boron acetate), tris (1-pyrazolyl) sodium borane, sodium perborate, tolylboronic acid, diboride aluminum hlorditsiklogeksilboran, metilditsiklogeksilboran, etilditsiklogeksilboran, propilditsiklogeksilboran, izopropilditsiklogeksilboran, dimetiltsiklogeksilboran, dietiltsiklogeksilboran, dipropiltsiklogeksilboran, diizopropiltsiklogeksilboran, litiytetrametilbor, litiytetraetilbor, lithium tetrapropilbor, litiytetraizopropilbor, tetrabutilbor, litiytetraizobutilbor, lithium tetra - secondary butylboron, tetra-tertiary butylboron, lithium tetraphenylboron, ka hydroxide with triethylboron, potassium hydroxide with tripropylboron, potassium hydroxide with triisopropylboron, tributylboron, potassium hydroxide with triisobutylboron, potassium hydroxide with tri-butylboron, tri-tertiary butylboron, potassium hydroxide with triphenylboron, vinyl phenylboronic acid, vinylphenylboronic acid, vinyl phenylboronic acid boron carbide, boralkylaminoboaryl, boroethane, pentaborane, hexaborane, decaborane, trislenide borane, hexasilicitborane, trisilicitborane, trichloroboralkyl dimethyl ether, trichloroboralkyl trimethylamine, trimethylboralkyl trimethyl N, trimetilboralkiltrietilamin, trietilboralkiltrimetilamin, tritsiklogeksilboralkil, tri-n-geksiltriboralkiltrioksan, triizoamilborat, triizoamilboralkil, tri-n-anizilboralkil, trimethoxyboroxine, trimetilaminoboralkil, trietilaminoboralkil, tripropilaminoboralkil, triizopropilaminoboralkil, triizobutilaminoboralkil, tributilaminoboralkil, tri-secondary butilaminoboralkil, tri-tertiary butilaminoboralkil, trifenilaminoboralkil, tribenzylaminoboralkyl, trimethylaminoboric acid, triethylaminoboric acid, tripropylam nobornaya acid triizopropilaminobornaya acid triizobutilaminobornaya acid tributilaminobornaya acid, tri-sec-butilaminobornaya acid, tri-tert-butilaminobornaya acid trifenilaminobornaya acid tribenzilaminobornaya acid trimetildiboran, trietildiboran, tripropildiboran, trimetiltriboralkiltriamin (B) trietiltriboralkiltriamin (B) trimetiltriboralkiltriamin ( N), triethyltriboroalkyltriamine (N), trimethyltriboroalkyltriamine (NB-B '), triethyltriboroalkyltriamine (NB-B'), tri-B-naphthylborate, tri-a-naphthylborate, triphenylboralk lamin, tri-n-tolilboralkil, tri-n-ksililboralkil including their analogs, homologs, isomers and derivatives.

Non-limiting examples of derivatives of sodium compounds of the present invention include: sodium bis (dimethylsilyl) amide, sodium bis (trimethylsilyl) amide, oxamic acid, p-aminosalicylic acid sodium salt, 5-nitroorotinic acid sodium salt, sodium D-gluconate, sodium hexacyanoferrate (III) ( Na ₃ Fe (CN) _6), sodium diphenylphosphide, sodium acetate, sodium acetate, sodium acetate, sodium acetamide, sodium anilide, sodium azide, ammoniydinatriyaminpentatsianoferrat, sodium benzamide, sodium antimonide, ortoarse sodium atom, sodium orthoarsenite, sodium meta arsenite, sodium diborane, sodium pentaborate, sodium dihydroxydiborane, sodium borane, sodium cadmium iodide, sodium chloride, sodium calcium chloride, sodium carbide, sodium carbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, sodium carbonate, sodium carbonyl, sodium cobalt (II) cyanide, sodium cobalt (III) cyanide, sodium cobalt (III) nitrite, sodium cyanomanganate (II), sodium cyanomanganate (III), sodium citrate, sodium ferro-silicon, sodium ferricyanide, sodium ferrocyanide, sodium nitroferricyanide, aminopent sodium, sodium hydride, hydro sodium led, sodium manganate, sodium permanganate, sodium methionate, sodium naphthenate, sodium nitride, sodium nitrate, sodium nitrite, sodium nitrobenzene (e.g. sodium p-nitrobenzene), sodium nitrophenoxide, sodium ether, sodium chromate, sodium oleate, sodium oxalate , sodium oxalatoferrate (II), sodium oxalatoferrate (III), sodium monoxide, sodium oxide, sodium peroxide, sodium, sodium monophosphate, sodium hypophosphite, sodium orthophosphite, sodium oxoplumbate, sodium rhodium cyanide, sodium selenide, sodium selenite, sodium selenocyanate, selenocyanoplatinate on triium, sodium disilicate, sodium metasilicate, lithium sodium carbonate, lithium sodium ferricyanide, sodium oxostannate, sodium disulfide, sodium hydrosulfide, sodium pentasulfide, sodium tetrasulfide, sodium trisulfide, sodium telluride, sodium thioarsenate, sodium thioarsenate, sodium trisiocarbonate, sodium tritiocarbonate, t , sodium amide, sodium salt (E, E) -2,4, -hexadiene acid, disodium fluorophosphate, disodium fluorophosphite, trisodium phosphate, trisodium phosphite, sodium perchlorate, sodium salt of propanoic acid, sodium formate, sodium cyanate, hexacyanocobal sodium (III) sodium hypophosphite, sodium hexafluorosilicate, sodium nitroprusside, sodium phenoxide, sodium phosphate (dibasic, monobasic, tribasic), sodium salicylate, sodium selenide, sodium tetracyanone nickel (II), sodium tetrafluorocarbonate, sodium xanthate, sodium p-p- aminobenzoate, sodium cuproferrocyanide (I), sodium cuproferrocyanide (II), sodium hexafluorophosphate, sodium geoscanitrocobaltate (III), sodium naphthenate, naphthoxide-B-sodium, sodium polysulfide, lithium sodium phosphate, sodium stearate, sodium sulfite, sodium sulfite, sulfite sodium sodium, sodium xanthate, sodium fluorosilicate, N-sodium methylenediamine, oxalic acid disodium salt, sodium betapyruvic acid, sodium 1,1-dimethylurea, sodium 1,1-diethylurea, sodium 1,1-dipropylurea, sodium xanthate, sodium ethyl xanthogenate, sodium methyl xanthate, thiophenol sodium, sodium triphenylmethyl sodium, methyl sodium, ethyl sodium, sodium ethynyl (acetylide), propyl sodium, isopropyl sodium, butyl sodium, isobutyl sodium, secondary butyl sodium, tertiary butyl sodium, heptane , amyl sodium, isoamyl sodium, benzyl sodium, dimethyl benzyl sodium, tolyl sodium, dodecyl sodium, cyclopentadienyl sodium, methyl cyclopentadienyl sodium, cyclohexyl sodium, heptyl sodium, todenyl, sodium tol, p-todenyl, sodium toldenyl , o-anisyl sodium, m-anisyl sodium, p-anisyl sodium, diethoxyphenyl sodium, dimethoxyphenol sodium, m-cumyl sodium, p-ethoxy phenyl sodium, m-dimethylaminophenyl sodium, 9-fluoren sodium, a-naphthyl sodium, b-naphthyl tri, p-phenylphenyl sodium, 9-phenylantryl sodium, 9-antryl sodium, 9-methyl phen phenry sodium, pyridyl sodium, 2-pyridyl sodium, 6-bromo-2-pyridyl sodium, 5-bromo-2-pyridyl sodium, dibenofur, 3-dibenofur, 2-lepidyl sodium, triphenylmethyl sodium, 2,4,6, -trimethyl phenyl sodium, 2,4,6,-triisopropyl phenyl sodium, 2,3,5,6, tetra-isopropyl phenyl sodium, tetrabutyl phenyl sodium, thiophen disodium, toluene disodium, diphenylethylene disodium, anylethynyl phenyl phenyl sodium , tetraphenylboronosodium, tetramethyl oronosodium, a-thienyl sodium, m-trifluoromethylphenyl sodium, phenylethynyl sodium, 3-furyl sodium, phenyl isopropyl sodium, dibenzofuran sodium, sodium trimethylsilanolate, sodium diphenyl phosphide, sodium sodium trimethyl sodium di-sodium dihydride cyclohexanebutyric acid, sodium salt of cyclohexanoic acid, cyclopentadienyl sodium, sodium tri-tert-butoxyaluminohydride, sodium triethylborane, sodium trimethylborane, tripropyl borane sodium oia, sodium triisopropylborane, sodium tributylborane, sodium triisobutylborane, sodium tri-sec-butylborane, sodium tri-tert-butylborane, sodium triamylborane, sodium chlorate, lithium tertiary butoxide, sodium secondary butoxide, isobutoxide, sodium antimonate, sodium diphenyl phosphide, trimethylbisylbis ) amide, trisodium phosphite, sodium selenocyanate, sodium tri-sec-butyl borane, sodium triethylsilanolate, sodium thiocyanate, sodium acetylide, sodium chlorate, sodium salicylate, sodium disodium tetracarbonyl ferrate, sodium tetraphenyl borate, triethyl borane Riya, sodium triacetoxyborane, sodium triphenylborane, sodium hydroxide, sodium diphenylphosphide, sodium methoxide, sodium ethoxide, sodium tri-butylborane, sodium tri-tert-butylborane, sodium triethylborane, sodium triphenylborane, sodium triamylborane, sodium metavanadate, sodium cyclohexane butyrate, sodium, sodium thiocyanate, sodium selenocyanate, sodium cyanate, sodium fluoride, sodium hexafluoroantimonate, sodium hexafluoroaluminate, sodium hexafluoroarsenate, sodium hexafluorosilicate, sodium hexacyanocobalt (II) ferrate (II) ferrate, sodium disodium xacyanocobalt (II) ferrate (II), sodium hexafluorotitanate, sodium hexafluorozirconate, sodium hexahydroxyantimonate, sodium hexachlororutenate, sodium hexachloropalladate, sodium formate, sodium tetracyanone nickelate, sodium tetrafluoroaluminate, sodium tetrafluoroborate, sodium sulfate, sodium trifluoroacetate, sodium salt , oxamic acid sodium salt, diphenylphosphane sodium salt, p-aminobenzoic acid sodium salt, aminobenzoic acid sodium salt, alpha-naphthalene acetic sodium salt acids, disodium salt of 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid, sodium cyclohexane ether, sodium phthalimide, sodium salt of p-aminosalicylic acid, 3,5-dimethylcyclohexyl sulfate of sodium, sodium salt of indolobutyric acid, sodium salt of indole-3-butyric acid, sodium diphenylphosphate, dimethyl sodium triethyl borane, sodium propylate, sodium isopropylate, sodium butylate, secondary sodium butylate, sodium pentylate, tertiary sodium pentylate, sodium hydrogen phthalate, sodium oxalate, sodium hydrogen sulfate, monosodium salt of acetylenedicar Coupons acid, sodium pyrophosphate, sodium dihydrogenphosphate, sodium geksoat (sodium salt of hexanoic acid), diphenylphosphide, sodium trimetilsilonolat, the sodium salt of phthalic acid, the sodium salt of p-aminobenzoic acid, monosodium salt of L-aspartic acid tetrafenildinatry (C ₆ H _{5) 2} CNa ₂ C (C ₆ H ₅ ) ₂ , sodium methyl phenyl (NaCH ₂ C ₆ H ₅ ), sodium bromate, sodium hydrogen phosphate, monosodium salt of D-sugar acid, sodium salt of D1-aspartic acid, sodium salt of (R) alpha hydroxymethylaspartic acid, sodium fluoride, sodium iodate i, sodium ethyl malonate, sodium thioacetate, sodium phenol, sodium aminobenzoic acid sodium, aminophenol sodium, sodium cyclohexenol, sodium methylcyclohexanol, sodium cyclopropanol, sodium methylcyclopropanol, sodium methylcyclopentanol methylene cyclopentanol, cyclohexene sodium, methylcyclopentenol sodium cyclocyclene sodium (e.g., 3,5-dimethylcyclohexanol sodium, 2,3-dimethylcyclohexanol sodium, 2,6-dimethylcyclohexanol sodium, 2,5-dimethylcyclohexanol sodium, 3,5-dime ethylcyclohexanol), sodium salt of o-ethylxanthogenic acid, monosodium salt of 2-ketoglutaric acid, disodium salt of ketomalonic acid, sodium salt of lactic acid, disodium tritiosulfate, sodium stibintartrate, sodium dichloroacetate, sodium diethyl acetate, sodium tetrabutyl acetate, tetrabutyl acetate sodium, sodium acetoacetate, sodium diisopropylamide, sodium diethylamide, sodium dimethylamide, sodium bis (dimethylsilyl) amide, disodium phthalocyanine, disodium tetrabromocuprate, din riytetrabromonikelyat, dinatriytetrahloromanganat, dinatriybutadiin, natriytsiklopentadienid, natriyditsiklogeksilamid, natriydietilamid, natriydimetilamid, natriydipropilamid, natriydiizopropilamid, natriygeksilboran, sodium tri-tert-butoxyaluminohydride (natriytrimetilsilil) acetylide (natriytrietilsilil) acetylide, natriytri [(3-ethyl-3-pentyl) oxy] aluminum hydride , (phenylethinyl) sodium, 2-thienyl sodium, sodium diethyl dihydroaluminate, sodium dimethyldihydroaluminate, sodium aluminum hydride, sodium bifluoride, sodium biphenyl, sodium biselenite, ribibis (2-methoxyethoxy) aluminum hydride, sodium bismuthate, sodium borate, sodium chloride, sodium cobaltonitrite, sodium cyanoborane, sodium cyclopentadienide, sodium dicyanamide, sodium hexametaphosphate, sodium geoscanitrocobaltate, sodium hydrogen hydrophosphite, sodium hydrogensulfite, sodium hydrogen hydrosulfite, sodium hydrogensulfite, sodium hydroglozenite, sodium hydroglozenite, sodium metabisulfide, sodium metaperiodate, sodium methacrylate, sodium nitroferricyanide, oxybate, sodium pentamethylcyclopentadienide, sodium phenolate, polyphosphate, sodium polyphosphite, sodium propionate, pyrophosphate on triium, sodium selenate, sodium selenite, sodium tetrachloroaluminate, sodium thiomethoxide, sodium thiosulfate, sodium thiosulfide, sodium thiosulfite, sodium triacetoxy borane, sodium trimethylsilonate, sodium triethylsilonate, sodium tris (1-pyrazole) borane, including their analogues, homologs, isomers and derivatives.

Non-limiting examples of derivatives of aluminum compounds of this invention include: diisobutylaluminum hydride, dimethylaluminum hydride, dipropylaluminum hydride, diisopropylaluminum hydride, di-tert-butylaluminum hydride, di-tert-butylaluminum hydride, di-aluminum-trisodium butylamino-aluminum lithium tert-butoxyaluminum hydride, lithium aluminum alloy, aluminum triethylate, aluminum trimethylate, aluminum tripropylate, aluminum triisopropylate, tri-t aluminum butylate, tri-secondary aluminum butylate (aluminum secondary butylate), aluminum triisobutylate, aluminum tributylate, aluminum pentylate, diethylaluminium ethylate, aluminum phosphate, diethylaluminium chloride, diethylaluminium cyanide, diethylaluminium lithium isobutyl diisobutyl diisobutyl diisobutyl diisobutyl aminobutyl , tetraisobutyldiallyumoxane, triethylaluminum, trimethylaluminum, tributylaluminum, triisobutylaluminum, tri-secondary butylaluminum, tri-tertiary butylaluminum, tripental aluminum, triphenylaluminum, triamylaluminum, triisoamylaluminum, tripropylaluminum, triisopropylaluminum, triisobutylaluminum, triisobutylaluminum, trioctylaluminum, sodium aluminum hydride, aluminum trihydride, butyl trihydride, sodium trihydride, butyl hydride, butyl hydride, butyl hydride, butyl hydride, butyl hydride, butyl hydride, butyride, butyride lithium tertiary butoxy aluminum hydride, secondary aluminum butylate, aluminum tertiary butylate, aluminum acetylacetone, aluminum ethylate, aluminum methylate, aluminum propylate, butyl t of aluminum, aluminum isobutylate, aluminum pentylate, aluminum metaphosphate, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum metaphosphate, aluminum monostearate, aluminum hydroxide stearate, aluminum nitrate, aluminum fluoride, aluminum fluorotrihydrate, sodium diethyl dihydroaluminate, sodium hexafluoroaluminate aluminum lithium aluminum hydride aluminum lithium aluminum hydride aluminum tetrahydride ), lithium tris ((3-ethyl-3-pentyl) oxy) aluminum hydride, lithium tertiary aluminum hydride, aluminum-nickel catalyst, aluminosilicate, aluminosilicate hydroxide, aluminum chloride hydrate, chlorine Id diethylaluminum sodium bis (2-methoxyethoxy) alyumodigidrid, aluminum carbide, aluminum phosphate, aluminum acetate (alyuminiydiatsetatgidroksid) acetate digidroalyuminiya, formiatsetat alumina, lithium aluminate, aluminum salt lactic acid, tetrametillitievoalyuminievuyu salt (LiAl _{(CH3) 4),} tetraetillitievoalyuminievuyu salt, tetrapropyl lithium aluminum salt, tetraisopropyl lithium aluminum salt, tetrabutyl lithium aluminum salt, tetraisobutyl lithium aluminum salt, tetra-sec-butyl lithium aluminum salt, tetra-tert-butyl lithium aluminum mini-salt, tetraphenyl lithium-aluminum salt, aluminum tririconoleate, aluminum metaphosphate, sodium aluminum hydride, aluminum dodecaboride, aluminum diboride, aluminum arsenide, aluminum lactate, aluminum-titanium chloride, tri (n-nitroso-n-phenylhydroxyaminato) aluminum, acetyl aluminum dichloride ethyl aluminum, propylaluminum dichloride, isopropylaluminum dichloride, butylaluminum dichloride, sec-butylaluminum dichloride, tert-butylaluminum dichloride, isobutylaluminum dichloride, phenylaluminum dichloride, ethyl sesquichloride aluminum, methylaluminoxane sesquichloride, methylaluminoxane, propylaluminum sesquichloride, ethylaluminoxane, sodium bis (2-methoxyethoxy) aluminum, magnesium aluminum silicate, aluminum oxychloride, aluminum phosphide, aluminum sodium sulfide, aluminum stearate, aluminum octaate, aluminum formate, trihexone , aluminum chromate, aluminum naphthenate, aluminum oleate, aluminum palmitate, aluminum pictrate, aluminum silicate, sodium aluminum chloride, aluminum isopropylate, magnesium aluminum ethylate, trimethylaluminate, triethylaluminate irat, including their analogues, homologs, isomers and derivatives. The scope of this invention includes the corresponding compounds of gallium, indium and thallium.

Nonlimiting examples of the silicon compounds according to the present invention include: dimetoksimetilsilan, dimetoksietilsilan, dietoksimetilsilan, dipropoksimetilsilan, diizopropoksimetilsilan, dibutoksimetilsilan, di-secondary butoksimetilsilan, di-secondary butoksimetilsilan, dietoksimetilsilan, dipropoksimetilsilan, diizopropoksietilsilan, dibutoksietilsilan, diizobutoksietilsilan, di-secondary butoksietilsilan, dietoksidimetilsilan, dimetoksidimetilsilan , dipropoxymethylsilane, diisopropoxymethylsilane, di butoksidimetilsilan, diizobutoksidimetilsilan, di-secondary butoksidimetilsilan, di-secondary butoksidimetilsilan, dietoksimetiletilsilan, etoksitrimetilsilan, etoksitrietilsilan, etoksitripropilsilan, metoksitrimetilsilan, propoksitrimetilsilan, izopropoksitrimetilsilan, butoksitrimetilsilan, izobutoksitrimetilsilan secondary butoksitrimetilsilan secondary butoksitrimetilsilan, fenoksitrimetilsilan, etoksidietilsilan, izobutildietoksisilan secondary butildietoksisilan, butildietoksisilan tertiary butyldiethoxysil en, pentyldiethoxysilane, isobutyl dimethoxysilane, secondary butyldiethoxysilane, butyl dimethoxysilane, tertiary butyltrimethoxysilane, methyltrimethoxysilane, methyltriethoxysilane, pentyldimethoxysilane, diethylsilanediol diantiol, tri-di-ethyl tri-di ₂ H ₅ Si (OH) ₃ ), methyltripropoxysilane, methyltris (dimethylsiloxy) silane, 1,1-diphenylsilacyclohexane, pentamethylsilanamine, 1,1,1-trimethyl-n-phenyl-n-silananine, hexamethyldisilazane, [1,1'-biphenyl] -4-methyltrichlorosilane, ( bromietil) chlorodimethylsilane, brommetiltrimetilsilan (4-bromofenoksi) trimethylsilane, butilhlorodimetilsilan, trihlorobutilsilan, trimetilbutilsilan, chloro (chloromethyl) dimethylsilane, chloro (dihlorometil) dimethylsilane, hlorodimetilfenilsilan, hlorodimetil-2-propenilsilan, hloroetenildimetilsilan, hlorometilsilan, (chloromethyl) dimethylphenylsilane, chloro omethyldiphenylsilane, chloromethylphenylsilane, (chloromethyl) trimethylsilane, (4-chlorophenoxy) trimethylsilane, phenylchlorosilane, (3-chlorophenyl) trimethylsilane, (3-chloropropyl) trimethylsilane, chlorotriethylsilloromethylmethylmethylmethylmethylmethylmethylmethylmethylmethylmethylmethylmethylmethylmethylmethylmethylmethylmethylmethylmethylmethylmethylmethylmethylmethylmethylmethylmethylmethylmethylmethylmethylmethylmethylmethylmethylmethylmethylmethylmethylmethylmethylmethylmethylmethylmethylmethylmethylmethylmethylmethylmethylmethyl dichlorodiethoxysilane, dichlorodiethylsilane, dichlorodimethylsilane, dichlorodiphenylsilane, dichloroethenylmethylsilane, methylethyldichlorosilane, dichloromethylsilane, dichloromethyl (1-methylethyl) silane, dichloromethyl (4-methylphenylmethyl) silane en, dihlorometil-2-propenilsilan, dihlorofenilsilan, dietenildifenilsilan, dietoksidimetilsilan, diphenyldiethoxysilane, dietoksimetilfenilsilan, diethoxymethyl-2-propenilsilan, diethylsilane, dietildiftorsilan, diftordifenilsilan, dimetoksidiketilsilan, dimethoxy diphenyl silane, dimethylsilane, dimetildifenoksisilan, dimetildifenilsilan dimethyl-2-propenilsilan, dimethylphenylsilane, dimetildiatsetatsilan, diphenylsilane, 1,2-ethenediyl bis [trimethyl- (E)] silane (C ₈ H ₂ OSi ₂ ), ethenyl diethoxymethylsilane, ethenylethoxymethylsilane, ethenyltriethoxysilane, ethenyltrimethylsilane, ethenyltris (1-methylethoxy) silane, ethenyltris (2-propenyloxy) silane, ethoxytriethylsilane, ethoxytrifluorosilane, ethoxytrimethylsilane ethylenethyltriethyltriethylsilane ethylenethyltriethyl ethylenethyltriethyl ethylenethyltriethyl ethylenethyltriethyl ethylenethyl ethane triethyl ethylenethyl ethane triethyltriethyl ethane triethyltriethyl ethane triethyltriethyl ethane triethyltriethyl ethane triethyl ethanethyltriethyl ethane triethyl silane ethane methoxysilane, methylsilane, methyldiphenylsilane, methylenebissilane, methylene bis [trichloro] silane, (2-methylphenoxy) triphenylsilane, methylphenylsilane, methyltriphenoxysilane, methyltriphenylsilane, methyltri-p-tolysilane, phenyl silane, [1,3-phenylenebis (hydroxy)] bis [trimethyl] silane, phenyltripropylsilane, tetraethylsilane, tetramethylsilane, tetramethoxysilane, tetrapropylsilane, tetrapropoxylsilane tetra-tetra-silisulane tetraisopropylsilane tetraisopropyl silane tetraisopropane butoxysilane, tetra-tertiary butylsilane, tetra-tertiary butoxysilane, tertiary isobutylsilane, tetraisobutoxysilane, tetraphenylsilane, tetraphenoxysilane, triethylsilane, triethoxysilane, trimethylsilane, trimethoxysil , Tripropilsilan, tripropoksisilan, triisopropylsilane, triizopropoksisilan, tributilsilan, tributoksisilan, tri-secondary butilsilan, tri-secondary butoxysilane, tri-tert butilsilan, tri-tert-butoxysilane, tert izobutilsilan, triizobutoksisilan, triphenylsilane, trifenoksisilan, trietilmetilsilan, trietoksimetilsilan, trimetoksimetilsilan, tripropilmetilsilan, tripropoxymethylsilane, triisopropylmethylsilane, triisopropoxymethylsilane, tributylmethylsilane, tributoximethylsilane, tri-secondary butylmethylsilane, three-sec -screw butoksimetilsilan, tri-tertiary butilmetilsilan, tri-tertiary butoksimetilsilan tertiary izobutilmetilsilan, trifenilmetilsilan, trifenoksimetilsilan, diethylsilane, diethoxysilane, dimethylsilane, dimethoxysilane, dipropilsilan, dipropoksisilan, diizopropilsilan, diizopropoksisilan, dibutilsilan, dibutoksisilan, di-secondary butilsilan, di-secondary butoxy, di-tertiary butylsilane, di-tertiary butoxysilane, tertiary isobutylsilane, diisobutoxysilane, diphenylsilane, diphenoxysilane, ethylsilane, ethoxysilane, methylsilane, me toxisilane, propylsilane, propoxysilane, isobutoxysilane, triethylsilane, triethylsilane, triethylsilane, triethylsilane, triethylbisilane, triethylsilane, triethylbisilanes chlorophenyl) silane, trichloro (3-chloropropyl) silane, trichloro (dichloromethyl) silane, trichlorododecyl silane, trichloroethenyl silane, trichloroethyl silane, trichlorohexyl silane, trichloromethyl silane, trichloro (1-methylethyl) silane, t trichloro (2-methylphenyl) silane, trichloro (3-methylphenyl) silane, trichloro (2-methylpropyl) silane, trichloroctadecylsilane, trichloroctylsilane, trichloropentylsilane, trichlorophenylsilane, trichloro (2-phenylethyl) silane, trichloro-trianophenyl-tri-propane-2-propane, 2-propylene triethoxyethylsilane, triethoxyethylsilane, triethoxyphenylsilane, triethoxypentylsilane, triethoxy-2-propenylsilane, triethylsilane, triethyl fluorosilane, triethylphenylsilane, trifluorophenylsilane, trimethoxymethylsilane, trimethoxyethylsilane, trimethoxypropylpropane ibutylsilane, trimethoxyisobutylsilane, trimethoxy-sec-butylsilane, trimethoxy-tert-butylsilane, trimethoxyphenylsilane, trimethylsilane, trimethyl (4-methylphenyl) silane, trimethyl (2-methylpropyl) silane, trimethylphenoxy silane, trimethylmethyl (trimethylmethyl) phenyl silane, trimethyl-2-propenylsilane, trimethylpropylsilane, trimethyl [4 - [(trimethylsilyl) oxy] phenyl] silane, ethenyltriacetatesilantriol, methyltriacetatesilantriol, tripropylsilane, ethyl dimethylsilanol, methyl diphenylsilanol, triethylsilanol octylphenyl ether silicic acid (C ₁₆ H ₃₆ O ₄ Si), silicic acid tetraethyl ester, silicic acid tetrakis (2-ethylbutyl) ester, methyl silicate (C ₄ H ₁₂ SiO ₄ ), silicic acid tetraphenyl ether, silicic acid tetrapropyl ether, silicic acid triethylphenyl ether, 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetramethyldisilane, 1,2-difluorotetramethyldisilane, hexamethyldisilane, 1,3-diethinyl-1,1 , 3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane, 1,3-diethenyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisilazane, bis (methoxymethylsilyl) oxide, 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexaethyl disiloxane, 1,1,1,3 , 3,3-hexaethyl disilazane, hexamethyldisiloxane, hexamethyldisilazane, 1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane, 1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisilazane, 1,1,3,3-tetramethyl-1,3-diphenyldisiloxane, 1,1 , 3,3-tetramethyl-1,3-diphenyldisilazane, 1,1 , 1-trimethyl-3,3,3-triphenyldisiloxane, 1,1,1-trimethyl-3,3,3-triphenyldisilazane, docosomethyl decasiloxane, docosomethyl decasilazane, ethenylheptamethylmethyltetrasyltetrasiloxane, heptomethylmethylcyclotetrasyl tetrazyl tetracyclotetracyl tetrasiloxane , 4,6,8-tetraethynyl-2,4,6,8-tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane (C ₁₂ H ₂₄ O ₄ Si ₄ ), 2,4,6,8-tetraethyl-2,4,6,8-cyclotetrasiloxane, 2,4,6,8-tetraethyl-2,4,6,8-cyclotetrasilazane, 2,4,6,8- tetraethyl-2,4,6,8-cyclotetrasiloxane, 2,4,6,8-tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane, 2,4,6,8-tetramethylcyclotetrasilazane, 2,4,6,8-tetramethyl-2,4,6,8- tetraphenylcyclotetrasiloxane, 2,2,4,4,6,6-hexamethylcyclotrisilazane, hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane, 2,4,6-triethyl-2,4,6-trimethylcyclotrisiloxane, 2,4,6-triethyl-2,4,6-triphenylcyclotrisiloxane, 2,4,6-trimethyl-2,4,6-triphenylcyclotrisiloxane, decamethylcyclopentasiloxane, decamethylcyclopentasilazane, 2,4,6,8,10-pentamethylcyclopentasiloxane, 2,4,6,8,10-pentame tiltsiklopentasilazan, oktademetiltsiklononasiloksan, oktademetiltsiklononasilazan, geksadekametiltsiklooktasilazan, dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane, dodekametiltsiklogeksasilazan, geksametiltsiklogeksasiloksan, tetradekametiltsiklogeptasiloksan, tetradekametiltsiklogeptasilazan, decamethyltetrasiloxane, 1,1,1,3,5,7,7,7-oktametiltetrasiloksan, aminotrisilan, benziltrietoksisilan, butiltriftorsilan, karboksietildimetilsilan, hlorometilsilan, hlorotriizotsianatsilan, dichloromethylsilane, diethoxybutoxysilane, diethylaniline fluorosilicate, di ethyldichlorosilane, [2- (cyclohexenyl) ethyl] triethoxysilane, [2- (cyclohexenyl) ethyl] methyldiethoxysilane, [2- (cyclohexenyl) ethyl] dimethylethoxysilane, [2- (cyclohexenyl) ethyl] trimethylsilane, [2- (cyclohexenyl) ethyl] triethylsilane, cyclohexyl dimethoxymethylsilane, cyclohexylmethoxymethylsilane, cyclohexyltrimethylsilane, cyclohexyltriethylsilane, dicyclohexyldimethylsilane, cyclohexyl dimethylsilane, cyclohex-1-enyltrimethylsilane-1-cyclohexylmethyl-1-cyclohexylmethyl-1-cyclohexylmethyl-1-cyclohexylmethyl-1-cyclohexylmethyl-1-cyclohexylmethyl-1-cyclohexylmethyl-1-cyclohexylmethyl-1-yl-methyl-silkenyl-1-methyl-trimethyl-silkenyl en, tsiklogeksiltrihlorosilan, 1-cyclopropyl-1- (trimethylsilyloxy) ethylene, fenildimetilsilanol, fenilsilandiol, tsiklogeksilsilandiol, tsiklogeksiletilsilandiol tertiary butilsilandiol, tsiklogeksildimetilsilanol, tsiklogeksildietilsilanol, benziltrimetilsilan, n-benziltrimetilsililamin, fenildimetilsilanol, fenildietilsilanol, tsiklogeksiletilentrimetilsilan, n-tsiklogeksiletilentrimetilsililamin, tsikloetilentrimetilsilan, diphenyldiethoxysilane, diphenyldimethoxysilane, diphenylmethylethoxysilane,
diphenylmethylsilane, diphenylmethylsilanediol, diphenylsilanediol, methylphenyl diethoxysilane, methyl phenyl dimethoxysilane, methyl phenyl dichlorosilane, octadecyl trimethoxysilane, octyl triethoxysilane, octyltrimethoxy silane, 1,3-bis (3-tetra-3-amyl-3-aminopropyl) 1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisilazane, tertiary butyldimethylsilanediol, hydroxymethylene trimethylsilane (CH ₃ ) ₃ CH ₂ OH), gidroksietilentrimetilsilan, gidroksimetiltrietilsilan, gidroksietiltrietilsilan, dietilsilandiol, dimetilsilandiol, dipropilsilandiol, diizopropilsilandiol, dibutilsilandiol, di-tertiary butilsilandiol, diizobutilsilandiol, di-secondary butilsilandiol, diphenylsilanediol, ditsiklogeksilsilandiol, tsiklogeksilmetilsilandiol, tsiklogeksiletilsilandiol, dimetoksidihlorosilan, dimetilanilinftorsilikat, dimetildi (B-chloroethoxy) silane , dimethyl fluorochlorosilane, dimethylsilane, di-a-naphthylaminofluorosilicate, di-b-naphthylaminofluorosilicate, di- m-nitranilinftorsilikat, dinitrozodifenilamin, difenilarsinofenilentrietilsilan, difenildihlorofenoksisilan, di-o-toluidinftorsilikat, di-m-toluidinftorsilikat, di-n-toluidinftorsilikat, dokozametildekasiloksan, dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane, dodecamethylpentasiloxane, eykozametilnonasiloksan, silansilansilandokozametildekasilazan, dodekametiltsiklogeksasilaman, dodekametilpentasilazan, eykozametilnonasilazan, etildietoksiatsetoksisilan, etildietoksihlorosilan, etilizotsianatsilan, ethyltriethoxysilane, ethyltriphenylsilane, g ksadekametiltsiklooktasiloksan, geksadekametiltsiklooktasilazan, geksametilkremniyalkil (hexamethyldisilane) geksametilmetilendisilan, oksimetiltrimetilsilan, methylsilane, metiltrifenilsilan, oktadekametilkotasiloksan, octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane, octamethyltrisiloxane, oktadekametilkotasilazan, oktametiltsiklotetrasilazan, octamethyltrisilazane, tetrafenilensilan, fenilendiazinftorsilikat, fenilizotsianatsilan, phenyltrichlorosilane, kremniybenzoynaya acid, tetra-m-aminofenilsilan, tetrabenzilsilan, tetra- p-biphenylylsilane tetra dekametiltsiklogeptasiloksan, tetradekametiltsiklogeptasilazan, tetradekametiltsiklogeksasiloksan, tetradekametiltsiklogeksasilazan, tetraetilsilan, tetraetiltiosilan, tetrageksiloksisilan, tetraizopropilmerkaptankremny, tetramethoxysilane, tetrametilmerkaptankremny, tetramethylsilane, tetraphenoxysilane, tetrafenilsilan, tetrapropoxysilane, tetratrietilsiloksisilan, tioizotsianatotrietilsilan, tolidinftorsilikat (o), tri (n) bifenililfenilsilan, trihlormetiltrietoksisilan, trietilbromsilan, triethylchlorosilane, trietilftorsilan , rietilfenilsilan, trimetilhlormetilsilan, trimethylethoxysilane, trifenilatsetoksisilan, viniltrifenoksisilan, vinyltriethoxysilane, silantsianat, dibromsilan, dibromdihlorsilan, dihlordiftorsilan, geksaoksotsiklosilan, geksatsiklosilazan, monoiodosilan (three) nitrilosilan (silitsilamin), trichlorosilane, triftorsilan, silandiimid (Si (NH) ₂ ), silantetramide, silanisocyanate, silicon tetraacetate, tetrabromosilane, silicon hexa (di) bromide, silicon carbide, tetrachlorosilane, hexachlorodisilane, tetrafluorosilane, hexafluorosilane, silicon hydride (SiH ₄ ), disilane (Si ₂ H ₆ ) Trisilanpropan, tetrasilanbutan, silicon nitride, thiocyanate silicon dvukremnevuyu acid, cyanate silicon allilhlorodimetilsilan, allilhlorometildimetilsilan, allildihlorodimetilsilan, allyl (diisopropylamino) dimethylsilane, allyloxy-tert-butyldimethylsilane, allyloxy-secondary butyldimethylsilane, alliloksiizobutildimetilsilan, allilhlorodietilsilan, allilhlorometildietilsilan, allildihlorodietilsilan, allildiizopropilaminodietilsilan, allyloxy-tert-butyldiethylsilane, allyloxy-sec-butyldiethylsilane, allyloxyisobutyl ietilsilan, alliloksibutildimetilsilan, alliloksitrimetilsilan, alliloksitrietilsilan, dialliloksidimetilsilan, trialliloksimetilsilan, dialliloksidietilsilan, trialliloksietilsilan, dialliloksidimetoksisilan, trialliloksimetoksisilan, dialliloksidietoksisilan, trialliloksietoksisilan, alliltrihlorsilan, allyltriethoxysilane, alliltriizopropilsilan, alliltripropilsilan, alliltriizopropoksisilan, alliltripropiloksisilan, alliltrimetoksisilan, allyltrimethylsilane, alliltrietilsilan, alliltrifenilsilan, 3-aminopropiltriet xisilane, 3-aminoethyltriethoxysilane, 3-aminoethyltrimethoxysilane, 3-aminomethyltriethoxysilane, 3-aminomethyltrimethoxysilane, 3-aminotrimethoxysilane, 3-aminotriethoxysilane (3-amino-cyclohexyl-3-propyl (3-amino-cyclohexyl-ethyl) -propyl) 3-amino (cyclohexyl) ethyltrimethoxysilane, 3-amino (cyclohexyl) methyltriethoxysilane, 3-amino (cyclohexyl) methyltrimethoxysilane, 3-amino (cyclohexyl) trimethoxysilane, 3-amino (cyclohexyl) triethoxysilane, trimethoxypropyl imethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, N- [3- (trimethoxysilyl) propyl] aniline, N- [3- (triethoxysilyl) propyl] aniline, N- [3- (triethoxysilyl) ethyl] aniline, N '- [3- (trimethoxysilyl ) propyl] diethylenetriamine, N- [3- (trimethoxysilyl) propyl] ethylenediamine, N- [3- (triethoxysilyl) propyl] ethylenediamine, 3- (trimethoxysilyl) propylmethacrylate, 3- (triethoxysilyl) propylmethacrylate, aminotripenylsilane, azanethyl triethyl azanyl triethyl , azidotributylsilane, azidotrimethoxysilane, azidotriethoxysilane, azidotripropoxylan, azidotriboxysilane, bi [3- (trimethoxysilyl) propyl] amine, N, O-bis (trimethylsilyl) acetamide, bis (trimethylsilyl) acetylene, bis (trimethylsilyl) cyclopentadiene, 1,4-bis (trimethylsilyl) benzene, N, O-bis (trimethylsilyl) hydroxylamine, bis (trimethylsilyl) methane, 1,3-bis (trimethylsilyloxy) -1,3-butadiene, 1,2-bis (trimethylsilyloxy) cyclobutene, 1,2-bis (trimethylsilylo) cyclobutene, 1,2,3-bis (trimethylsilyl) cyclobutene, 1,2,3,4-bis (trimethylsilyl) cyclobutene, bis (trimethylsilyl) cyclobutene, 1,2-bis (trimethylsilyloxy) ethane, 2,3-bis (trimethylsilyl) -1-propene, 2, 4-bis (trimethylsilyloxy) pyrimidine, 1,3-bis (trimethylsilyl) urine wine, O, O'-bis (trimethylsilyl) uracil, bis (trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide, (1-cyclohexenyl-1-ethynyl) trimethylsilane, 1-tsiklogekseniloksitrimetilsilan, 1-tsiklogeksiltrimetilsilan, tsiklogeksildimetoksisilan, cyclohexyltrimethoxysilane, tsiklogeksildimetoksisilan, cyclohexyltrimethoxysilane, tsiklogeksildimetoksimetilsilan, cyclohexyltrimethoxysilane, cyclohexyltriethoxysilane, cyclohexyl dimethoxysilanediol, cyclohexyl diethoxysilanediol, cyclohexyl dipropoxymethylsilane, cyclohexyl dipropoxymethylsilanediol, cyclohexyl trichlorosilane [(1-tsiklopropiletenil) oxy] trimethylsilane, diallildimetilsilan, dietoksimetilfenilsilan, 3- (dietoksimetilsilil) propylamine, dietoksimetilsilan, dimetiloktadetsilin, etiltriatsetoksisilan, ketiltriatsetoksisilan, propiltriatsetoksisilan, izopropiltriatsetoksisilan, butiltriatsetoksisilan, izobutiltriatsetoksisilan, butiltriatsetoksisilan secondary, tertiary butiltriatsetoksisilan, benziltriatsetoksisilan, feniltriatsetoksisilan, tsiklopentadieniltriatsetoksisilan, cyclohexyltriacetoxysilane, isopropoxytrimethylsilane, isopropylamine trimethylsilane, lithium bis (trimethylsilyl) amide, methoxymethyloctylsilane, methylbis (trimethylsilyloxy) vinyl silane, octyltriethoxysilane, octyltrimethoxysilane, (phenylthiomethyl) trimethylsilane, silicon tetra, nitrile tetryl nitrile nitri trimethylsilyl) amide, tetrakis (trimethylsilyl) silane, tetravinylsilane, trichloro-3-chloropropylsilane, trichlorocyclopentylsilane, cyclohexyltrichlorosilane, trichlorovinylsilane, 3- (triethoxysilane lil) propionitrile, 3- (trimethoxysilyl) propylamine, 3- (trimethoxysilyl) propylisocyanate, 3- (trimethoxysilyl) propylthiocyanate, trihexylsilane, triisopropylsilane, (triisopropylsilyl) acetylene (chlorotriisopropylsilane), triisoprilosyl , (trimethylsilyl) acetic acid, (trimethylsilyl) acetylene, (trimethylsilyl cyanide, (trimethylsilyl) diazomethane, 5- (trimethylsilyl) -1,3-cyclopentadiene, 1- (trimethylsilyl) imidazole, 1- (trimethylsilyl, 1-pyrrole 1,1-triphenylsilylamine, triphenylsilyl chloride, tri (2-methoxyethoxy) vinylsilane, 2,5,5-tri (trimethylsilyl) -1,3-cyclopentadiene, tri (trimethylsilyl) borate, tri (trimethylsilyl) amine, tri (trimethylsilyl) germanium hydride, three (trimethylsilyl) methane, tris (trimethylsilylmethyl) borane, tris (trimethylsilyloxy) silane, vinyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltrimethylsilane, trimethylsilyl N- (trimethylsilyl) carbamate trifenilsililamin, trietoksisililamin, tributoksisililamin, tripropoksisililamin, vinyltrichlorosilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, viniltriizopropoksisilan, vinyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, dimetoksimetilvini lsilan, dietoksimetilvinilsilan, dimetilmetoksivinilsilan, dimetiletoksivinilsilan, dimetilpropoksivinilsilan, dimetilizopropoksivinilsilan, dietilmetoksivinilsilan, dietiletoksivinilsilan, dietilpropoksivinilsilan, dietilizopropoksivinilsilan, dimethylethoxy (ethylvinyl) silane, dimethoxymethyl (ethylvinyl) silane, diethoxymethyl (-propylvinyl) silane, vinyltrimethylsilane, viniltrietilsilan, viniltrifenilsilan, vinyltris (2-butilidenaminooksi) silane, vinyltree (2-methoxyethoxy) silane, vinyltree (2-methylethoxy) silane, vinyltree (2-ethoxy) silane, vinyl and (trimethylsiloxy) silane, 3- (2-aminoethylamino) propyltrimethoxysilane, 3-aminopropylmethyldiethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyltrimethoxyethylsilane, 3-aminomethyltriethoxyethylsilane-3-aminomethyltriethoxyethylsilane aminopropyl) tri [2- (2-methoxyethoxy) ethoxysilane, amyltriethoxysilane, 1,3-bis (chloromethyl) -1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisilazane, 1,3-bis (chloromethyl) -1,1,3,3 -tetramethyldisiloxane, 1,2-bis (chlorodimethylsilyl) ethane, 1,3-bis (3-cyanopropyl) tetramethyldisiloxane, 1,3-bis ((3-cya nopropyl) tetramethyldisilazane, bis (diethylamino) dimethylsilane, bis (dimethylamino) dimethylsilane, bis (diethylamino) diethylsilane, bis (dimethylamino) diethylsilane, 1,2-bis [(dimethylamino) dimethylsilyl] ethane, 1,2-bis (benzyl) dimethyl 1,2-bis (dimethylsilyl) cyclohexene, 1,4-bis (dimethylsilyl) benzene, 1,4-bis (dimethylsilyl) cyclohexene, 1,3-bis (4-hydroxybutyl) -1,1,3,3- tetramethyldisiloxane, 1,3-bis (4-hydroxybutyl) -1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisilazane, bis (N-methylbenzamido) methylethoxysilane, 1,4-bis (trimethylsilyl) butadiene, N, O-bis (trimethylsilyl) acetimide , N, N-bis (trimethylsilyl) methylamine, N, N- bis (trimethylsilyl) amine, N, N-bis (triethylsilyl) amine, N, N-bis (trimethylsilyl) urea, bis (trimethylsilyl) phosphite, N, O-bis (trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetimide, tertiary butyldimethylsilane, tertiary butyl dimethylsilanol, butyldimethylsilyl) acetylene, tertiary butyldimethylsilyl cyanide, N- (tertiary butyldimethylsilyl) dimethylamine, butyldimethylchlorosilane, tertiary butyldimethylchlorosilane, O- (tertiary butyl dimethylsilyl) hydroxylamine-butyldyldyldylyldyldyldylyldyldyldylyldyldylyldyldylyldyldylyldyldylyldyldylyldyldylyldyldylyldyldylyldyldyldylyldyldylyldyldylyldyldylyldyldylyldyldyldylyldyldylyldyldylyldyldylyldylyldylyl-butyldilyl-butyldylyl-butyldylyl-butyldylyl-butyldylyl-butyldylyl-butyldylyl-butyldyldylyl in? inyl in solution in? iltsianid, N-tertiary butiltrimetilsililamin tertiary butiltrimetilsililperoksid tertiary butiltrimetilsililatsetat, [2- (cyclohexenyl) ethyl] triethoxysilane, N, N-dietiltrimetilsililamin, N, N-dietiltrietilsililamin, N, N-diethyl (trimethylsilylmethyl) amine, dietiltrimetilsililfosfit, difenilmetilsilan, ditsiklogeksilmetilsilan , diphenylethylsilane, dicyclohexyl ethyl silane, dicyclohexylsilanediol, 1,3-diphenyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane, 1,3-diphenyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisilazane, 1,3-dicyclohexyl-1,1,3 , 3-tetramethyldisiloxane, 1,3-divinyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisi lazane, 1,3-divinyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane, dodecyltriethoxysilane, 1,1,3,3,5,5-hexamethyltrisilazane, 1,1,3,3,5,5-hexamethyltrisiloxane, methyltriethoxysilane, ethyltriethoxysilane, propyltriethoxysilane, izopropiltrietoksisilan, butiltrinetoksisilan, butyltriethoxysilane, izobutiltrietoksisilan secondary butyltriethoxysilane, tert-butyltriethoxysilane, geksiltrietoksisilan (3-izotsianatpropil) triethoxysilane, (isopropenyloxy) trimethylsilane, izopropildimetilhlorsilan, lithium bis (trimethylsilyl) amide, kaliybis (trimethylsilyl) amide, (3-mekraptopr saws) methyldimethoxysilane, (3-mekraptopropil) triethoxysilane, (3-mekraptopropil) trimethoxysilane, (methoxymethyl) trimethylsilane, metoksitrimetilsilan, etoksitrimetilsilan [3- (methylamino) propyl] trimethoxysilane, methyldiethoxysilane, 2-metilbenzosililazol, metiloktadetsildihlorsilan, metiloktildimetoksisilan, metiloktildihlorsilan, metilfenilhlorsilan , methylphenyl dichlorosilane, methyl phenyl diethoxysilane, methyl phenyl dimethoxysilane, (methylthio) trimethylsilane, methyltriactoxysilane, methyltrichlorosilane, ethyltrichlorosilane, methylethoxysilane, ethylethoxy silane, methyltriethoxysilane, ethyltrimethoxysilane, ethyltriethoxysilane, N-methyl-N-trimethylsilylacetamide, metilvinildietoksisilan, phenyltriethoxysilane, cyclohexyltriethoxysilane, phenyltrimethoxysilane, cyclohexyltrimethoxysilane, phenyl (methylene) triethoxysilane, cyclohexyl (methylene) triethoxysilane, phenyl (methylene) trimethoxysilane, cyclohexyl (methylene) trimethoxysilane, phenyl (ethylene) triethoxysilane, cyclohexyl (ethylene) triethoxysilane, phenyl (ethylene) trimethoxysilane, cyclohexyl (ethylene) trimethoxysilane, phenyltrimethylsilane, phenyltriethylsilane, fe niltripropilsilan, feniltriizopropilsilan, feniltributilsilan, feniltri-sec-butilsilan, feniltri tert butilsilan, feniltriizobutilsilan, tsiklogeksiltrimetilsilan, tsiklogeksiltrietilsilan, tsiklogeksiltripropilsilan, tsiklogeksiltriizopropilsilan, tsiklogeksiltributilsilan, tsiklogeksiltri-sec-butilsilan, tsiklogeksiltri tert butilsilan, tsiklogeksiltriizobutilsilan, feniltrietoksisilandiol, tsiklogeksiltrietoksisilandiol, feniltrimetoksisilandiol, cyclohexyltrimethoxysilanediol, phenyltrimethylsilanediol, phenyltriethylsilanedio l feniltripropilsilandiol, feniltriizopropisilandiol, feniltributilsilandiol, feniltri-sec-butilsilandiol, feniltri tert butilsilandiol, feniltriizobutilsilandiol, tsiklogeksiltrimetilsilandiol, tsiklogeksiltrietilsilandiol, tsiklogeksiltripropilsilandiol, tsiklogeksiltriizopropilsidandiol, tsiklogeksiltributilsilandiol, tsiklogeksiltri-sec-butilsilandiol, tsiklogeksiltri tert butilsilandiol, tsiklogeksiltriizobutilsilandiol, propyltrimethoxysilane, tetramethylsilane, 2,4,6,8-tetramethylcyclotetrasilazane, 1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisilazane, 1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane, tetramethyltetrasilyl fulvalen, trimethylethoxysilane, N- (trimethylsilyl) acetanide, trimethylphenoxysilane, 1- (trimethylsiloxy) cyclopentene, 1- (trimethylsiloxy) cyclohexene, trimethoxyphenyl-sillyl, 1, ) cyclohexene, triethoxyphenylsilane, 1- (triethoxysilyl) cyclopentene, 1- (triethoxysilyl) cyclohexene, trimethoxycyclohexylsilane, (trimethoxysilyl) cyclopentane, (trimethoxysilyl) cyclohexane, triethoxycyclohexylsilane, (triethoxysilane, etilsililazid, triethylsilylazide, tripropilsililazid, triizopropilsililazid, tributilazid, triizobutilazid, tri-tert-butilazid, tri-sec-butilazid, trifenilazid, trimetoksisililazid, trietoksilsililazid, tripropoksilsililazid, triizopropoksilsililazid, tributoksilazid, triizobutoksilazid, tri-tert-butoksilazid, tri-sec-butoksilazid, (trimethylsilyl) cyclopentadiene, trimethylsilyl cyanide, (trimethylsilyl) acetonitrile, trans-3- (trimethylsilyl) allyl alcohol, 2- (trimethylsilyl) methanol, 2- (triethylsilyl) ethanol, (trimethylsilyl) methanol, ( or yl) ethanol, triisobutylsilane, 2- (trimethylsilyl) methanol, 2- (trimethylsilyl) ethanol, 0- (trimethylsilyl) hydroxylamine, 1- (trimethylsilyl) imidazole, trimethylsilyl isocyanate, (trimethylsilyl) methylacetylmethylacetyl, trimethylsilylmethyl, trimethyl (trimethylsilylmethyl) urea, 4- (trimethylsilyl) morpholine, 4- (triethoxysilyl) butyronitrile, 1- (trimethylsilyl) pyrrolide, 1-trimethylsilyl-1,2,4-triazole, triphenylsilyloisilylmethylmethylmethylmethylmethylmethylmethylmethylmethylmethylamine phenyldiethoxysilylamine , Tsiklogeksildimetoksisililamin, tsiklogeksildietoksisililamin, difenilmetoksisililamin, difeniletoksisililamin, ditsiklogeksilmetoksisililamin, ditsiklogeksiletoksisililamin, tsiklogeksilsililtriamin, cyclohexyl (ethyl) sililtriamin, cyclohexyl (methyl) sililtriamin, benzilsililtriamin, benzyl (methyl) sililtriamin, difenilsilildiamin, feniletoksisilildiamin, tsiklogeksiletoksisilildiamin, tsiklogeksildietoksisililamin, tsiklogeksilmetoksisilildiamin, cyclohexyl (ethyl) etoksisilildiamin , cyclohexyl (methyl) ethoxysilyldiamine, benzylme toxisilyldianine, benzyldimethoxysilylamine, tri (trimethylsilyl) amine, tri (trimethoxylsilyl) amine, tri (triethoxylsilyl) amine, tri (trimethylsilyl) amine, tri (triethoxylsilyl) amine, tri (trimethylsilyl) borate, tri (trimethylsilyl) ethane, tri (trimethylsilyl) phosphate, tri (trimethylsilyl) phosphine, tri (trimethylsilyl) silane, vinyltriethoxysilane, vinyltrichlorosilane, vinyltriisopropylsilane, vinyltrimethylsilane, vinyltriphenylsilithiomethoxymethyloxytrimethoxymethyleneoxy) allyldimet ilsilan, allildietilsilan, diallildimetilsilan, diallildietilsilan, allioksitrimetilsilan, allioksitrietilsilan, allilfenilkremny, tripropilsilan, tri (trimethylsilyl) silane, pentametiltsiklopentasiloksan, 2,4,6,8,10-pentametiltsiklopentasiloksan, pentametildisiloksan, amiltrietoksisilan, vinyltrichlorosilane, viniltrietilsilan, vinyltrimethylsilane, viniltrifenilsilan, vinyltriethoxysilane, vinyltripropoxysilane, vinyltriisopropoxysilane, vinyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltriphenoxysilane, vinyltriboxysilane, vinyltriisobutoxysilane, vinyl ri-sec-butoxysilane, vinyltri-tert-butoxysilane, vinyltri (2-butylideneaminooxy) silane, vinyltri (2-methoxyethoxy) silane, vinyltri (trimethoxysiloxy) silane, N, N-dimethyltrimethylsilylamine, N, N-diethyltrimethyl-3-methylsilyl dimethyl-1-trimethylsilyl-1-butyne, 3,3-diethyl-1-trimethylsilyl-1-butyne, dimetiltrimetilsililmetilfosfonat, dimetiltrimetilsililfosfit, dimetiltritilbromosilan, dimetilviniletoksisilan, dimetilvinilhlorsilan, diphenylmethylchlorosilane, difeniletilhlorsilan, fenildimetilhlorsilan, fenildietilhlorsilan, difenildi (m-tolyl) silane, 1,2-di ethylsilane, 1,2-diethylsilane, 2,2,4,4,6,6-hexamethylcyclotrisilazane, N-benzyltrimethylsilylamine, chloromethyloctylsilane, trimethyloctylsilane, disilane, dimethylsilanediol, trichlorocyclopentylsilane, tri (isopropylthio) silane, chloromethane, dimethylsilane, propyltrichlorosilane, trimethyl (pentafluorophenyl) silane, trichloro (1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-perfluorooctyl) silane, silicon tetraboride, silicon hexaboride, trimethyl-2-thienylsilane, (4-bromophenyl) trimethylsilane, 4-trimethylol 5- (trimethylsilyl) -1,3-cyclopentadiene, trimethylsilylmethyl magnesium loride, N, N-diisopropyltrimethylsilylamine, dicyclohexylmethylsilane, tetracyclohexylsilane, 1,1,2,2,3,4,4,5,5-decaphenyl-6,6-dimethylcyclohexasilane, trimethylsilyl polyphosphate, trimethylsilyl polyphosphite, including their analogs, homologs derivatives. Appropriate compounds of germanium, tin, titanium, zirconium, selenium and tellurium are included using this invention.

 Other non-limiting examples of derivatives of germanium compounds include: decamethyl germanocene (bis (pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) germanium), tertiary butyl germanium, tetramethyl germanium, tetraethyl germanium, tetrapropyl germanium, tetraisopropyl germanium, tetrabutyl germany tetrabutyl germany tetra isobutyl germany tetra isobutyl germany tetra isobutyl germany tetra isobutyl germany methylphenolgermanium, germanium ethoxide, including their analogues, homologs, isomers and derivatives.

 Other non-limiting examples of derivatives of tin compounds include: decamethylstannocene (bis (pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) tin, dibutyltinbis (2-ethylhexanate), dibutyltin diacetate, dibutyl oxo-tin, dibutyl tin, di-tin-di-tin-di-tropyl, di-tin-di-tin-di-tropyl-di-dipropyl-tin-di-tin-dipropyl second-butyltin, diphenyltin, tetramethyltin, tetraethyltin, tetrapropyltin, tetraisopropyltin, tetrabutyltin, tetraisobutyltin, tetra-tert-butyltin, tetra-sec-butyltin, tetraphenyl ovo, tetrametoksiolovo, tetraetoksiolovo, tetrapropoksiolovo, tetraizopropoksiolovo, tetrabutoksiolovo, tetraizobutoksiolovo, tetratretbutoksiolovo, tetra-sec-butoksiolovo, tetrafenoksiolovo, trimetoksimetilolovo, trietoksimetilolovo, tripropoksimetilolovo, triizopropoksimetilolovo, tributoksimetilolovo, triizobutoksimetilolovo, tri-tert-butoksimetilolovo, tri-sec-butoksimetilolovo, trifeniloksimetilolovo, dibutyltin dichloride, dibutyltin dilaurate, dibutyltin dimethoxide, dibutyltin diethoxide, dibutyltin methoxide, ethoxide dibutyltin, tetrabutyltin, tetramethyltin, tetraethyltin, tetrapropilolovo, tetra-tert-butyltin, allildibutilolovo, allidifenilolovo, allildifenilstannat, dihlordifenilolovo acetate, diphenyltin acetate, tributyl tin, tributyltin chloride, cyanide, tributyltin ethoxide, tributyltin methoxide, tributyltin tin tributyl hydride, tributilvinilolovo, tin trifenilhlorid , tin triphenylhydroxide, tin triphenylhydride, tributyltin ethoxide, including their analogs, homologs, isomers and derivatives.

Non-limiting examples of the phosphorus compounds according to the present invention include: tetrabutilfosfoniygidroksid, allildifenilfosfin, diphenylphosphine, phenylphosphine, diphenyl phosphate, diphenylphosphine, diphenylphosphine acid, difeniletoksifosfin, difenilmetoksifosfin, difenilpropoksifosfin, difenilizopropoksifosfin, difenilbutoksifosfin, diphenyl-sec-butoksifosfin, diphenyl-tert-butoksifosfin, difenilizobutoksifosfin, ditsiklogeksiletoksifosfin , dicyclohexylmethoxyphosphine, dicyclohexylpropoxyphosphine, dicyclohexyl opropoksifosfin, ditsiklogeksilbutoksifosfin, dicyclohexyl-sec-butoksifosfin, dicyclohexyl-tert-butoksifosfin, ditsiklogeksilizobutoksifosfin, ditsiklopentiletoksifosfin, ditsiklopentilietoksifosfin, ditsiklopentilpropoksifosfin, ditsiklopentilizopropoksifosfin, ditsiklopentilbutoksifosfin, dicyclopentyl-sec-butoksifosfin, dicyclopentyl-tert-butoksifosfin, ditsiklopentilizobutoksifosfin, dicyclohexyl (ethyl) etoksifosfin, dicyclohexyl ( ethyl) methoxyphosphine, dicyclohexyl (ethyl) propoxyphosphine, dicyclohexyl (ethyl) isopropoxyphosphate n, dicyclohexyl (ethyl) butoxyphosphine, dicyclohexyl (ethyl) -t-butoxyphosphine, dicyclohexyl (ethyl) -tert-butoxyphosphine, dicyclohexyl (ethyl) isobutoxyphosphine, phenyldiethoxyphosphine (phenylphenyldiphenyloxyphenoxyphenylphenyl phenoxy phenyl phenoxy phenyl phenoxy phenyl phenoxy phenyl phenoxy phenyl phenoxy phenyl phenoxy phenyl phenoxy phenyl phenyl phenoxy phenyl phenoxy phenyl phenoxy phenyl phenoxy phenyl phenoxy phenyl phenoxy phenyl phenoxy phenyl phenoxy phenyl phenoxy phenyl phenoxy phenyl phenoxy phenyl phenoxy phenyl phenoxy phenyl phenoxy phenyl phenoxy phenyl phenoxy phenyl phenoxy phenyl phenoxy phenyl phenoxy phenyl phenoxy phenyl phenoxy phenyl phenoxy phenyl phenoxy phenyl phenoxy phenyl phenoxy phenyl phenoxy phenyl phenoxy phenyl phenoxy phenyl phenoxy phenoxy phenyl phenoxy β-butoxyphosphine, phenyldi-tert-butoxyphosphine, phenyldiisobutoxyphosphine, cyclohexyl diethoxyphosphine, cyclohexyl dimethoxyphosphine, cyclohexyl dipropoxyphosphine, cyclohexyl diisopropoxyphosphine, cyclohexyl dibutoxyphosphine, cyclohexyl di-sec-butoksifosfin, tsiklogeksildi tert butoksifosfin, tsiklogeksildiizobutoksifosfin, tsiklopentildietoksifosfin, tsiklopentildimetoksifosfin, tsiklopentildipropoksifosfin, tsiklopentildiizopropoksifosfin, tsiklopentildibutoksifosfin, tsiklopentildi-sec-butoksifosfin, tsiklopentildi tert butoksifosfin, tsiklopentildiizobutoksifosfin, cyclohexyl (ethyl) diethoxyphosphinyl, cyclohexyl (ethyl) dimethoxyphosphinyl, cyclohexyl (ethyl) dipropoxyphosphine, cyclohexyl (ethyl) diisopropoxyphosphine, cyclohexyl (ethyl) dibutoxyphosphine, cyclohexyl (ethyl) di Torr-butoksifosfin, cyclohexyl (ethyl) di-tert-butoksifosfin, cyclohexyl (ethyl) diizobutoksifosfin, dimetilmetilfosfat, dietilmetilfosfat, dietiletilfosfat, dimetiletilfosfat, ethylenebis (diphenylphosphine), metildihlorfosfit, metildihlorfosfat, metildihlorfosfin, methyldiphenylphosphine, propylphosphonic anhydride, dimethylphosphine, diethylphosphino, dipropylphosphino, diisopropylphosphine, dibutylphosphine, diisobutylphosphine, di-sec-butylphosphine, di-tert-butylphosphine, diphenylphosphine, diphenylphosphate, diphenylphosphine oxide, diphenylphosphine oxide, diphenylphosphine selenide, double (diethylamino) phosphine, double (dimethylamino) phosphine, double (2-ethylhexyl) phosphate, double (dimethylsilyl) phosphate, double (dimethylsilyl) phosphite, di (tolyl) phosphine, di (o-tolyl) phosphine, di (m- tolyl) phosphine, di (p-tolyl) phosphine, di (tolyl) phosphite, di (o-tolyl) phosphite, di (m-tolyl) phosphite, di (p-tolyl) phosphite, di (tolyl) phosphate, di ( tolyl) hydrophosphate, di (tolyl) phosphonic acid [(CH ₃ CH ₄ ) ₂ P (OH)], mono (tolyl) phosphonic acid [(CH ₃ CH ₄ ) P (OH) ₂ ], diethyl phenyl phosphine, diethyl phenyl phosphite, dipropyl phosphite, diisopropyl phosphite, dibutyl phosphite, diisobutyl phosphite, di-sec-butylphosph um, di-tert-butyl phosphite, diphenyl phosphite, allildifenilfosfony hydride allildifenilfosfoniya hydroxide allildifenilfosfoniya, allildifenilfosfoniya chloride dimetilfosforamiddihlorid, hexamethylphosphoramide, geksametilfosfordiamid, hexamethylphosphoric triamide, geksametilfosforimidtriamid trimethylphosphine, trinetilfosfat, trimethyl phosphite, triethyl phosphite, tripropilfosfit, triisopropyl phosphite, tributyl phosphite, triimobutilfosfit, tri-sec -butyl phosphite, tri-tert-butyl phosphite, dimethyl phosphite, diethyl phosphite, dipropyl phosphite, diisopropyl phosphite, dibutyl phosphate osfit, diizobutilfosfit, di-sec-butyl phosphite, di-tert-butyl phosphite, diphenyl phosphite, dimetiletilfosfin, dimetiletilfosfat, dimetiletilfosfit, dietilmetilfosfit, dipropilmetilfosfit, diizopropilmetilfosfit, dibutilmetilfosfit, diizobutilmetilfosfit, di-sec-butilmetilfosfit, di-tert-butilmetilfosfit, difenilmetilfosfit, dimethyl phosphonate, diethylphosphonate, dipropylphosphonate, diisopropylphosphonate, dibutylphosphonate, diisobutylphosphonate, di-sec-butylphosphonate, di-tert-butylphosphonate, diphenylphosphonate, dimethylmethylphosphonate, dimethylethylphosphonate, diethyl methylphosphonate, dipropilmetilfosfonat, diizopropilmetilfosfonat, dibutilmetilfosfonat, diizobutilmetilfosfonat, di-sec-butilmetilfosfonat, di-tert-butilmetilfosfonat, difenilmetilfosfonat, diethylethylphosphonate, dipropiletilfosfonat, diizopropiletilfosfonat, dibutiletilfosfonat, diizobutiletilfosfonat, di-sec-butiletilfosfonat, di-tert-butiletilfosfonat, difeniletilfosfonat, dimetilkarbofosfonat, diethyl carbophosphonate, dipropyl carbophosphonate, diisopropyl carbophosphonate, dibutyl phosphonate, diisobutyl carbophosphonate, di-sec-but ilkarbofosfonat, di-tert-butilkarbofosfonat, difenilkarbofosfonat, dimetilmetilkarbofosfonat, phenylphosphonate, difenilfosfonat, dimetilmetilkarbofosfonat, dimetiletilkarbofosfonat, dietilmetilkarbofosfonat, dipropilmetilkarbofosfonat, diizopropilmetilkarbofosfonat, dibutilmetilkarbofosfonat, diizobutilmetilkarbofosfonat, di-sec-butilmetilkarbofosfonat, di-tert-butilmetilkarbofosfonat, difenilmetilfosfonat, dietiletilkarbofosfonat, dipropiletilkarbofosfonat, diizopropiletilkarbofosfonat, dibutyl ethyl carbophosphonate, diisob utiletilkarbofosfonat, di-sec-butiletilkarbofosfonat, di-tert-butiletilkarbofosfonat, difeniletilfosfonat, dimetilfosfit, dimetilfosfit, trimetilfosfonatsetat, trimethyl-2-fosfonakrilat, trimetilfosfonformiat, trioctylphosphine oxide, triphenyl phosphate, triphenylphosphine, triphenylphosphine oxide, trifenilfosfinmedny hydride, triphenylphosphine hydrobromide, triphenylphosphine dibromide, triphenylphosphine oxide, trifenilfosfinselenid, trifenilfosfinsulfid , tripiperidine phosphine oxide, tri (2-ethylhexyl) phosphate, tri (dimethylanino) phosphine, tri (hydromethyl) aminome phosphate, tri (trimethylsilyl) phosphate, three (trimethylsilyl) phosphite, three (tolyl) phosphines (e.g. three (o-tolyl) phosphine, three (m-tolyl) phosphine, three (p-tolyl) phosphine), three (tolyl ) phosphites (for example, tri (o-tolyl) phosphite, three (m-tolyl) phosphite, three (p-tolyl) phosphite), three (tolyl) phosphate, three (tolyl) hydrogen phosphate, tritoliphosphonic acid [(CH ₃ C ₆ H ₄ ) ₃ P (OH) ₂ ], bis (2-ethylhexyl) phosphite, diallylphenylphosphine, dibenzylphosphite, dibenzylphosphate, dibutylphosphite, dimethylmethylphosphonate, dimethylmethylphosphine, dimethylmethylphosphonite, dimethylphenylphosphine dimethylphosphonite tilfosfinovuyu acid, dimethyl (trimethylsilylmethyl) phosphonate, dimetiltrimetilsililfosfit, dimetiltrimetilsililfosfonat, etildifenilfosfonit, diphenyl (2-methoxyphenyl) phosphine, hydrophosphite manganese (II), dinatriyftorfosfat, dinatriyftorfosfit, dinatriygidrofosfit, trisodium phosphate, trinatriyfosfit, dikaliyftorfosfat, dikaliyftorfosfit, tripotassium phosphate, trikaliyfosfit, etildifenilfosfin, etildifenilfosfinit , ethyl diphenylphosphonate, methyldiphenylphosphine, methyldiphenylphosphinite, methyl diphenylphosphonate, phenylphosphine, phenylphosphonic acid, phenylphosphonate phosphate acid, phosphoric acid, phosphorus trichloride, phosphorus urea, phosphorus trisulfide, tributyl phosphate, tributyl phosphine, tri-tert-butylphosphine, tributylphosphine oxide, tributyl phosphite, tri (2,4-di-tert-butylphenylphenylphenylphosphonite, phosphate phosphoric acid and propane-1,3-diol, tris (2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) phosphite, tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphite, tris (1-chloroethyl) phosphite, trichlorophosphite, tris (tridecyl) phosphite, isooctyl diphenyl phosphite, diisodecyl phenyl phosphite , triethyl 4-phosphonocrotonate, trimethyl 4-phosphonocrotonate, triethylphosphonoacetate, trimethyl phosphonoacetate, trimethyl-2-fosfonobutirat, triethyl-2-fosfonobutirat, trimetilfosfonoformiat, trietilfosfonoformiat, trimetilfosfonopropionat, tritsiklogeksilfosfit, tricyclohexylphosphine, triethylphosphine, triethylphosphite, trimethylphosphine, triethylphosphate, trimethylphosphate, tripropilfosfat, triimopropilfosfat, tributyl, triisobutyl, tri-sec-butyl phosphate, tri- tert-butyl phosphate, triphenyl phosphate, dimethyl phosphate, diethyl phosphate, dipropyl phosphate, diisopropyl phosphate, dibutyl phosphate, diisobutyl phosphate, di-sec-butyl phosphate, di-tert-butyl phosphate, di fenilmetilfosfat, difeniletilfosfat, difenilpropilfosfat, difenilizopropilfosfat, dimetiletilfosfat, dietilmetilfosfat, dipropilmetilfosfat, diizopropilmetilfosfat, dibutilmetilfosfat, diizobutilmetilfosfat, di-sec-butilmetilfosfat, di-tert-butilmetilfosfat, difenilmetilfosfat, trietilfosforamid, trimetilfosforamid, tripropilfosforamid, triizopropilfosforamid, tributilfosforamid, triizobutilfosforamid, tri-sec- butylphosphoramide, tri-tert-butylphosphoramide, triphenylphosphoramide, dimethoxyphosphoramide (CH ₃ O) ₂ PNH ₂ ), diethoxyphosphorus mide, dipropoxyphosphoramide, diisopropoxyphosphoramide, dibutoxyphosphoramide, diisobutoxyphosphoramide, di-sec-butoxyphosphoramide, di-tert-butoxyphosphoramide, diphenoxyphosphoramide, dimethylphosphoramide, (CH ₃ O) ₂ RONH ₂ ), diethyl diphyl diphyl diphosphide diphyl diphosphide butylphosphoramide, di-tert-butylphosphoramide, diphenylphosphoramide, dimethylethylphosphoramide, diethylmethylphosphoramide, dipropylmethylphosphoramide, diisopropylmethylphosphoramide, dibutylmethylphosphoramide, diisobutylmethylphosphoramide, di butilmetilfosforamid -sec-di-tert-butilmetilfosforamid, difenilmetilfosforamid, trietilkarbofosfat, trimetilkarbofosfat, tripropilkarbofosfat, triizopropilkarbofosfat, tributyl phosphate, triizobutilkarbofosfat, tri-sec-butilkarbofosfat, tri-tert-butilkarbofosfat, trifenilkarbofosfat, dimetilkarbofosfat, dietilkarbofosfat, dipropilkarbofosfat, diizopropilkarbofosfat, dibutilkarbofosfat, diizobutilkarbofosfat , di-sec-butyl carbophosphate, di-tert-butyl carbophosphate, diphenyl carbophosphate, dimethylethyl carbophosphate, diethyl methyl carbophosphate atm dipropilmetilkarbofosfat, diizopropilmetilkarbofosfat, dibutilmetilkarbofosfat, diizobutilmetilkarbofosfat, di-sec-butilmetilkarbofosfat, di-tert-butilmetilkarbofosfat, difenilmetilfosfat, dimetilvinilfosfat, dietilvinilfosfat, dipropilvinilfosfat, diizopropilvinilfosfat, dibutilvinilfosfat, diizobutilvinilfosfat, di-sec-butilvinilfosfat, di-tert-butilvinilfosfat, difenilvinilfosfat, triisobutylphosphine, triisodecylphosphite, triisopropylphosphite, dibenzyldiethylphosphoranidite, dibenzyldiisopropylphosphoramidite, dibenzylphosphite , Dibenzylphosphate, tris (tridecyl) phosphite, tritolilfosfat, tritolylphosphine, tritolilfosfit, tricyclohexylphosphine, aluminum phosphate, 1,2-bis (diphenylphosphino) propane, trioctylphosphine oxide, trioctylphosphine, dihlometilfosfin, dihlorfosfinoksid (Cl ₂ PO), etildihlorfosfit, tetraetilpirofosfit, benzildietilfosfit, benzildietoksifosfor , cyclohexyl diethoxyphosphorus, dibenzyldiisopropylphosphoramite (diisopropylphosphoric aramidic acid dibenzyl ester), di-tert-butyldiisopropylphosphoramidite, tert-butyltetraisopropylphosphorodiamidite, (+/-) - 1-anino-cis-3 nocyclopentanecarboxylic acid, diallyldiisopropylphosphoramide, tert-butyltetraisopropylphosphorodiamite, (1-aminobutyl) phosphoric acid, 6-amino-1-hexylphosphate, 1-aminoethylphosphonosulfonamide, 2-aninoethyl dihydrogenphosphoric acid, 2-aninoethyl dihydrogenphosphoric acid, 2-aminoethyl dihydrogen phosphate, hexamethylphosphoramide [(CH ₃ ) ₂ N] ₃ PO, hexamethylphosphoric triamidite [(CH ₃ ) ₂ N] ₃ P, diethyl-4-aminobenzylphosphonate, diethyl-4-aminobenzylphosphite, diethylbenzylphosphonate, diethylbenzylphosphite, tetraethylphosphonyl diethylphosphonate lizotsianat, 6-amino-1-geksilfosfat, dietiloksifosfinilizotsianat, diethylcyanomethylphosphonate, dietilfenilfosfonat, dioktilfenilfosfonat, etilfenilfosfinat, etilfenilfosfonovuyu acid, methylphosphonic acid, ethylphosphonic acid, propylphosphonic acid, izopropilfosfonovuyu acid butilfosfonovuyu acid sec-butilfosfonovuyu acid tert-butilfosfonovuyu acid izobutilfosfonovuyu acid phenylphosphonic acid, phenylphosphinic acid, methylphenylphosphinate, methylphinylphosphine, aminomethylphosphonic acid, vinylphosphon w acid, hypophosphoric acid, sodium hypophosphate, sodium dihydrogenphosphate, ftorofosfornuyu acid, hydrogen phosphate, ammonium gidrofosfin ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, lithium trifenilfosfinselenid lithium, phosphoric acid, phosphorus oxychloride, phosphorus pentasulfide, metaphosphoric acid, dinatriyfenilfosfat, nitrilotri (methylene) triphosphonic ksilotu, etilenfosfit, ammonium benzyl phosphite, potassium hexafluorophosphate, diethyltrimethylsilyl phosphite, diethyl (trichlorethyl) phosphonate, dimethyl (trimethylsilyl) phosphite, tri (trimethylsilyl) phosphonate, 2-chloro-1,2,3-dioxaphospholane 2-chloro-1,3,3-dioxaphospholane-2-oxide, dimethylmethylphosphonate, diethylmethylphosphonate, dimethylethylphosphonate, diethylethylphosphonate, ethylmethylphosphonate, 2-carboxyethylphosphonic acid, 2,2,2-trichloro-1,1-bis-dimethylphosphonate chloroethyl) phosphoramide dichloride, butyl dichlorophosphite, butyl phosphon dichloride, tert-butyl phosphon dichloride, tert-butyl dichlorophosphine, trimethyl phosphonformate, trimethyl propionamide, trimethyl propionanilide, diethyl diethyl diethyl diethyl diethyl diethyl diethyl diethyl diethyl diethyl diethyl diethyl diethyl ethyl phosphate tilfosforamidat, dimetilfosforamidat, tetrametilfosfordiamidhlorid, tetrametilfosfoniyhlorid, diethylcyanophosphate, diethylcyanophosphonate, diethylcyanomethylphosphonate, dietoksifosfinilizotsianat, O, O'-dietilmetilfosfonotionat, diethyl methylphosphonate, diethyl (hydroxymethyl) phosphonate dimetiltrimetilsililfosfit, 1-ethyl-3-methyl-1H-imidazolgeksaftorfosfit, dietiltsianmetilfosfonat, phosphorus naphthenate, methylphenylphospholene, methylphenylphospholendichloride, (aminobenzyl) phosphonic acid (e.g. (4-aminobenzyl) phosphonic acid), cyclophosphamide, pinacol methylphosphonate, diethyl (ethylthiomethyl) phosphonate, 2-furyltetramethylphosphorodiamidite, diisopropylcyanomethylphosphate, 1,3,5-tri (2-hydroxyethyl) cyanuric acid, tri (2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite, tri (tridecyl phosphate) (nonylphenyl) phosphite, phosphoric anhydride, phosphane, phosphonium chloride, phosphonium sulfide, phosphonium sulfate, phosphoramide, phosphoramidite, metaphosphoramide, chloride (di) phosphorus cyanide, phosphorus cyanide, phosphorus trifluoride, phosphorus pentafluoride, phosphorus oxybromide phosphorus, phosphorus oxybromide phosphorus, phosphorus oxybromide phosphorus, phosphorus oxybromide phosphorus, phosphorus oxybromide phosphorus, phosphorus oxybromide phosphorus, phosphorus oxybromide three (tetra) phosphorus selenide, tr phosphorus chloride, phosphorus thiocyanate, hypophosphoric acid, metaphosphoric acid, orthophosphoric acid, pyrophosphoric acid, phosphine, fosofra nitride, phosphorus seskvisulfid including their analogs, homologs, isomers and derivatives. The corresponding compounds of arsenic, antimony and bismuth are also included.

 Other non-limiting examples of derivatives of antimony compounds include: antimony alkyl compounds, trialkyl compounds, cyclomatic / ring compounds, including trimethyl antimony, triethyl antimony, antimony ethylate, tripropyl antimony, triisopropyl antimony, tributyl antimony, triisobutyl trisimmonium, antimony, triphenylantimony, phenylantimony, three (methylphenyl) antimony, triphenylantimony oxide, three (methylphenol) antimony, antimony ethylate, pentamethyl antimony, phenyl dimethyl antimony, phenyl stibic acid, tetramethyldistibyl, three butylstibine, triethylantimony, triethylantimony chloride, trimethylantimony, triphenylantimony, triphenylantimony dichloride, triphenylantimony sulfide, including their analogues, homologs, isomers and derivatives.

 Other non-limiting examples of derivatives of arsenic compounds include: arsenic alkyl compounds, dialkyl compounds, compounds with a cyclomatic / ring system, including trimethylarsin, triethylarsine, tripropylarsin, triisopropylarsin, tributylarsin, triisobutylarsin, tri-tert-butylarsinisin-tri-tris-butylarsin-tri-second , phenylarsine, tri (methylphenyl) arsine, triphenylarsine oxide, tri (methylphenol) arsine, phenyl arsenic acid, phenylcyclotetramethylene arsine, arsenobenzene, cacodyl oxide, cacodyl anide, dimethylarsin, dime ilhlorarsin, dimetiltsianoarsin, difenilarsinovuyu acid diphenylchlorarsine, etilarsonovuyu acid metilarsin, methyldichloroarsine, phenylarsine, fenildimetilarsin, tetraetildiarsin, tetrametilbiarsin, tribenzilarsin, trimethylarsine, trietilarsin, tributilarsin, triizobutilarsin, triphenylarsine, including their analogues, homologues, isomers and derivatives.

 Other non-limiting examples of derivatives of bismuth compounds include: bismuth alkyl compounds, dialkyl compounds, compounds with a cyclomatic / ring system, including triphenylbismuth, triphenylbismuth carbonate, diphenylbismutin, methylbismuthine, triethylbismuthine, trimethylbismuthine, triphenylbismuthine, their analogues, tri-n homologs, isomers and derivatives.

Non-limiting examples of derivatives of potassium compounds of the present invention include: potassium bis (dimethylsilyl) amide, potassium acetamide, potassium bis (trimethylsilyl) amide, oxamic acid, potassium salt of p-aminosalicylic acid, potassium salt of 5-nitroorotinic acid, potassium D-gluconate, potassium hexacyanoferrate ( ), potassium (K ₃ Fe (CN) _6), potassium diphenylphosphide, boron, potassium acetate, potassium acetate, potassium salt of acetic acid, potassium benzamide, potassium azide, potassium antimonide, potassium orthoarsenate, ortoarsenit potassium metaarsenit potassium diborane to potassium pentaborate, potassium dihydroxydiborane, potassium borane, potassium anilide, potassium cadmium iodide, potassium chloride, potassium calcium chloride, potassium carbide, potassium carbonate, potassium hydrogen carbonate, potassium carbonyl, potassium cobalt (II) cyanide, potassium cobalt (III) cyanide, potassium cobalt (III) nitric acid, potassium cyanomanganate (II), potassium cyanomanganate (III), potassium citrate, potassium ferricyanide, potassium ferrocyanide, potassium hydride, potassium hydroxide, potassium manganate, potassium permanganate, potassium methionate, naphtha potassium, potassium nitride, potassium nitrate, potassium nitrite, potassium nitrophenoxide, nitrobenz l of potassium (e.g. potassium p-nitrobenzene), potassium oleate, potassium oxalate, potassium oxalatoferrate (II), potassium oxalatoferrate (III), potassium monoxide, potassium oxide, potassium peroxide, potassium, potassium monophosphate, potassium hypophosphite, potassium phosphate, potassium oxoplumbate, potassium rhodium cyanide, potassium selenide, potassium selenite, potassium selenocyanate, potassium selenocyanoplatinate, potassium disilicate, potassium metasilicate, potassium sodium carbonate, potassium sodium ferricyanide, potassium oxostannate, potassium disulfide, potassium sulfide sulfide, potassium sulfide sulfide potassium trisulfide those potassium chloride, potassium thioarsenate, potassium thioarsenite, potassium trithiocarbonate, potassium thiocyanate, potassium amide, potassium salt (E, E) -2,4-hexadiene acid, dipotassium fluorophosphate, dipotassium fluorophosphite, tripotassium phosphate, tripotassium phosphite, potassium salt, formate potassium cyanate, potassium hexacyanocobaltate (III), potassium hypophosphite, potassium hexafluorosilicate, potassium nitroprusside, potassium phenoxide, potassium phosphate (dibasic, monobasic, tribasic), potassium salicylate, potassium selenide, potassium tetracyanone nickelate, potassium tetrafyanonickelate, tetraf potassium anthogenate, potassium p-aminobenzoate, potassium-copper (I) ferrocyanide, potassium-copper (II) ferrocyanide, potassium hexafluorophosphate, potassium geoscanitrocobaltate (III), potassium naphthenate, potassium b-naphthoxide, potassium polysulfide, potassium sodium phosphate potassium stearate, potassium sulfide, potassium sulfite, potassium sulfate, potassium thiocyanate, potassium xanthate, potassium fluorosilicate, N-potassium ethylenediamine, oxalic acid dipotassium salt, potassium-beta-pyruvic acid, potassium-1,1-dimethylurea, potassium-1,1-diethyl potassium 1,1-dipropylurea, potassium xanthate, potassium ethyl xanthate, potassium ethyl xanthogenate, potassium salt of thiophenol, potassium-aluminum-tri-tert-butoxide, potassium silicon, triphenylmethyl potassium, methyl potassium, ethyl potassium, potassium methinyl (acetylide), propyl potassium, isopropyl potassium, butyl potassium, isobutyl potassium, sec-butyl potassium, p-butyl potassium, t-butyl potassium, p heptakalium, amylkali, isoacyl potassium, benzyl potassium, dimethyl benzyl potassium, tolyl potassium, dodecyl potassium, cyclopentadienyl potassium, methyl cyclopentadienyl potassium, cyclohexyl potassium, heptyl potassium, dodecyl potassium, tetradecyl potassium, hexadecyl potassium, octadecyl potassium o-tolyl potassium, m-tolyl potassium, p-tolyl potassium, p-chlorophenyl potassium, p-bromophenyl potassium, o-anisyl potassium, m-anisyl potassium, p-anisyl potassium, diethoxyphenyl potassium, dimethoxyphenol potassium, m-cumylkali, p-ethoxyphenyl potassium, m-dimethylamino, fluorencal potassium, a-naphthyl potassium, b-naphthyl potassium, p-phenylphenyl potassium, 9-phenylanthryl potassium, 9-anthril potassium, 9-methylphenanthrycal, pyridyl potassium, 2-pyridyl potassium, 3-pyridyl potassium, 6-bromo-2-pyridyl potassium, 5-b pyridyl potassium, dibenzofuryl potassium, 3-quinoyl potassium, 2-lepidyl potassium, triphenylmethyl potassium, 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl potassium, 2,4,6-triisopropyl nyl potassium, 2,3,5,6-tetraisopropylphenyl potassium, tetrabutyl phenyl potassium, thiophenidic potassium, toluene dipotassium, diphenylethylenedical, amyl ethynyl potassium, phenylethinyl potassium, methoxy bromophenyl potassium, phenyl isopropyl potassium, tetraphenyl boro potassium, tetramethyl boro phenyl 3, phenyl 3-phenyl-3-phenyl-3-phenyl-3-phenyl-3-phenyl-3-phenyl; furyl potassium, dibenzofuranyl potassium, dimethyl benzyl potassium, potassium selenocyanate, potassium trimethylsilanolate, diphenyl phosphide, potassium benzoate, potassium tert-butyl carbonate, potassium azide, dipotassium cyanamide, potassium cyanide, dicyan potassium medium, potassium salt of cyclohexanebutyric acid, potassium salt of cyclohexanoic acid, cyclopentadienyl potassium, tri-tert-butoxyaluminum hydride potassium, triethylborane potassium, trimethylborane potassium, tripropylborane potassium, triisopropylborane potassium, tributylborane potassium, tri-tri-butobutyri potassium butylborane, potassium triamylborane, potassium chlorate, lithium tert-butoxide, potassium sec-butoxide, isobutoxide, potassium antimonate, potassium diphenyl phosphide, potassium bis (trimethylsilyl) amide, tripotassium phosphite, potassium selenocyanate, three-second potassium butyl borane, potassium triethylsilanolate, potassium thiocyanate, potassium acetylide, potassium chlorate, potassium salicylate, potassium dipotassium tetracarbonyl ferrate, potassium tetraphenyl borate, potassium triethyl borane, potassium triacetoxy borane, potassium tri-phenyl, potassium methoxide, di potassium butylborane, potassium tri-tert-butylborane, potassium triethylborane, potassium triphenylborane, potassium triamylborane, potassium metavanadate, potassium cyclohexanbutyrate, potassium hexachloroplatinate, potassium thiocyanate, potassium selenocyanate, potassium cyanate, fluoride potassium, potassium hexafluoroantimonate, potassium hexafluoroaluminate, potassium hexafluoroarsenate, potassium hexafluorosilicate, potassium hexacyanocobalt (II) ferrate, II dipotassium hexacyanocobalt (II) potassium, potassium hexafluorotitanate potassium tetracyanone nickel, potassium tetrafluoroaluminate, potassium tetrafluoroborate, potassium thioacetate, L-glutanic acid monopotassium salt, fumaric acid potassium salt, oxamic acid potassium salt, potassium salt diphenylphosphane, potassium salt of p-aminobenzoic acid, potassium salt of aminobenzene acid, potassium salt of alpha-naphthalene acetic acid, dipotassium salt of 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid, potassium cyclohexane ether, potassium phthalimide, potassium salt of p-aminosalicylic acid, 3,5-dimethyl methyl dimethyl potassium salt of indolobutyric acid, potassium salt of indole-3-butyric acid, potassium diphenyl phosphide, potassium dimethylsilanolate, potassium triethylborane, potassium propylate, lithium isopropylate, potassium butylate, potassium sec-butylate, potassium pentylate, potassium tert-pentylate, potassium hydrophthalate, potassium oxalate, potassium hydrosulfate, monopotassium salt of acetylenedicarboxylic acid, potassium pyrophosphate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, potassium hexoate (potassium salt of caproic acid), potassium diphenyl phosphide, potassium trimethylsilononate, potassium salt acids, monopotassium salt of L-ac paraginic acid, tetraphenyldical (C ₆ H ₅ ) ₂ CK ₂ C (C ₆ H ₅ ) ₂ , potassium methyl phenyl (KCH ₂ C ₆ H ₅ ), potassium bromate, potassium chromate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, monopotassium salt D -sugaric acid, potassium salt D1-aspar hydrochloric acid, potassium salt of (R) -alpha-hydroxymethylaspartic acid, potassium fluoride, potassium iodate, potassium ethyl malonate, potassium thioacetate, potassium salt of aminobenzoic acid, potassium salt of aminophenol, potassium cyclohexenol, potassium methylcyclohexenol, potassium cyclopropanol, cyclopropanol potassium cyclobutanol, potassium methylcyclobutanol, potassium methylcyclopentanol, potassium cyclopentanol, potassium cyclohexenol, potassium methylcyclohexenol, potassium dimethylcyclohexenols (e.g. potassium 3,5-dimethylcyclohexanol, 2,3-dimethylcyclohexanol alium, potassium 2,6-dimethylcyclohexanol, potassium 2,5-dimethylcyclohexanol, 3,5-dimethylcyclohexanol), potassium salt of o-ethylxanthogenic acid, monopotassium salt of 2-ketoglutaric acid, dipotassium salt of ketomalonic acid, potassium salt of lactic acid, dicalitium antisulfate, dicalitiosulfonate , potassium dichloroacetate, potassium dimethyl acetate, potassium diethyl acetate, potassium dipropyl acetate, potassium metaborate, potassium tetraborate, potassium tetrachlorocuprate, potassium acetoacetate, potassium diisopropylamide, potassium diethylamide, potassium dimethylamide, potassium amide dimethyl amide id, dikaliyftalotsianin, dikaliytetrabromokuprat, dikaliytetrabromonikelyat, dikaliytetrahloromanganat, dikaliybutadiin, kaliytsiklopentadienid, kaliyditsikloteksilanid, kaliydietilamid, kaliydimetilamid, kaliydipropilamid, kaliydiizopropilamid, kaliygeksilboran, tri-tert-butoxyaluminum potassium (kaliytrimetilsilil) acetylide (kaliytrietilsilil) acetylide, kaliytri [(3-ethyl- 3- pentyl) oxy] aluminum hydride, (phenylethynyl) potassium, 2-thienyl potassium, potassium diethyl dihydroaluminate, potassium dimethyldihydroaluminate, potassium aluminum hydride, potassium bifluoride, potassium phenyl, potassium bisalenite, potassium bis (2-methoxyethoxy) aluminum hydride, potassium bismuthate, potassium borate, potassium chloride, potassium cobaltonitrite, potassium cyanoborane, potassium cyclopentadienide, potassium dicyanamide, potassium hexametaphosphate, potassium hexanitrohydrochloride, potassium, potassium meta arsenite, potassium metabisulfide, potassium meta-periodate, potassium methacrylate, potassium nitroferricyanide, oxybate, potassium pentamethylcyclopentadienide, potassium phenolate, polyphosphate, potassium polyphosphite, potassium propionate, pyrophosphate alium, potassium selenate, potassium selenite, potassium tetrachloroaluminate, potassium thiomethoxide, potassium thiosulfate, potassium thiosulfide, potassium thiosulfite, potassium triacetoxy borane, potassium trimethylsilonate, potassium triethylsilonate, three (1-pyrazole) potassium borane, including analogs thereof, homologs . The corresponding compounds of rubidium, cesium and France are also included in the practice of this invention.

 Non-limiting examples of derivatives of the magnesium compounds of the present invention include: magnesium ethylate (ethoxide), magnesium methylate, dimethyl magnesium, diethyl magnesium, dipropyl magnesium, diisopropyl magnesium, dibutyl magnesium, di-tert-butyl magnesium, diisobutyl magnesium, methyl di-sec-butyl magnesium, methyl magnesium, di-sec-butyl magnesium, magnesium , magnesium hydroxide, magnesiumanthracenedianion, isopropylcyclohexylamide magnesium bromide, methylmagnesium bromide, methylmagnesium chloride, ethylmagnesium chloride, magnesium fluoride, magnesium chloride, butylmagnesium chloride , Isopropylmagnesium chloride, tsiklopentilmagniygidrid, tsiklopentilmagniygidroksid, tsiklopentilmagniyhlorid, tsiklopentilmagniymetil, tsiklopentilmagniyetil, tsiklopentilmagniymetilol, tsiklopentilmagniyetilol, tsiklopentilmagniymetoksid, tsiklopentilmagniyetoksid, tsiklogeksilmagniygidrid, tsiklogeksilmagniygidroksid, cyclohexyl, tsiklogeksilmagniymetil, tsiklogeksilmagniyetil, tsiklogeksilmagniymetilol, tsiklogeksilmagniyetilol, tsiklogeksilmagniymetoksid, tsiklogeksilmagniyetoksid, tert-butylmagnesium chloride, isobutylmagnesium lorid, allimagniyhlorid, benzylmagnesium chloride, benzilmagniygidrid, benzilnagniyetilat, benzilmagniymetilat, benzilmagniyetoksid, benzilmagniymetoksid, magnesium acetate, methyl carbonate of magnesium, trimethylsilylmethyl magnesium chloride, magniyatsetattetragidrat, metilmagniyizopropiltsiklogeksilamid pyrophosphate magnesium feniletinilmagniybromid, metilfenilmagniyhlorid, methylmagnesium, ethylmagnesium, propylmagnesium, isopropylmagnesium, butylmagnesium, isobutylmagnesium, tert-butylmagnesium , sec-butyl magnesium, phenyl magnesium, magnesium acetate, magnesium hydrogen phosphate, cyclopentyl rot, cyclopentyl magnesium hydroxide, cyclopentyl methyl magnesium, methyl cyclopentyl methyl magnesium, allyl magnesium, benzyl magnesium, pentyl magnesium, 1,1-dimethylpropyl magnesium magnesium hydroxide, 1,1-dimethylpropyl methyl magnesium, magnesium phenyl magnesium magnesium magnesium phosphate magnesium magnesium magnesium phosphate magnesium magnesium magnesium hydroxy magnesium magnesium hydrogen magnesium L-aspartic acid, the magnesium salt of DL-aspartic acid, including their analogs, homologs, isomers and derivatives. The corresponding compounds of beryllium, calcium, strontium, barium, radium and zinc are also included in the practice of the present invention.

 Non-limiting examples of the selenium compounds include: alkyl and dialkyl selenium compounds dimetilselen, dimetilselenid, dietilselen, dipropilselen, diizopropilselen, dibutilselen, diizobutilselen, di-tert butilselen, di-sec-butilselen, difenilselen, tetrametilselen, tetraetilselen, tetrapropilselen, tetraizopropilselen, tetrabutilselen , tetraisobutylselen, tetra-tert-butylselen, tetra-sec-butylselen, tetraphenylselen, phenylselen, methylphenylselen, methylphenylselenide, methylphenolselen, zinc selenite, di-n-butylphosphate nselenide, selenantren, selenourea, selenophene, allylphenylselenide, 1,3-dihydrobenzoimide ___, 2,3-dihydro-3-methyl ___, 1,1-dimethyl-2-selenourea, diphenyldiselenide, phenylselenyl chloride, benzene selenose acid potassium, selenourea, sodium hydroselenite, 4-chlorobenzenesalenide, 4- (methylseleno) butyrate, benzyl selenide, alkyl selenes, including dimethyl selenide, diethyl selenide, dipropyl selenide, etc., allyl phenyl selenide, benzene selenyl selenide, phenyl), potassium um, selenic acid, dibenzildiselenid, p-tolilselenid, trifenilfosfinselen, seleno-DL-methionine, p-tolilselenid including their analogs, homologs, isomers and derivatives.

 Nonlimiting examples of derivatives of compounds tellurides include di-n-butilfosfanselenid, selenantren, selenourea, selenophene, allilfenilselenid, dimetiltellurid, dietiltellurid, dipropiltellurid, diizopropiltellurid, dibutiltellurid, diizobutiltellurid, di-tert-butiltellurid, di-sec-butiltellurid, difeniltellurid, tetrametiltellurid, tetraetiltellurid , tetrapropyl telluride, tetraisopropyl telluride, tetrabutyl telluride, tetraisobutyl telluride, tetra-tert-butyl telluride, tetra-sec-butyl telluride, tetraphenyl telluride, phenyl llurid, metilfeniltellurid, metilfenoltellurid, selenite, zinc di-n-butilfosfantellurid, difenilditellurid, dimetiltellurid, dietiltellurid, dipropiltellurid, diizopropiltellurid, dibutiltellurid, diizobutiltellurid, di-tert-butiltellurid, di-sec-butiltellurid, difeniltellurid, the dimethyl dietilditellurid, dipropilditellurid, diizopropilditellurid , dibutyl ditelluride, diisobutyl ditelluride, di-tert-butyl ditelluride, di-sec-butyl ditelluride, diphenyl ditelluride, including their analogs, homologs, isomers and derivatives.

 Non-limiting examples of derivatives of iron compounds include: ferrocene, methylferrocenes, decamethylferrocene (bis (pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) iron), 1,1'-diacetylferrocene, 1,1'-ferrocenecarboxylic acid, ferrocene acetic acid, ferrocene acetonitrile, 1,1'-ferrocene phosphine (diphenyl) ferrocene carboxaldehyde, ferrocene carboxylic acid, 1,1'-ferrocene dicarboxylic acid, 1,1'-ferrocene dimethanol, ferrocene dimethanol, dzhelezononacarbonyl, dzhelezodeodecacarbonyl, dzhelezononacarbonyl, iron-pentacarbonyl, vinyl triplecarbon rrotsen, bitsiklopentadienilzhelezo (ferrocene) tsiklopentadienilmetiltsiklopentadienilzhelezo, bis (methylcyclopentadienyl) iron, tsiklopentadieniletiltsiklopentadienilzhelezo, bis (ethylcyclopentadienyl) iron, bis (dimethylcyclopentadienyl) iron, bis (trimethylcyclopentadienyl) iron, cyclopentadienyl tert-butiltsiklopentadienilzhelezo, bis (pentanetiltsiklopentadienil) iron metiltsiklopentadieniletiltsiklopentadienilzhelezo bis (hexylcyclopentadienyl) iron, bisindenyl iron, butadiene iron tricarbonyl, dicyclopentadienyl iron, cyclic opentadienilzhelezo (dicarbonyl) (iodide), tsiklopentadienilzheleza (carbonyl) (iodide) (methyltetrahydrofuran), ferrocyanide of iron (III), hexacyanoferrate (II) hydrate, ammonium tsiklopentadienilzhelezodikarbonildimer, tsiklopentadienilzhelezodikarboniliodid, iron pentacarbonyl, dizhelezononakarbonil, ferrotsenouksusnuyu acid ferrotsenatsetonitril, ferrotsenmetanol, atsetilferrotsen, including their analogues, homologs, isomers and derivatives.

 Non-limiting examples of derivatives of nickel compounds include: alkyl, aryl, alkoxy, alkynanolic, aryloxy, di / trialkyl, di / triaryl, di / trialkyloxy, di / trialkylanol, di / triaryloxy and / or cyclomatic complexes, including biscyclopentadienyl nickel, cyclopentadienylmethyl cyclopentadienyl (methylcyclopentadienyl) nickel, bis (triphenylphosphine) dicarbonyl nickel, bis (isopropylcyclopentadienyl) nickel, bisindenyl nickel, cyclopentadienyl nickel nitrosyl, including their analogues, homologs, isomers and derivatives.

 Non-limiting examples of the cobalt compounds include: bistsiklopentadienilkobalt, bis (methylcyclopentadienyl) cobalt, bis (dimethylcyclopentadienyl) cobalt, tsiklopentadienilkobalt, dicarbonyl, cobalt (II) hexamethylenetetramine, cobalt (II) hydroquinone, tsiklopentadienilkobaltdikarbonil including their analogs, homologs, isomers and derivatives.

 Non-limiting examples of the zinc compound include: alkylzinc, aryl zinc, alkiloksitsink, ariloksitsink, dialkylzinc diariltsink, dialkiloksitsink, diariloksitsink, cyclomatic zinc complexes, including dimethylzinc, diethylzinc, dipropylzinc, diizopropiltsink, dibutyl zinc, diizobutiltsink, di-tert-butylzinc, di- sec-butylzinc, diphenylzinc, zinc acetate, zinc ethylate, zinc arsenide, zinc hydroxide, zinc selenide, zinc selenite, zinc fluoride, zinc chloride, zinc cyanide, zinc fluoride, zinc chloride, zinc undecylenate, zinc nitrate, zinc acrylate, zinc methacrylate, methyl zinc chloride, isobutyl zinc chloride, zinc stearate, zinc dimethyl diethyl carbamate, di-n-propyl zinc, di-o-tolyl zinc, isobutyl zinc chloride, methyl zinc chloride, zinc zinc zinc acrylate, zinc zinc nitrate zinc zincate zinc, zinc stearate, zinc cyanide, isobutylzinc chloride, methylzinc chloride, hemicink L (+) lactic acid, including their analogues, homologs, isomers and derivatives. Appropriate magnesium compounds are also included.

 Non-limiting examples of derivatives of transition metal compounds, i.e., metals such as scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel and their corresponding chemical groups, include alkyl, aryl, alkyloxy, aryloxy and / or ring systems of compounds transition metals. Compounds with several alkyl or alkyloxy radicals bonded to one metal are also included. The cyclomatic compounds of transition metals are definitely included.

 Non-limiting examples of derivatives of nitrogen compounds include: 2-methoxybenzylamine, 2-methoxybenzylamine, 2- (4-methoxybenzylamino) pyridine, nitroaniline, 1-nitroaniline, 2-nitroaniline, 3-nitroaniline, 4-nitroaniline, nitroanisole, 1-nitroanisole, 2- nitroanisole, 3-nitroanisole, 4-nitroanisole, aniline, 2-aniloethanol, aniside, anisonitrile, nitromethane, nitroethane, nitrooctane, picoline, 1-picoline, 2-picoline, 3-picoline, 4-picoline, tetramethylammonium hydroxide, tetra, N, N, N'-tetramethylethylenediamine, toluyl hydrazide, toluidine, m-toluidine, o-toluid n, p-toluidine, tolitonitrile, o-tolonitrile, p-tolitonitrile, triazocyclononan, triazole, 1,2,4-triazole, triazine, 1,3,5-triazine, tributylamine, triethanolamine, trimethanolamine, tripropanolamine, trimethoxypyrimidine, 2, 4,6-trimetoksipirimidin, tetramethylammonium, trimetilpirazin, urea, urazol, guanidinnitrat, guanidinouksusnuyu acid, thiophenol, sodium salt thiophenol, thiourea, kumidin, diphenylamine, m-xylidine, monmeltilanin, toluidine, amilaninobenzol, etilaminobenzol, aiinofenil, methyl-o-toluidine , n-butylaminobenzene, n-propylaminobeneol, monoethyl niline, mono-n-propylaniline, ethyl diphenylamine, mono-n-butylaniline, diethylamine, di-n-propylaniline, monoisoamilaniline, diethylaniline, dimethylaniline, ethylamine, triethylamine, triphenylamine, isopropyl nitrite, ammonia, including their analogs, homologs.

 Non-limiting examples of derivatives of titanium compounds include: titanediisopropoxybis (2,4-pentanedionate), titanium methylate, titanethylate, titanium (IV) 2-ethylene oxide, titanisopropylate, tetraethylorthotitanate, including their analogues, homologs, isomers and derivatives.

 Non-limiting examples of derivatives of zirconium compounds include: zirconium carbide, zirconium propylate, zirconium ethylate, decamethyl zirconocene, decamethyl zirconocene dichloride, biscyclopentadienyl zirconium, including analogs, homologs, isomers and derivatives thereof.

Non-limiting examples of derivatives of molybdenum compounds include: molybdenum carbonyl, molybdenum hexacarbonyl, tripyridine
trikarbonilmolibden, molibdenoksitetrahlorid, tsiklopentadienilmolibdenkarbonily, including without limitation benzolmolibdentrikarbonil, bitsiklogeptadienmolibdentetrakarbonil, tsiklogeptatrienmolibdenpentakarbonil, bistsiklogeptadienilbimolibdenpentakarbonil, mezitilenmolibdentrikarbonil, tropenmolibdentrikarbonilftorborat, tsiklopentadienilmolibdentrikarbonildimer, metiltsiklopentadienilmolibdentrikarbonildimer, anizolmolibdentrikarbonil, mezitilenmolibden tricarbonyl, including their analogues, homologues, isomers and derivatives. Appropriate chromium and tungsten compounds are also included in the practice of this invention.

 Non-limiting examples of derivatives of copper compounds include: bis (ethylenediamine) copper (II) hydroxide, copper carbonate, cyclopentadienyltriethylphosphine copper, diazoaminobenzene copper acetate, copper acetylacetonate, copper amino acetate, copper ethyl acetate, copper ferrocyanide, copper-potassium ferrocyanide, copper nitrate, copper nitrate, copper phosphide, copper phthalate, including their analogues, homologs, isomers and derivatives.

 Further non-limiting examples of carbonyl compounds include decacarbonyldimarganese, (acetylacetonato) dicarbonyl rhodium. Other organometallic compounds to be included are metallocenes, but non-limiting examples of such compounds include ferrocene, cobaltocene, nickelcene, titanocene dichloride, zirconocene dichloride, uranocene, decamethylferrocene, decamethylsilicocene, decamethyl germanocene, decamethylolocene, decamethylmethochenocenocene, decamethylmethochenocenocene, decamethylmethrocenocenocene, decamethylmethochenocenocene, decamethylmethochenocenocene, decamethylmethocenocene derivatives.

 It should be understood that derivatives of metal compounds (including those mentioned above) include any metal, metalloid and / or non-metal (referred to herein as “metal” or “metal compound”) that fulfill the object of the invention of the applicant. These metals may be in a compound containing one or more alkyl, aryl, alkyloxy, alkylanolic (alkanol), hydroxyl, carbonyl, aryloxy, arylalkanol or ring complexes. Thus, said metal derivative compound can be a cyclomatic compound containing both a ring system and one or more alkyl, aryl, alkyloxy, alkylanol (alkanol), hydroxyl, carbonyl, aryloxy, arylalkanol radicals.

 Conventional tests will determine other metals, their compounds and combinations that meet the criteria of the invention of the applicant. Thus, any metal that provides the fulfillment of the objectives of the present invention is included in the formula of the latter.

 It is also preferable to have a combustion temperature exceeding the boiling point of metals (or metal compounds).

 It has been established that a higher mass concentration of oxygen in the fuel composition, especially at a higher concentration of components with properties that improve combustion, allows the use of higher concentrations of metal components. Higher average densities of ATP fuels, ATP / supplemental fuels and / or average densities of supplemental fuels are also associated with higher allowable metal concentrations and higher exhaust speeds. The thermodynamics of combustion in heat engines and the stoichiometry of the process make the upper limits of the metal content preferred.

 The concentration of the metal content can vary significantly. Non-limiting examples include these changes from 0.001 to more than 7.50 g of elemental metal / gallon, from 0.001 to more than 10.00 g of elemental metal / gallon, from 0.001 to more than 15.00 g of elemental metal / gallon, from 0.001 to more than 20, 00 g of elemental metal / gallon, from 0.001 to more than 30.00 g of elemental metal / gallon, from 0.001 to 0.001 to more than 50.00 g of elemental metal / gallon or more. In some applications, a metal concentration equal to or greater than 1/64, 1/32, 1/16, 1/4, 3/8, 1/2, 5/8, 3/4, 1, 1, may be desirable. 5, 2.0, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3.0, 5.0, 7.5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 26, 27, 30, 33, 35, 40, 50, 55, 60.0, 65, 70, 80 and 90 g / gallon. In fuel with enhanced characteristics, and / or in rocket and / or jet fuel, the concentration of elemental metal can be about 100, 150, 200, 225, 250, 300, 400, from 200 to 500, 600 and from 800 to 1000, 0 gram / gallon, especially for autoignition conditions. Concentration beyond these limits is also included.

 However, the ranges of manganese content for more traditional applications in supplemental fuels generally range from about 0.001 to about 5.00 g Mn / gallon, from 0.001 to about 3.00 g Mn / gallon, from 0.001 to about 2.00 g Mn / gallon, from 0.001 to 1.00 g Mn / gallon, from 0.001 to about 0.5 g Mn / gallon, from 0.001 to 0.375 g Mn / gallon, from 0.001 to about 0.25 g Mn / gallon, from 0.001 up to 0.125 g Mn / gallon, from 0.001 to 0.0625 g Mn / gallon and from 0.034 to 0.125 g Mn / gallon composition.

 Other concentrations of the metal element or manganese include 1/128, 1/64, 1/32, 1/16, 3/32, 1/8, 5/32, 3/8, 1/4, 1/2, 3/4 , 0.8, 0.825125, 1.0, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.666, 1.75, 1.875, 1.90, 2.0, 2 , 25, 2,3, 2,4, 2,45, 2,5, 2,6, 2,7, 2,8, 2,9, 3,0, 3,1, 3,2, 3,3 , 3.3125, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.875, 3.9, 4.0, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4 , 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.75, 4.875, 4.9, 5.0, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6 6.0 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.625, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9, 7.0 7 , 1, 7.2, 7.25, 7.3, 7.375, 7.4 7.5, 7.55, 7.6, 7.8, 7.875, 7.9, 8.0 8.5, 8 75, 8.875, 9.0, 9.1, 9.25, 9.3, 9.375, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6, 9.7, 9.75, 9.8, 9.875, 9, 9, 10.0, 10.125, 10.25, 10.375, 10.5, 10.6, 10.75, 10.875, 11.0, 11.1 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5 , 11.6, 11.7, 11.75, 11.8, 11.875, 11.9, 12.0, 12.2, 12.3, 12.375, 12.4, 12.5, 12.7, 12 , 75, 12.875, 12.9, 13.0, 13.1, 13.2, 13.2, 13.25, 13.3, 13.375, 13.4, 13.5, 13.6, 13.7 , 13.75, 13.8, 13.875, 13.9 14.0, 14.1 14.2, 14, 3, 14.4, 14.5, 14.6, 14.7, 14.8, 14.9, 15.0, 16.0, 17.0, 18.0, 19.0, 20.0, 21.0, 22.0, 23.0 24.0 25.0, 26.0, 27.0, 28.0, 29.0, 30.0, 31.0 32.0, 33.0, 34 , 0, 35.0, 36.0, 37.0, 38.0, 39.0, 40.0, 41.0 and ranges from about 0.001 to 50.0, 100.0, 200.0, 400, 0, 500.0, 700.0, 800.0, 1200, 3500 or 5000 g of metal / gallon. Also included are all combustion enhancing concentrations and stoichiometric amounts of elemental metal.

 In the case of diesel fuel, manganese concentrations are also included in excess of 1.0% by weight of the fuel or from about 25 to 33 g / gallon. Manganese concentrations in excess of 1/64, 1/32 or 1/16 g / gallon are desirable in gasoline fuels.

 The concentration ranges vary depending on the particular metal, fuel, fuel mass, control, application conditions and thermodynamic characteristics, while the dimensions of the combustion systems are modified to provide low temperature and high combustion energy according to the invention of the applicant.

 The metals indicated by the applicant also include the entire list of combustion catalysts, including iron picrate, potassium salts, etc. For example, potassium salts include products commercially available from Shell Chemical and known as "SparkAid" or "SparkAde".

 Such salts can be used in fuel with a concentration of 0.01, 0.4, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 parts of metal per million parts of fuel, this includes concentrations from 1.0 to 4.0 parts of metal per million, as well as concentrations of less than 16.0 parts of metal per million. The concentration ranges of other salts of potassium or ferrocene vary from 0.10 to 8.0, from 4.0 to 9.0, from 5.0 to 12.0, from 6.0 to 13.0, from 7.0 to 14 , 0, from 8.0 to 15.0 parts of metal per million, from 9.0 to 16.0 from 10.0 to 20.0, from 11.0 to 22.0, from 12.0 to 25.0 , from 13.0 to 30.0 from 14.0 to 40.0, from 15.0 to 50.0, from 16.0 to 60.0, from 17.0 to 80.0 from 18.0 to 100 , 0 parts of metal component or salt per million parts of fuel.

 When implementing the applicant's invention, concentrations exceeding 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0, 10.0, 11.0, 12.0, 13.0 , 14.0, 15.0, 16.0, 17.0, 18.0, 19.0, 20.0, 21.0, 22.0, 23.0, 24.0, 35.0, 26 , 0, 27.0, 28.0, 29.0, 30.0 parts of metal (or salt) per million, are definitely included and are desirable, while these or higher concentrations can be used depending on the applied chemical and mechanical means of ATP potassium without the formation of harmful metal oxides.

 The concentration of metals that provide the maximum burning rate and / or the solution of other problems of the present invention are explicitly included.

 In accordance with this invention, the proposed fuels will contain such an amount of at least one compound of manganese and / or another non-lead metal that contributes to improved combustion in accordance with the composition of the fuel, stoichiometry, chemistry of improved combustion, combustion system, desired efficiency and power as well as considerations of law and ecology.

 However, it is expressly provided that the proposed fuel may also not contain metals, for example, is modified. This invention by increasing the burning rate and / or lowering the combustion temperature by selecting substituents in the fuel, chemical and / or mechanical means set forth here or in simultaneously filed applications, can be used in the absence of metal.

 In one embodiment, substituents are introduced into the metal components or these components are mixed to achieve a synergistic improvement in heat dissipation, combustion rate, thermal efficiency, emission reduction, energy release, etc. The invention involves significant variations in the practice of substitution and addition of metals. See, for example, US patents 3353938, 3718444, 4139349. Organic compounds of metals are preferred in the practice of the invention.

Example 9
A composition comprising: an ignition or combustion enhancing amount of a potassium salt (for example, sold by Shell Chemical Corporation under the name SparkAid), at least one organic manganese compound and at least one ATP compound.

 In practice, it is preferable that the metals here have oxides with negative heats of formation, and the values of these heats of formation should exceed (be more negative) about -1000, -10000, -50000, -100000, -150000 g cal / mol. Heats of formation exceeding -200000, -225000, -250000, -275000, -300000, -325000, -350000, -400000 g cal / mol and higher (more negative) are more preferred.

 It is desirable that the metal have a low relative molecular weight. Acceptable molecular weights for the proposed metals include weights less than 100, 80, 72, 70, 60, 59, 55, 36, 34, 32, 30, 28, 26, 24, 22, 20, 18, 16, 14, 12, 10 8, 6 or 4; more acceptable include molecular weights less than 59, 56, 32; desirable molecular weights are weights less than 27, 24; molecular weights below 15 are more desirable; and even more desirable molecular weights of less than 14; however, molecular weights of less than 6 are most desirable. The invention contemplates gaseous and solid metals and / or their compounds. It is preferable that the products of combustion of these metals do not have an adverse effect on the environment, that is, have low toxicity or are non-toxic.

 There are a large number of metal compounds suitable for use in this invention. An example is the “Handbook of Chemistry and Physics,” 1995 by the CRC Chemical Rubber Company, a section on the physical constants of organometallic compounds (and / or other related sections). Fuel soluble metals that meet the criteria of the present invention are particularly suitable.

 Other non-limiting examples of lead-free metal compounds are given previously in the description. Additional non-limiting examples of lead-free compounds include simple binary metal compounds. The use of ternary and more complex compounds, including salts, is also contemplated. Salts of hydroxy acids containing three chemical elements are provided. Perchlorates, sulfates, nitrates, carbonates, hydroxides and other metal compounds are provided. Hydroxy compounds of metals are desirable. Said salts also include acid salts containing substitutable hydrogen.

 The use of oxygenated metal-containing compounds, including oxygenated organometallic compounds, is also within the scope of this invention. Particularly preferred is the use of metal compounds, which themselves are ATP compounds. Non-limiting examples of the invention may include ATP compounds based on lithium, iodine, boron.

 Oxygen-containing organometallic compounds provided by the invention include metal-containing methoxy, dimethoxy, trimethoxy, ethoxy, diethoxy, triethoxy, oxalate, carbonate, bicarbonate, tricarbonate and other similar structures, including mixtures thereof. Such oxygen-containing organometallic compounds can be used with an additional ATP compound (for example, DMC) or in its absence.

Thus, the present invention uses organometallic compounds containing oxygen, including a mixture of a compound such as pure fuel with an additional ATP compound, additional fuel, or an optional metal compound. It is also possible in the present invention to use a metal compound comprising a homologue or analog having a structure similar to M1-OCH3, in which Ml is a metal having a valency equal to one or more units, in which the double-bonded oxygen and / or one occupies the excess valency or more methyl, hydrogen, hydroxy, ethoxy, carbethoxy, carbomethoxy, carbonyl, carbonyloxy, carboxy, methyloxy, isonitro, isonitrozo, methylenedioxy radicals and / or a combination thereof; a metal compound having the structure M2- [OCH3] ₂ , where M2 is a metal compound having a valency of two or more than two, in which the excess valency is occupied by oxygen with a double bond and / or one or more methyl, hydrogen, hydroxy, ethoxy radicals -, carbethoxy, carbomethoxy, carbonyl, carbonyloxy, carboxy, methyloxy, isonitro, isonitroso, methylenedioxy and / or a combination thereof (illustrative example includes trimethyl borate [BH (OCH ₃ ] ₂ ); metal compound having the structure M3 _{[OCH3] 3,} wherein M3 - metal compound imeyuscheg a valency of three or more than three, in which the excess valency is occupied by single or double bond oxygen and / or one or more methyl, hydrogen, ethoxy, carbethoxy, carbomethoxy, carbonyl, carbonyldiox, carboxy, methyloxy, isonitro radicals -, isonitrozo, methylenedioxy or a combination thereof; a metal compound having the structure M4- [OCH ₃ ] ₄ , where M4 is a metal having a valency of four or more than four, in which the excess valency is occupied by single or double oxygen and / or one or more radicals sludge, hydrogen, hydroxy-, ethoxy-, carbethoxy-, carbomethoxy-, carbonyl, carbonyloxy-, carboxy-, methyloxy-, isonitro-, isonitrozo-, methylenedioxy or a combination of them.

In the above examples, it is assumed that M1-M4 may contain one or more metal atoms, which may be the same or different in nature. A non-limiting example of this structure of the structure containing several identical metal atoms is tetramethoxydiboralkyl [(CH3 O) ₄ B ₂ ].

Additionally considered oxygen-containing organometallic structures include M1-O (CO) O-M2, where Ml and M2 are the same or different metals having a valency of 1 or more units, in which the excess valency is occupied by an additional metal, and / or Ml or M2 are replaced by oxygen with a single or double bond, and / or one or more methyl, hydrogen, hydroxy, ethoxy, carbethoxy, carbomethoxy, carbonyl, carbonyloxy, carboxy, methyloxy, isonitro, isonitrozo, methylenedioxy radicals, and / or a combination thereof. M1 may be substituted by a single or double bond oxygen and / or one or more methyl, hydrogen, hydroxy, ethoxy, carbethoxy, carbomethoxy, carbonyl, carbonyldiox, carboxy, methoxy, isonitro, isonitrozo radicals or methylenedioxy. Non-limiting examples of this invention include lithium carbonate [Li ₂ O ₂ (CO)], potassium carbonate [K ₂ O ₂ CO)], sodium carbonate, cesium carbonate, copper carbonate, rubidium carbonate, lithium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate sodium potassium carbonate and the like.

It is assumed that C3, C4 and higher esters can have a metal structure. For example, the structure M'1-CH ₂ -CH ₂ -O-CH ₂ -CH ₂ -M'2 is considered, where M'1 and M'2 can be the same or different metals or where M'1 or M'2 can be a hydrogen atom or an atom or radical (similar to the above) with a valency equal to one.

Another proposed structure includes metal-containing ketones, esters, alcohols, acids, and the like. Non-limiting examples of the invention include M′1-C — OH ₃ , where M′1 is one or more metal atoms having a valency of 3; other structures include M'1-C ₂ O ₄ , where M'1 has a valency of two. The structure M1-C-C-O-C-C-M2 is also envisaged, where Ml and M2 can be the same or different metals, or where M2 can be hydrogen or an atom with a valency equal to unity.

 It is highly preferred that these oxygen-containing organometallic compounds have the fuel properties set forth above, including the properties of ATP compounds, for example, higher heat of vaporization, higher combustion rates, decomposition characteristics (for example, at pre-combustion temperatures after ignition, decomposition into structures that increase combustion or having free radicals) would be thermally stable at normal temperatures, etc. and would have high characteristics of metals for heat and energy, etc.

 It is particularly preferred that the proposed metal compounds be incorporated into liquid fuel systems by mutual solvents, if necessary. In another embodiment, they can be introduced into the combustion chamber in separate ways, including liquefaction or gasification.

 Obtaining the proposed pure oxygen-containing organometallic compounds should be relatively inexpensive in mass production.

 Example 10

A method and composition for burning at a reduced temperature of the vapor phase, the method comprising: i) introducing steam of fuel having an average particle size not exceeding 70, 60, 50, 40 microns or less, into a combustion system with air supply; moreover, this fuel vapor contains 1) at least one fuel-soluble compound or element selected from the group of transition metals, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, halogens, group of elements IIIA, and mixtures in which the heat of formation of oxide is negative and preferably is or exceeds (for example, is more negative than) approximately -10000, -20000, -30000, -40000, -50000, -100000, -150000, -200000, -225000, -250000, -300000, -350000, -400000, g cal / mol, and the calorific value of the specified element or compound is preferably exceeded t 2000, 4000, 4500, 5000 or more kcal / kg (see below) and 2) at least one ATP compound, characterized in that it has a latent heat of vaporization exceeding approximately 256, 279, 291, 302, 314 , 326, 337, 344, 349, 354, 361, 372, 395, 465, 535, 582, 640, 698, 756, 814, 872, 930, 1047, 1163 kJ / kg at 16 ^o C, or 110, 120 , 125, 130, 135, 140, 145, 148, 150, 152, 155, 157, 160, 170, 200, 230, 250, 275, 300, 325, 350, 375, 400, 450, 500 BTU / lb at 60 ^o F (preferably above 349, 351, 355, 356, 358, 372 kJ / kg or 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 160 BTU / f), or in another embodiment, greater than 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 or 32 kJ / mol at their boiling point, the rate of laminar combustion, exceeding w of about 48, 49, 50 or more cm / s and optionally being thermally stable in the vapor phase to about 100, 150, 200, 250, 275, 300, 325, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600 ^o C or above 3) additional fuel is possible; ii) the preparation of these fuel vapors, possibly having a maximum spark energy of the order of 0.3, 0.25, 0.22, 0.2, 0.19, 0.18, 0.17, 0.15, 0.13, 0.10, 0.08, 0.05 mJ or less, and after ignition, unburned fuel vapor decomposes into reactive free radicals with high kinetic energy, having a heat of formation at 25 ^o C less than 150, 120, 100, 90, 80, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 10, 0 or negative, kcal / mol, due to which these free radicals give the ratio of the gram-equivalent weight to the elementary transition metal, alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, halogen, an element of group IIIA or a mixture thereof equal to or greater than 1:20, 1:10, 1: 5, 1: 2, 1: 1, 1.5: 1, 2: 1, 3: 1, 5 : 1, 10: 1, 15: 1, 20: 1, 30: 1, 50: 1, 75: 1, 100: 1, 150: 1, 200: 1, 250: 1, 500: 1, 1000: 1 , 5000: 1, 10000: 1, and these free radicals are possibly dissociated free radicals (non-limiting examples include OH, CN, CH and NH radicals, followed by reassociation during the combustion process); iii) the diffusion of these radicals in front of the flame front so as to cause luminous combustion of the vapor phase.

Example 10a
The above example 10, where the specified combustion is characterized by an increase in the speed of exhaust gases at temperatures below 760, 754, 746, 732, 718, 704, 691, 677, 649, 593 or 538 ^o C (1400, 1390, 1375, 1350, 1325, 1300, 1275, 1250, 1200, 1100, 1000 ^o F).

Example 11
The composition of example 10, which does not contain or essentially does not contain polynuclear aromatic compounds, lead, sulfur, barium, chlorine or fluorine and possibly does not contain or practically does not contain chlorinated solvents, bromine and / or phosphorus or any chemical compounds that make up or cause the formation of fluorinated hydrocarbons, fluorocarbons, chlorofluorocarbons, chlorofluorinated hydrocarbons.

Example 12
The composition of example 10, where the ratio of the PCA compound and the metal compound, expressed in grams of the compound or reactive radicals, to grams of elemental metal is approximately equal to or less than 1: 1000 to 1: 1, 1: 500 to 1: 1, 1: 100 to 1: 1, 1:50 to 1: 1, 1:40 to 1: 1, 1:30 to 1: 1, 1:20 to 1: 1, 1:10 to 1: 1, 1: 5 to 1 : 1, 1: 4 to 1: 1, 1: 3 to 1: 1, 1: 2 to 1: 1, 3: 5 to 1: 1, 2: 3 to 1: 1,1: 1 to 3: 2 , 1: 1 to 5: 3, 1: 1 to 2: 1, 1: 1 to 7: 3, 1: 1 to 3: 1, 1: 1 to 4: 1, 1: 1 to 5: 1, 10 : 1, 1: 1 to 15: 1, 1: 1 to 20: 1, 1: 1 to 30: 1, 1: 1 to 50: 1, 1: 1 to 75: 1, 1: 1 to 100: 1 , 1: 1 to 150: 1, 1: 1 to 200: 1, 1: 1 to 250: 1, 1: 1 to 500: 1, 1: 1 to 1000: 1, 1: 1 to 5000: 1, 1 : 1 to 10,000: 1, or another ratio that optimizes re ktsiyu.

Example 12 a
The above example, where the ATP compound is DMC, and the metal is possibly Mn.

Example 13
The above methods and compositions, including: ATP compound (DMC) and a metal compound (manganese organic), in which the ratio of grams of ATP compound to grams of elemental metal is in the range of approximately equal to or less than 100000: 1 to 1: 1, 10000: 1 to 1: 1, 5000: 1 to 1: 1, 2500: 1 to 1: 1, 2000: 1 to 200: 1, 3000: 1 to 1000: 1, 25000: 1 to 500: 1, 2000: 1 to 50 : 1, 1500: 1 to 100: 1, 1250: 1 to 1: 1, 1000: 1 to 1: 1,750: 1 to 50: 1; other acceptable limits are 500: 1 to 20: 1, 250: 1 to 15: 1, 200: 1 to 3: 1, 50: 1 to 5: 1, 20: 1 to 10: 1, 20: 1 to 1: 1 and 15: 1 to 1: 1. Individual concentrations include 10000: 1, 6000: 1, 5500: 1, 5000: 1, 4800: 1, 4500: 1, 4000: 1, 3800: 1, 3600: 1, 3400: 1, 3200: 1, 3000: 1 , 2800: 1, 2600: 1, 2400: 1, 2200: 1, 2000: 1, 1850: 1, 1750: 1, 1550: 1, 1500: 1, 1450: 1, 1425: 1, 1400: 1, 1380 : 1, 1350: 1, 1340: 1, 1325: 1, 1320: 1, 1300: 1, 1280: 1, 1260: 1, 1250: 1, 1200: 1, 1180: 1, 1150: 1, 1125: 1 , 1100: 1, 1075: 1, 1050: 1, 900: 1, 800: 1, 750: 1, 650: 1, 600: 1, 575: 1, 550: 1, 500: 1, 450: 1, 350 : 1, 300: 1, 250: 1, 200: 1, 180: 1, 175: 1, 170: 1, 165: 1, 160: 1, 155: 1, 150: 1, 145: 1, 140: 1 , 135: 1, 130: 1, 125: 1, 120: 1, 115: 1, 110: 1, 105: 1, 100: 1, 95: 1, 90: 1, 85: 1, 80: 1, 75 : 1, 70: 1, 65: 1, 60: 1, 55: 1, 50: 1, 45: 1, 40: 1, 35: 1, 30: 1, 25: 1, 22: 1, 20: 1 , 18: 1, 17: 1, 15: 1, 12: 1, 10: 1, 8: 1, 5: 1, 3: 1, 2: 1, 1: 1, or the ratio that maximizes combustion depends on the method or composition. Other ratios include 4800: 1 to 15: 1, 1200: 1 to 10: 1, 600: 1 to 5: 1, 300: 1 to 5: 1, 180: 1 to 50: 1, 600: 1 to 30: 1 , 500: 1 to 50: 1. It is contemplated that the ratios of ATP to metal compound may be higher or lower than the ratios given above.

Example 14
The composition of the ATP fuel, including: ATP compound, preferably dimethyl carbonate (DMC), at least one fuel-soluble metal compound (preferably cyclomatic manganese compound), in which the ratio of ATP compound to elemental metal is equal to or less than 2500 parts per unit, equal to or less than 600 parts per unit, equal to or less than 400: 1, 300: 1, 175: 1, 150: 1, 125: 1, 100: 1, 75: 1, 60: 1, 50: 1, 40: 1, 30: 1, 20: 1, 10: 1.

Example 15
The composition of the ATP fuel, including: ATP compound (preferably dimethyl carbonate); at least one fuel-soluble compound of a transition metal, alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, halogen, an element of group IIIA, or a mixture thereof (preferably a cyclomatic manganese compound); optional additional fuel in which the ratio in grams of dimethyl carbonate to elemental metal is in the range of 10,000: 1 to 1: 500, 2500: 1 to 1: 100, 1200: 1 to 1: 1, more preferably less than 600: 1 to 1 : 1 (or another ratio maximizing the burning properties); possibly a salt, as well as an additional solvent or salt, that improve the reduction in vapor pressure or flash point; antioxidant, anti-freeze additive, anti-ice additive, metal deactivator, corrosion inhibitor, additive for hydroscopic control, lubricating additive, lubricant or friction modifier, anti-wear additive, additive for controlling deposits in the combustion chamber, anti-hydrolysis additive, additive for pH control, means for controlling or preventing undesirable changes in hydroscopic and hydrolysis properties, means for increasing the flash point, reducing vapor pressure or silt and increased volatility at the front end (as may be required), any other known additives, or other additives described herein and mixtures thereof; a flash point of at least 38 ^° C or a decrease in vapor pressure below 138, 103, 83, 69, 66, 62, 59, 55, 52, 48, 45 kPa (20, 15, 12, 10, 9.5, 9 are desirable , 0, 8.5, 8.0, 7.5, 7.0, 6.5 psi); preferably a maximum vapor pressure of 21 kPa at 38 ^o C; minimum thermal stability meeting ASTM D 1655 standards is desired; the calorific value or equivalent power equal to or greater than 42.8 MJ / kg is desired; the maximum freezing temperature of about -40, -47, -50 ^o C is desirable; a total maximum acidity of about 0.1 mg KOH / g is desired; it is desirable that the fuel meets one or more of the known ASTM standards, industry or government fuel standards; said fuel is characterized by the ability to achieve luminous combustion of the vapor phase.

Example 16
The composition of Example 15 above, in which the additional fuel is preferably consistent with industry standards and / or ASTM, and in which the final ATP / additional fuel mixture due to the dilution effect having a lower calorific value, the ATP compound has a calorific value less than one additional fuel - industrial or according to ASTM, or less than 43.0, 42.8, 42.5, 42.0, 42.5, 42.0, 40.5, 40.0, 39.0, 38.0, 37.0, 36.0, 35.0 kJ / kg, or less than 18720, 18000, 17900, 17500, 17000, 16500, 16000, 15500, 15000 or less BTU / f, or less than 0.1, 0, 5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0, 20.0, 25.0, 30.0, 35.0, 40.0, 50.0 percent BTUs than additional fuel, as measured by traditional methods; said fuel is characterized as more economical, having a greater energy potential, operating interval, thrust or lift in comparison with additional fuel having a higher calorific value.

Example 17
The composition of the fuel, preferably the composition of example 15, comprising: the base of aviation gasoline, a minimum octane or characteristic number of the order of 87 or 130 (ASTM 909), a distillation fraction, where the sum of the fractions T-10 and T-50 is 152.8 ^o C (307 ^o F), the temperature of the T-40 is 75 ^o C (167 ^o F), the temperature of the T-90 is less than 121 ^o C (250 ^o F), the maximum sulfur content in the fuel is 0.05%, or there is no sulfur, and improves combustion the amount of ATP compound (preferably dimethyl carbonate); the latent heat of evaporation of the resulting fuel exceeds 279, 291, 302, 314, 326, 330, 333, 335, 337, 340, 342, 344, 347, 349, 351, 354, 356, 358, 361, 363, 365, 368, 370, 372, 377, 384, kJ / kg (120, 125, 130, 140, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 158, 159, 160, 162, 165 BTU / f); and whereby the resulting fuel desirably has a laminar burning rate equal to or greater than 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52 cm / s; preferably (in Example 25c) a compound or element containing a transition metal, alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, halogen, an element of group IIIA, or a mixture thereof; said composition is preferably characterized by a heat of combustion of less than 43.0, 42.8, 42.5, 42.0, 41.5, 41.0, 40.5, kJ / kg, or less than 18000, 17900, 17500, 17000, 16500 , 16000, 15500, 15000, or less, BTU / f.

Example 18
The fuel composition, preferably representing the composition of example 15, including: ATP compound (preferably DNA), providing fuel from 0.01 to 10.0% wt. oxygen, a compound or element containing a transition metal, alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, halogen, an element of group IIIA or a mixture thereof in a concentration of from 0.00026 to about 0.264, 0.528, 0.660, 0.793, 0.925, 1.057, 1.189, 1.321 g of the element / dm ³ (from 0.001 to about 1.0, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0 g e / gal); and additional fuel; this fuel is preferably characterized in that it has one or more of the following characteristics: density in the range from about 880 to 800 kg / m ³ (may exceed 880, 900, 910, 920, 930, 950 or more kg / m ³ ); viscosity in the range from 2.5 to 1.0 cSt at 40 ^o C; cetane index from 40 to 70, volume content of aromatics from about 0 to 35%, from 0 to 20.0%, from 0 to 15% or from 0 to 10%, provided that the content of aromatic compounds with three or more benzene rings is not should exceed 0.16% vol. ; the temperature of the T10 fraction from about 190 to 230 ^o C; the temperature of the T50 fraction from about 220 to 280 ^o C; the temperature of the T90 fraction is from about 260 to 340 ^o C, the cloud point is about -10, -28, -32 ^o C or 6 ^o C above ten percent of the minimum ambient temperature; the sulfur content is not higher than 250 million hours (mercury), 200, 100, 50, 40, 30, 20, 5 million hours (mercury), or sulfur should be absent; Bunsen laminar burning rate of at least 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52 or more cm / s; latent heat of vaporization of at least 244, 256, 267, 270, 272, 274, 277, 279, 281, 284, 286, 288, 291, 302, 314 or more kJ / kg (105, 110, 115, 116, 117 , 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 130, 135 or more BTU / f); the specified composition is characterized in that it has a calorific value less than that of conventional, modified, low sulfur, or any diesel fuel according to ASTM, or less than 43.0, 42.8, 42.5, 42.0, 41.5, 41.0, 40.5 kJ / kg (less than 18000, 17900, 17500, 17000, 16500, 16000, 15500, 15000, or less, BTU / f); said method is characterized in that a reduced emission of solid particles or improved fuel economy is achieved in comparison with one additional fuel.

 It is assumed that the use of fuel as aviation gasoline is generally consistent with ASTM D 910, with the exception of heat of vaporization, especially for lead-free formulations. However, unlike other embodiments of the invention, less preferred aviation gasolines may contain small amounts of lead. However, the preferred embodiment is lead free.

Example 19
A fuel composition, preferably comprising Example 15, comprising: ATP compound (preferably DMC) representing 0.01 to 40.0 or 0.01 to 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 7.5 , 10.0, 15.0, 20.0, 25.0, 30.0, 35.0% wt. or more oxygen in the fuel; a combustion-improving amount of a compound or element containing a transition metal, alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, halogen, an element of group IIIA or a mixture thereof, in a concentration of from 0.00026 to about 0.396, 0.528, 0.660, 0.793, 1,057, 1,321, 1,981, 2, 642, 3, 962, 5.283, 7.925 or more g / dm ³ (from 0.001 to about 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 7.5, 10, 0, 15.0, 20.0, 30.0 or more g / gal) of additional diesel fuel, wherein said fuel preferably has one or more of the following properties: aniline point improvement interval (API) from about 41.1 to 45 ,4; it is desirable that the sulfur content does not exceed 500, 300, 250, 200, 150, 100, 50, 40, 20, 10, 5 wt. rrsh, or sulfur would be absent; it is desirable that there is no nitrogen and that the content of aromatic compounds is in the range from 0 to 5, from 1 to 10, from 0 to 15, from 0 to 20, from 0 to 35% by volume, or aromatics are absent; it is desirable that the volume percentage of paranitroaniline does not exceed 0.03, 0.02, 0.01 or it is absent; it is desirable that the cetane index is higher than 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 43, 45, 47, 50 (or lower than 38, 36, 34, 32 or less), it is desirable to have an initial boiling point of approximately 185 ^° C ± 83 ^o C (365 ^o ± 150 ^o F); it is desirable to have a 95% fraction in the range of 238 ^° C to 282 ^° C (460 ^° F to 540 ^° F); Bunsen laminar burning rate of at least 38 cm / s; latent heat of vaporization of at least 244 kJ / kg (105 BTU / f); this method is characterized by achieving reduced particulate emission or improving fuel economy compared to one additional fuel.

Example 20
The composition of the fuel for aircraft gasoline engines, including: dimethyl carbonate, representing from 0.01 to 10.0% wt. oxygen in the fuel; at least one fuel-soluble compound of a transition metal, alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, halogen, element of group IIIA or a mixture thereof in a concentration of from 0.00026 to about 0.660, 1.321, 2.642, 3.962, 5.283 g / dm ³ (from 0.001 to about 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0, 20.0 g / gal); additional fuel - aviation gasoline; said fuel is characterized by the presence of one or more of the following qualities: a minimum detonation octane number of 80 or 100 and a minimum octane number of 87 or 130, if it contains lead, a maximum distillation temperature of T10 75 ^o C, a minimum temperature of T40 75 ^o C, a maximum temperature of T50 105 ^o C, the maximum temperature T90 135 ^o C, the maximum final temperature 135 ^o C, where the sum of the temperatures T10 and T50 is at least 135 ^o C, the maximum sulfur content of 0.05 wt. %, preferably with a minimum net calorific value of less than 43543, 41868, 40705, 39542, 38379, 37216, 36053, 34890, 33727, 32564 kJ / kg (18720, 18000, 17500, 17000, 16500, 16000, 15500, 15000, 14500, 14000 BTU / f) or less (when measured by traditional methods), latent heat of vaporization exceeding 325, 349, 361 or 372 kJ / kg (140, 150, 155 or 160 BTU / f).

Example 21
The composition of the fuel for an aircraft gasoline engine, including: DMK, representing from 0.01 to 15.0% wt. or more oxygen in the fuel; an organic manganese compound representing from about 0.0003 to 0.132, 0.165, 0.198, 0.264, 0.396, 0.528, 0.660, 0.793, 0.925, 2.642, 3.962, 5.283 g Mn / dm ³ (FROM 0.001 TO 0.5, 0.625, 0 75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 10.0, 15.0, 20.0 g Mn / gal) or more; and additional fuel - according to ASTM or other aviation, having a minimum calorific value of about 41868, 43031 or 43542 kJ / kg (18000, 18500 or 18720 BTU / f); for the resulting fuel, the calorific value is below 41868, 41752, 41286, 40705, 39542, 38379, 37216, 36053, 34890, 33727, 32564, 31401 kJ / kg (18000, 17950, 17750, 17500, 17000, 16500, 16000, 15500, 15000, 14500, 14000, 13500 BTU / f) due to the dilution effect of DMC; said composition is distinguished by an increase in the flight range of an aircraft engine burning said fuel, as compared to one additional aviation fuel having a higher calorific value.

Example 22
The composition of the turbojet fuel, preferably the composition of example 15 above, comprising: ATP compound (preferably DMK), representing from 0.01 to 40.0% wt. oxygen in the fuel; a compound or element containing a transition metal, alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, halogen, an element of group IIIA or a mixture thereof in a concentration of from 0.0003 to 1.320, 2.642, 5.283, 13.209, 26.417, 39.625, 52.835 or 66.043 g / dm ³ (from 0.001 to 5.0, 10.0, 20.0, 50.0, 100.0, 150.0, 200.0 or 250.0 g / gal); and aviation auxiliary fuel for a jet turbine; said fuel is characterized in that it has a total volume concentration of aromatic compounds not exceeding 25 or 22%; maximum sulfur content not exceeding 0.3, 0.2, 0.1 mass percent; the maximum temperature of T-10 205 ^o C, the maximum final boiling point of 300, 280 or 260 ^o C; preferably a minimum flash point of 38 ^o C, a density range of from about 751 to 840 kg / m ³ at 15 ^o C or possibly exceeding 840, 850, 860, 880, 900 or more kg / m ³ ; minimum freezing temperature -40, -5 or -57 ^o C; minimum net calorific value of 42.8 kJ / kg or calorific value of less than 42.8, 42.0, 41.5, 41.0, 40.5, 40.0, 39.5, 39.0, 38.0, 37.0, 36.0, 35.0, 34.0, 32.0, 30.0, 28.0, 26.0, 24.0 or less kJ / kg; the minimum latent heat of vaporization is about 256, 267, 274, 279, 291, 302, 314, 326, 337, 349, 361 kJ / kg (110, 115, 118, 120, 125, 130, 135, 140, 145, 150, 155 BTU / f) or more; possibly a metal deactivator; possibly an antioxidant; possibly a detergent or detergent / dispersant; and possibly meets other ASTM 1655 finished fuel requirements for Jet A, Jet Al, or Jet B; the specified composition is characterized in that it has an increased lifting force, thrust and / or operating limits compared with one additional fuel.

Example 23
Composition of petroleum fuel No.2, possibly the composition of example 15 above, including: ATP compound (preferably DMK), representing from 0.01 to 40.0% wt. oxygen in a given fuel; a compound or element containing a transition metal, alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, halogen, an element of group IIIA or a mixture thereof, additional fuel for petroleum fuel No.2; said composition is characterized in that it has a kinematic viscosity of not less than 1.9 and not more than 3.4 (mm ² / s), measured at 40 ^° C; minimum temperature T-90 282 ^o C, maximum temperature T-90 338 ^o C, maximum sulfur content 0.05% wt., maximum test on a copper plate N3, flash point 38 ^o C, latent heat of vaporization of at least 209, 221 , 233, 244, 256, 267, 279, 295, 302, 314 kJ / kg (90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135 BTU / f); possibly containing an additional solvent and / or metal salt having a heat of combustion of about 43.0 kJ / kg or a heat of combustion of less than 42.8, 42.0, 41.5, 41.0, 40.5, 40.0, 39 5, 39.0, 38.0, 37.0, 36.0, 35.0, 34.0, 32.0, 30.0, 28.0, 26.0, 24.0 kJ / kg or less; said fuel is characterized in that it has a higher working potential than one additional fuel.

Example 24
The composition of the fuel, including: ATP compound having a lower calorific value than additional fuel; said ATP fuel possibly represents at least 0.01, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.5, 2.7, 3.0, 3 5, 3,7, 4,0, 4,5, 5,0, 8,0, 10,0, 12,5, 15,0, 18,0, 20,0, 22,0, 25,0 , 30.0, 35.0, 38.0, 40.0, 45.0, 49.0, 50.0, 51.0, 55.0, 60.0, 65.0, 70.0, 75 , 0, 80.0, 85.0, 90.0, 95.0, 99.0 volume percent of this composition; additional fuel, as established here or in my simultaneously pending International applications No. PCT / US95 / 02691, No. PCT / US95 / 06758, where the specified additional fuel meets the requirements of industrial and / or ASTM standards; having modifications / refinements of T-90, T-50, T-10, combustion rates or latent heat of vaporization, as described here or in the applications simultaneously considered; the specified ATP / additional fuel may contain: additives, salt, additional solvent, described here or in my simultaneously pending International applications No. PCT / US95 / 02691, No. PCT / US95 / 06758; latent heat of vaporization may exceed 233, 256, 267, 279, 291, 302, 314, 326, 330, 333, 335, 337, 340, 342, 344, 347, 349, 351, 354, 356, 358, 361, 363 , 365, 368, 370, 372, 377, 384 kJ / kg (100, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135, 140, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 162, 165 BTU / f); a laminar burning rate equal to or greater than 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53 is desirable 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 65 cm / s; the specified ATP / additional fuel preferably has a calorific value less than that of one additional fuel and less than that specified in industrial or ASTM fuel standards or less than 43.0, 42.8, 42.5, 42.0, 41, 5, 41.0, 40.5, 40.0, 39.0, 38.0, 37.0, 36.0, 35.0, 33.0, 30.0, 28.0, 26.0 kJ / kg, or less than 43543, 41868, 41635, 40705, 39542, 38379, 37216, 36053, 34890, 33727, 32564, 31401, 30238, 29075 kJ / kg (18720, 18000, 17900, 17500, 17000, 16500, 16000 , 15500, 15000, 14500, 14000, 13500, 13000, 12500 BTU / f) or less; it is desirable that the composition meets industry, government or ASTM fuel standards (excluding the calorific value); This combination of ATP / additional fuel is also characterized in that it has increased exhaust gas velocities during combustion with increased fuel economy, power, operating potential, flight range, thrust or lift compared to one additional fuel having a higher calorific value.

Example 25
Example 24, where the ATP fuel is from 0.01 to 99.0% vol. mixtures of ATP / additional fuel, the rest is ASTM fuel or other additional fuel, in which the received heat of combustion of the fuel or calorific value (BTU / f), measured by traditional methods, is less than that of one additional fuel; however, the operating potential, fuel economy, flight range or thrust of such combined fuel is not less than that of additional fuel, or, possibly, at least 0.5% more than one additional fuel.

Example 26
The above example of the compositions of ATP / additional fuel, characterized in that it does not have an ATP compound or there is no ATP compound and a metal compound (ATP component of the fuel); said fuel is also characterized in that it has an increased latent heat of vaporization and / or combustion rate compared to a minimum for a base fuel that meets industry or ASTM standards or for one additional fuel.

 The preferred practice is to create fuels in which there is no ATP component of the fuel or there is no ATP component having higher latent heat of vaporization and / or combustion rates than traditional fuel. This practice is implemented by changing the distillation temperature, combustion temperature and fuel components, as set out here and in my applications pending at the same time.

 There is an embodiment where ATP / additional fuel combinations are used, in which their calorific value: BTU content, measured by the traditional method or by simply summing the known BTU values for the components of the composition, are below the minimum ASTM values, government, industry and other standards. Thus, the composition of the ATP / additional fuel of the applicant may have a calorific value of approximately 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.15, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75 , 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, 12.5, 15.0, 17.5, 20.0, 22.5, 25.0, 27 5, 30.0, 32.5, 35.0, 37.5, 40.0, 42.5, 45.0, 47.5, 50.0, 52.5, 55.0, 57.5 , 60.0, 62.5, 65.0 or more percent below the minimum existing industry, government, or ASTM standards for heat or calorific value.

 The calorific value of some ATP compounds is presented in Table I.

 As you can see, ATP compounds have a reduced calorific value compared to gasoline. But since the combustible compositions and methods of the applicant increase exhaust speeds, it is possible to obtain more work from fuels with the same or lower BTU value. This represents a very significant departure from a previous understanding of fuel combustion.

 The Applicant has found that its ATP / supplemental fuels with a lower BTU content have approximate work equivalents equal to or greater than ASTM fuels with a higher BTU content (see Table A).

 Thus, it can be seen that the higher the relative concentration of ATP fuel, the higher the working potential as a function of the total calorific value of the fuel. Therefore, the highest working potential of any combination of ATP / additional fuel is achieved by increasing the amount of ATP fuel in the combined fuel.

Example 27
ATP / additional fuel combination in which said ATP fuel has a lower BTU content than the additional fuel and in which ATP / additional fuel combination has a lower BTU content than one additional fuel; the specified fuel is characterized by the presence of a higher working potential, fuel economy, flight range, power or thrust compared to one additional fuel.

 Additional fuels and ATP / additional fuel.

 Applicant's additional fuels are typically combustible fuels based on compounds containing carbon or hydrogen or other compounds or hydrocarbons and / or other compounds, including mixtures thereof. A detailed description of the applicant's additional fuels is set forth in my simultaneously pending International Applications No. PCT / US95 / 02691 and No. PCT / US95 / 06758, which are included in the reference list.

 As stated here, in practice, additional fuel includes “Modified Fuel”. The difference is that additional fuels require a combination with ATP fuels, while modified fuels, namely those fuels that have improved latent heat of vaporization, combustion rate, distillation characteristics and / or other structures, do not necessarily imply a combination with an ATP compound or a metal compound. Thus, in the description herein, a modified fuel can replace additional fuel.

 A preferred embodiment of the present invention is that additional fuels can be used as a smaller part, a substantially smaller part, a large part or a substantially large part of the constituent components in an ATP / additional fuel combination. The ratio of ATP fuel and additional fuel can vary and amount to 1000: 1, 100: 1, 90: 1, 75: 1, 50: 1, 40: 1, 30: 1, 25: 1, 20: 1, 15: 1 , 12: 1, 10: 1, 8: 1, 6: 1, 5: 1, 4: 1, 3: 1, 2: 1, 1: 1, 1: 2, 1: 3, 1: 4, 1 : 5, 1: 6, 1: 7, 1: 8, 1:10, 1:15, 1:20, 1:40, 1:50 or 1: 100.

 A special challenge is to maximize the total amount of ATP fuel vapor obtained from the ATP / additional fuel combination. So, ATP steam can represent from 0.001 to about 0.5, 1.0, 1.2, 1.5, 1.7, 2.0, 2.1, 2.5, 3.0, 3.4, 3.5, 3.7, 4.0, 4.2, 4.7, 5.0, 7.0, 9.0, 10.0, 12.0, 15.0, 20.0, 25, 0, 30.0, 35.0, 40.0, 45.0, 50.0, 55.5, 60.0, 70.0, 80.0, 90.0, or 99.999 weight percent of the composition.

 In the initial application, the ATP component of the fuel will be a smaller part due to the presence of existing fuels, distribution systems and combustion.

 It is preferred that the applicant ATP fuel, additional fuel, or ATP / additional fuel, when used in existing systems, meets ASTM, government, and / or industry requirements for additional fuel with the lowest possible calorific values.

 It is envisaged that ATP / additional fuel may need to be refined or adjusted to meet minimum ASTM and / or government standards. For example, if the ATP / additional fuel must satisfy the ASTM minimum calorific value and the ATP compound is DMC, it may be necessary to use components with a high calorific value.

 In other cases, the base additional fuel can be selected so that the addition of ATP fuel does not lead to beyond ASTM or government specifications.

 Applicant's preferred additional fuels are mainly conventional fuels, but they also include fuels designed to produce higher burning rates or higher latent heat of vapor than conventional fuels or modified fuels. See my pending International Applications No. PCT / US95 / 02691 and PCT / US95 / 06758, which are included in the list of links below.

 Applicant's additional fuels and ATP / additional fuels can be selected or constructed in such a way as to lower or adjust the distillation temperatures T-90, T-50 or T-10 to reduce the latent heat of vaporization.

 The additional fuels and the ATP / additional fuel of the applicant are usually selected so as to obtain a low or particularly low emission of combustion products.

For example, the special purpose of this invention is that additional fuels are selected and / or ATP / additional fuel combinations are selected or designed in such a way as to reduce to the maximum extent possible the release of NO _X , CO, CO ₂ , hydrocarbons, dispersed particles, toxic substances, reactive substances - sources of ozone,
polynuclear aromatics, benzene, butadiene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, regulated emitted substances, unregulated emitted substances recognized as potentially hazardous, and / or any carcinogenic or environmentally hazardous substances, both now known and those that can be identified in the future. However, the selection of base fuels may not be so tough due to the improved emission characteristics of ATP fuels. Thus, higher concentrations of components still considered potentially hazardous may be acceptable.

 The practice of this invention does not provide for a special introduction to the proposed fuels of known potentially environmentally hazardous substances, for example, sulfur, lead, barium, chlorine, fluorine, etc., unless otherwise indicated.

 It is also assumed that the additional fuels and / or ATP / additional fuel of the applicant are designed to reduce particulate matter to the greatest extent possible. It is desirable that the average particle size does not exceed 10.0, 7.5, 6.0, 5.0, 3.0, 2.5, 2.0, 1.5, 1.0, or 0.5 μm , or was less. The objective of the invention is also to reduce the emission of solid particles to the maximum extent possible.

Higher combustion rates reduce particulate matter and NO _x emissions. Reduced aromatic concentrations also reduce particulate matter.

 The additional fuel and the ATP / additional fuel of the applicant may contain reduced amounts of aromatics. Typically, volume concentrations of aromatic compounds are equal to or less than 55, 50, 45, 42, 40, 37, 35, 30, 27, 25, 20, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 10, 9 , 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 1 volume percent, or aromatic compounds are absent. Values less than 40, 35, 30, 27, 25, 23, 20, 19, 18 percent or less are more desirable. As noted, in practice they try to reduce the concentration of aromatic compounds as soon as possible.

Within practical limits, after considering the latent heats of vaporization, combustion rates, components that may be hazardous to the environment, calorific value (if necessary), it is desirable that the additional fuels and the ATP / additional fuels of the applicant have as high densities as possible within the ASTM military or industry standards. Higher densities than similar standards are particularly desirable; especially in progressive applications. For example, densities greater than 775 to 840, 800 to 880, or greater than 835, 840, 850, 860, 870, 880, 885, 890, 895, 900, 950, 1000, 1050, 1100, 1150, 1200 are particularly desirable. or more kg / m ³ . Moderate, low, and even very low densities are also possible if the objective of this invention is to increase the rate of combustion.

 Viscosity of supplemental fuels and ATP / supplemental fuels of an applicant typically meets acceptable standards. It is important that high viscosity fuels are properly atomized to ensure vapor phase combustion. However, the applicant’s invention, due to the ability of some ATP compounds, especially DMC, to reduce viscosity, allows the use of fuels with high viscosity, which in other cases could be unacceptable.

 In other words, the Applicant has determined that the addition of certain ATP compounds, especially DMC, can reduce viscous friction in the flow. Thus, it is possible for additional fuels to have viscosities at the upper limit of industry standards or viscosities higher than ASTM, government or industry requirements.

For example, it is permissible for additional Jet-A fuel to have a viscosity above 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 8.2, 8.5, 9.0, 9.5, 10.0, 12.0, 15 , 0, 16.0 or more mm ² / s at -20 ^o C (ASTM 445), or higher than 13.5, 14.0, 14.5, 15.0, 15.5, 16.0, 17 , 0, 18.0, 19.0, 20.0, 21.0, 23.0 cSt at -34.4 ^o C (-30 ^o F), or so that additional fuel for gas oil turbines has a maximum kinematic viscosity at 40 ^o With more than 1.5, 1.7, 2.0, 2.4, 2.6, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 7.0 or more mm ² / s ( ASTM D 445) for No. 1-GT, or greater than 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 3.8, 4.1, 4.2, 4.5, 5.0, 6.0, or more mm ² / s (ASTM D 445) for No 2-GT; or so that additional fuel for diesel fuel has a maximum kinematic viscosity at 40 ^o C in excess of 1.2, 1.8, 2.0, 2.4, 2.6, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6 , 0, 7.0 or more mm ² / s (ASTM D 445) for No. 1-D with a low or normal sulfur content, or greater than 3.3, 3.6, 3.9, 4.1, 4.2 4.5, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0 or more mm ² / s (ASTM D 445) for No. 2-D with low or normal sulfur content, or greater than 15 0, 18.0, 20.0, 22.0, 24.0, 24.5, 25.0, 26.0, 30.0, 40.0, 45.0, 50.0, 60.0 or more mm ² / s (ASTM D 445) for No. 4-D; or that additional diesel fuel with low emissions has a viscosity greater than 1.2, 1.5, 1.8, 2.4, 2.5, 2.8, 3.0, 3.2, 3.5, 3, 8, 4.2, 4.8, 5.5 or more cSt at 40 ^° C (where 1 mm ² / s = 1 cSt); or so that additional fuel for liquid fuel has a kinematic viscosity exceeding 1.2, 1.8, 2.1, 2.3, 2.5, 3.0, 3.4, 3.5, 4.0, 5, 0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 8.0, 10.0 or more mm ² / s at 40 ^o C (ASTM D 445) for No. 1, exceeding 2.2, 2.6, 3 0, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 4.0, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 8.0, 10.0 or more mm ² / s at 40 ^o C (ASTM D 445) for No. 2, exceeding 3.5, 4.0, 5.0, 5.5, 5.6, 6.0, 6.5, 8.0, 10.0, 12, 0, 15.0, 20.0, 25.0 or more mm ² / s at 40 ^o C (ASTM D 445) for No. 4 (light), exceeding 8.0, 12.0, 15.0, 18, 0, 20.0, 24.0, 25.0, 25.0, 30.0, 35.0, 40.0 or more mm ² / s at 40 ^o С (ASTM D 445) for No. 4, exceeding 4 5, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.9, 9.0, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.5, 10.0, 11.0, 12.0 , 14.0, 14.5, 14.9, 15.0, 16.0, 18.0, 19.0, 20.0, 21.0, 22.0, 25.0 or more mm ² / s at 100 ^o C (ASTM D 445) for No. 5 (light), exceeding 6.0, 7.5, 9.0, 11.0, 14.9, 15.0, 15.2, 15.5 , 15.7, 16.0, 16.5, 17.0, 18.0, 19.0, 20.0, 21.0, 22.0, 25.0, 30.0 or more mm ² / s at 100 ^o С (ASTM D 445) for No. 5 (heavy), exceeding 20.0, 25.0, 30.0, 35.0, 40.0, 45.0, 50.0, 50.5, 51 0, 52.0, 53.0, 54.0, 55.0, 57.0, 60.0, 65.0, 70.0, 75.0, 80.0 or more mm ² / s at 100 ^o C (ASTMD 445) for liquid fuel No. 6; so that heavy diesel, locomotive or naval auxiliary fuel that complies with ISO DIS 8217 and / or BS MA 100 and / or other industrial specifications has a viscosity exceeding 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 510, 520, 530, 550, 600, 650 or more centistokes at 50 ^o C.

 The applicant’s ATP / Supplemental Fuel Viscosity is expected to comply with ASTM, government or other standards.

Example 28
ATP fuel composition / additional fuel according to all the above examples, where the indicated extra fuel viscosities exceed the maximum permissible ASTM, industry or government standards and where the ATP / additional fuel combination is different in that it meets the same ASTM, industry or government standards.

 The self-ignition temperatures of the applicant ATP fuels, the ATP / supplemental fuel and / or modified alternate fuel combinations of the applicant are intended to meet the relevant ASTM or industry standards. A selection of fuel components is contemplated if necessary to meet these standards.

 The addition of ATP fuel in an ATP / additional fuel combination generally results in a reduction in spark ignition delay. Optimization of fuel composition (in terms of combustion) may require a reduction in spark lead, which is specifically stipulated here.

Example 29
The mode of action of an engine using the combination of ATP / additional fuel (corresponding to the examples of compositions given here); said method is characterized in that said fuel is burned in a spark ignition engine, a combustion chamber or other engine, including a jet engine, a turbojet engine, where the ignition delay is reduced in comparison with one additional fuel from at least 0.001 to 0.5, 0, 01 to 2.0, 0.01 to 3.0, 0.01 to 5.0, 0.01 to 7.0, 0.01 to 8.0, 0.01 to 10.0, 0.01 to 15.0, 0.01 to 20.0, 0.01 to 25.0, 0.01 to 30.0, 0.01 to 35.0, 0.01 to 40.0, 0.01 to 45, 0.01, to 50.0, 0.01 to 55.0, 0.01 to 60.0, 0.01 to 65.0, 0.01 to 70.0, 0.01 to 75.0, 0.01 to 80.0, 0.01 to 85.0, 0.01 to 90.0 percent or more and where the lead of the spark, if it is applied, adjusted accordingly.

Example 30
The method of example 29, where the air-fuel ratio is reduced by at least 5, 10, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70% or more compared to one additional fuel; or, in other words, the air-fuel ratio is approximately 5.85 to 6.45, 6.45 to 8.03, 7.55 to 10.45, 8.85 to 12.5.

Example 31
A method of burning an ATP / auxiliary fuel mixture, wherein the engine is an internal combustion engine and the compression ratio in the engine is at least 8.5, 9.0, 9.6, 10.0, 10.5, 11.0, 11 5, 12.0, 12.5, 13.0, 13.5, 14.0, 14.5, 15.0, 15.5, 16.0, 16.5, 17.0, 17.5 , 18.0, 18.5, 19.0, 19.5, 20.0, 22.0, 24.0, 25.0, 30.0, 35.0, 40.0, 50.0 or more .

 Non-limiting examples of additional applicant fuels include any carbon, hydrogen, hydrocarbon or non-hydrocarbon fuels, solid, liquid, gaseous fuels, including alternative fuels, hydrogen, petroleum gas, liquefied petroleum gas, liquefied propane, liquefied butane, natural gas, natural gas liquids, methane , ethane, propane, n-butane, propane-butane mixture, fuel methanol, e.g. M 80, M 90 or M 85 fuels, ethanol fuels, biomass fuels, vegetable oil / ester fuels, methyl ester p canine oil, soybean fatty acid esters, aqueous carbon fuels (including water gasolines, naphtha, fuel oils and diesel fuels, such as Gunnerman A-55 / D-55), motor gasolines (complying with ASTM standards), aviation gas fuels, including brands 80, 100, 10011 (meeting ASTM standards), conventional motor gasoline, modified gasolines (meeting USClean Air Act 211 (k), California Air Resources Office, Swedish / European EPEFET standards, or other standards), low pressure gasolines steam, gasoline lower sulfur content or no sulfur, low octane gasoline octane, Talbert E-gasoline, alkylates based fuel or predominantly alkylates (including aviation or motor gasoline), improved fuel substantially improved fuel isooctanoic fuel; mainly isooctane fuels, refined fuels, paraffin fuels, mainly paraffin fuels (including possibly n-butane, isopentane, toluene, C7-C10 olefins), kerosene, high boiling fuels, gas turbine fuels, including No O-GT, No 1 -GT, No. 2-GT, No. 3-GT, No. 4-GT (meeting ASTM standards), aircraft turbojets, including JP-4, JP-5, JP-7, JP-8, JP-9, JP- 10, TS, Jet A-1, Jet A, Jet B (complying with ASTM standards), military aviation gasolines (including JP-8, JP-8 + 100, refined kerosene fuel, known as JPTS for U-2 / TR- 1), rocket fuels, tver solid or liquid rocket fuels, single-component rocket fuel, multi-component rocket fuel, self-igniting two-component rocket fuel, gas oil-based fuels for turbines, including grade 0-4, loaded with engine fuel layers, diesel fuels, including low sulfur grade No. 1- D, low sulfur brand No. 2-D, brand No. 1-D, brand No. 2-D and brand No. 4-D (complying with ASTM standards), and older brands Type C-B, Type TT, Type RR, Type SM, modified diesel fuels (satisfying CARB or Swede standards), hydrotreated fuels with low or no sulfur content, low aromatic content or without aromatic compounds, toluene-based fuels, fuels largely based on toluene, naphtha-based fuels and substantially naphtha-based fuels, liquid fuels, including grade 1, grade 2, grade 4 (light), grade 4, grade 5 (light), grade 5 (heavy), grade 6, heavy naval and railway diesel fuels, including those complying with ISO DIS 8217 and BS MA 100 various distillate oils, distillate fuels, substantially distillate fuels, residual fuels, recycle gas oils, light recycle gas oils, heavy recycle gas oils, heating oil, vacuum oils, nozzle fuels, heating oils, liquefied coal, fuels based on SRC-11 medium coal , near-liquid fluids, coal dust, coal derivatives, coal, solid fuels, fuels derived from tar-soaked sand, fuels derived from shale, hydrazine, ammonium acetylene, and any other hydrocarbon or non-hydrocarbon fuels and / or fuels that meet ASTM specifications, military or international specifications, EPA, CARB or Swedish European standards, or that comply with any industry and / or any government specifications or guidance document, present or future, including any combination thereof, and, possibly unleaded and having a low content (or absence) of sulfur and / or having a low content (or absence) of phosphorus fuel, where luminous combustion occurs in the steam during combustion phase.

Example 32
The above examples, in which ATP fuel pairs or ATP / additional fuel mixtures drive an engine having a cylinder displacement equal to or greater than 2459, 2950, 3278, 3606, 4425, 4917, 5245, 5409, 5737, 5818, 5900, 6556, 7277, 7490, 7867, 8195, 9015, 9834, 10654, 11473, 12293, 13112, 13932, 14751, 15571, 16390, 18029, 19668, 21307, 22046, 24585, 26224, 27863, 29502, 32780, 36058, 39336, 42614, 45892, 49170, 57365, 65560, 81950, 98340, 114730, 131120, 147510, 163900, 245850, 327800, 409750, 491700, 655600, 819500, 983400, 1147300, 1311200, 1475100, 1639000 cm ³ (150, 180, 200, 220, 270, 300 320, 330, 350, 360, 400, 444, 457, 480, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1100, 1200 , 1300, 1400, 1500, 1700, 1800, 2000, 2200, 2400, 2600, 2800, 3000, 3500, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 150 00, 20,000, 25,000, 30,000, 40,000, 50,000, 60,000, 70,000, 80,000, 90,000, 100,000 cubic inches) or equivalent, or larger engines, under moderate to moderate high to high load conditions (for example, greater than 10 , 3, 11.0, 11.8, 12.5, 13.2, 14.0, 15.4, 16.2, 16.9, 17.7, 18.4, 19.1, 19.9 , 20.6, 21.3, 22.1 or 25.7 kW (14.0, 15.0, 16.0, 17.0, 18.0, 19.0, 20.0, 21.0, 22.0, 23.0, 24.0, 25.0, 26.0, 27.0, 28.0, 29.0, 30.0 or 35.0 h.p.) (indicator horsepower ), calculated on the equivalent of the working volume of the cylinder 5736 cm ³ (350 cubic meters inches) ("r.p.d.o."), or a load exceeding 0.005, 0.0055, 0.0058, 0.0066, 0.0069, 0.0073, 0.0077, 0.0081, 0 0084, 0.0088, 0.0091, 0.0095, 0.0099, 0.102, 0.108, 0.011, 0.0128, 0.014, 0.015, 0.017, 0.018, 0.019, 0.020, 0.022, 0.023, 0.024, 0.026, 0.032 , 0,038, 0,045, 0,051 W / cm ³ (0,04, 0,043, 0,0456, 0,0514, 0,054, 0,057, 0,06, 0,063, 0,066, 0,069, 0,071, 0,074, 0,077, 0,08, 0,084 , 0.086, 0.10, 0.11, 0.12, 0.13, 0.14, 0.15, 0.16, 0.17, 0.18, 0.18, 0.19, 0.20 , 0.25, 0.30, 0.35, 0.40 or more ILS / KPD; while the fuel economy and / or thermal efficiency increase by compared with the work on one additional fuel at 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0 to 29, 0% or more (preferably from 2.0% to 30.0%).

 In a particular embodiment of the invention, combustion systems operate under severe or especially severe conditions. Applicant's invention is well suited to large-sized engines under such load conditions.

Example 33
Fuel compositions and vapor compositions for the aforementioned internal combustion engine or combustion chamber from the group consisting of a rocket engine, a Brighton cycle engine, a gas oil turbine, an aircraft jet engine, a diesel engine (direct injection, turbocharged, lean-burning, with swirl, variable valve timing and feed height), marine, locomotive, aircraft gas engine, gasoline / automobile engines (non-limiting examples include engines with low emission, ultra-low emission, variable valve timing and delivery height, direct fuel injection, lean burn engines), for oil burners, residential furnaces, oil furnaces, burners with new characteristics (e.g. flame sheaths with speeds exotherm order 373000000 kJ / ^m3 • h (10 million Btu / h • ft ³⁾ of gas burners, gas furnace, internal compression engine, the internal combustion engine with spark ignition, lean burn, with rapid combustion, engines External Expansion combustion Stirling or Rankine engine, Otto cycle, Miller cycle, two-way, or four-way catalyst systems.

 In the practice of this invention, the applicant has found that if DMK is selected as the ATP compound, it is desirable to formulate a fuel having a pH value that is possibly closer to neutral. Alkaline pHs are acceptable, but neutral and / or very slightly acidic pHs are desirable. Higher acidity is possible, but should be limited by ASTM limits for fuels and combustion systems, especially standards setting fuel compositions for aircraft turbines that set a maximum acidity of 0.1 mg KOH / g or equivalent.

 Applicant assumes compliance with ASTM or other industry standards, if applicable. In the absence of such restrictions, the pH should not exceed acceptable limits based on restrictions on fuel and combustion systems.

Example 34
The above fuel compositions in which the ATP compound is DMC; the specified composition has a neutral or slightly acidic pH, or has a pH of less than 9.0, 8.9, 8.8, 8.7, 8.6, 8.5, 8.4, 8.3, 8.2, 8.1, 8.0 (water), 7.9, 7.8, 7.7, 7.6, 7.5, 7.4, 7.3, 7.2, 7.1, 7.0 (neutral), 6.9, 6.8, 6.7, 6.5 (water), 6.4, 6.3, 6.2, 6.1, 6.0, 5.9, 5.8 5.7, 5.6, 5.5, 5.4, 5.3, 5.2, 5.1, 5.0, 4.5, 4.0, 3.5, 3.0, 2 5, 2.0 or less. PH values less than 8.0, 7.0, 6.5 and higher than 5.0, 5.5 or 6.0 are more preferred.

 It is also specifically assumed that the modified fuels and additional fuels of the applicant contain the necessary additives, as stated here and in my pending International Applications No. PCT / US95 / 02691 and No. PCT / US95 / 06758.

 Increase in latent heat of vaporization.

 A particular objective and implementation of the present invention is that the hydrocarbon additional fuels, ATP / additional fuel, modified fuels (see below) of the applicant are selected or designed so as to obtain the maximum possible latent heat of vaporization ("STP") in the light of environmental and industrial considerations .

 Another embodiment is that the applicant’s additional fuels or modified fuels (see below) are designed to have higher STPs than existing ASTM fuels, conventional or improved composition (here: unregulated “base fuel”). In other words, one of the indicators of the level of quality of the invention of the applicant is an increased STP, higher than that of other fuels that currently exist.

 Another embodiment in multicomponent fuels is that such an improvement is achieved by changing the ratio of existing components or by adding suitable components in the manufacture of said fuel.

 However, it is also possible to include ATP structures and / or ATP fuel in such fuels to achieve this.

 The applicant has found that the threshold value for improving the STP will vary significantly depending on the composition of the fuel and the type of combustion system.

 However, an increase in STP is at least 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 6.0 , 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 8.5, 9.0, 9.5, 10.0, 12.5, 15.0, 17.5, 20.0, 22 , 5, 25.0, 27.5, 30.0, 35.0, 40.0, 50.0, 55.0, 60.0 percent or more compared to unregulated base fuel is possible and desirable. To compare differences in STF, the applicant's base fuels are fuels according to ASTM, industry or equivalent standards existing at the time of this invention.

 It was noted that heavier fuels, such as diesel, for aircraft turbines, for gas turbines, etc. often has a lower average latent heat of vapor per unit mass than lower molecular weight gasolines. Typically, the higher the boiling point of the fuel, the lower the average STP per unit mass.

Depending on the base fuel, or additional fuel, or modified fuel, it is desirable that higher boiling components with latent heat of vaporization of less than about 93, 116, 140, 163, 186, 209, 233, 256, 279, 291, 302, 314, 326, 337, 349, 361, 372, 384, 395, 407, 419 kJ / kg (40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 125, 130, 135, 140, 145, 150 , 155, 160, 165, 170, 175, 180 BTU / f), or less than about 181, 195, 209, 212, 215, 218, 220, 223, 226, 229, 232, 234, 237, 240, 246 , 251, 252, 254, 255, 257, 258, kJ / dm ³ (650, 700, 750, 760, 770, 780, 790, 800, 810, 820, 830, 840, 850, 860, 880, 900, 905, 910, 915, 920, 925, BTU / gal), or components for which the latent heat of vaporization is lower, than the base fuel should be reduced in volumetric content or removed from the composition. On the other hand, the concentration of fuel components having STF is higher than the average value of the base fuel, you can increase or introduce them into the fuel composition so that this value of the fuel of the new composition was higher than the base fuel.

 As noted here and in pending International applications No. PCT / US95 / 02691 and No. PCT / US95 / 06758, the applicant has established that the optimal change in the composition of modified fuels, additional fuels includes not only a decrease in the final temperature and T-90 distillation temperature and modification of T-50 temperatures by modification of fuel constituents (for example, a decrease in the content of sulfur, aromatic compounds, olefins, etc.), but preferably requires a simultaneous increase in the average STP value and, possibly, the speed g rhenium base fuel by at least 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 10%.

 With the simultaneous absence of additives that increase STP and burning rate, it is impossible to achieve the full effect of this invention.

For example, in hydrocarbon fuels boiling between approximately 60 ^° C and 110 ^° C, cycloparaffins, alkenes, alkanes in the order of their arrangement are preferred to achieve elevated STP. From about 120-160 ^{° C.} , as the applicant has discovered, aromatic hydrocarbons, alkenes, cycloparaffins, alkanes in the order of their arrangement are preferred. It is noted that with an increase in boiling points the STP of aromatic hydrocarbons decreases. Between about 70 and 130 ^{° C.,} alkenes and cycloparaffins are approximately equally preferred. Between 160-180 ^{° C.} and about 300 ^{° C.} , bicyclic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons and alkanes are preferred in the order of their arrangement.

The preferred practice of developing a composition of base fuels to increase their latent heat of vaporization uses the removal of high boiling materials (for example, low latent heat of vaporization and / or low burning rate) until the specified oxygen / metal free base hydrocarbon composition has an average latent the heat of vaporization equal to or greater than 140, 153, 167, 176, 181, 190, 195, 204, 209, 218, 223, 229, 232, 234, 237, 240, 243, 246, 248, 251, 252, 254, 255, 257, 258, 259, 262, 265, 271, 276, 279, 293, 307, 321, 335, 349, 363, 377 kJ / dm ³ (500, 550, 600, 630, 650, 680, 700, 730, 750, 780, 800, 820, 830, 840, 850, 860, 870, 880, 890, 900, 905, 910, 915, 920, 925, 930, 940, 950, 970, 990, 1000, 1050, 1100, 1150, 1200, 1250, 1300, 1350 BTU / gal) or more. It is desirable that it be higher than 181, 206, 220, 223, 232, 240, 246, 251, 254, kJ / dm ³ (650, 740, 790, 800, 830, 860, 880, 900, 910 BTU / gal ), or more.

 On the other hand, the latent heat of vaporization of the base additional fuel must exceed 233, 256, 267, 279, 291, 302, 314, 326, 337, 349, 361, 372, 384, 395, 407, 419, 430, 442, 454, 465, 477, 488 kJ / kg (100, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135, 140, 145, 150, 155, 160, 165, 170, 175, 180, 185, 190, 195, 200, 205 , 210 BTU / f), or more.

 While there is usually no upper limit on the latent heat of vaporization of the modified fuel or additional fuel, price and other practical considerations will determine it. Thus, the applicant estimates that the actual limits may be an increase of 20% to 40%.

 The design of fuels to increase the latent heat of vaporization should be limited by other factors, including the known ability to release harmful substances by certain components, distillation requirements, calorific or thermal requirements, improved burning rate, etc.

 For example, although benzene and xylenes have elevated STPs, they are known to be environmentally hazardous. As stated here, lowering the aromatic content has some other environmental benefits, such as lowering the formation of carbon, etc., but STP can be reduced. Therefore, the effect of reducing the aromatic content should be mitigated by reducing the content of high boiling aromatics, and not lower boiling, which has higher values of STP.

 Thus, depending on the composition of the fuel and its type, the regulation / preparation of modified compositions with additional fuel (for example, those that do not contain ATP compounds and / or metal compounds) in order to obtain increased STP should be such that, in the end, additional fuel had values equal to or higher than approximately 128, 140, 151, 163, 174, 181, 186, 191, 198, 202, 205, 207, 209, 212, 214, 216, 219, 221, 226, 233, 240 , 244, 249, 256, 263, 267, 272, 279, 284, 291, 295, 302, 305, 312, 314, 316, 319, 321, 323, 326, 328, 330, 333, 335, 337, 340 , 342, 344, 347, 349, 351, 354, 356, 358, 361, 363, 365, 368, 370, 372, 374, 379, 384, 386, 388, 395, 407 kD w / kg (55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 78, 80, 82, 85, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 100, 103, 105, 107, 110, 113, 115, 117, 120, 122, 125, 127, 130, 131, 134, 135, 135, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 163, 165, 166, 167, 170, 175 or more BTU / f) (or equivalent), or values in excess of existing ASTM base fuels. The latent heat of vaporization outside this range is also acceptable.

 However, the applicant has found that in the case of motor gasoline, latent heats of vapor equal to or greater than 267, 279, 291, 302, 309, 312, 314, 319, 326, 330, 337, 340, 342, 344, 347, 349, 351 are preferred , 354, 356, 358, 361, 372, 384, 395, 407 kJ / kg (115, 120, 125, 130, 133, 134, 135, 137, 140, 142, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 154, 153, 155, 160, 165, 170, 175 BTU / f), or more specifically, values higher than 326, 337, 340, 342, 344, 347, 349, 351, 354, 356, 358, 361, 372, 384, 395 kJ / kg (140, 145, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 160, 165, 170 BTU / f).

 In the case of aviation gasolines, the latent heat of vaporization is equal to or greater than 233, 237, 244, 249, 256, 261, 267, 272, 279, 284, 291, 295, 298, 300, 303, 305, 307, 309, 312, 314, 316, 319, 321, 323, 326, 328, 330, 333, 335, 337, 340, 342, 344, 347, 349, 351, 354, 356, 358, 361, 363, 365, 368, 370, 372, 384, 395, 407 kJ / kg (100, 102, 105, 107, 110, 112, 115, 117, 120, 122, 125, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135 , 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160 , 165, 170, 175 BTU / f), or more. Values greater than 314, 326, 337, 349, 354, 358, 361, 368, 372, 384 kJ / kg (135, 140, 145, 150, 152, 154, 155, 158, 160, 165 BTU / f are more desirable ), or more.

 In the case of diesel fuels, latent heat of vaporization equal to or greater than 198, 209, 221, 233, 237, 242, 244, 247, 249, 251, 254, 256, 258, 261, 267, 272, 279, 284, 291, 295, 298, 300, 302, 305, 307, 309, 312, 324, 316, 319, 321, 323, 326, 328, 330, 333, 335, 337, 340, 342, 344, 347, 349 kJ / kg (5, 90, 95, 100, 102, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 115, 117, 120, 122, 125, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132 , 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150 BTU / f). Values exceeding 256, 267, 279, 291, 302 kJ / kg (110, 115, 120, 125, 130 BTU / f), or more, are desirable.

 In the case of aviation turbojet fuels, STP should be equal to or greater than 126, 147, 159, 167, 176, 180, 184, 188, 193, 197, 201, 205, 209, 214, 218, 226, 230, 234, 239, 243 247, 251, 255, 260, 264, 268, 272, 276, 285, 293, 301, 310, 318, 327, 335 J / g; otherwise they should be equal to or greater than about 128, 140, 151, 163, 174, 186, 198, 209, 221, 233, 237, 242, 244, 247, 249, 251, 254, 256, 258, 261, 267, 272, 279, 284, 291, 295, 298, 300, 302, 305, 307, 309, 312, 314, 316, 319, 321, 323, 326, 328, 330, 333, 335, 337, 340, 342, 344, 347, 349, 361, 372, 384 kJ / kg (5, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 102, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110 , 111, 112, 115, 117, 120, 122, 125, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144 , 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 155, 160, 165 BTU / f). Values greater than 195, 209, 221, 233, 256, 267, 279, 291, 302, 314, 326, 337, 349, 361, 372, 384 kJ / kg (85, 90, 95, 100, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135, 140, 145, 150, 155, 160, 165 BTU / f). Values greater than 279, 291, 302, 314, 326, 337, 349, 361, 372, 384 kJ / kg (120, 125, 130, 135, 140, 145, 150, 155, 160, 165 BTU / f) are preferred .

STP values for heavy diesel fuels and fuel oils should exceed 105, 116, 128, 140, 151, 163, 174, 186, 191, 198, 202, 209, 221, 223, 226, 228, 233, 244, 249, 256 , 261, 267, 272, 279, 284, 291, 295, 302 kJ / kg (45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 87, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 100, 105, 107, 110, 112, 115, 117, 120, 122, 125, 127, 130 or more BTU / f). Values exceeding 233, 237, 256 kJ / kg (100, 102, 110 BTU / f) are desirable. When compiling or changing the composition of the modified fuels or additional fuels of the applicant and depending on the individual base fuel, it is also desirable that the fuel be formulated so that its specific heat is equal to or greater than 1.47, 1.51, 1.55, 1.59 , 1.63, 1.67, 1.72, 1.76, 1.80, 1.84, 1.88, 1.93, 1.97, 2.01, 2.05, 2.09, 2 , 14, 2.18, 2.22, 2.26, kJ / kg ^o С (0.35, 0.36, 0.37, 0.38, 0.39, 0.40, 0.41, 0 , 42, 0.43, 0.44, 0.45, 0.46, 0.47, 0.48, 0.49, 0.50, 0.51, 0.52, 0.53, 0.54 BTU / f ^o F) or more. Values above 1.93 kJ / kg ^o C (0.46 BTU / f ^o F) are preferred.

An increase in STP leads to lower combustion temperatures. The desired decrease is in the range of about −12.2 to 260.0 ^{° C.} (10 ^° F. to 500 ^° F.). A reduction of from 5 ^o F to 50 ^o F is also desirable.

 A particular embodiment of the invention is to reduce combustion temperatures by designing such compositions in order to avoid or reduce the formation of deposits in the combustion chamber. Thus, compositions that reduce the formation of deposits in the combustion chamber, or other means, including additives to reduce deposits, are particularly desirable.

 The applicant found that with a decrease in the final temperature and / or temperatures of the T-90, the working potential does not change if the STP increases at the same time.

 Multi-boiling fuels benefit from lower final boiling points, temperatures T-90 and T-50, which simultaneously increases STP. Such fuels include aviation and motor gasolines, gas oil turbine fuels, liquid fuels, diesel fuels, aviation jet fuels, and the like.

A special embodiment is that gasolines containing metallic and nonmetallic additives have sufficiently high STP values to significantly reduce the temperature at the inlet of the exhaust catalyst in order to avoid clogging of the catalyst, failure of the OBM II monitor, etc. As an embodiment of the invention, catalyst inlet temperatures of about 760 ^{° C.} (1400 ^° F.) or less are expected, including 737, 704, 677, 549, 621, 593, 566 ^° C. (1350 ^° F., 1300 ^° F., 1250 ^° F. , 1200 ^o F, 1150 ^o F, 1100 ^o F, 1050 ^o F) or less, or other temperatures sufficient to provide acceptable catalyst activity, avoiding clogging of the catalyst with manganese oxide.

 So, there is a version in which the modification of hydrocarbon additional fuels is carried out, including the distillation temperatures of T-90, T-50 or T-10 and / or replacement components with the aim of eliminating hydrocarbons with a low burning rate and low STP as much as possible in order to reduce combustion temperature and, if possible, ensure a burning rate higher than standard fuels or fuels of a changed composition, without resorting to modification.

 So, one such control of the combustion temperature, without resorting to other methods of the invention of the applicant (for example, ATP compounds, lowering the temperature by mechanical injection of air, etc.), is desirable in the preparation of modified fuel of the applicant in order to reduce emissions and / or as a means control precipitation formed from manganese-containing fuels with a low metal content, which is due to excess exhaust temperature.

Example 35
A method for preventing clogging or coating of manganese oxides with exhaust catalysts, or OBD II monitors, or tracking systems; the specified method includes: mixing SPS fuel with high latent heat of vaporization, containing from 0.002 to 0.008 g Mn / l (1/128 to 1/32 g Mn / gal) in the form of MMT in sufficient quantity with ordinary unleaded gasoline or unleaded modified gasoline, at which the temperatures of combustion and exhaust of these fuels are reduced sufficiently so that the temperature of the exhaust at the inlet of the catalyst is below 760 ^° C (1400 ^° F), more preferably below 732.2, 704.4, 676.7, 648.0 ^° C (1350, 1300, 1250, 1200 ^° F).

Example 36
A method for preventing clogging or oxide coating of exhaust catalysts; this method includes: modifying T-90 temperatures of conventional gasoline or modified gasoline containing up to 0.008 g Mn / l (1/32 g Mn / gal) in the form of MMT, while the STP is increased sufficiently to reduce the temperature of the exhaust gas by the inlet of the catalyst to a value of less than 760.0 ^o C (1400 ^o F).

 It is especially contemplated that the formulation of fuels with a higher latent heat of vaporization is an independent embodiment of this invention. However, the preferred practice of this invention involves the simultaneous use of the ATP structure and / or metal compounds in these modified high STP fuels, or in additional fuels.

Example 37
The composition of the hydrocarbon fuel selected from the group of existing additional fuels or base fuels ("unregulated base fuel"), while additionally adjusting, compiling or changing the composition of the specified fuel so that its latent heat of vaporization increased by at least 1, 1, 5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8% or more; and with this increase in STP makes it unnecessary to introduce an ATP compound and / or a metal compound.

Example 38
Example 37, where the latent heat of vaporization of the resulting composition is greater than that of the original unregulated base composition and where the specified additionally modified composition ("additional fuel composition with increased STP") is mixed with at least one ATP compound and / or metal compound, the resulting mixture meets ASTM, government or industry standards.

Example 39
The fuel composition, including regular or modified gasoline, possibly an oxidizing agent, the T-90 fraction is not higher than 143, 138, 132, 127 ^o C (290, 180, 170, 160 ^o F), having a latent heat of vaporization above 302, 314, 326, 337, 349, 361, 372, 384, 395 kJ / kg (130, 135, 140, 145, 150, 155, 160, 165, 170 BTU / f); possibly MMT up to 0.004, 0.008 g / l (1/64, 1/32 g / gal); possibly a burning rate in excess of 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54 cm / s; said fuel is characterized by improved fuel economy (preferably by at least 0.5% or more) compared to unregulated fuel or T-90-corrected fuel (in the absence of a minimum STP).

Example 40
The method of example 39, in which the fuel further includes a certain amount of additives that regulate the formation of sediment in the combustion chamber, which reduces the temperature at the inlet.

Example 41
The method of example 39, where fuel economy is improved compared to clean fuel containing the same amount of metal compound, but not having lower T-90 temperatures and high STP.

Example 42
The above examples, where the latent heat of vaporization and / or the burning rate of T-90-corrected fuel is 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0 4.5, 5.0% more than unregulated fuel.

Example 43
The above examples, in which the temperature of the T-90 fuel is less than 154 ^o C (310 ^o F), more preferably less than 152, 149, 146, 143, 141, 138, 135, 132, 129, 127, 124, 121, 118 ^o C (305 ^o F, 300 ^o F, 295 ^o F, 290 ^o F, 285 ^o F, 280 ^o F, 275 ^o F, 270 ^o F, 265 ^o F, 260 ^o F, 255 ^o F, 250 ^o F, 245 ^o F) or less; and MMT is included in an amount of 0.008 g Mn / l (1/32 g Mn / gal); and possibly an additive that regulates the formation of sediment in the combustion chamber in sufficient quantity is used; this reduces the inlet temperature, where fuel efficiency is improved compared with the same unregulated fuel by at least 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 or more percent.

 Improving combustion rate.

 A special task and implementation of the present invention is that the hydrocarbon supplemental fuels, ATP / supplemental fuels, modified fuels (see below) of the applicant have been designed or constructed so as to obtain the maximum effect. One of the embodiments of the present invention is also the preparation of the proposed additional fuel in such a way as to achieve maximum flame speed. Applicant has discovered that acetylene hydrocarbons C2 through C6 give exceptional burning rates. C4 to C6 olefins and diolefins also provide good rates. C3 cycloparaffins and benzene are also attractive. Paraffins, aromatic hydrocarbons C7 and higher are less attractive. Typically, the shorter the carbon chain length, C6, C5, C4, C3 or lower, the higher the burning rate.

 When considering carbon atoms in chains of the same length, n-alkines are preferable to n-alkenes, and they are preferable to n-alkanes. The burning rate of unsaturated hydrocarbons is higher than saturated hydrocarbons with the same chain length. In unsaturated hydrocarbons with one saturated bond, the burning rate decreases relative to the increase in molecular weight. Naphthenic and aromatic hydrocarbons have the same speeds as paraffins.

 It is also assumed that the modified fuels or additional fuels of the applicant have a low emission consisting of volatile substances, and thus low vapor pressure.

FUEL AND COMBUSTION SYSTEMS IN GENERAL
Combustion chambers proposed in the practice of this invention include geometric combustion chambers (tubular, annular, tubular-annular, spherical), aerodynamic combustion chambers (with a diffusion flame, with preliminary mixing, stage, catalytic, and combustion chambers for specific applications (aviation, industrial, automobile).

 In the practice of this invention, it is preferable to use a combustion chamber with a diffusion flame, where the applicant's combustion flame is further propagated by gas diffusion by injection, improved drip evaporation, accelerated combustion and / or spray diffusion.

 Thus, an embodiment is the use of a combustion chamber with a diffusion flame in combination with ATP fuels; this improves emissions during combustion, combustion accelerates and / or a decrease in combustion temperatures.

 Applicant's invention is particularly applicable to turbines, especially for aviation gas turbines, industrial gas turbines, gas turbines for offshore applications, and the like.

 The physical state of the fuels used in this invention includes a wide and narrow boiling range of liquids, semi-liquids, liquid-like fuels, semi-solid, solid and gaseous fuels and mixtures thereof.

 The pure execution of the applicant’s fuel (for example, the ATP compound and the metal compound) has outstanding traction and environmental effects, which are not limited to use in internal combustion engines, aircraft engines, gas oil turbines, furnaces, burners moving systems with air injection or rocket engines.

 The fuel of the applicant in its pure form is an outstanding fuel that can be used potentially in any combustion system. However, modification of existing combustion chambers may be needed to regulate the maximum combustion and thermodynamic aspects of such use in its purest form.

 The implementation of this invention is the use of improved combustion systems capable of better converting large quantities of free energy at higher pressures and / or improved values of thermal efficiency that occur when using the applicant's fuels. It is expected that a modification of the systems will be carried out and a new design will be created in order to maximize the benefits of pure, almost pure, mostly pure or with a significant amount of impurities of the ATP fuels of this invention.

 Therefore, one embodiment of the invention is the inclusion of such improved combustion systems using the applicant’s fuels.

 A particular embodiment of the invention is also the use of ATP compounds or mixtures, per se, in the presence or absence of improved combustion amounts of lead metal compounds. However, the preferred embodiment is the use of ATP compounds or mixtures thereof at least in conjunction with one lead-free metal compound (“ATP fuel”). There is also a performance, where the ATP fuel of the applicant may contain at least one additional oxidizing agent and / or at least one additional jet fuel or additional fuel.

 In the practice of using additional fuel, for example, when ATP fuel is combined with fuel based on hydrogen and / or hydrocarbons, a special embodiment is a reduction in vapor pressure by Reid. However, the final fuel is assumed to include fuel in which the Reid vapor pressure range should be between 0.069 and 6895 kPa (0.01 to 1000.0 psi); 13.8 to 1379 kPa (2.0 to 200.0 psi); 13.8 to 275.8 kPa (2.0 to 40.0 psi); 6.9 to 138 kPa (1.0 to 20.0 psi); 6.9 to 69 kPa (1.0 to 10.0 psi); 6.9 to 55.2 kPa (1.0 to 8.0 psi); 6.9 to 52 kPa (1.0 to 7.5 psi); 6.9 to 48.3 kPa (1.0 to 7.0 psi); 6.9 to 45 kPa (1.0 to 6.5 psi); 6.9 to 41.4 kPa (1.0 to 6.0 psi); 6.9 to 20.7 kPa (1.0 to 3.0 psi); 6.9 to 13.8 kPa (1.0 to 2.0 psi) or less.

 In the case of gasolines of a modified composition, for example, the vapor pressure in winter can vary from 79.3 to 82.7 kPa (from 11.5 to 12.0 psi), and in summer from 44.8 to 47.6 kPa (6.5 to 6.9 psi). A special implementation is also the optimization of the flash point in fuels, which determines the minimum flash point, for example, in aviation, turbine and marine applications, etc. It is also assumed that the practice of using an additional solvent, regulating hydrocarbon fractions (so as to increase the flash point), salts, soap and other additives will be applied, if necessary, to reduce vapor pressure and / or to increase the flash point. See below "Lowering Practices."

 As noted, lower concentrations of aromatic compounds are particularly desirable in the additional fuels of the applicant. Lower concentrations of olefins are also desirable.

 Olefin concentrations of approximately equal to or lower than 40, 37, 35, 33, 32, 31, 30, 29, 28, 27, 26, 25, 24, 24, 22, 21, 20, 19, 18, 17, 16 are desired , 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2.1 volume percent, or the absence of olefins. Preferably, the absence of C4 to C5 olefins. In the case of modified gasoline, the presence of olefins in the range from 2.0 to 12.0, from 3.0 to 10.0, from 4.0 to 8.0 volume percent or less is desirable. Olefin-free compositions are also desirable.

 Thus, the invention of the applicant includes pure, substantially pure, substantially pure ATP fuel, including compositions containing more than 50% ATP compound (s) by volume. It also includes applications with a significant predominance of ATP fuel, with its lower content or with a significantly lower content, for example, more than 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 1.8, 2.0, 2.7, 3.0, 3,5,3,7, 4,0, 5,0, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40% by volume (or by weight), usually with additional fuel ("base fuel or additional fuel"). In the practice of the applicant’s invention, most Mn-containing preferred ATP fuels include dimethyl carbonate, methanol, hydrogen, methylal, methane hydrate, hydrazine, and mixtures thereof.

 However, with increasing concentrations of ATP fuels (vol.%) In the final fuel, the properties associated with combustion and emission increase sharply.

 In more specific applications of additional fuel or modified fuel here or in pending international applications, the applicant is aware that the description relating to any additional fuel is applicable to any other additional or modified fuel (for example, antioxidants or detergents of the same class of additional fuels can be used with other classes of additional fuels, etc.). Similarly, environmental friendly practices for one fuel can be applied to any other.

 Supplementary or modified fuels of the present invention are typically fuels that are as environmentally friendly as possible, in accordance with regulatory standards, including California Air Resources Office and EPA standards, present and future.

 It is assumed that the proposed fuels, including aviation turbine additional or modified fuels, will not contain lead or, to a large extent, be free of it. However, known additives consistent with ASTM, military, or International Standards may be included.

 Applicant's aviation turbine fuels can meet or substantially comply with ASTM standards. Current ASTM fuel specifications D 1655-93 (including future editions), relevant previous specifications, related ASTM standards, test methods and international standards are incorporated by reference.

The combustion temperatures reduced according to the invention are particularly useful when used in jet aircraft at high altitudes and / or at high speeds of a machine, where extremely high engine temperatures impose restrictions on the operation and design of the combustion system. In this area, it was found that the applicant can significantly reduce the combustion temperature in the engine by 14-222 ^o C (25 - 400 ^o F) or more.

Example 44
The mode of action of an engine using ATP fuel (corresponding in composition to the example of an oxygen-containing composition given here); said method is characterized in that said fuel is burned in a spark ignition engine or another engine, including a turbine, in which the ignition delay is reduced by at least 5.0, 10.0, 15.0, 20, compared with one conventional fuel, 0, 25.0, 30.0, 35.0, 40.0, 45.0, 50.0, 55.0, 60.0, 65.0, 70.0, 75.0, 80.0, 85.0, 90.0 percent or more; and where spark preemption, if applicable, is adjusted accordingly.

Example 45
The method of example 44, where the air / fuel ratio is reduced by at least 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70% or more compared to one conventional fuel (gasoline 15, turbojet fuels 14-16 and etc.); or air / fuel ratios include from about 5.85 to 6.45, from 6.00 to 8.03, from 7.55 to 10.45, from 8.85 to 12.5.

Example 46
The method of example 44, where the compression ratio in the engine is at least 8.5, 9.0, 9.5, 10.0, 10.5, 11.0, 11.5, 12.0, 12.5, 13 , 0, 13.5, 14.0, 14.5, 15.0, 15.5, 16.0, 16.5, 17.0, 17.5, 18.0, 18.5, 19.0 , 20.0, 22.0, 24.0, 25.0, 30.0.

Example 47
The mode of action of a turbojet engine at elevated temperature; said method comprising: mixing ATP fuel (preferably at least one oxygen containing ATP compound and a metal compound), preferably containing from 0.1 to about 5.0, 10.0, 15.0, 20.0, 30, 0, 40.0, 50.0, 60.0 mass percent of oxygen, with aviation additional fuel, where the specified final fuel is thermally stable in liquid and vapor states up to 220, 260, 280, 300, 320, 350 ^o C or higher temperature moreover, said fuel obtained has an STP in excess of 279, 291, 302, 314, 326, 337, 349, 361, 372, 384, 395 kJ / kg (120, 125, 130, 135, 140, 145, 150, 155, 160 , 165, 170 BTU / f) or higher, acting as the primary heat dissipation to cool the engine when the fuel is in a liquid or gaseous state; said fuel preferably contains: an antioxidant, a dispersant, a metal deactivator and / or a detergent / dispersant in such quantities as to improve thermal stability; burning said fuel in said turbojet engine at high Mach numbers exceeding 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.25, 2.5, 2.75, 3.0, 3.25, 3.5, 3 75, 4.0, 4.25, 4.5, 4.75, 5.0, 5.25, 5.5, 5.75, 6.0, 6.25, 6.5 or at extreme temperatures and / or at a significant or extreme height of the order of 9150, 12200, 15250, 18300, 21350, 24400, 27450, 30500, 33550, 36600, 39650, 45750, 51850, 61000, 76250, 91500, 106750 m (30000, 40000, 50000, 60,000, 70,000, 80,000, 90,000, 100,000, 110,000, 120,000, 13,000, 150,000, 17,000, 200,000, 250,000, 300,000, 350,000 feet) above sea level, where engine and combustion temperatures are reduced by 14 to 167, 28 to 194 , from 42 to 208, from 56 to 222, from 69 to 250, from 28 to 194, from 83 to 278, about t 97 to 306, from 111 to 333, from 125 to 417, from 139 to 500 ^o C (from 25 to 300, from 50 to 350, from 75 to 375, from 100 to 400, from 125 to 450, from 150 to 500, from 175 to 550, from 200 to 600, from 225 to 750, from 250 to 900 ^o F), or otherwise, where the gas temperature at the inlet of the turbine does not exceed about 1500, 1400, 1300, 1200, 1150, 1100, 1050, 1000, 950, 900, 850, 800, 750, 700, 650, 600K or less (preferably less than 1200K),
or at least in excess of 0.5 to 25% of the best currently known methods of reducing temperature; while the pressure at the inlet to the turbine increases by 0.5 - 80.0% or more.

Example 48
The composition of aviation turbine fuel, including: ATP fuel (mainly containing at least one oxygen-containing ATP compound, for example DMK, and a metal compound, for example MMT); possibly containing from 0.1 to 95% or about 5.0, 10.0, 15.0, 20.0, 30.0, 40.0, 50.0, 60.0, wt.% oxygen; aviation additional fuel; said fuel is characterized in that it is thermally stable in a liquid state and in the form of steam up to 220, 260, 280, 300, 320, 350 ^o C or higher temperature; said fuel is characterized in that it has an STP exceeding 279, 291, 302, 314, 326, 337, 349, 361, 372, 384, 395 kJ / kg (120, 125, 130, 135, 140, 145, 150, 155 , 160, 165, 179 BTU / f) or higher, and is capable of absorbing heat (for example, has sufficient heat capacity) to act as the primary heat dissipation to cool the engine; said fuel may contain an antioxidant, a dispersant, a metal deactivator and / or a detergent / dispersant in such quantities as to improve thermal stability; compliance with ASTM or military fuel specifications is desirable (possibly excluding the calorific value).

Example 49
Aviation turbojet fuel containing from 0.01 to 40.0% wt. oxygen from DMC (more preferably from 0.5 to 5.0, from 0.5 to 10.0%) and at least one manganese-containing metal compound of 0.0003 to 5.28 g / l (from 0.001 up to 20.0 g / gal) (more preferably from 0.003 to 1.98, 2.64 g / l (0.01 to 7.5, 10.0 g / gal); more preferably from 0.03 to 0, 79 g / l (0.1 to 3.0 g / gal); said fuel has a total volume concentration of aromatic compounds not exceeding 25% (preferably 22% or less); maximum sulfur content not exceeding 0.3 wt.% (preferably 0.2, 0.1, 0.02 or lower, or lack of sulfur); maximum t mperaturu T-10 about 205 ^o C, a maximum final boiling point of about 300 ^o C (more preferably less than 290, 285, 280, 275, 270, 265 ^o C), a minimum flash point of about 38 ^o C, a density of from 775 to 840 kg / m ³ at 15 ^o C, or possibly exceeding 840, 850, 860, 880, 900 or more kg / m ³ , the minimum freezing temperature of about -40 ^o C, the net calorific value of about 35.0, 36.0, 37 , 0, 38.0, 40.0, 41.0, 42.0, 42.8, 43.0, 44.0 kJ / kg, latent heat of vaporization in excess of 209, 221, 233, 256, 267, 279 , 291, 302, 314, 326, 337, 349, 361, 372, 384, 395, 407 kJ / kg (90, 95, 100, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135, 140, 145, 150, 155, 160, 165, 170, 175 BTU / f), p and this combined fuel meets ASTM 1655 finished fuel requirements for Jet for A, Jet A-1 and Jet B.

Example 50
The composition of the fuel for a gas turbine, including: DMK, comprising from 0.01 to 40.0% wt. oxygen in the fuel; at least one metal compound in a concentration of from 0.0003 to about 1.98, 2.64, 3.96, 5.28, 10.6 g / l (from 0.001 to about 7.6, 10.0, 15 , 0, 20.0, 40.0 g / gal), and additional fuel for a gas oil turbine selected from liquid fuel for gas turbines No. 0-GT, No. 1-GT, No. 2-GT, No. 3- GT or No. 4-GT; said fuel is characterized in that it has a flash point of 38 to 66 ^° C, a minimum kinetic viscosity at 40 ^° C in the range of 1.3 to 5.5 mm ² / s (ASTM D 445), a sulfur content of not more than 2500 is possible , 2000, 1500, 500, 400, 300, 200, 100, 50, 40, 20 wt. million hours (ppm) (or lack of sulfur); it is possible to reduce the temperature of the T-90 by at least 20 ^o With compared with uncorrected additional fuel; said fuel is characterized in that it has a Bunsen laminar burning rate of at least 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 40, 42, 43, 44 cm / s, a latent heat of vaporization of at least 186, 198, 209, 221 , 233, 244, 256, 267 kJ / kg (80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115 BTU / f); said fuel is further characterized in that it reduces the temperature of the gas at the turbine inlet to about 850, 800, 750 or 700 ^° C, 650, 625, 600 or 550 ^° C or less (preferably 650, 625, 600 ^° C or less), and / or the inlet pressure increases compared to pure additional fuel (preferably at least 2.0, 3.0, 4.0% or more); additional reduction / control of harmful deposits, contaminants and corrosion deposits on turbine blades is possible; it is possible to reduce carbon deposition in the primary combustion zone during combustion of the specified composition, where the formation of free carbon also decreases, so that the temperature of the inner lining decreases with the expected increase in the service life of the turbine by 2, 3, 4 or more times compared to the standard.

Example 51
The composition of biodiesel fuel, including: from 1 to 95% by volume of biodiesel (bioesters, C18 + fatty acid methyl esters, rapeseed oil esters, etc.), from 1.0 to 95% by volume of diesel liquid fuel or equivalent fuel ( normal or modified composition, including ligroin), possibly from 0.5 to 90% vol. alkylate, from 1.0 to 90% vol. at least one PCA compound, and possibly a combustion enhancing amount of the metal compound, provided that the sum of all components is 100%.

 Applicant’s diesel fuels and additional fuels include Class 1 and 2 fuels according to the Swedish Environmental Protection System, modified CARB fuels and modified EPA fuels, existing and possible in the future.

 Applicant's fuels also include future modified diesel formulations. The preferred embodiment is hydrotreated diesel fuels containing small amounts / not containing sulfur, containing small amounts / not containing aromatics, especially fuels that do not have lubricity problems encountered with such fuels or low sulfur fuels.

 There is also a special design, including lubricants in fuels with a low / no sulfur content.

 Applicant's preferred diesel fuels involve low sulfur concentrations, including concentrations equal to or lower than 600, 500, 400, 300, 200, 150, 100, 60, 50, 45, 40, 30, 25, 20, 15, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 2 million hours (ppm), or not containing sulfur. Preferred concentrations are 50 ppm or lower.

 Diesel auxiliary fuels include fuels with low aromatic contents, including those equal to or lower than 60, 50, 47, 45, 40, 35, 30, 28, 25, 22, 20, 18, 15, 12, 10, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2% vol., Or compositions that do not contain aromatics. Applicant prefers that aromatic compounds with two, three or more rings are excluded as far as possible.

Preferred fuels may not contain nitrogen, although nitrogen is particularly contemplated in the practice of the invention, since the emission of NO _x is substantially reduced.

 Applicant's diesel cetane numbers include numbers equal to or greater than 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59 , 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84 , 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90 or higher. Numbers above 45 and 55 are preferred.

 Particularly preferred is the composition of diesel fuel with substituents for which an increase in the rate of combustion and / or a decrease in the temperature of combustion is observed, especially compositions in which the rate of combustion is increased by 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5, 8.0, 10, 15, 20% or more compared to clean or unregulated fuel.

 A composition that increases the speed of the laminar Bunsen flame to 39, 40, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, or higher cm / s.

Example 52
The composition of the fuel, including: DMK, representing from 0.01 to 10.0% wt. oxygen in the fuel, at least one metal compound in a concentration of from 0.0003 to about 0.66 g / l (from 0.001 to about 2.5 g / gal); basis - diesel additional fuel, where the combined fuel is different in that it has a possible sulfur content of not higher than 250, 200, 150, 100, 75, 50, 40, 30, 20, 10, 5 million hours (ppm) or does not contain it; a density in the range of about 880 to 800 kg / m ³ ; viscosity in the range from 2.5 to 1.0 cSt at 40 ^o C; cetane number from 40 to 70; the content of aromatic compounds by volume in the range from about 0 to 35, from 0 to 20.0, from 0 to 15, from 0 to 10% or less, provided that the aromatic content with 3 or more rings does not exceed 0.16 vol .%; the temperature of the T-10 fraction from about 190 to 230 ^o C, the temperature of the T-50 fraction from about 220 to 280 ^o C and the temperature of the T-90 fraction from about 260 to 340 ^o C, the cloud point is about -10, -28 or - 32 ^o C (or 6 ^o C above ten percent of the minimum normal temperature); Bunsen laminar burning rate of at least 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48 cm / s, latent heat of vaporization of at least 198, 209, 221, 233, 244, 256, 267, 279 kJ / kg (85, 90, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120 BTU / f); Values of calorific value less than 43, 42, 41, 40, 39, 38, 37 kJ / kg are possible.

Example 53
Low emission diesel fuel, including: possibly a combustion-enhancing amount of ATP compound; possibly a combustion enhancing amount of the metal compound; diesel additional fuel; said fuel is characterized in that it has a maximum sulfur concentration of not higher than 1100, 800, 440, 300, 250, 200, 150, 100, 50, 10, 5 ppm. (ppm) or does not contain sulfur; a density of 800, 805, 810, 814, 815, 839, 840 kg / m ³ or higher; viscosity at 40 ^{° C.} 1.8, 2.4, 2.5 cSt or lower; cetane index 46.2, 51.2, 52.1, 53.5, 57.5, 57.8 or higher; aromatic content of 27.1, 2.45, 14.5, 1.1, 21.6% vol. or lower, provided that the content of aromatic compounds with three or more rings is 0.16, 0.02 or less; distillation fraction, where the preferred initial boiling point ( ^o C) in the range of 188.5, 213, 153, 215, 195, less than 180, and the temperature of the fraction of T-10 in the range of 221, 215.5, 198, 227, 210, temperatures of the T-50 fraction in the range of 272.5, 247.5, 249, 227, temperatures of the T-90 fraction in the range of 321, 272.5, preferably less than 285, 336, 271, 273, and final temperatures boiling in the range from 348.5, 299, 360, 285, 300 ^o C; cloud point -10, -28, -32 ^o С; CFPP -11, -34 ^° C; calorific value 42.8, 43.3 or lower MJ / kg; Bunsen laminar burning rate of at least 37, 40, 42, 45, 47 cm / s or higher (or otherwise, having a burning rate higher than basic conventional or modified formula diesel fuel); in which the latent heat of evaporation exceeds 186, 198, 209, 221, 233, 244, 256, 267, 279, 291, 302 kJ / kg (80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125 130 BTU / f).

Example 54
Modified diesel fuel, including: a low-emission diesel composition of a modified composition, where the API varies from 41.1 to 45.4, the sulfur content does not exceed 10 million hours (ppm) wt., or sulfur is absent, nitrogen is possibly absent, aromatics content 20, 15, 10, 5.0% vol. or less, the content of paranitroaniline is 0.02 vol. % or less, or there is no PNA; the minimum cetane index is 35, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 45, 47, 50, 55, the initial boiling point is about 102, 129, 149, 160, 174, 185, 196 ^o С (215, 265, 300, 320 , 345, 365, 385 ^o F) or higher, fraction 95% 285, 174, 160, 146 ^o C (545, 525, 500, 475 ^o F) or more; a combustion enhancing amount of manganese or another metal compound; ATP connection is possible.

Example 55
Liquid fuel, including: fuel soluble ATP compound (0.01 - 5.0% by weight of oxygen; more preferably from 0.5 to 2.5%); at least one manganese-containing compound, with a content of from 0.0003 to 0.74 g / l (0.001 to 2.8 g / gal) (preferably from 0.017 g / l (0.065 to 1.0 g / gal), more preferably from 0.026 to 0.13 g / l (0.1 to 0.5 g / gal); additional diesel fuel; said fuel is characterized in that its sulfur content is not higher than 250, 100, 50, 5 ppm . (ppm) or does not contain sulfur; density in the range from 880 to 800 kg / m ³ ; viscosity in the range from 2.5 to 1.0 cSt at 40 ^° C; cetane index from 40 to 60; aromatic content from about 0 up to 20.0% vol. (and aromatic compounds with three more rings does not exceed 0.16% by volume). Temperature T-10 fractions of about 190 to 230 ^o C, the temperature of the T-50 fractions of about 220 to 280 ^o C and the fraction of T-90 from about 260 to 340 ^o C; cloud point temperature is -10, -28 or -32 ^o С; Bunsen laminar burning rate of at least 34 cm / s or more, latent heat of vaporization of at least 221 kJ / kg (95 BTU / f) or more.

Example 56
Liquid fuel, including DMK at 0.01 - 5.0% wt. oxygen (more preferably from 0.5 to 2.5%), at least one manganese-containing metal compound, with a content of from 0.0003 to 0.74 g / l (0.001 to 2.8 g / gal) (preferably from 0.017 to 0.26 g / l) (0.065 to 1.0 g / gal), more preferably from 0.03 to 0.53 g / l (0.1 to 0.5 g / gal), and the base is diesel additional fuel, where the combined fuel is characterized in that it has a density range from about 820 to 800 kg / m ³ ( ^o API from about 41.1 to 45.4), a sulfur content not exceeding 10 million hours (ppm) wt. (possibly the absence of sulfur and nitrogen), the absence of nitrogen, and the aromatic content of from 0 to 20% vol. PNA 0.02% vol. or less, a cetane index of more than 45, an initial boiling point of about 185 ^o C (365 ^o F), 95% of the fraction in the range from 238 to 282 (from 460 to 540 ^o F); Bunsen laminar burning rate of at least 36 cm / s, latent heat of vaporization of at least 233 kJ / kg (100 BTU / f).

Example 57
The diesel fuel composition described above, including an additive that controls / reduces the amount of deposits in the combustion chamber, and possibly an additive that regulates deposits in the injector and inlet valve, a metal deactivator or antioxidant.

 Element metal concentrations in diesel / distillate fuels include values equal to or greater than 0.004, 0.008, 0.017, 0.033, 0.066, 0.073, 0.1, 0.13, 0.17, 0.20, 0.23, 0, 26, 0.30, 0.33, 0.37, 0.40, 0.43, 0.50, 0.53, 0.56, 0.59, 0.63, 0.66, 0.69, 0.73, 0.76 g / l (0.015625, 0.031125, 0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, 0.175, 0.375, 0.50, 0.625, 0.75, 0.875, 1.0, 1.125 , 1.25, 1.375, 1.5, 1.625, 1.874, 2.0, 2.125, 2.25, 2.375, 2.5, 2.625, 2.75, 2.875 g of elemental metal / gal). Higher limits allowed. The desired range includes values from 0.0003 to about 0.40 g met. / L (from about 0.001 to about 1.50 g element, metal / gal). Other desirable ranges include values from 0.0003 to 0.13 g / L (from about 0.001 to about 0.50 g element, metal / gal composition). Lower concentration ranges are also possible from 0.0003 to 0.07 g / l (0.001 to about 0.25 g / gal). Limits higher than 0.017 g / l (0.0625 g element, metal / gal) are also permissible. Often, manganese concentrations should exceed 0.004, 0.008, 0.017, 0.025, 0.033, 0.04, 0.058 or 0.066 g / l (1/64, 1/32, 1/16, 3/32, 1/8, 5/32, 7/32 or 1/4 g element, metal / gal) before a noticeable improvement in fuel economy and power is achieved. Element concentration ranges above 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 5.0, 7.0, 8.0, 10.0 g or more are contemplated.

As noted above, the greater the concentration of O ₂ contained in the fuel composition with ATP compounds, the higher the permissible concentration of the metal in the form of an element. Also in the case of heavier fuel compositions that provide improved combustion rates and / or lower combustion temperatures, manganese concentrations can be increased.

 There is synergy that complements the use of ATP compounds and elemental metal, especially when the temperature T-90 is reduced. The final composition will be determined by the difference in fuel specifications, working conditions, environmental requirements and combustion systems.

 In the practice of this invention, a cetane number of the order of 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50 is preferred. A cetane number of the order of 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, or higher, especially in low sulfur fuels No. 1-D and No. 2-D. The optimal cetane number in the practice of this invention exceeds 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58. In improved diesel fuels of a modified composition, cetane numbers are assumed to be higher than 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80. When using diesel fuels of brand No. D-1 and No D-2 with a low sulfur content, the minimum value of the cetane index depends on the amount of aromatic components, which should not exceed 40, 35, 30, 27, 25, 22, 20 percent (when measured according to ASTM D 976); or the aromatic content does not exceed 35% by volume (as measured by ASTM D 1319).

 It is noted that the practice of using diesel fuel based on ATP usually improves the quality of ignition, which in turn has a positive effect on cold start, heating, uniformity of combustion, acceleration, formation of deposits during idle mode and low loads and the density of exhaust gases.

Example 58
A composition comprising diesel fuel meeting ASTM 975 specifications (or liquid fuel, aviation turbine fuel, or gas oil), a combustion enhancing amount of dimethyl carbonate or tetraethylene glycol and a cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl compound, with a concentration in the range of about 0.0003 to 0.66 g Mn / L (0.001 to 2.5 g Mn per gallon); while the combustion of the resulting fuel gives improved thermal efficiency and / or fuel economy and corresponds to minimum flash points.

Example 59
The composition of diesel fuel No. 2, including (in small amounts) a combustion-improving amount of dimethyl carbonate and cyclomatic manganese tricarbonyl and a significant amount of base diesel fuel, so that the resulting fuel has a cetane number of 42 to 50 (preferably substantially higher), aromatic content less than 28 volume percent (preferably less than 20%, more preferably 15%, most preferably less than 10%), T-90 temperature from 293 to 316 ^o C (560 to 600 ^o F) (more preferably less than 282, 271, 260 ^o C) (540 , 520, 500 ^o F) or lower, sulfur content from 0.08 to 0.12% wt. (more preferably 0.05 or lack of sulfur), a density of from 865 to 840 kg / m ³ or lower (in ^o API 32 to 37, more preferably even higher), and a minimum flash point of about 54 ^o C (130 ^o F) (possibly obtained using an additional solvent or salt).

Example 60
Composition of diesel fuel No. 1, containing a smaller part of the combustion-improving amount of dimethyl carbonate and cyclomatic manganese tricarbonyl and a large part of the base diesel fuel so that the resulting fuel has a cetane number from 48 to 54 (preferably substantially higher), aromatic content of 10% or less volume, temperature T-90 from 232 to 271 ^o C (from 460 to 520 ^o F) (more preferably less than 218 ^o C (425 ^o F) or lower), sulfur content from 0.08 to 0.12% wt. (more preferably less than 0.05% wt.), a density of from 825 to 806 kg / m ³ or lower (in ^o API 40 to 44, more preferably higher), and a minimum flash point of about 49 ^o C (120 ^o F) .

 Ignition promoters can be used in the practice of this invention, individually and / or in combination with ATP compounds, especially fuels that need higher ignition temperatures, which increases the ignition period.

Example 61
Diesel fuel of brand No. 2 with a low emission, having a minimum cetane number of 52, a maximum sulfur content in the fuel of 350 million hours (ppm) (more preferably less than 0.05% wt.), aromatics content less than 30% vol. (more preferably less than 15%), a combustion-improving amount of dimethyl carbonate and a combustion-improving amount of a cyclomatic tricarbonyl compound of manganese.

Example 62
Low emission diesel fuel having a minimum cetane number of 52 and a maximum sulfur content of less than 100 ppm. (ppm), aromatic content of about 12%, temperature T-90 246 ^o C (475 ^o F), bromine number 0.10, combustion-improving amount of dimethyl carbonate, giving an amount of oxygen in the range from 0.5 to 4.0% wt. and a combustion improving amount of the cyclomatic tricarbonyl compound of manganese.

For diesel fuels that do not contain a depressant additive that reduces the pour point, the pour point is usually 3 ^° C (5 ^° F) to 15 ^° C (25 ^° F) below the cloud point.

In the practice of this invention, minimum flash points of about 38 ^° C for diesel fuel grades No. 1-D and 52 ^° C for grades 2-D and 4-D are preferred. However, in the practice of the present invention, flash points beyond these temperatures are possible.

 In the practice of this invention, a sulfur content of about 500 ppm is permissible, but lower concentrations are preferred. Most preferred are concentrations of the order of 50 ppm or less. Preferably, the percentage of sulfur by weight of the order of 0.05% or less. Low-sulfur fuels 1-D and 2-D require sulfur concentrations of the order of 0.05% or lower.

 In the practice of this invention, the carbon residue found in the 10% residue after distillation, in wt. percent, should not, as a rule, exceed 0.15 in fuels No. 1-D and 0.35 in fuels No. 2-D. However, lower mass concentrations are more preferred.

 In the practice of this invention, the maximum mass percentage of ash according to ASTM D 482 is 0.01%, with the exception of grade No. 4-D, where this value is 0.10%. Lower ash contents are preferred. However, lower combustion temperatures in the present invention mitigate the problems associated with ash.

 In distillate fuels, additives are proposed that include an ignition improver, oxidation inhibitors, biocides, anticorrosion additives, metal deactivators, depressant additives, demulsifiers, smoke suppressants, detergents / dispersants, conductivity enhancers, dyes, anti-icing additives and anti-icing additives and / or control the formation of deposits in the engine, including the fuel injector, the combustion chamber and the suction valve.

 However, there is a particular embodiment in which additives are used that prevent the formation of deposits in the combustion chamber, especially additives that reduce the amount of deposits existing in the combustion chamber. It is contemplated that some depositional additives that regulate deposits in the injector and suction valve may be harmful to control or reduce deposits in the combustion chamber and are thus undesirable.

 Supplements that suppress the formation of smoke are provided, including organic barium compounds, in particular barium sulfonates, N-sulfinylanilines and others deposited on barium carbonate.

 Examples of diesel fuel additives by class and function are given in table 1. As with any system where a large number of additives can be used, measures should be taken to avoid the incompatibility of additives and their unexpected interactions that can produce undesirable effects on the fuel.

 The properties of fuels, which are most often associated with effects on exhaust emissions, include aromatics, volatility, density, viscosity, cetane number and the presence of specific elements (e.g., hydrogen and sulfur). An increase in aromatics causes an increase in the formation of solid particles (especially soluble organic particles) and the emission of hydrocarbons (HC).

 However, by increasing the burning rate and / or lowering the combustion temperature, the problem created by the nature of the heavy hydrocarbon components, i.e. aromatics, etc., is substantially mitigated. Thus, it is especially contemplated that aromatic compounds, olefins, benzene, butadiene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, di- and triaromatic compounds, etc., can now be included in some amounts that are now considered environmental risks.

 Reducing the emission of hydrocarbons from diesel is a special task, since the applicant cannot assume that the specialists are fully aware of the photochemical activity of the diesel hydrocarbon emission.

 High distillation temperatures of components with low vapor pressure (for example, T-50 and T-90 temperatures) usually lead to higher particle emissions, although with typical changes in aromatic content and volatility, the volatility effect is often small. Fuel density, viscosity, cetane number and hydrogen content usually correlate with volatility and aromatic content.

 It has also been found that it is desirable to keep the local carbon / oxygen ratio below 0.5 as an effective means of further controlling particle emission.

It is currently believed that the modification of diesel fuel usually does not affect the emission of NO _x and CO. As a result of improved combustion rates and lower combustion temperatures, significant reductions in emissions of both NO _x and CO can be obtained. This is another significant departure from the previous state of the issue.

Example 63
The automobile gasolines of the applicant’s invention include conventional unleaded gasolines, modified unleaded gasolines, including those complying with the Clean Air Act 211 (K), fuels with low vapor pressure, low sulfur or no sulfur content, low octane, mid-octane, high octane gasolines, gasoline with high STP and / or burning rate, with preliminary spraying, evaporation, gasoline with injection evaporation, etc. and / or any gasoline that complies with ASTM and / or other regulatory standards, existing and future, as well as combinations thereof.

Example 64
The method of example 63, which reduces the concentration of potentially carcinogenic esters in the atmosphere; said method includes the combustion of a fuel containing MTBE in combination with an additional ATP compound and, possibly, with a metal-containing compound that improves combustion.

Example 65
An improved composition of fuel containing MTBE, including: hydrocarbon base fuel with low or no sulfur content, MTBE, and possibly an ATP compound having a burning rate greater than that of MTBE (preferably 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 % or more; preferably DMK); the total oxygen content by weight in this fuel does not exceed 3.7, 3.5, 3.0, 2.7, 2.5, 2.25, 2.2, 2.0, 1.9, 1.8, 1.5, 1.2, 1.1, 1.0, 0.8, 0.7, 0.5%; it is desirable to improve the rate of combustion (SG) of an amount of a metal compound (MMT and / or potassium salt known as SparkAid sold by Shell Chemical Corporation) and / or an increase in combustion of an amount of a manganese compound; said fuel is further characterized in that it has an STP greater than 309, 314, 326, 330, 337, 340, 342, 344, 347, 349, 351, 354, 356, 358 or higher kJ / kg (133, 135, 140, 142, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154 or higher BFC / f), and SG exceeding 44, 46, 48, 50, 52 or more cm / s; maximum temperature T-90 of the order of 160, 154, 149, 146 ^o C (320, 310, 300, 295 ^o F) or less is possible; possible temperature T-50, equal to or greater than 77, 79, 82, 85, 88, 91, 93 ^o C (170, 175, 180, 185, 190, 195, 200 ^o F).

Example 66
A method of increasing the operating potential, fuel economy, reducing emissions during combustion for a vehicle running on regular or improved gasoline (possibly oxygen-containing), including: lowering the boiling point of gasoline so that the boiling temperature of the T-90 fraction is not higher than 160, 157, 154, 152, 149, 146, 143, 138, 132 or 127 ^o C (320, 315, 310, 305, 300, 295, 290, 280, 270 or 260 ^o F), or less; with a simultaneous increase in fuel STP to at least 302, 314, 326, 337, 349, 361, 372, 384, 395 kJ / kg (130, 135, 140, 145, 150, 155, 160, 165, 170 BTU / f ) (or at least 2% higher than unregulated fuel); it is possible to add to the composition of MMT up to 0.004 or 0.008 g Mn / l (1/64 or 1/32 g Mn / gal); burning rates exceeding 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54 cm / s are possible, where the specified fuel has an STP and / or SG more than unregulated conventional or improved gasoline, and possibly more than that the unregulated fuel containing from 1.0 to 2.0, 1.5, 2.1, 2.7, or from 2.0 to 5.0% wt. MTBE; burning the specified composition in a gasoline-powered vehicle; in this case, fuel economy is improved in comparison with only unregulated fuel, or unregulated additional fuel with manganese, or additional fuel with the same T-90 in the absence of increasing STP, or containing manganese additional fuel with the same T-90 in the absence of increasing STP ( preferred increases in fuel economy are 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5% or more).

Example 67
Normal or improved unleaded fuel composition, including: sulfur content of less than 300, 250, 200, 150, 100, 60, 50, 20, 10, 5 ppm. (ppm), or lack of sulfur; the concentration of aromatic compounds (substantially in the absence of polynuclear compounds) is less than 50, 45, 40, 35, 30, 27, 25, 22, 20, 18, 16, 15, 12, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4% vol. or less, or lack of aromatic compounds; the concentration of olefins not containing C4-C5, less than 20, 15, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1%, including the interval from 3.0 to 5 , 0% by volume, or lack of olefins; benzene concentration of the order of 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0% vol. or less, including benzene free compositions; Reid vapor pressure less than 83, 79, 76, 69, 62, 59, 55, 52, 48, 47.5, 45, 41, 38 kPa (12.0, 11.5, 11.0, 10.0 , 9.0, 8.5, 8.0, 7.5, 7.0, 6.9, 6.5, 6.0, 5.5 psi) and in the intervals from 79 to 83 kPa (11.5 to 12.0 psi), or 45 to 48 kPa (6.5 to 6.9 psi); the oxygen content is from 0.5 to 5.0% or 3.7% wt., from 0.6 to 3.0% wt., from 0.7 to 2.7% wt., from 1.8 to 2, 2% by weight, which is provided partially or completely by at least one ATP compound (preferably DMC); a combustion-improving amount of at least one metal compound, including cyclic manganese tricarbonyl, at a manganese concentration of from 0.002 to 0.1 g / l (1/128 to 3/8 g / gal) (preferably from 0.002 to 0.03 g / l ) (1/128 to 1/8 g / gal) or up to 0.004, 0.008, 0.016, 0.032, 0.064, 0.09 g / l (1/64, 1/32, 1/16, 1/8, 1 / 4, 3/8 g / gal); at least one additive that improves combustion and regulates the formation of deposits, selected from a number of additives that regulate the formation of deposits in the combustion chamber, in the opening of the fuel injector or in the inlet valve, or a mixture thereof; possibly an antioxidant or other supplement provided here; said composition has a starting characteristic of less than 1120, 960 (preferably less than 930); possible temperature T-90, equal to or less than 177, 171, 166, 160, 154, 152, 149, 146 or 143 ^o C (350, 340, 330, 320, 310, 305, 300, 295 or 290 ^o F) ; T-50 temperature equal to or higher than 77, 79, 82, 88, 93 or 99 ^o C (170, 175, 180, 190, 200 or 210 ^o F); in which the temperature of the T-10 is less than 71, 60 or 49 ^o C (160, 140 or 120 ^o F); latent heat of vaporization is equal to or more than 302, 314, 326, 337, 342, 349, 351, 354, 361, 372, 384 kJ / kg (130, 135, 140, 143, 145, 147, 150, 151, 152, 155 , 160, 165 BTU / f), or more than 240, 251, 254 kJ / dm ³ (860, 900, 910 BTU / gal); the minimum laminar burning rate of the Bunsen flame is 40, 43, 45, 48, 49, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 60, 70, 75, 80, 90 cm / s (preferably 45, 48, 50 , 60 cm / s or more); a maximum calorific value of less than 44, 43, 42, 41, 40, 39, 38, 37, 36 kJ / kg is possible.

 The objective is to improve the combustion rate / combustion temperature by modifying the T-90 and / or fractions of the final boiling point during distillation, as described here.

The objective is also to ensure that the applicant’s gasolines, including modified gasolines, have a starting characteristic expressed by the formula (1.5xT ₁₀ ) + (3xT ₅₀ ) + (T ₉₀ ), less than 1370, 1330, 1300, 1295, 1275, 1236, 1200, 1190, 1180, 1170, 1160, 1155, 1150, 1140, 1130, 1120, 1100, 1090, 1080, 1075, 1050, 1000, 975, 960, 950, 945, 940, 935, 930, 925, 920, 910, 900, 875, 850, 840, 825, 800 or less. Preferably, at the same time the temperatures of the T-50 were equal to or higher than 66, 68, 71, 74, 77, 79, 82, 85, 88, 91 ^o C (150, 155, 160, 165, 170, 175, 180, 185, 190, 195 ^o F). An acceptable range of T-50 includes from 88 to 99 ^o C (from 190 to 210 ^o F). It is also preferred that the T-10 distillation fraction has a temperature of 71, 68, 66, 63, 60, 57, 54, 52, 49, 46, 43, 41, 38, 37, 36, 35, 34.4, 33.9 , 33.3, 32.8, 32.2, 31.7, 31.1, 30.6, 29.4, 26.7 ^{° C.} (160, 155, 150, 145, 140, 135, 130, 125 , 120, 115, 110, 105, 100, 98, 96, 95, 94, 93, 92, 91, 90, 89, 88, 87, 85, 80 ^o F), or less. An acceptable range of T-90 includes from 138 to 149 ^o C (from 280 to 300 ^o F).

 The present invention contemplates the use of a wide range of liquid fuels as supplemental fuels, including burner fuels, liquid fuels, heating oils, petroleum and petroleum distillate fuels, and liquid fuels meeting ASTM D 396 standards and / or fuels intended for use in various types of equipment using the combustion of liquid fuel under various climatic and operational conditions. Non-limiting examples include ASTM Grades 1 to 5.

 Modification of the boiling point is a special embodiment of the present invention, especially if, as a result, the STP and / or SG values increase (see my simultaneously pending International applications No. PCT / US95 / 02691 and No. PCT / US95 / 06758).

Example 167
Liquid fuel No. 2 with a kinematic viscosity of not less than 1.9 and not more than 3.4 mm ² / s, measured at 40 ^o C, the minimum temperature T-90 282 ^o C, the maximum temperature T-90 338 ^o C, the maximum sulfur content of 0.05 wt.%, the maximum indicator for the test on a copper plate No. 3, which improves combustion by the amount of ATP compound (preferably DMC); and possibly with the addition of a metal compound; flash point 38 ^o C, STP at least 209, 221, 233, 244, 256, 267, 279, 302, 314 kJ / kg (90, 95, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 125, 130, 135 BTU / f); said fuel may contain an additional solvent and / or metal salt.

Example 168
Liquid fuel No. 6 with a kinematic viscosity of not less than 15.0 and not more than 50.0 mm ² / s, measured at 100 ^° C using ASTM D 445, and with a combustion-improving amount of ATP compound, a metal compound is possible.

Example 169
Examples 167, 168, where the final boiling point and / or temperature of the T-90 fraction is reduced by at least 30 ^{° C.} using a boiling point modification; while improving STP.

Example 170
A burner action in an ASTM liquid fuel furnace containing a combustion-improving amount of dimethyl carbonate and a combustion-improving metal compound in which the expected combustion efficiency of the furnace increases in the range of at least 1.0 to 20.0%.

 It is assumed that in locomotive and marine fuels that meet the requirements of the relevant ISO DIS 8217 and BS MA 100 standards, containing higher sulfur concentrations than most fuels, the applicant's invention, due to its combustion temperature aspect, reduces sulfur-induced corrosion and other pollutants substances.

Example 171
Method for improved combustion of vapors for a heavy diesel, locomotive or marine engine, especially exceeding 7376, 8195, 14751, 19668, 62282, 327800 cm ³ (450, 500, 900, 1200, 3800, 20,000 or more cubic inches); in which pairs are formed from DMK, comprising from 0.01 to 40% wt. oxygen in the fuel, a metal compound representing from 0.003 to 5.3 g of metal / l (from 0.01 to 20.0 g of metal / gal), and heavy diesel, locomotive or naval auxiliary fuel that meets the specifications of ISO DIS 8217 and / or BS MA 100; where the specified composition contains sulfur in a concentration of from 0.01 to 3.0 wt.%, has a viscosity of from 10 to 500 centistokes at 50 ^o C; however, the combustion of these vapors leads to a decrease in corrosion, emission of solid particles and / or reduced fuel costs compared with one additional fuel.

Example 172
Fuel for rocket fuel, comprising: at least one ATP compound and a traction improving amount of a metal compound.

Example 173
Example 172, in which the composition further includes an oxidizing agent and fuel.

Example 174
The composition of rocket fuel, including hydrogen peroxide, a metal compound and, possibly, DMK.

Example 175
The composition of rocket fuel, including hydrogen peroxide, an oxidizing agent, a metal compound, and possibly DMC.

Example 176
The composition of rocket fuel 175, where the metal is selected from the group consisting of tricarbonylcyclopentadienyl manganese, compounds of technetium, rhenium, aluminum, beryllium or boron, including pentaborane, decaborane, borazole, aluminum borohydride, trimethylaluminum, beryllium borohydride, dimethylberyllium, lithium borohydride, and lithium borohydride thereof.

Example 177
Examples 173, 175, where non-limiting examples of the oxidizing agent include oxygen, nitric acid, mixtures of nitric and sulfuric acids, fluorine, nitrogen tetroxide, hydrogen peroxide, potassium perchlorate, perchloric acid fluoride, bromine pentafluoride, chlorine trifluoride, ON 7030, ozone, oxygen difluoride, RFNA (various concentrations), WFNA, tetranitromethane, fluorine, chlorine trifluoride, perchloric acid fluoride, nitrosyl fluoride, nitrile fluoride, nitrogen trifluoride, difluoride monoxide, fluorates, chlorine oxides, other known oxidizing agents, etc.

Example 178
The composition of rocket fuel, including dimethyl carbonate, hydrazine and a tricarbonyl compound of cyclopentadienyl manganese.

Example 179
The composition of rocket fuel, including dimethyl carbonate and an oxidizing agent selected from the group consisting of nitric acid or sulfuric acid, with and without a metal compound; and possibly additional fuel.

Example 180
Propellant, including dimethyl carbonate, hydrazine or a hydrazine derivative, and / or hydrogen peroxide, and / or a metal compound.

Example 181
Missile fuel, including dimethyl carbonate, hydrazine and kerosene, and possibly a metal compound.

Example 182
Missile fuel, including dimethyl carbonate, hydrogen, a metal compound, and possibly an oxidizing agent.

Example 183
Rocket fuel, including dimethyl carbonate, a metal compound; possibly: a known oxidizing agent or fuel.

 Fuel for rocket fuel was declared in my pending applications. Turbojet aviation fuels and related turbine systems, gas turbine liquid fuels and systems, fuels and diesel system, test examples, test fuel examples, test methodology, table / figure analysis, test description 2 "Figs. 1 to 6", description 1-6, 7, 8, gasoline compositions, mechanical means, aviation gasoline, fuel oils, rocket fuel applications, section "Practice of modifying the combustion temperature" and all other sections of my pending International applications N o PCT / US95 / 02691 and No. PCT / US95 / 06758 are incorporated by reference.

ADDITIVES PRACTICE
As set forth herein, the practice of additives is a key component of the present invention. It is particularly contemplated that additives, methods for adding additives, lubricants, and the like set forth in my simultaneously pending International Applications No. PCT / US95 / 02691 and No. PCT / US95 / 06758 for fuel compositions are hereby incorporated by reference. The additives described are intended to be interchangeable between different classes of fuel. However, in practice it has been observed that some additives are more suitable for one group of fuels than another.

 Applicant's invention contemplates a wide range of additives and their concentrations, including without limitation the following (with approximate concentrations of additives): antioxidant (s) (8-40 mg / kg), additives that prevent the formation of paraffin sediment (100-200 mg / kg), additives preventing the formation of foam (2-5 mg / kg), additives preventing the deepening of the valve seat (100-200 mg / kg), agents that reduce the resistance of pipelines (2-20 mg / kg), diesel detergents (10-300 mg / kg), gasoline detergents, demulsifiers (3-12 mg / kg), diesel flow improvers (50-1000 mg / d) additives that regulate the formation of deposits (50-3000 mg / kg), additives that improve lubricity (25-1000 mg / kg), antistatic additives (2-20 mg / kg), stabilizers (50-200 mg / kg ), additives that prevent the formation of ice (0.1-2.0% vol.), corrosion inhibitors (4-50 mg / kg), deposit modifiers in the combustion chamber (50-3000 mg / kg), metal deactivator (4- 12 mg / kg), dyes (2-20 mg / kg), cetane / octane improvers (200-2000 mg / kg). Other contemplated additives include combustion improvers, biocides, drag reducing agents, haze reducing agents, metal acceptors, friction modifiers, antiwear additives, sludge inhibiting additives.

 Non-limiting examples of the applicant's antistatic additives include soluble chromium compounds, polymerized sulfur, nitrogen compounds and quaternary ammonium compounds. Their use is usually intended at very low ambient temperatures and / or in medium-volatile fuels such as aviation kerosene.

 Non-limiting examples of metal deactivators include 8-hydroxyquinoline, ethylenediaminetetracarboxylic acid, β-ketoesters such as octylacetoacetate and the like, N, N ″ - disalicylidene-1,2-propanediamine such as N, N′-disalicylidene-1, 2-ethanediamine or N, N'-disalicylidene-1,2-cyclohexanediamine, N, N "-disalicylidene-N" - methyldipropylene triamine, from 0.1 to 5.8, 7.5, 10.0, 12.0 , 15.0, 18.0, 22 or more mg / L, or 1.0 to 8.0 mg / L, 2.0 to 10.0, 5.0 to 15.0 (not including weight solvent). Concentrations also vary in the range from 4 to 12, from 5 to 30 million hours (ppm). Other concentrations are included, necessary to maintain thermal stability.

 Other non-limiting examples of metal deactivators include a thiadiazole type passivator such as HITEC 314 manufactured by Ethyl Corp.

 Non-limiting examples of drag reducing agents include high molecular weight polyisobutenes and high molecular weight polyalphaolefins (1,000,000).

 Non-limiting examples of dyes include azo compounds and / or anthraquinone.

 Non-limiting examples of demulsifiers include complex non-ionic surfactants, polyglycol alkoxylates and aryl sulfonates and mixtures thereof (usually at a concentration in the range of 10-20% of the detergent concentration, if used). Other non-limiting examples include p-isobutylphenol, p-diisobutylphenol, p-hexylphenol, p-heptylphenol, p-octylphenol, p-tripropylene phenol, p-dipropylene phenol, ammonia-neutralized sulfonated alkylphenols, hydroxyalkylated glycols, including TALOD 286K, TALOD 286 sold by Petrolite Corp.

 Non-limiting examples of corrosion inhibitors include carboxylic acids, amines and / or amine salts of carboxylic acids. Mobile Chemical Corp. Launches Mobiladd F-800, a combination of lubricant and corrosion inhibitor.

Non-limiting examples of antioxidants include hindered phonols, 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-methylphenol (15-40 mg / L, 25 mg / L or more), phenylenediimines, aromatic diamines, or a mixture of aromatic diamines and alkyl phenols with spatially
hindered phenolic and amino groups.

 Other antioxidants in amounts up to 24.0 mg / L of active ingredients (not including solvent weight). Such antioxidants are selected from N, N-diisopropylparaphenylenediamine; a minimum of 75% 2,6-di-tertiary butylphenol, plus a maximum of 25% tertiary and tertiary butylphenols; 72% minimum 2,4-dimethyl-6-tertiary butylphenol plus 28% maximum monomethyl- and dimethyl-tert-butylphenols; 55% minimum 2,4-dimethyl-6-tertiary butylphenol plus 45% maximum mixed tertiary and ditretic butylphenols.

Additional antioxidants that may be used in this invention include 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, 6-tert-butyl-2,4-dimethylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, minimum 75 % 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol and a maximum of 25% tert-butylphenols and tri-tert-butylphenols; 72% minimum 6-tert-butyl-2,4-dimethylphenol and maximum 28% tert-butyl methyl phenols and tert-butyl dimethyl phenols; a minimum of 55% of 6-tert-butyl-2,4-dimethylphenol and a maximum of 45% of a mixture of tert-butylphenols and ditret-butylphenols; from 60 to 80% of 2,6-dialkylphenols; and from 20 to 40% of a mixture of 2,3,6-trialkylphenols and 2,4,6-trialkylphenols; a minimum of 35% 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, a maximum of 65% of a mixture of methyl, ethyl and dimethyl tert-butyl phenols; a minimum of 60% 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol; a maximum of 40% a mixture of tert-butylphenols; at least 30% of a mixture of 2,3,6-trimethylphenol and 2,4,6-trimethylphenol, a maximum of 70% of a mixture of dimethylphenols; at least 55% butyl ethyl phenols, at most 45% butyl methyl and dimethyl phenols; a minimum of 45% 4,6-di-tert-butyl-2-methylphenol, a minimum of 40% of a mixture of 6-tert-butyl-2-methylphenol, a maximum of 15% of a mixture of other bottled phenols. As well as inhibitors, the total concentration of which does not exceed 453.6 g (1.0 l), not including the weight of the solvent, per 18.95 m ³ (5000 gal) of fuel: 2,4-dimethyl-6-tert-butyl phenol, 2,6-ditret-butyl-4-methylphenol, 2,6-ditret-butylphenol, 75% 2,6-ditret-butylphenol, 10-15% 2,4,6-tritre-butylphenol, 10-15% ortho- tert-butylphenol, 72% minimum 2,4-dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol, 28% maximum monomethyl and dimethyl tert-butylphenol, 60% minimum 2,4-ditret-butylphenol, 40% maximum mixed tert-butylphenol, 2 4,6-trit-butylphenol; 4-methyl-2,6-di-tert-butylphenol; 2-tert-butylphenol and mixtures thereof; 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol; and phenylenediamines such as N, N'-di-sec-butyl-p-phenylenediamines;N-isopropylphenylenediamine; N, N'-disalicylidene-1,2-propanediamine; and mixtures of tertiary bottled phenols and / or aromatic amine antioxidants. The concentration level should be such that it is possible to maintain or provide thermal stability.

 Particularly contemplated are concentrations for the additives listed herein that are above industry limits, especially if the nature or concentration of ATP or metal compounds justifies such use.

 Non-limiting examples of ice blocking additives include isopropyl alcohol, hexylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, glycols, formamides, imidazolines and carboxylic acids.

 Non-limiting examples of anti-deepening valve seat additives include long chain sodium or potassium alkenyl sulfonates, long chain sodium or potassium naphthenates, or microdispersions of sodium or potassium salts in oil.

Dispersing agents include ashless succinimides or polymeric methacrylates, including alkenyl succinic acid esters, any amine alkenyl succinimide: methylamine, 2-ethylhexylamine, n-dodecylamine (see US patents 3172892; 3302678; 3219666; 4234435). Other dispersing agents include Texas's Clean-System ³ , a high molecular weight, TFA-4681 substituted polyisobutylene amino derivative, fuel-soluble salts, amides, imides, oxazolines and esters of substituted long chain aliphatic hydrocarbons or their anhydrides, long chain aliphatic hydrocarbons having a polyamine directly attached thereto, a Mannich condensation product (s) obtained by condensing a phenol having a long chain aliphatic hydrocarbon substituent with aldehy ohm, preferably formaldehyde, or similar additive is assumed in the practice of maintaining the purity of the fuel injectors and intake valves. Applicant contemplates any commercially available dispersing agents, including ashless dispersing agents.

The invention of the applicant involves additives that control the formation of deposits in the fuel injector and in the inlet valve. Non-limiting examples include amides, amines, amine carboxylates, alkenyl succinimides, polybutenesuccinimides, polyalkenyl succinimides (Ethyl Petroleum Additives, Inc., HITEC 4450), polyester amines, polyester amides, polyalkenyl amines, polyamines amines (Oronite Chemical polymethine O-Oriteite polymerizone O-O Chemical Co. OGA-472), polybutenamines, polyetheramines and amines of polyolefins, with or without a liquid carrier. Such materials may be included in concentrations of 0.14 to 1.4 kg / m ³ (50 to 500 pounds per 1000 barrels) or more, usually in the range of 0.28 to 0.57 kg / m ³ (100 up to 200 pounds per 1000 barrels).

 Non-limiting examples of detergents include: succinimides, long chain aliphatic polyamines, long chain Mannich bases, ashless polymer dispersants, nitrogen free ashless dispersants, polyolefin-substituted succinimides of polyethylene polyamines such as polyethylene tetramine and polyethylene are particularly desirable. Alkenyl succinimides of amines having at least one primary amino group capable of forming an imido group are desirable. Particularly preferred are reaction products of polyethylene polyamine with an unsaturated polycarboxylic acid or anhydride. Included are ionic or nonionic surfactants and metal detergents, including the magnesium salt of lauric acid.

 Other ashless dispersants include alkenyl succinic acid esters and diesters and alcohols containing 1-20 carbon atoms and 1-6 hydroxyl groups. See U.S. Patents 3,331,776, 3,381,022, and 3,522,179.

 Non-limiting examples of other ashless dispersants include a mixture of alkenyl succinic ester and amide; Mannich condensation products involving hydrocarbon-substituted phenols, formaldehyde or formaldehyde-forming substances and an amine, such as those described in US Pat. No. 3,442,808, 3,803,039. Applicant acknowledges the existence of a large amount of ashless dispersing agents (see US Pat. No. 3,957,845; ; 3555730; 3909215) and proprietary dispersing agents, including Chevron OFA 423B, and provides for their use in the practice of this invention. Any commercially available detergent, detergent / dispersant is within the scope of this invention.

 Similar additives are provided in the practice of maintaining the cleanliness of the fuel injectors and valve inlets.

 Smoke suppressants are provided, including organic barium compounds, especially barium sulfonates, N-sulfinylanilines, and other compounds supported on barium carbonate. The choice and level of concentration will also depend on environmental requirements.

 Examples of diesel fuel additives by class and function are given in table 1. As with any system where many additives can be used, care should be taken to avoid incompatibility of additives and unforeseen interactions that could have an undesirable effect on the fuel.

 It is assumed that the fuel may contain other additives that control the formation of deposits; non-limiting examples include amines of polyesters, polyalkylsuccinimide, polyalkenylsuccinimide, hydrocarbon carbonates, for example polybutene alcohol, polybutene chloroformate, polybutenamines supported on mineral or other carriers, polyisobutyleneamine on a polyester carrier, single component polyesters amines, and the like. Some others have been described elsewhere in the description and are intended for use in gasolines and other additional fuels.

 Applicant's invention provides that acceptable scale control additives will meet industry and regulatory standards, including CARB's 10000 mile BMW IVD and Chrysler PFI tests. So, the estimated average amount of sediment on all valves cannot exceed 100 mg in the specified BMW test; and clogging of any injector, measured by flow loss, cannot exceed 5%.

 A special implementation is the rejection of the use of IVD or PFI additives, which have shown any harmful effect in regulating or reducing the formation of deposits in the combustion chamber.

 The applicant notes that the additives for the combustion chamber are not new and have been used for some time to maintain the cleanliness of the fuel system; and they are intended here, especially when using a modified, additional fuel and an ATP / additional fuel system, where the ATP fuel is a minor component. In pure ATP fuels with improved combustion characteristics, additives for controlling deposits in the combustion chamber may not be required and are added as desired.

Non-limiting examples of desirable additives for controlling deposits in the combustion chamber include Shell's VEKTRON ORIC additives (octane control requirements), or ORR additives (octane reduction requirements), and / or similar additive kits, or the Oronite sediment control additive kit in the combustion chamber, Texaco's Clean System ³ , or Ethyl's HiTec equivalent additive package. Other means for controlling deposits in the combustion chamber may include lower molecular weight surfactants and polybutene-based high molecular weight dispersing polymers. Variable high concentrations of polymers, glycol borates and ethylene dichloride can be used. The concentration level of additives can vary from moderate to very high depending on the effectiveness of the additive / additive package and the additional fuel used.

 The applicant especially contemplates the use of new classes of additives that regulate or reduce the formation of deposits in the combustion chamber and which, in the case of gasoline, reduce requirements for increasing octane number (ORI), especially those additives that can further reduce the level of existing deposits and / or lower ORI below the level clean fuel without these additives.

 It is believed that some depositional additives that control the formation of deposits in the piping, injector and inlet of the valve may impair the control of deposits in the combustion chamber and are therefore undesirable.

 However, given the aspects of increasing the burning rate and lowering the temperature of the present invention, less desirable conventional additives can be used without fear of a negative effect on deposits in the combustion chamber.

 Thus, it is preferable that the applicant’s additives regulating deposits in the combustion chamber, in the fuel injector orifice (PFI) and inlet valve (IVD), as well as their concentrations, effectively control and preferably reduce existing deposits in the combustion chamber.

 A particular objective of this invention is the use of additives that regulate deposits included in additives that regulate deposits in the inlet valve and the injector orifice, or independently, that is, the use of additives additionally or instead of additives that regulate deposits in the inlet valve / orifice of the injector or in the combustion chamber .

 Below are various sets of additives that increase the burning rate and / or improve the STP and at the same time enhance the improving effect of additional fuel.

Example 184
A set of additives for combustion, including: 1) ATP compound (from 0.1 to 99.99% wt.); 2) at least one organic manganese compound (preferably MMT) and / or another metal-enhancing combustion compound (or mixture thereof) (from 0.01 to 99.0% by weight); and 3) an additive that regulates / reduces the formation of deposits in the combustion chamber (from 0.01 to 95% by weight), including, without limitation, commercially available and / or patented additives, such as Shell's VEKTRON ORIC or ORR additive, a set of additives of the corporation Oronite, Texas's CleanSystem ³ or Ethyl's HiTec equivalent; and possibly 4) a metal deactivator (from 0.1 to 90.0% by weight); this set is characterized in that it provides an STP in excess of 70, 116, 186, 256, 302, 314, 337, 342, 344, 349, 351, 354, 361, 365, 372, 384, 395 kJ / kg (30, 50 , 80, 110, 130, 135, 145, 147, 148, 150, 151, 152, 155, 157, 169, 165, 170 BTU / f) or more.

Example 185
A set of additives for use in hydrocarbon fuels, including: 1) at least one PCA compound (from 0.1 to 99.5% wt.); 2) at least tricarbonyl cyclopentadienyl manganese (from 0.1 to 99.5% wt.); 3) at least one metal deactivator (not limited to 8-hydroxyquinoline, ethylenediaminetetracarboxylic acid, β-ketoesters such as octylacetoacetate, N, N'-disalicylidene-1,2-propanediamine, N, N'-disalicylidene-1, 2-propanediamine, N, N'-disalicylidene-1,2-ethanediamine or N, N '' - disalicylidene-1,2-cyclohexanediamine, N, N '' - disalicylidene-N'-methyldipropylene triamine) (from 0.1 to 99.5% by weight); and possibly 4) at least one antioxidant (from 0.1 to 99.5% by weight), 5) at least one detergent / dispersant (from 0.1 to 99.5% by weight), 6) at least one combustion activator (peroxy compounds, organic nitrates, potassium salts, including those commercially available from Shell Chemical, known as "SparkAid" or "SparkAde" (0.1 to 99.5% by weight), 7) at least one demulsifier (from 0.1 to 99.5% by weight), or 8) at least one additional solvent or salt that improves the flash point or reduces the vapor pressure (from 0.1 to 99.5% by weight); the specified set is characterized in that it provides an STP in excess of 23, 47, 58, 70, 100, 112, 116, 140, 151, 167, 186, 198, 209, 221, 233, 256, 302, 309, 314, 326, 330, 337, 342, 344, 349, 351, 354, 361, 365, 372, 384, 395 kJ / kg (10, 20, 25, 30, 43, 48, 50, 60, 65, 72, 80, 85 , 90, 95, 100, 110, 130, 133, 135, 140, 142, 145, 147, 148, 150, 151, 152, 155, 157, 160, 165, 170 BTU / f) or more.

Example 186
A set of additives of example 185, including: 1) DMK, comprising from 1.0 to 99.0% wt. from the composition; 2) tricarbonyl cyclopentadienyl manganese, comprising from 0.01 to 40.0% wt .; 3) N, N'-disalicylidene-1,2-propanediamine, comprising from 0.001 to 15.0%; possible: 4) 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-methylphenol, constituting from 0.01 to 40.0%, 5) polyisobutenyl succinimide tetraethylene pentamine or the Mannich condensation product of p- (polyisobutenyl) phenol, formaldehyde and triethylenetetramine, constituting from 0.01 to 35%; 6) di-tertiary butyl peroxide or 2-ethylhexyl nitrate, comprising from 0.01 to 60.0%; 7) demulsifier Akzo Armogard D5021, comprising from 0.01 to 25.0%, 8) 4-methyl-2-pentanone, comprising from 0.01 to 90%; provided that in total all components are 100% by weight.

Example 187
A method for reducing NO _x emission, comprising: mixing a combustion-improving amount of a metal compound, an ATP compound, a metal deactivator and possibly additional fuel; burning said fuel, wherein the emission of NO _x is reduced by at least 2.0, 5.0, 7.0, 10.0, 15.0, 20.0, 25.0% or more compared to a set of additives, containing extra fuel.

Example 188
A set of additives for use in hydrocarbon fuels, comprising: 1) at least one PCA compound (from 0.1 to 99.0% by weight); 2) at least tricarbonyl cyclopentadienyl manganese (from 0.05 to 40.0% by weight); 3) at least one combustion activator, for example, peroxy compounds, organic nitrates, potassium salts, including commercially available Shell Chemical, known as "SparkAid" or "SparkAde" (from 0.02 to 80.0% by weight); said kit may contain: 4) at least one demulsifier (from 0.01 to 30.0% by weight); 5) at least one additional solvent or salt that improves the flash point or reduces the vapor pressure (from 0.0001 up to 70.0% by weight), 6) at least one metal deactivator (from 0.1 to 40.0% by weight), 7) at least one detergent / dispersant (from 0.01 to 60.0 %), or 8) at least one antioxidant (from 0.1 to 40.0% by weight); this kit is different in that it provides STP in excess of 47, 70, 81, 93, 105, 128, 147, 186, 209, 233, 256, 279, 309, 326, 330, 337, 342, 344, 349, 351, 354, 361, 365, 372, 384, 395 kJ / kg (20, 30, 35, 40, 45, 55, 63, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 133, 140, 142, 145, 147, 148 , 150, 151, 152, 155, 157, 160, 165, 170 BTU / f) or higher.

Example 189
A set of additives for use in hydrocarbon fuels, comprising: 1) at least one PCA compound (from 0.1 to 99.0% by weight); 2) at least tricarbonyl cyclopentadienyl manganese (from 0.05 to 99.0% wt.); 3) at least one detergent / dispersant additive (from 0.01 to 99.0% by weight); and possibly one or more of the following substances: 4) at least one antioxidant (from 0.1 to 99.0% by weight), 5) at least one combustion activator (from 0.02 to 99.0%) wt.), 6) at least one demulsifier (from 0.01 to 99.0 wt.%), 7) at least one additional solvent or salt that improves the flash point or reduces the vapor pressure (from 0.0001 to 99 , 0% wt.), 8) at least one metal deactivator (from 0.1 to 99.0% wt.); the specified set is characterized in that it provides STP in excess of 35, 47, 58, 70, 93, 105, 116, 128, 140, 163, 186, 198, 221, 233, 279, 309, 326, 330, 337, 342, 344, 349, 351, 354, 361, 365, 372, 384, 395 kJ / kg (15, 20, 35, 30, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 80, 85, 95, 100 , 120, 133, 140, 142, 145, 147, 148, 150, 151, 152, 155, 157, 160, 165, 170 BTU / f) or higher.

Example 190
A set of additives for use in hydrocarbon fuels, including: 1) at least one PCA compound (from 0.1 to 99.0% by weight); 2) at least tricarbonyl cyclopentadienyl manganese (from 0.05 to 99.0% wt.); 3) at least one antioxidant (from 0.1 to 99.0% wt.); and possibly one or more of the following: 4) at least one detergent / dispersant (from 0.01 to 99.0%), 5) at least one combustion activator (from 0.02 to 99.0% wt.), 6) at least one demulsifier (from 0.01 to 99.0 wt.%), 7) at least one solvent or salt that improves the flash point or reduces the vapor pressure (from 0.0001 to 99, 0% wt.), 8) at least one metal deactivator (from 0.1 to 99.0% wt.); this kit is characterized in that it provides STP in excess of 47, 70, 81, 93, 105, 128, 147, 186, 209, 233, 256, 279, 309, 326, 330, 337, 342, 344, 349, 351, 354, 361, 365, 372, 384, 395 kJ / kg (20, 30, 35, 40, 45, 55, 63, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 133, 140, 142, 145, 147, 148 , 150, 152, 155, 157, 160, 165, 170 BTU / f) or more.

Example 191
An additive for clean combustion, including: 1) at least one ATP compound (from 0.01 to 99.0% by weight), 2) at least one organic manganese compound (preferably MMT) and / or another combustion enhancing compound metal (or a mixture thereof) (from 0.01 to 99.0% wt.); 3) antioxidant (from 0.01 to 80.0% by weight), 5) metal deactivator (from 0.01 to 99.0% by weight), 5) detergent or detergent / dispersant (from 0.1 to 99 , 0% wt.); possible: stabilizer (from 0.01 to 99.0% wt.); the specified set is characterized in that it provides STP in excess of 35, 47, 70, 81, 93, 105, 128, 147, 186, 209, 233, 256, 279, 309, 326, 330, 337, 342, 344, 349, 351, 354, 361, 365, 372, 384, 395 kJ / kg (15, 20, 30, 35, 40, 45, 55, 63, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 133, 140, 142, 145 , 147, 148, 150, 151, 152, 155, 157, 160, 165, 170 BTU / f) or higher.

 It is also contemplated that the additive package for clean combustion may contain one or more additives that control the formation of deposits in the injector and / or inlet valve.

 The concentrations of each additive or the behavior of an individual additive and / or a set of additives as a whole must satisfy the minimum standards established in the industry or the requirements determined by legal or regulatory acts. It is contemplated that concentrations may include values that are greater than or lower than those recommended by the additive manufacturer.

 In the practice of this invention, the Applicant has found that certain halogen-removing agents, in combination with certain metal compounds, especially potassium, can impair valve sticking. Therefore, it is necessary that the compatibility of the additive and ATP fuels containing metals be established prior to use.

 However, the practice of using additives and lubricating oils, especially when using additional fuel, which reduces or regulates the formation of deposits in the combustion chamber, is a special embodiment of the present invention.

Example 192
A composition containing a minor amount of at least one metal compound, including, for example, a tricarbonylcyclopentadienyl manganese compound, and a major amount of an additive or a set of additives controlling the formation of deposits in the combustion chamber, such as Texas's CleanSystem ³ additive.

Example 193
The composition of example 192, in which the additive that regulates the formation of deposits in the combustion chamber contains (or additionally contains) at least one ATP compound, mainly DMK.

Example 194
The composition of example 192, further comprising an additive that controls the formation of deposits in the injector and / or inlet valve, where these additives are the same or different additives.

Example 195
A composition comprising at least tricarbonyl cyclopentadienyl manganese and / or another metal combustion enhancing compound, an additive that reduces the formation of deposits in the combustion chamber, and optionally an additive that controls the formation of deposits in the injector and / or inlet valve, where these additives are the same or different .

Example 196
The method comprising the fuel compositions of examples 192-195, where the specified set of additives is used in amounts that reduce the formation of deposits in the fuel burned in the internal combustion engine, where the specified compression ratio is increased to values that go beyond the average normal compression ratios, or compression ratios equal to or greater than 8.6: 1, 8.7: 1, 8.9: 1, 9.0: 1, 9.1: 1, 9.2: 1, 9.3: 1, 9 4: 1, 9.5: 1, 9.6: 1, 9.7: 1, 9.8: 1, 9.9: 1, 19.9: 1, 10.2: 1 or higher.

Example 197
The method comprising the fuel compositions of examples 192-196, where the specified additional kit is used in amounts to reduce the formation of deposits in the fuel intended for combustion in an internal combustion engine, where anti-knock sensors do not slow down the occurrence of sparks in order to avoid detonation, while being economical fuel and / or power is improved by at least 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 5.0 or more compared to clean fuel.

Example 198
The composition of example 197, where the concentration of manganese is equal to such an amount that the level of processing of the additional kit was equal to at least the minimum concentration of the metal compound for fuel given here.

Example 199
The composition 197, where the additives that regulate the formation of deposits, are in such quantity that after processing the fuel, the formation of deposits in the combustion chamber, injector and / or inlet valve was regulated, modified or decreased, and / or where the processed fuel would meet regulatory or minimum legal standards .

 The applicant suggests the widespread use of additives that regulate the formation of deposits in the inlet valve, providing improved flash points and higher requirements for the octane number (or control the formation of deposits in the combustion chamber) in the examples given here.

Example 200
A fuel composition comprising ATP fuel (comprising an ATP compound, preferably DMC, and at least one metal combustion enhancing compound, preferably MMT); additional fuel; an additive that regulates the formation of deposits in the injector; an additive regulating the formation of deposits in the inlet valve; and an additive that controls the formation of deposits in the combustion chamber, where these additives can be the same substance or different compounds and / or where the specified compound or compounds modify / reduce existing deposits in the combustion chamber, preferably improving combustion efficiency (but not necessarily) .

 Preferably, the additives, including the additives that control the formation of deposits, act in such a way as to improve the combustion chemistry of the ATP and the metal compound, which is the dominant objective of the applicant's invention with regard to thermodynamics and combustion, as opposed to simply improving the fuel characteristics and combustion of the applicant's additional fuels.

 Thus, with particularly attractive characteristics of the combustion of fuels containing an ATP metal compound in its pure form, the formation of deposits in the combustion chamber is largely regulated when used in combination with additional fuel, which eliminates the need for additional additives.

 Increased concentrations of fuels containing ATP metal compounds, expressed as a percentage of the total fuel when used in combination with additional fuels, reduces deposits in the combustion chamber.

 However, as noted, it is contemplated that pure ATP fuels containing scale control additives may include scale control additives in the injector, inlet valve, and / or combustion chamber. Lubricants, antioxidants, anticorrosion and other known additives are contemplated.

 Non-limiting examples of paraffin crystal modifiers (paraffin inhibitors) or mid-flow improvers include low molecular weight ashless copolymers and ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers. Cold flow improvers are contemplated for diesel fuels, especially diesel fuels with reduced sulfur content and / or reduced aromatic concentrations (especially as fuel temperatures decrease). Betz Process Chemicals releases an excellent cold flow improver. In the practice of the present invention, cold flow improvers are especially contemplated.

 Non-limiting examples of anti-foaming agents include polysilicone-based compounds.

 Non-limiting examples of cetane number improvers include peroxides and organic nitrates, including di-tertiary butyl peroxide, acetyl peroxide, benzoyl peroxide, tertiary butyl peroxy acetate, cumene hydroperoxide, alkyl peroxides, alkyl hydroperoxides, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di-tert-butyl peroxide , tert-butyl cumyl peroxide, di (tert-amyl) peroxide, tertiary butyl hydroperoxide, tertiary amyl hydroperoxide, alkyl nitrate, cyclohexyl nitrate, methoxypropyl nitrate, nitrate mixed esters obtained by nitration fusel oil, n-octyl nitrate, n-decyl nitrate, ethylhexyl nitrate, isopropyl nitrate, of which 2-ethylhexyl nitrate is desired, and mixtures with concentrations of 0.01, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250, 500 750, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1250, 1300, 1400, 1500, 1600, 1750, 1900, 2000 ppm; higher concentrations are acceptable. Other concentrations include up to about 0.35, 0.40, 0.45, 0.55, 0.60, 0.65, 0.70, 0.75, 0.80, 0.9, 1.0, 1 , 1, 1,2, 1,3, 1,4, 1,5% vol. in fuel or higher.

 Other cetane number improvers include an Arco-based peroxide supplement, a dialkyl peroxide that can be added to the fuel to approximately 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0 , 9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5% vol. or more.

 Such activators are particularly desirable in combination with the invention of the applicant and are especially contemplated for use in non-diesel fuels.

 Currently, some patented long chain ashless polar compounds are contemplated that are contemplated in the practice of this invention. Multifunctional supplement kits are also contemplated. Such kits may contain detergents, cetane / octane improvers, additives to control deposits in the combustion chamber, fuel stabilizers, flow improvers, anti-foaming agents, rheodorants, demulsifiers, corrosion inhibitors, lubricating additives and / or solvents for ensure the stability of the kit.

 Lubricating additives are especially desirable in diesel / distillate fuels with low or no sulfur content in order to avoid damage to equipment, elastomers, etc.

 Operation at lower combustion temperatures in the practice of the invention of the applicant unexpectedly reduces the formation of deposits in the inlet of the fuel injector.

Example 201
The method of operation of the engine at combustion temperatures of at least 28 ^o C (50 ^o F) below the same fuel in the absence of ATP compounds, metal compounds and additives that improve the flash point, regulating the formation of deposits, where this work at a low temperature leads to lower heat transfer to fuel that remains inside or near the axial tips of the fuel injector inlet, which is otherwise exposed to high heat transfer, where the likelihood of free radical formation is reduced , Capable of autooxidation to uniting with chemical transformations and / or degradation of remaining fuel; and / or where the formation of sticky deposits and / or decomposition products of fuel acting as a substance preceding the formation of sediment is reduced, where deposits in the inlet of the fuel injector are controlled and / or flow restriction is less than 10.0, 960, 8.0, 7.0, 6.0, 5.0, 4.0, 3.0, 2.0% or less; or otherwise, when using the Peugeot XUD-9A / L test for diesel fuel, which measures the coking of the injector, air flow rates above 180, 190, 200, 210, 220, 230, 250, 260 ml / min are obtained when the needle is raised 0.3 mm.

The applicant’s invention also unexpectedly reduces the increase in emissions of NO _x and particulate matter that typically occurs when such additives are used in diesel systems.

Example 202
The method of example 194, where the additive optionally contains an additive controlling the formation of deposits at the inlet, and / or an additive regulating the formation of deposits in the combustion chamber, where the specified additive or additives are used in a composition containing diesel additional fuel, in equilibrium with reducing combustion and temperature ATP-amount of the compound (s) and the compound (Nij) of metal, wherein said engine operation results in reduction of NO _x emissions and / or particulate matter in comparison to said (bubbled) additive (s), controlling images of deposits when used in pure diesel fuel without further additions (in the absence of ATP-compound and a metal compound).

 The applicant notes that the improved combustion and temperature reduction properties of this invention unexpectedly improves the performance of additives that control the formation of deposits in the inlet valve, in the combustion chamber, and improve the flash point, as well as the additive package.

Example 203
The method of using additives that regulate the formation of deposits in the inlet valve, in the combustion chamber, and improve the flash point in the internal combustion chamber: this method involves the simultaneous injection of atomized vapor containing a small amount of at least one SPS compound providing a high burning rate (and / or low combustion temperature), at least one metal-releasing high energy compound and a small amount of compounds regulating the formation of delayed minutes in the inlet valve to the combustion chamber, or a flash point improvers, or mixture thereof, and comprising a low amount of sulfur or improved conventional auxiliary fuel; burning said steam in said combustion chamber, where combustion of a vapor phase of a metal having high kinetic energy occurs; in this case, deposits existing in the combustion chamber are modified or reduced, and / or deposits in the inlet valve also disappear after some time, in comparison with the use of these additives regulating the formation of deposits (additives) in the absence of these ATP compounds and metal compounds.

 It is also contemplated that the additive package of the present invention will be formulated to avoid sticking of the inlet valve and oil contamination in the crankcase.

Example 204
The method of example 203, where the specified engine undergoes laboratory or other tests, where the measured amount of deposits in the combustion chamber or an equivalent value is less than 300, 250, 220, 200, 180, 160, 140, 120, 100, 80, 60, 40, 20 , 10, 5.0, 3.0, 2.5, 2.0, 1.75, 1.5, 1.25, 1.0, 0.75, 0.6, 0.5, 0.4 , 0.3, 0.25, 0.2, 0.15, 0.125, 0.11, 0.10, 0.09, 0.09, 0.08, 0.075, 0.06, 0.05, 0.002 , 0.001 grams of sediment or less. The preferred weight of the deposits is less than 1.5, 0.9, 0.6, 0.3, 0.15, 0.10 grams or less per combustion chamber or equivalent.

Example 205
The method of the above example, where additives are used in sufficient concentrations that control the formation of deposits in the inlet valve, in the inlet of the fuel injector and the formation of resinous substances, where the deposits in the inlet valve are less than 100, 90, 80, 70, 60, 50, 40 mg at conducting a BMW 3181 test (BMW IVD test), and where the amount of deposits in the inlet of the fuel injector does not exceed 10, 9, 8, 7, 6 or 5% or less of the norm for 10,000 miles when using a 2.2 liter Chryler engine (CRC PFI test), and where are the maximum limits for the formation of resinous substances Stv are 70, 65, 60, 55, 50, 45, 40, 35, 30, 25, 20, 15, 10, 5.0 mg / 100 ml or less (washed), and / or 5.0, 4, 5, 4.0, 3.5, 3.0, 2.5, 2.0, 1.5, 1.0, 0.5 mg / 100 ml or less (not washed).

Example 206
The method of example 205, where the engine is a gasoline engine or internal combustion engine, in which the compression ratio is 9.6: 1 9.7: 1, 9.8: 1 9.9: 1, 10.0: 1 10.1 : 1 10.2: 1, 10.3: 1, 10.4: 1, 10.5: 1, 10.6: 1, 10.7: 1, 10.8: 1, 10.9: 1, 11.0: 1, 11.1: 1, 11.2: 1, 11.3: 1, 11.4: 1, 11.5: 1, 11.6: 1, 11.7: 1, 11, 8: 1, 11.9: 1, 12.0: 1, 12.1: 1, 12.2: 1, 12.3: 1, 12.4: 1, 12.5: 1, 12.6: 1, 12.7: 1, 12.8: 1, 12.9: 1, 13.0: 1, 13.1: 1, 13.2: 1, 13.3: 1, 13.4: 1, 13.5: 1, 13.6: 1, 14.0: 1, 14.1: 1, 14.2: 1, 14.3: 1, 14.4: 1, 14.5: 1, 14, 6: 1, 14.7: 1, 14.8: 1, 14.9: 1, 15.0: 1, 15.5: 1, 16.0: 1, 16.5: 1, 17.0: 1, 17.5: 1, 18.0: 1, 18.5: 1, 19.0: 1, 19.5: 1, 20.0: 1, 20.5: 1, 21.0: 1, 21.5: 1, 22.0: 1, 22.5: 1, 23.0: 1, 23.5: 1, 24.5: 1, 25.0: 1, 30.0: 1, 35, 0: 1, 40.0: 1, 50.0: 1, 70.0: 1, and the compression ratios given here and / or higher.

Example 207
Methods and compositions of gasoline above, where (R + M) / 2 octane number of the composition is 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107.

Example 208
A method using gasoline, where the engine is designed to run on gasoline whose octane is equal to or greater than 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96 97, 98, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108 (R + M) / 2 or higher.

Example 209
A method using gasoline, where the engine includes the use of an electronic detonation sensor to slow the formation of sparks and where the delay of the spark and, therefore, the combustion efficiency is improved compared to pure fuel by at least 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0 or 4.5 octane units after work equivalent to a mileage of 5000, 10000, 15000, 20,000, 30,000, 50,000 miles or more.

Example 210
The method of example 209, where the acceleration of the engine using the fuel composition of the applicant, which includes the additive that controls the formation of deposits in the combustion chamber, is improved by 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 to 10, 4.0 to 15.0% or more than one clean fuel.

 ATP compounds in their pure form will contain the additives necessary to avoid corrosion and maintain stability with respect to the formation of peroxides, etc. Non-limiting examples include phenol and amine-based stabilizers such as UOP 7 and UOP 5. Other stabilizers include, but are not limited to, aliphatic and cycloaliphatic amines, such as N-cyclohexyl-N, N-dimethylamine. Additional examples can be found in US patent 3909215 and EP 188042. Concentrations will vary depending on the desired stability. For example, ETBE and diisopropyl ether have a higher tendency to form peroxides than MTBE, and therefore may require higher concentrations.

 In the case of carbonates, especially DMC, when contacted with water for a long time, decomposition to methanol can occur due to hydrolysis, which leads to corrosion problems. Thus, water reducing agents, salts, additional solvents, demulsifiers, antioxidants, stabilizers, corrosion inhibitors, and the like are particularly desirable.

 Practice adjustments.

 It is assumed that the applicant's clean ATP fuels, pure additional fuels (in the absence of ATP and / or metal compounds) and / or ATP / additional fuel combinations, standard fuels, modified fuels will require adjustments, for example, to reduce vapor pressure or lower vapor pressure ( RAP), increasing the flash point or raising the flash point (PTV), preventing the separation of the hygroscopic phase, etc.

 Low molecular weight PCA alcohols are hygroscopic and tend to separate in fuel systems that come in contact with or contain water. Thus, additional solvents that control phase separation are desirable.

 Some carbonates, namely dimethyl and diethyl carbonates, are prone, under certain conditions, to undergo hydrolysis in contact with the environment. SPS alcohols, esters, carbonates, ketones, etc. with a lower molecular weight, on the contrary, they can increase the vapor pressure or lower the flash point. Their use can also lower T-50 temperatures, causing traction problems or poor performance. Known is the ability to adjust the T-50 and the final boiling point using additional solvents forming azeotropes, see my patent EPO 8690642.6.

 In the practice of this invention, it is proposed to use various and separate classes of additional solvents and agents to mitigate the problems associated with vapor pressure and flash point, especially in fuels heavier than gasoline, such as turbojet, gas oil for turbines, diesel fuels, etc.

 In general, it is preferred that the additional solvents are ATP compounds or have ATP properties with respect to combustion / temperature, or an improvement in combustion rate. Additional solvents that increase STP and / or SG are preferred.

 Applicant's preferred additional solvents, unless otherwise specified, should be combustible. Both inorganic and organic compounds are contemplated.

Preferred flash-temperature-enhancing additional solvents are believed to increase the flash point by 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 10.0, 15.0, 20.0, 25.0, 30.0, 35.0, 40.0 ^{° C.} or more. Preferably, an increase of 3.0 ^{° C.} or more. It is expected that additional solvents that improve the flash point will increase it to the minimum values required by ASTM or government specifications. PDP-additional solvents will reduce the vapor pressure by 0.689, 1.38, 2.07, 2.80, 3.40, 4.10, 4.8, 5.5, 6.2, 6.9, 7.6 10.3 kPa (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.8, 1.0, 1.1, 1.5 psi) or more. RAP-complementary solvents will reduce vapor pressure to values within ASTM or government specifications.

Additional solvents preferred by the applicant will have melting points below 20, 10, 0, -5, -10, -15, -20, -25, -30, -40, -50, -60, -70, -80, -90 , -100, -130, -140 ^o C or lower. Additional solvents with melting points below -5 ^° C, more preferably below -40, -50, -60, -70, -80, -90 ^° C or below are preferred.

 It is especially contemplated that flash point enhancing additional solvents with high melting points should be combined with additional solvents or additives, including additional solvents with a low melting point, especially forming azeotropes. Alcohols as well as hydrocarbon-based solvents are contemplated. A preferred ice formation inhibitor is ethylene glycol monomethyl ether meeting ASTM D 4171. A preferred concentration range is from about 0.1 to 0.15% by volume. However, concentrations outside this range may also be used. Additional anti-ice additives include Phillips PFA 55 MB 0.15% vol. and MIL-1-27686 0.15% vol. Max.

 Thus, there is a design where numerous additional solvents are used in the same or different ratios, having different freezing temperatures, flash points and / or vapor pressure, STP and burning rate. One such combination may include one or more additional solvent (s) with a moderate to high freezing point, having a moderate to high flash point and an additional solvent (s) with a low to very low freezing point, whereby the resulting mixture will have a combination of moderate to high flash point and low freezing point.

 In the case where additional solvents that improve the flash point have a high melting point, ice formation inhibitors, including alcohols, additional solvents and the like, can be used in the practice of this invention, especially if the ATP compound or additional solvent does not have a sufficiently low temperature melting and / or if pour point or freezing temperature of the final fuel is too high.

Additional solvents of the applicant will have boiling points above 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 300 ^{° C.} or higher. Boiling points above 130, 160, 190, 200, 220, 240, 260, 270 ^{° C.} or higher are preferred.

Desired flash points for additional solvents are -80, -31, -20, -15, -10, -5, 0, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 38, 40, 50, 58, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 200, 220, 250, 300, 360 ^{° C.} , higher or lower. Preferred flash points are -100, -80, -60, -30, 0, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 130, 140, 150 ^{° C.} or higher. Temperatures above 80, 100, 120, 150, 170 ^° C are more preferred. Additional solvents may have the same flash point characteristics as the ATP compounds.

Desirable additional solvents have a latent heat of vaporization exceeding 18, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 27, 29, 30, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53 , 55, 57, 59, 62, 65 _var H (T _b ) / kJ mol ^-1 (or equivalent), or higher than 279, 286, 291, 293, 295, 298, 300, 302, 305, 307, 309 , 312, 314, 316, 319, 321, 326, 330, 337, 342, 349, 354, 361, 365, 372, 377, 384, 395 kJ / kg (120, 123, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 140, 142, 145, 147, 150, 152, 155, 157, 160, 162, 165, 170 BTU / f). Preferably, the STP of the additional solvents is higher than any additional fuel to which they can be added. However, STP can be balanced by other aspects of its use, for example, STP of the final fuel, the effect on the STP of the ATP compound (if present), advantages in flash points and / or vapor pressure, etc. Preferred combustion rates are equal to or higher than 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 50, 55, 60 cm / s (laminar Bunsen flame).

Preferred temperatures of the additional solvent at a vapor pressure of 1 mm should exceed 20, 40, 60 ^° C. More preferred are temperatures in excess of 80, 90, 100, 120, 130, 140, 150, 180 ^{° C.} or more.

In applications related to improving the flash point or lowering the vapor pressure, especially in the presence of an ATP compound, it is preferred that the additional solvent (s) have a vapor pressure of about 1 mm or less at temperatures near or above -20, -10, 0, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180 ^o C. See "Handbook of chemistry and physics Chemical Rubber Company (CRC) 1969-1970, 1995.

Applicant's additional solvents may be selected from a very wide class of flammable chemicals. Desirable additional solvents of the applicant are those having less than 22, 20, 18, 16, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10 or 9 carbon atoms; having less than 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 or less atoms are preferred. While compounds beyond these limits are contemplated and acceptable, compounds having 6, 5, 4 or lower carbon atoms in the chain are also preferred. Additional solvents containing oxygen are desirable. Additional solvents containing OH radicals are also desirable. Applicant has found that additional solvents having a molecular structure, in particular including CH ₃ CO ₂ and / or OH, are also desirable.

 Compounds containing nitrogen may be acceptable, depending on the application. Additional carbon-free solvents are also contemplated.

 Solid additional solvents are contemplated that can be dissolved with a common solvent. The chemical structure of the additional solvent is not limited and may be cyclic, bicyclic, aromatic, non-aromatic, with branched or straight chains, or a combination of these structures.

 Preferably, the additional solvent is thermally stable, does not decompose during normal handling and at ordinary temperatures (see ATP standards above) and does not cause decomposition of additional fuel, for example, tar formation, corrosion, etc. It is also desirable that the half-life of its products of evaporation or combustion be very short, preferably less than units of days (for example, 8, 5, 4 or less), more preferably less than units of hours (for example, 24, 18, 12, 8, 4, 3 , 2, 1 or less), most preferably less than minutes (e.g. 60, 45, 30, 15 or less).

 As suggested here, the practice of using an additional solvent removes the need to include an ATP compound and / or a metal compound.

 It is desirable that there is a synergistic relationship between the ATP compound (s) and the additional solvent (s). Thus, a wide variety in the mixing of additional solvents is particularly desirable. When using various additional solvents or mixtures thereof, if desired, with or without ATP compounds, various requirements can be met.

 In other words, one or more additional solvent can be used to control phase separation, and one or more to improve the flash point or reduce vapor pressure, and one or more to reduce freezing temperatures. Since there are no restrictions on the type, amount or range of additional solvents in the mixture, the applicant is aware that different fuels will cause different requirements for different mixtures of additional solvents. Whenever possible, mixtures with one component, an additional solvent, are preferred.

 The practice of using additional solvents can be supplemented or replaced by the use of heavy naphtha, including aromatic naphtha. So, there is a version that uses heavy and moderately heavy hydrocarbons, including ligroins, instead of or in addition to an additional solvent (s), as implied to improve the flash point and to reduce vapor pressure.

 It is also preferable that the use of an additional solvent does not increase the melting / freezing point, or reduce or impair the stability of the fuel, corrosion, elastomer failure, emission by evaporation, emission of toxic substances, accidental emissions during combustion, or decrease the rates of combustion and STP. It is also preferred that the use of an additional solvent does not contribute to the formation of resinous substances or to oxidation.

 However, under such circumstances (for example, if the freezing temperature is not low enough), it is contemplated to use an additional additional solvent to replace the additional solvent, or another additive or agent.

 Swelling or destruction of the elastomer, corrosion or decomposition of the fuel can be corrected by the use of additional agents, such as corrosion inhibitors, antioxidants, etc. However, the applicant prefers additional solvents that do not cause such problems.

 Preferably, the additional solvent is soluble in the ATP compound, if used, and, optionally, in additional fuel and / or water. Additional solvents having limited solubility or insoluble in water are preferred.

 Applicant has also found that for the purpose of decreasing vapor pressure and / or raising the flash point, non-volatile and non-ion forming additional solvents are desirable.

 Applicant has found that hydrocarbon soluble, combustible glycols, ketones and their acetates and esters are desirable. Acetic, propionic, butyric, valerianic and caproic acids, including their acetates, esters and ethers, are also desirable. Ethylene, butenes, propenes, hexenes and pentenes are acceptable.

Non-limiting examples of additional solvents of the applicant include alcohols, glycols, ketones, esters, phenols, acetals, acid azides, acid halides, acids and their derivatives
(aldehydes, aliphatic dicarboxylic acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids, aliphatic polycarboxylic acids, amino acids, hydroxyacids, imides, ketones, nitrolic acids, orthoacids, acidic acids, etc.), acetic acid, acetic anhydride, aliphates, ethers, esters hydrocarbons (including high boiling ligroins), amides, amidines, amidoximes, anhydrides, aromatic hydrocarbons, azides, azines, azelaic acid esters, azo compounds, betaines, bromoacetaldehydes, bromoethanes, bromoethylenes, bromoacetic acids, bromobutanes, bromobutenes, bromobutylenes, bromoesters, dibromo compounds, butyric acids, butyric esters, esters, orthoesters, ethers, glycols, ethylene glycols, diethylene glycols, propylene glycols, glycols, acetols dipropylene glycols, glycol ethers, triethylene glycols (including their acetates, diacetates, esters, ethers and amines), tetraethylene glycols (including their acetates, diacetates, esters, ethers and amines) , tripropylene glycols, tetrapropylene glycols, dibutylene glycols, tributylene glycols, tetrabutylene glycols, pentaethylene glycols (including their acetates, diacetates, esters, ethers and amines), glyceric acids, glycerins, formates, carbinols, acetols, nitrates, carbitenols, nitrates, carbitols, nitrates, carbitenols, nitrates, hydrides, hydroperoxides, hydroxamic acids, hydroxy acids, imides, imino acids, imines, ketenes, lactams, lactones, glycolic acids, butyric acids, caproic acids, valerianic acids, isocaproic acids, nitrolo acids, nitrosolic acids, octanoic acids, octanoic acid esters, onium compounds, orthoacids, orthoborates, octines, octenes, octanones, oximes, oxalic esters, oxalic acids, acetic acids, acetic esters, esters of pelargonic acid, propionic acids, propionic acid, valerianic acids, propanedione, propanones, ethenes, propenes, butenes, pentanes, pentenes, hexenes, valerianic acid esters, butyric acids, oxalic acid esters, butyric acid esters, valerianic acids, valerian ethers acids, glutaric acids, glutaric acid esters, 2- or 3-pentanones, caproic acids, caproic acid esters, enantic acids, enanthic acid esters, formic acid esters, glycol ethers, octenes, octanones, oxalic acids, oxalic acid esters, esters caproic acid, hexanones, toluene bromides, toluene cresols, toluene dimethylamino compounds, toluene esters, toluene oxides, pentanediols, peroxides, furans, 2-furancarboxylic acid esters, furfurols, propenes, acrylic acids, acrylic acid esters, ethers acids, brominated alcohols, ethanetriols, propanetriols, butanetriols, pentantriols, naphthalenes, hexanetriols, heptantriols, octantriols, nitrobenzene, iodobenzene, 2-nitrophenol, etc.

Additional non-limiting examples are (including their homologues and analogs): triethylene glycol, 3-aminopropyl ether of triethylene glycol, triethylene glycol monobutyl ether, triethylene glycol monomethyl ether, triethylene glycol monopropyl ether, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, dibutoksitetraetilenglikol, diacetate tetraethylene glycol, aminopropyl ether tetraethylene glycol monobutyl ether, tetraethylene tetraethylene glycol monomethyl ether, tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethyl Marketing ether tetraethylene glycol, monoethyl ether tetraethylene glycol, monopropyl ether tetraethylene glycol, tetraethylenepentamine, tripropylene glycol, tetrapropylene glycol, dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monopropyl ether, diethylene glycol monopropyl ether, propylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylene glycol monoethyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether diethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol monobutyl ether, mononethyl ether tripropylene glycol, propylene glycol, ethylene glycol, hexylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, diethylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, tetramethylene glycol, tetrapropylene glycol, polyethylene glycol (200, 300, 400, 600, 600, 1000, 1500, 1540, 4000, 6000, Ash Polyethylene, 2500000, Ashland (P400, P1200, P2000, P4000 Ashland Chemical), cyclohexylamine, dibutylamine, diethylamine, diethylenetriamine, diethylethanolamine, diisopropanolamine, morpholine, triethylamine, triethylenetetramine, triisopropanolamine, toluene, aminomethylpropanol glycol, 1,2-propanediol carbonate, salicylic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, tannic acid, 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, dimethylbenzenes, dimethylformamide, n-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, amyl alcohol (primary), cyclohexanol, 2- ethylhexanol, methylanil alcohol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, TEXANOL alcohol ether (Eastman Chemical), UCAR Filmer IBT (Union Carbide Corp.), amyl acetate, dibasic ether, EEP ether solvent (Ashland Chemicals), 2-ethylhexyl acetate, DE glycol ethers (acetates, DE DPM, EB, EE, PM, Ashland Chemical), isobutyl acetate, isobutyl isobutyrate, n-pentyl propionate, cyclohexanone 2-hexanone, 3-hexanone, 2-methyl-3-pentanone, 3-methyl-2-pentanone, 4-methyl-2-pentanone, 3,3-dimethyl-2-butanone, diactone alcohol, diisobutyl ketone, ethyl methyl ketone, pinacoline, methone, 3,3-diphenyl-2-butanone, 1-hydroxy-2-butanone, 3-hydroxy- (dl) -2-butanone, 3-methyl-2-butanone, 2-butanone oxime, 2-butanone , 2-methylpropionic acid, cyclopentanone, cyclopropylmethylketone, 2-tetrahydrofurylmethanol, cyclohexanone, isophorone, methylamylketone, methylisoamylketone, acetylacetone, acetic anhydride, benzyl alcohol (a-hydroxytoluene) and its derivatives, triis ene, allylidene diacetate, acetol, 1 (4-methoxyphenyl) -2-propanone, isobutyrophenone, acetonylbenzene, butyl acetate, aliphatic alcohols C-4, C-4 +, n-butyl butyrate, cetyl alcohol, cyclohexane, cyclohexanol, cyclohexanone 5-dimethoxytetrahydrofuran, p-dioxane, 1,3-dioxane, 1,4-dioxane, 5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,3-dioxane, glycolmethylene ether, propylene carbonate, isopropylene carbonate, glycerol, 1,2,3- propanetriol, heptane, n-hexane, 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, methylcyclopentane, hydroquinone, isopentyl alcohol, methyl ethyl ketone, 4-methyl-2-pentanone, methylpr pilketone, diisopropyl ketone, 1- or 3- or 4- or 5-hydroxy-2-pentanone, diisopropyl ketone, methylpropyl ketone, diacetone alcohol, isopentylphenol ketone, 2-pentanone, diacetone alcohol, n-butylphenol ketone, i-butylphenol-phenol-ketone , 2- or 3- or 4-methoxyphenol, oxalic acid dihydrate, pentane, phenol, 3-methoxyphenol, 1,2- or 1,3- or 1,4- or 2,4- or 2,5- or 2, 6- or 3,4- or 3,5-dimethylphenol, 1-octene, isobutyl-2-methylpropanate, 2-phenoxyethanol, diethylcarbitol, butylcarbitol, methylethylcarbinol, ethylene glycol, ethylene acetate, ethyl acetate, acetophe non, benzyl acetate, 1,3- or 1,4- or 2,3-butanediol, formaldehyde, formamide, orthoacetic acid triethyl ether, orthoacetic acid trimethyl ether, oxalic ether (oxalic diethyl ether), methyl hydroperoxide, ethyl hydroperoxide, acetyl peroxide, ethyl peroxide , di (tert-butyl) peroxide, acetic anhydride, 2-ethylbutyl acetic acid ester, cresyl esters of acetic acid, methyl glycolate, phenoxyacetic acid methyl ester, nitric acid, butyric acid, 2-butylbutyric acid, 2-ethylbutyricbutyric acid, tert-butylbutyric acid butyric acid, butyl nitrile, butyric acid propyl ester, diethylacetic acid, acetoacetic acid, allyl acetone acetate, diacetylacetone, acetylacetone, butyric benzoic acid ethyl ester, butyric acid methyl ester, butyric acid ethyl ester, butyloxy butyl butyric acid, propyl ester butyric acid ester, 2-methyl- (d) butyric acid, 2-methyl- (dl) butyric acid, 3-methylbutyric acid ethyl ester, 3-methylbutyric acid methyl ester, 3-methylbutyric isopropyl ether th acid, 2,2-dimethylbutyric acid, allyl butyric acid ester, butyric acid amide, N, N-dimethylbutyric acid, butyric anhydride, butylic butyric butylic acid butyryl, butyric butyric acid, diethylacetic acid, 2- methyl- (d) butyric acid, methylacetoacetate, ethylacetoacetate, diethyl acetal, acetate, acetylacetone, propionic acid 2,2-dimethyl ether, propionic acid 2-oxoethyl ester, propionic acid 2-oxo methyl ester, 2-oxoisobutyl propionic acid ester, 2 -oxyisopropyl ether of propionic acid, methyl ether of propionic acid, ethyl ether of propionic acid, propyl ether of propionic acid, propionic acid, glyceric acid, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1,2-ethanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 2,3-butanediol , 1,2,3-butanetriol, 1,2,4-butanetriol, glutaric acid, glutaric anhydride, glutaronitrile, 1,5-pentanedial, glutaric aldehyde, 2,4-pentanedione (CH ₃ COCH ₂ COCH ₃ ), valerianic acid , levulinic acid (CH ₃ COCH ₃ COCO ₂ N), cork acid dimethyl ether, suberic acid, 1,2,3-pentanetriol , 2,3,4-pentantriol, formamide, bromoacetic acid, acetamide, pyruvic acid, methyloxyacetic acid, propionamide, allyl bromide, diethyl acetal propenal, diacetate propenal, propenal, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, glycerol, trimethyl , acetylpropionyl, acetylacetone, propionic acid, methyloxyacetic acid, propionamide, maleic anhydride, crotonic acid, dimethyl oxalate, isobutyric acid, hydroxyisobutyric acid, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, diethylene glycol diacetate, diethyl ilenglikolya, dioleinovy ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol mono (2-gidroksilpropilovy) ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol monopropyl ether, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, etantrioly, propanetriol, butanetriol, pentanetriol, hexanetriol, heptantriols, 1,2,3-butanetriol, 2,3,4-pentantriol, 1,2,3-pentantriol, 1,2,3-propanetriol, dioxipentane, 2,4-dioxipentane, hexanetriols, triet monobutyl ether ilenglycol, propionic acid, propionic acid anhydride, propionic acid butyl ether, propionic acid ethyl ester, propionic acid pentyl ester, propionic acid octyl ester, pimelic acid, cork acid, azelaic acid, methacrylic acid, dibromobutanes (for example, 1,2; dl-2,3; 1.4; meso-2,3; etc.), tribromobutanes (e.g. 1,1,2; 1,2,2; 2,2,3; etc.), diacetamide, di (2-bromoethyl) ether, 2-ethylhexanol, furfuryl alcohol, 2-propanone, 2-propen-1-ol, ethyl methane, methyl ethanate, pentadiene acid, pentadiene acid diethyl ether, pentadiene acid dimethyl ether, pentadiene acid dinitrile, 2,3-pentadione, 2,4-pentadione, 1,2 , 3-pentantriol, valerianic acid, valerianic acid methyl ester, valerianic acid butyl ether, valerianic acid ethyl ester, valerianic acid furfuryl ester, valerian hexyl ether yanovoy acid nitrile valeric acid, octyl ester of valeric acid, pentyl ester valeric acid, carbinol, butilkarbinol, dietilkarbinol, methyl-n-propilkarbinol, dimetilizobutilkarbinol, etilizopropilkarbinol, etilizopropilmetilkarbinol, diizopropilkarbinol, triethylcarbinol, izoamilkarbinol, dimethyl-n-propilkarbinol, 2-butilmetilkarbinol methylisobutylcarbinol, diethylmethylcarbinol, methylpropyl ketone, methoxyacetic acid, acetoacetic acid, methyl acetate, tert-amyl acetate, ethyl acetate, glycol diacetate, 1,2-propenediol carbonate, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, adiponitrile, 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol, triethylenetetramine, benzaldehyde, gasoline, benzene, toluene, benzyl alcohol, butyl acetate, dimethylaniline, di n-propylaniline, methyl isobutyl ketone, n-amyl cyanide, di-n-butyl carbonate, diethyl acetic acid, diethyl formamide, diisobutyl ketone, ethyl benzoate, ethyl phenyl acetate, heptadecanol, 3-heptanol, n-heptyl acetate, 4-methyl, n-methyl n-valerianic acid, o-phenetidine, tetradecanol, triethylenetetramine, 2,6,8-trimethyl-4-nonanone, ethanediol, 1,2-ethanediol carbonate, 1,2-ethanediol diacetate, 1,2-ethanediol dimethyl ether, 1,2-ethanediol dinitrate, p, p-dimethyl formic acid, p-diethyl formic acid, butyl formic acid ester, isoamyl formate, formic acid octyl ester, formic acid pentyl ester, formic acid propyl ester, formic acid isobutyl ester, propargyl acetate, 2-methoxyethanol, cyclopentanone, cyclopropyl methyl ketone, ethyl acrylate, 3-methyl-2-butanone, phenol, 2- or 3- or 2 methoxyphenol, valerianic acid anhydride, cyclohexanone, 4-me yl-3-penten-2-one, 2- or 3-hexanone, (2,3 or 4) -methyl- (2 or 3) pentanone, 2-heptanone, metilfenilketon, diethylbenzene and azulene.

 A wide range of mixtures of additional solvents is particularly contemplated, including mixing two or more. So, any two or more additional solvents can be used together in the same or different proportions.

 There is a design that combines an additional solvent (s) that increases the flash point, and alcohol and / or another additional solvent that controls hydrolysis and / or hygroscopic phase separation. There is also a version where the additional solvent or mixture of additional solvents, which, for example, act to reduce vapor pressure or increase flash point, etc., can also act as common solvents for dissolving insoluble or moderately mixed additional solvents and / or ATP compounds (s), if used.

 The applicant is aware that there is a wide variety of combinations, mixtures and proportions that make it possible to achieve the numerous objectives of the invention of the applicant. So, there is a particular embodiment of the present invention, where there are combinations and mixtures of additional solvents between individual additional solvents from any one class; between classes of additional solvents; between classes of additional solvent (s) and classes of ATP compounds; between additional solvent (s) and additional fuels; between additional solvent (s), ATP compounds and additional fuel (s), and / or the like.

Example 211
A moderate to high flash point fuel comprising a combustion-improving amount of an ATP compound (preferably DMC), a metal compound, and at least one flash point increasing combustible additional solvent.

Example 212
The composition of the additional solvent or composition ATP-compound / additional solvent, characterized in that it is soluble in liquid hydrocarbon fuels, combustible and has a melting point of less than 20, 10, 5, 0, -5, -10, -20, -30, -40, -50, -60, -70, -80 or -90 ^° C; boiling point equal to or higher than 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 270, 280, 300 ^o C; possibly soluble in water; having a laminar burning rate above 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60 cm / s; latent heat of evaporation above 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 62, 65 _vap H (T _b ) / kJ mol ^-1 (or equivalent); steam pressure of 1 mm is possible at temperatures above -30, -25, -20, -15, -10, 0, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130 or 140 ^o C; and possibly a flash point of at least 44.4, 15.6, 26.7, 37.8, 48.9, 54.4, 65.6, 76.7, 82.2, 93.3, 104 4, 121.2 ^o C (40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 130, 150, 170, 180, 200, 220, 250 ^o F), or higher; and possibly a freezing point equal to or less than -1.1, -6.7, -12.2, -17.8, -23.3, -28.9, -34.4, -40, - 45.6, -51.1, -62.2, -67.8 ^o С (30, 20, 10, 0, -10, -20, -30, -40 (-40 ^o С), -50, -60, -80, -90 ^o F) or less; said composition is characterized in that it increases the flash point of hydrocarbon fuel.

Example 213
The composition of the fuel, including: the connection of the metal and the ATP additional solvent or a set of additional solvents, characterized in that it has an STP value exceeding 326, 333, 342, 349, 361, 372, 395, 419, 442, 465 kJ / kg (140 , 143, 147, 150, 155, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200 BTU / f) or higher, and a burning rate greater than 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54 or more is desirable cm / s.

Example 214
An additional solvent or a mixture of additional solvents that increases the flash point and lowers the freezing temperature, including: one or more additional flash solvents that increase the flash point with a melting point higher than -50, -40, -30, -20, -10, 0, 10, 20 30, 40, 50, 60 ^o C; and a fuel soluble, combustible, freezing point lowering agent or additional solvent selected from butyl carbitol, carbinols (including diisopropyl, dimethylene-n-propyl, isoamyl, etc.), 1-octene, 4-octene, 1-octine , 4-octine, glycol ethers, ethylene glycols, diethylene glycols, diisopropyl ketone, methylpropyl, diacetone alcohol, isopropyl acetone, diisobutyl ketone, cyclohexanone, isophorone or other additional solvents having a moderate (to moderately high) flash point and low (especially viscous) the value of the freezing point, or a mixture thereof; the flash point of the composition exceeds 15.6, 26.7, 37.8, 48.9, 60.0, 71.1, 82.2, 93.3, 104.4, 115.6, 126.7 ^o C (60, 80, 100 (38 ^o C), 120, 140, 160, 180, 200, 220, 240, 260 ^o F) and the freezing temperature is equal to or lower than -12.2, -28.9, -34.4, -40, -45.6, -51.1, -62.2, -67.8 ^o С (-10, -20, -30, -40 (-40 ^o С), -50 , -60, -80, -90 ^o F) or less.

Example 215
Example 214, wherein at least one of the additional solvent compounds is tetraethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, 1-octene, a high flash point ketone, isopropylacetone, diisopropylacetone, diisopropyl diacetone, diethylene acetate, diethylene diacetate or an ethylene acetate compound, phenol or a mixture thereof; wherein the resulting mixture has an average STP value of at least 28, 30, 32, 34, 35, 38, 40, 42 _vap H (T _b ) / kJ mol ^-1 .

Example 216
The composition of Example 214, further comprising an ATP compound (preferably DMC) and, optionally, a metal compound; the flash point of the composition is equal to or greater than 10.0, 15.6, 21.1, 26.7, 32.2, 37.8, 54.4, 65.6 ^o C (50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 130, 150 ^o F), or more, a freezing point of less than -40, -47, -50 ^o F (-40, -44, -46 ^o C), or less; and the latent heat of evaporation is equal to or greater than 28, 30, 32, 34, 38, 40, 45 _vap N (T _b ) / kJ mol ^-1 (or equivalent value).

Example 217
Example 216, where the volume ratio of the PCA compound to the additional solvent (s) is in the range from 20: 1, 15: 1, 10: 1, 8: 1, 7: 1, 6: 1, 5: 1, 4: 1 , 3: 1, 2: 1, 1: 1, 1: 2, 1: 3, 1: 4, 1: 5, 1: 6, 1: 8, 1:10, and ratios above 1: 1 are desirable (ratios 2: 1, 3: 1 are desirable, and ratios greater than 10: 1, 8: 1, 6: 1, 5: 1, 4: 1 are preferred).

Example 218
Including example 217 with the above examples and additional fuel; however, the resulting fuel meets ASTM requirements and / or government specifications related to reducing vapor pressure and flash point.

Example 219
Example 218, where the additional fuel is a regular or improved gasoline, in which the decrease in vapor pressure exceeds 55.1, 58.6, 62.0, 65.5, 68.9, 72.3, 75.8, 79.2 82.7 kPa (8.0, 8.5, 9.0, 9.5, 10.0, 10.5, 11.0, 11.5, 12.0 psi) or more, and where, after obtaining a combination with an additional solvent or a mixture of additional solvents (as described above), the vapor pressure reduction of the resulting fuel is equal to or less than 55.1, 51.7, 48.2, 44.8 kPa (8.0, 7, 5, 7.0, 6.5 psi) or less.

Example 220
Aviation turbojet additional fuel, including Jet A, A-1 or B; or # 1-0 diesel, low sulfur or normal grade; or liquid fuel for a gas turbine # 1-GT, 2-GT; said additional fuel further comprises a combustion-improving amount of an ATP compound (preferably DMC) having a flash point of less than 38 ^° C, and preferably at least one metal compound (preferably MMT), and an increase in flash point, an amount of additional solvent (preferably a fuel soluble fuel polyethylene glycol, ketone, acetate, phenol and / or ether having a flash point in excess of 37.8, 48.9, 60.0, 71.1, 82.2, 93.3, 104.4, 115.6, 126 , 7, 137.8, 148.9 ^o C (100, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200, 220, 240, 260, 280, 300 ^o F)), where obtained e fuel is characterized in that it has a flash point of at least 100 ^° F. (38 ^{° C.} ).

Example 221
Additional fuel - diesel liquid fuel # 2-D, conventional grade or low sulfur content; wherein said fuel further comprises a combustion-improving amount of an ATP compound (preferably DMC) having a flash point of less than 52 ^° C, preferably a metal compound, and an increase in flash point of an amount of additional solvent, wherein the resulting fuel is characterized in that its flash point is at least at least 52 ^o C; preferably a lower cloud point or freezing point, and preferably an improved viscosity.

Example 222
Additional fuel - diesel liquid fuel # 4-D, conventional grade or low sulfur content; or # 4, # 5 light or # 5 heavy fuel oil; or # 3 GT liquid fuel for gas turbines; wherein said fuel further comprises a combustion improving amount of an ATP compound (preferably DMC) having a flash point of less than 55 ^° C, a metal compound and a flash point increasing amount of additional solvent, wherein the resulting fuel is characterized in that it has a flash point of at least 55 ^° FROM.

Example 223
Additional fuel - liquid fuel for gas turbines # 4-GT; wherein said fuel further includes a combustion-improving amount of an ATP compound (preferably DMC) having a flash point of less than 66 ^° C, and preferably a metal compound, and an increase in flash point of an amount of additional solvent, wherein the resulting fuel is different in that it has a flash point of at least 66 ^o C.

Example 224
Additional fuel - aviation gasoline; wherein said fuel further comprises a combustion improving amount of DMC or other ATP compound (s), including those having a vapor pressure of the mixture higher than 7.0 psi. inch (49 kPa), and where the indicated ATP preferably has a laminar flame speed exceeding this value for aviation gasoline (according to published data 44.8 cm / s), or 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 cm / s, or higher; preferably a metal compound; a vapor pressure-reducing amount of additional solvent, wherein said fuel obtained — aviation gasoline — is characterized in that it has a vapor pressure of at least 5.5 psi. inch (38 kPa), but not higher than 7.0 psi. inch (49 kPa), and where the resulting fuel meets all ASTM D 910 specifications.

Example 225
Additional fuel for an offshore gas turbine; said fuel further comprising a combustion-improving amount of an ATP compound, preferably DMC, and optionally a metal compound, and an increase in flash point, an amount of an additional solvent or a mixture of additional solvents; said fuel obtained is characterized in that it has a flash point of at least 60 ^° C.

Example 226
The above examples, where the additional solvent includes at least one fuel soluble, combustible triethylene glycol or tetraethylene glycol, including mixtures thereof.

Example 227
The above examples, where the resulting fuels are further characterized in that they meet ASTM, industry or government standards, present and future.

 It should be appreciated that the components and compounds identified herein are not limited. Conventional tests can identify compounds that are additional solvents that meet the requirements for their structure and behavior within the scope of the claimed invention.

 An embodiment of the applicant's invention is also the use of salts to reduce vapor pressure and / or increase flash points. It is assumed that some salts can be used directly in fuel or indirectly through a common solvent (for example, an additional solvent).

 Most salts are soluble in aqueous solutions, and the invention of the applicant includes a method for the direct use of such solutions in fuel by separate injection, emulsion formation or using an additional solvent.

 However, direct solubility is the most preferred practice. Mutual solubility through ketones, glycols, esters, alcohols, etc. is also contemplated.

 Salts that do not adversely affect the combustion or emissions of a given fuel and which, at low concentrations in combination with the ATP fuel of the applicant and possibly a metal compound, reduce vapor pressure and / or improve combustion are desirable.

Non-limiting examples include calcium salts (e.g., Ca (NO ₃ ) ₂ , CaBr ₂ ), barium, boron salts (e.g., H ₃ BO ₃ ), potassium salts (e.g., KNO ₃ , KBrO ₃ , KNO ₂ , KHCO ₃ , K ₂ C ₂ O ₄ , KI, KH, K ₂ WO ₄ K ₂ CO ₃ , KOH), lithium salts (e.g. LiNO ₃ , LiBr, Lil, LiOH), iron salts, aluminum, cobalt, magnesium salts (e.g. Mg (NO ₃ ) ₂ , MgBr), sodium (e.g., NaNO ₃ , NaOH, NaNO ₃ , NaHCO ₃ , NaBrO ₃ , NaBr, NaI, Na ₂ CO ₃ , Na ₂ WO ₄ ), salts containing nitrogen (e.g. NH ₄ NO ₃ , NH ₄ Br, NH ₄ I), nickel salts (e.g. Ni (NO ₃ ) ₂ ) and zinc salts (e.g. Zn (NO ₃ ) ₂ ).

 Applicant has found that fuel-soluble aluminum, magnesium, lithium, manganese, sodium, strontium salts are desirable. In the following claims, other salts are contemplated to reduce vapor pressure or increase flash point.

 At higher levels of concentration, salts containing sulfur or barium should be avoided. Environmental considerations also dictate their requirements.

 Preferred salts of the applicant are those that can be added in sufficient concentration so that the vapor pressure decreases by 5.0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, 150, 200, 300 mm at initial boiling points of the fuel composition when adding 0 , 5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 8.0, 10, gram molecules per liter. Preferably, the vapor pressure is reduced by a value higher than 20 mm, and concentrations of less than 4.0, 3.0, 2.5, 2.0, 1.5, 1.0 g mol / L are preferred. Other levels range from 0.001 to 30.0 g mol / L (more preferably from 0.01 to 5.0 g mol / L).

Example 228
A fuel composition comprising a vapor pressure-reducing amount of at least one salt soluble in hydrocarbon fuel or soluble in additional fuel, wherein said salt can be added in an amount of 0.5 g mol / L of fuel, thereby reducing the vapor pressure by at least 1,0, 2,0, 5,0, 7,5, 10,0, 15,0, mm or at room temperature, or at temperatures of fuel evaporation, if they are higher.

Example 229
The examples above, wherein said compositions further comprise a vapor pressure reducing or flash point increasing amount of salt.

Example 230
A composition of substances for use in hydrocarbons, including: ATP compound; tricarbonyl cyclopentadienyl manganese; one or more of the following components: any additive (wok) to the fuel that reduces the vapor pressure, improves the flash point of the additional solvent (s), or salt (s).

 Those skilled in the art will appreciate that many changes and modifications to the invention set forth herein can be made without departing from its spirit and scope.

Claims (14)

1. The composition of the fuel, including at least one combustible compound with an enhanced combustion structure (ATP compound) selected from the group consisting of aldehyde acids, C ₂ -C ₁₂ oxides, keto acids, C ₃ -C ₁₅ esters, orthoesters, C diesters ₃ -C ₁₂ , esters of C ₅ -C ₂₀ glycols, glycols, C ₄ -C ₂₀ alkyl carbonates, dicarbonates, C ₃ -C ₂₀ dialkyl carbonates, organic and inorganic peroxides, hydroperoxides, amines, dinitrates, oxalates, phenols, boric acids, orthoborates , hydroxyacids, orthoacids, anhydrides, acetates, nitroesters and mixtures thereof, in quantity stve improves combustion with the proviso that the compound or mixture of compounds has a latent heat of vaporization of at least 21 kJ / mol at the boiling point and laminar bunsen flame speed equal to or greater than 40 cm / s; and a lead-free compound of a metal or element, including compounds that are its organic and inorganic derivatives, selected from the group consisting of bromine, bismuth, beryllium, calcium, cesium, chromium, cobalt, copper, France, gallium, germanium, iodine, indium, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, phosphorus, palladium, rubidium, tin, zinc, rhenium, silicon, vanadium, strontium, barium, radium, scandium, yttrium, actinium, thorium, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, protactinium, tantalum, uranium, tungsten, neptunium, plutonium, ruthenium, osmium, americium, rhodium, iridium, curium, platinum, white Rklium, silver, gold, California, cadmium, mercury, titanium, arsenic, antimony, selenium, tellurium, polonium, astatine and their mixtures in an amount that improves combustion. 2. The composition according to p. 1, characterized in that said ATP compound is an oxygen-containing substance or a mixture of such substances having a minimum latent heat of vaporization of 28.0 kJ / mol at a boiling point or 326 kJ / kg (140 BTU / f) at 15.6 ^{° C.} (60 ^° F.), whichever is the higher. 3. The composition according to p. 1, characterized in that said ATP compound is an oxygen-containing substance or a mixture of such substances having a minimum latent heat of vaporization of 32 kJ / mol at a boiling point or 372 kJ / kg (160 BTU / f) at 15 , 6 ^o C (60 ^o F), depending on which of the values is higher.  4. The composition according to paragraphs. 2 and 3, characterized in that the said oxygen-containing substance or a mixture of such substances has a minimum burning rate of 43 cm / s (flame of a laminar Bunsen burner).  5. The composition according to paragraphs. 1-4, characterized in that the ATP compound is selected from the group consisting of methylene dimethyl ether, methylene diethyl ether, methylene dipropyl ether, methylene dibutyl ether, methylene diisopropyl ether, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, and dimethyl carbonate.  6. The composition according to p. 5, characterized in that the said ATP compound is dimethyl carbonate.  7. The composition according to p. 1, characterized in that the derivative compound or a mixture thereof contains beryllium, silicon, calcium, nickel, molybdenum, germanium, osmium, tellurium, selenium, bismuth, antimony, arsenic, tin, polonium, zinc, copper or phosphorus or a mixture thereof in an amount sufficient to increase fuel economy.  8. The composition according to p. 1, characterized in that the derivative compound contains silicon, germanium, selenium, tin, zinc, copper, phosphorus or a mixture thereof, and may also contain nitrogen, fluorine, chlorine, sulfur or a mixture thereof.  9. The composition according to p. 8, characterized in that said derivative compound is soluble in fuel and is cyclomatic.  10. The composition according to p. 8 or 9, characterized in that said derivative compound has a formation energy close to positive, but exceeding at least 200 kcal / mol.  11. The composition according to paragraphs. 1-10, characterized in that the fuel further comprises an oxidizing agent.  12. The composition according to paragraphs. 1-11, characterized in that the fuel further comprises rocket fuel or additional fuel selected from hydrocarbons or hydrogen or mixtures thereof.  13. The composition according to p. 12, characterized in that the said rocket fuel or additional fuel is at least 50 vol. % composition.  14. The composition according to paragraphs. 1-13, characterized in that the fuel during combustion forms a luminous reaction zone that occurs at some distance from the elemental metal or the surface of the element and contains particles of oxides of submicron size.

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