JP5812781B2 - メタノールからガソリンと水素を製造する方法および装置 - Google Patents
メタノールからガソリンと水素を製造する方法および装置 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5812781B2 JP5812781B2 JP2011205919A JP2011205919A JP5812781B2 JP 5812781 B2 JP5812781 B2 JP 5812781B2 JP 2011205919 A JP2011205919 A JP 2011205919A JP 2011205919 A JP2011205919 A JP 2011205919A JP 5812781 B2 JP5812781 B2 JP 5812781B2
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- reaction
- methanol
- hydrogen
- gasoline
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- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 252
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 74
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 title claims description 74
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 66
- 239000003502 gasoline Substances 0.000 title claims description 62
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 6
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 111
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 58
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000000629 steam reforming Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 claims 1
- LCGLNKUTAGEVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethyl ether Chemical compound COC LCGLNKUTAGEVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 20
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 20
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 11
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 8
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 238000005192 partition Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 5
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910017518 Cu Zn Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910017752 Cu-Zn Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910017813 Cu—Cr Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910017943 Cu—Zn Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910000323 aluminium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 2
- TVZPLCNGKSPOJA-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper zinc Chemical compound [Cu].[Zn] TVZPLCNGKSPOJA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000975 Carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010962 carbon steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
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- C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
- C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
- C01B3/22—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by decomposition of gaseous or liquid organic compounds
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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- B01J8/00—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes
- B01J8/02—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds
- B01J8/06—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds in tube reactors; the solid particles being arranged in tubes
- B01J8/067—Heating or cooling the reactor
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- C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
- C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
- C01B3/32—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air
- C01B3/323—Catalytic reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds other than hydrocarbons with gasifying agents
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G3/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oxygen-containing organic materials, e.g. fatty oils, fatty acids
- C10G3/42—Catalytic treatment
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G3/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oxygen-containing organic materials, e.g. fatty oils, fatty acids
- C10G3/60—Controlling or regulating the processes
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2208/00—Processes carried out in the presence of solid particles; Reactors therefor
- B01J2208/00008—Controlling the process
- B01J2208/00017—Controlling the temperature
- B01J2208/00106—Controlling the temperature by indirect heat exchange
- B01J2208/00115—Controlling the temperature by indirect heat exchange with heat exchange elements inside the bed of solid particles
- B01J2208/00132—Tubes
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- B01J2208/00—Processes carried out in the presence of solid particles; Reactors therefor
- B01J2208/00008—Controlling the process
- B01J2208/00017—Controlling the temperature
- B01J2208/00106—Controlling the temperature by indirect heat exchange
- B01J2208/00265—Part of all of the reactants being heated or cooled outside the reactor while recycling
- B01J2208/00274—Part of all of the reactants being heated or cooled outside the reactor while recycling involving reactant vapours
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- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2208/00—Processes carried out in the presence of solid particles; Reactors therefor
- B01J2208/00008—Controlling the process
- B01J2208/00017—Controlling the temperature
- B01J2208/00106—Controlling the temperature by indirect heat exchange
- B01J2208/00265—Part of all of the reactants being heated or cooled outside the reactor while recycling
- B01J2208/00283—Part of all of the reactants being heated or cooled outside the reactor while recycling involving reactant liquids
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2208/00—Processes carried out in the presence of solid particles; Reactors therefor
- B01J2208/00008—Controlling the process
- B01J2208/00017—Controlling the temperature
- B01J2208/00106—Controlling the temperature by indirect heat exchange
- B01J2208/00309—Controlling the temperature by indirect heat exchange with two or more reactions in heat exchange with each other, such as an endothermic reaction in heat exchange with an exothermic reaction
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- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/02—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/0205—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step
- C01B2203/0227—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step containing a catalytic reforming step
- C01B2203/0233—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step containing a catalytic reforming step the reforming step being a steam reforming step
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- C01B2203/08—Methods of heating or cooling
- C01B2203/0805—Methods of heating the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
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- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/10—Catalysts for performing the hydrogen forming reactions
- C01B2203/1041—Composition of the catalyst
- C01B2203/1047—Group VIII metal catalysts
- C01B2203/1052—Nickel or cobalt catalysts
- C01B2203/1058—Nickel catalysts
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- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/10—Catalysts for performing the hydrogen forming reactions
- C01B2203/1041—Composition of the catalyst
- C01B2203/1047—Group VIII metal catalysts
- C01B2203/1064—Platinum group metal catalysts
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- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/10—Catalysts for performing the hydrogen forming reactions
- C01B2203/1041—Composition of the catalyst
- C01B2203/1076—Copper or zinc-based catalysts
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/40—Characteristics of the process deviating from typical ways of processing
- C10G2300/4037—In-situ processes
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- C10G2400/00—Products obtained by processes covered by groups C10G9/00 - C10G69/14
- C10G2400/02—Gasoline
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Hydrogen, Water And Hydrids (AREA)
- Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
Description
2CH3OH→CH3OCH3+H2O・・・式1
1/2nCH3OCH3→(CH2)n+1/2nH2O・・・式2
CH3OH+H2O→CO2+3H2・・・式3
CH3OH→CO+2H2・・・式4
12 隔壁
13 反応室
14 反応管
15a 分配室
15b 集合室
16 第1触媒層
18 第2触媒層
20 メタノール供給路
21 水供給路
22 第1供給口
24 第2供給口
26、28 熱交換器
32 第1排出口
34 第2排出口
36 ガソリン排出路
38 水素排出路
Claims (4)
- メタノールからガソリンと水素を製造する方法であって、
メタノールの一部からガソリンを合成する反応を行うと同時に、メタノールの他の一部から水素を生成する反応を行うステップと、
前記ガソリンを合成する反応と前記水素を生成する反応とを一つの反応容器内で行うことによって、前記ガソリンを合成する反応で発生する熱を、前記水素及び二酸化炭素を生成する反応に利用するステップと
を含む方法。 - 前記水素を生成する反応が、メタノールを水蒸気改質して水素及び二酸化炭素を生成する反応、又はメタノールを分解して水素及び一酸化炭素を生成する反応である請求項1に記載の方法。
- メタノールからガソリンと水素を製造する装置であって、
メタノールからガソリンを合成する反応を行う第1の反応室と、メタノールから水素を生成する反応を行う第2の反応室と、前記第1の反応室内で発生した熱を前記第2の反応室に伝える熱伝導部とを備えた反応容器と、
メタノールを前記反応容器の前記第1の反応室と前記第2の反応室とにそれぞれ供給するメタノール供給路と
を備え、
前記熱伝導部が管状を有しており、その管外に前記第1の反応室が構成され、その管内に前記第2の反応室が構成される装置。 - 前記前記第1の反応室に、メタノールからガソリンを合成するための触媒が充填されており、前記第2の反応室に、メタノールを水蒸気改質して水素及び二酸化炭素を生成するための触媒、又はメタノールを分解して水素及び一酸化炭素を生成するための触媒が充填されている請求項3に記載の装置。
Priority Applications (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2011205919A JP5812781B2 (ja) | 2011-09-21 | 2011-09-21 | メタノールからガソリンと水素を製造する方法および装置 |
| US13/621,496 US9079769B2 (en) | 2011-09-21 | 2012-09-17 | Method and apparatus for producing gasoline and hydrogen from methanol |
| EP20120184793 EP2573044A1 (en) | 2011-09-21 | 2012-09-18 | Method and apparatus for producing gasoline and hydrogen from methanol |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2011205919A JP5812781B2 (ja) | 2011-09-21 | 2011-09-21 | メタノールからガソリンと水素を製造する方法および装置 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JP2013067695A JP2013067695A (ja) | 2013-04-18 |
| JP5812781B2 true JP5812781B2 (ja) | 2015-11-17 |
Family
ID=46851877
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2011205919A Expired - Fee Related JP5812781B2 (ja) | 2011-09-21 | 2011-09-21 | メタノールからガソリンと水素を製造する方法および装置 |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US9079769B2 (ja) |
| EP (1) | EP2573044A1 (ja) |
| JP (1) | JP5812781B2 (ja) |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN106146236B (zh) * | 2015-05-15 | 2019-06-18 | 内蒙古丰汇化工有限公司 | 由甲醇两步法制备烃类产品的方法 |
| CN105419849A (zh) * | 2015-11-09 | 2016-03-23 | 赛鼎工程有限公司 | 一种节能型甲醇转化制汽油的工艺 |
| WO2017173165A1 (en) | 2016-03-31 | 2017-10-05 | Vertimass, LLC | Systems and methods for improving yields of hydrocarbon fuels from alcohols |
| CN105925301B (zh) * | 2016-07-08 | 2017-07-04 | 鲁盈 | 组合床甲醇制汽油工艺 |
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| US4076761A (en) | 1973-08-09 | 1978-02-28 | Mobil Oil Corporation | Process for the manufacture of gasoline |
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| US3894106A (en) | 1973-08-09 | 1975-07-08 | Mobil Oil Corp | Conversion of ethers |
| US3998898A (en) | 1973-08-09 | 1976-12-21 | Mobil Oil Corporation | Manufacture of gasoline |
| CS191916B2 (en) | 1973-08-09 | 1979-07-31 | Mobil Oil Corp | Method of producing aromatic hydrocarbons |
| US3894105A (en) | 1973-08-09 | 1975-07-08 | Mobil Oil Corp | Production of durene |
| US4052479A (en) | 1973-08-09 | 1977-10-04 | Mobil Oil Corporation | Conversion of methanol to olefinic components |
| US3894103A (en) | 1973-08-09 | 1975-07-08 | Mobil Oil Corp | Aromatization reactions |
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| US3894104A (en) | 1973-08-09 | 1975-07-08 | Mobil Oil Corp | Aromatization of hetero-atom substituted hydrocarbons |
| US3972832A (en) | 1974-09-23 | 1976-08-03 | Mobil Oil Corporation | Phosphorus-containing zeolite catalyst |
| NZ178543A (en) | 1974-09-23 | 1978-04-03 | Mobil Oil Corp | Conversion catalyst, crystalline alumin osilicate zeolite containing phosphorus |
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| US3906054A (en) | 1974-09-23 | 1975-09-16 | Mobil Oil Corp | Alkylation of olefins |
| US4002698A (en) | 1975-08-19 | 1977-01-11 | Mobil Oil Corporation | Methylation of toluene in the presence of a phosphorus-modified activated crystalline aluminosilicate catalyst |
| US4044065A (en) | 1974-09-23 | 1977-08-23 | Mobile Oil Corporation | Conversion utilizing a phosphorus-containing zeolite catalyst |
| US3962364A (en) | 1975-03-28 | 1976-06-08 | Mobil Oil Corporation | Alkylation in presence of phosphorus-modified crystalline luminosilicate catalyst |
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| US4138442A (en) | 1974-12-05 | 1979-02-06 | Mobil Oil Corporation | Process for the manufacture of gasoline |
| US4039600A (en) | 1975-07-02 | 1977-08-02 | Mobil Oil Corporation | Conversion of synthesis gas to aromatic hydrocarbons |
| DE3137751A1 (de) * | 1981-09-23 | 1983-03-31 | Metallgesellschaft Ag, 6000 Frankfurt | Verfahren zum erzeugen von benzinkohlenwasserstoffen aus methanol |
| US5602289A (en) | 1994-11-09 | 1997-02-11 | Starchem, Inc. | Conversion of methanol to gasoline |
| US6541142B1 (en) | 2000-10-04 | 2003-04-01 | General Motors Corporation | Fuel cell system having a methanol decomposition reactor |
| US6924399B2 (en) * | 2001-12-28 | 2005-08-02 | Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. | Method of manufacturing dimethyl ether |
| JP4043248B2 (ja) * | 2002-01-31 | 2008-02-06 | 三菱重工業株式会社 | ジメチルエーテルの製造方法 |
| KR100599685B1 (ko) | 2004-06-30 | 2006-07-13 | 삼성에스디아이 주식회사 | 연료 전지 시스템의 개질기 및 이를 채용한 연료 전지시스템 |
| EP1650160A1 (en) | 2004-10-20 | 2006-04-26 | Stichting Energieonderzoek Centrum Nederland | Process for the production of synthesis gas and reactor for such process |
| KR101155924B1 (ko) | 2005-02-28 | 2012-06-20 | 삼성에스디아이 주식회사 | 연료 전지 시스템, 개질기 및 버너 |
| US7396972B2 (en) | 2005-08-25 | 2008-07-08 | Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. | Methanol feed for producing olefin streams |
| US8957259B2 (en) * | 2005-09-30 | 2015-02-17 | Battelle Memorial Institute | Dimethyl ether production from methanol and/or syngas |
| CA2647653C (en) | 2006-03-24 | 2014-11-25 | Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation | Method for producing bio-fuel that integrates heat from carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions to drive biomass gasification reactions |
-
2011
- 2011-09-21 JP JP2011205919A patent/JP5812781B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2012
- 2012-09-17 US US13/621,496 patent/US9079769B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2012-09-18 EP EP20120184793 patent/EP2573044A1/en not_active Withdrawn
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US9079769B2 (en) | 2015-07-14 |
| US20130072725A1 (en) | 2013-03-21 |
| JP2013067695A (ja) | 2013-04-18 |
| EP2573044A1 (en) | 2013-03-27 |
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