JP5778577B2 - Dll4に対する抗体およびその使用 - Google Patents
Dll4に対する抗体およびその使用 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5778577B2 JP5778577B2 JP2011527407A JP2011527407A JP5778577B2 JP 5778577 B2 JP5778577 B2 JP 5778577B2 JP 2011527407 A JP2011527407 A JP 2011527407A JP 2011527407 A JP2011527407 A JP 2011527407A JP 5778577 B2 JP5778577 B2 JP 5778577B2
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- antibody
- seq
- amino acid
- dll4
- binding fragment
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Description
増殖性または血管新生性疾患
腫瘍性疾患;
悪性腫瘍;または
DLL4発現に関連する疾患または症状
の治療は、任意の前述の疾患または症状を管理する、改善する、予防することを含む。
本発明の実施形態は、以下の表1に記載した特異的抗体を含む。この表は、対応する重鎖および軽鎖の遺伝子ならびにポリペプチド各々の可変領域の配列番号と共に、各々の抗DLL4抗体の認識番号を示す。各々の抗体に認識番号を与えた。
特に定義されない限り、本明細書において使用する科学および専門用語は、当業者によって一般に理解される意味を有する。さらに、本文が特に必要としない限り、単数用語は複数形を含み、複数用語は単数形を含む。一般に、本明細書で上記した細胞および組織の培養、分子生物学、およびタンパク質化学、オリゴまたはポリヌクレオチド化学、およびハイブリダイゼーションに関連して利用される命名法および技術は、当該技術分野においてよく知られており、一般に使用されているものである。
基本の抗体構造単位は4量体を含むことが知られている。各々の4量体は、2本の同一ポリペプチド鎖の対から成り、各々の対は1本の「軽」鎖(約25kDa)および1本の「重」鎖(約50〜70kDa)を有する。各鎖のアミノ末端部分は、主として抗体認識に関与する約100〜110またはそれより多いアミノ酸の可変領域を含む。各鎖のカルボキシ末端部分は、主としてエフェクター機能に関与する定常領域を定義する。ヒト軽鎖はκおよびλ軽鎖として分類される。重鎖は、μ、δ、γ、α、またはεとして分類され、各々IgM、IgD、IgA、およびIgEとして抗体のアイソタイプを定義する。軽鎖および重鎖の中で、可変および定常領域は、約12以上のアミノ酸の「J」領域によって連結され、重鎖はさらに約10のアミノ酸の「D」領域も含む。一般に、Fundamental Immunology Ch.7(Paul,W,ed.,2nd ed.Raven Press,N.Y.(1989))を参照されたい(全目的のためにその全体が参照により組み込まれる)。各々の軽/重鎖対の可変領域は、抗体結合部位を形成する。
ヒト抗体は、マウスまたはラットの可変および/または定常領域を保有する抗体に関連するいくつかの問題を避ける。かかるマウスまたはラット由来のタンパク質の存在は、抗体の迅速除去につながるか、または患者による抗体に対する免疫反応の発生につながり得る。マウスまたはラット由来の抗体の利用を避けるために、げっ歯類、他の哺乳動物または動物が完全ヒト抗体を産生できるように、機能的ヒト抗体の遺伝子座をげっ歯類、他の哺乳動物または動物の中に導入することを通して、完全ヒト抗体を産生することができる。
本明細書記載の抗体を、下記のとおり、XenoMouse(登録商標)技術を用いて調製した。かかるマウスはヒト免疫グロブリンの分子および抗体を産生でき、マウス免疫グロブリンの分子および抗体は産生できない。この調製をなし遂げるために利用される技術は、本明細書の背景項目に開示した特許、特許出願、および参考文献に開示されている。しかしながら、特に、その技術によるマウスおよび抗体の遺伝子導入生産の好ましい一実施形態は、1996年12月3日に出願された米国特許出願第08/759,620号および1998年6月11日に公開された国際公開WO98/24893号および2000年12月21日に公開されたWO00/76310号に開示されており、これらの開示は参照により本明細書に組み込まれる。Mendez et al. Nature Genetics 15:146−156(1997)(本開示は参照により本明細書に組み込まれる)も参照されたい。
本発明の実施形態としては、疾患の治療に有用である抗DLL4抗体の滅菌医薬品製剤が挙げられる。かかる製剤はNotch1またはNotch4受容体への天然DLL4の結合を阻害し、それにより、例えば、血清または組織のDLL4発現が異常に上昇した症状を効果的に治療する。抗DLL4抗体は、好ましくは天然DLL4のNotch1またはNotch4受容体への結合を強力に阻害する適切な親和性を有し、好ましくは適切な作用持続時間を有して、ヒトに対する低頻度の投与を可能とする。延長した作用持続時間により、代替的な非経口経路(皮下または筋肉注射など)による、低頻度でより便利な投薬計画が可能となる。
本発明により、および本明細書でDLL4に関して生成され特性化された抗体の活性に基づき、抗体部分以外に他の治療様式の設計が容易になる。かかる様式は、高度抗体治療(2重特異性抗体、免疫毒素、および放射性標識化治療など)、単領域抗体、抗体断片(Fab、Fab’、F(ab’)2、FvまたはdAbなど)、ペプチド治療の産生、新規足場中のDLL4結合領域、遺伝子療法、特に細胞内抗体、アンチセンス治療、および低分子を含むがそれらに限定されない。
本明細書に定義した標的結合剤または抗体は単独療法として適用してもよいし、本発明の化合物に加えて、従来の外科手術または放射線療法または化学療法に関わってもよい。かかる化学療法としては、1種またはそれ以上の以下の種類の抗腫瘍剤を挙げ得る:
(i)内科的腫瘍学において使用される、アルキル化剤(例えばシスプラチン、オキサリプラチン、カルボプラチン、シクロホスファミド、ナイトロジェンマスタード、メルファラン、クロラムブシル、ブスルファン、テモゾロミドおよびニトロソ尿素);代謝拮抗物質(例えばゲムシタビンおよび葉酸拮抗剤(5−フルオロウラシルおよびテガフルのようなフルオロピリミジンなど)、ラルチトレキセド、メトトレキサート、シトシンアラビノシド、およびヒドロキシ尿素);抗腫瘍抗生物質(例えばアドリアマイシン、ブレオマイシン、ドキソルビシン、ダウノマイシン、エピルビシン、イダルビシン、マイトマイシン−C、ダクチノマイシンおよびミトラマイシンのようなアントラサイクリン);抗分裂剤(例えばビンクリスチン、ビンブラスチン、ビンデシンおよびビノレルビンのようなビンカアルカロイドならびにタキソールおよびタキソテールのようなタキソイドならびにポロキナーゼ阻害剤);ならびにトポイソメラーゼ阻害剤(例えばエトポシドおよびテニポシドのようなエピポドフィロトキシン、アムサクリン、トポテカンならびにカンプトテシン)のような他の抗増殖性/抗新生物剤およびそれらの組み合わせ;
(ii)抗エストロゲン剤(例えばタモキシフェン、フルベストラント、トレミフェン、ラロキシフェン、ドロロキシフェンおよびヨードキシフェン)、抗アンドロゲン剤(例えばビカルタミド、フルタミド、ニルタミドおよび酢酸シプロテロン)、LHRHアンタゴニストもしくはLHRHアゴニスト(例えばゴセレリン、リュープロレリンおよびブセレリン)、プロゲストゲン(例えば酢酸メゲストロール)、アロマターゼ阻害剤(例えばアナストロゾール、レトロゾール、ボラゾールおよびエキセメスタンとして)ならびにフィナステリドなどの5α−還元酵素阻害剤のような細胞増殖抑制剤;
(iii)抗浸潤剤(例えば4−(6−クロロ−2,3−メチレンジオキシアニリノ)−7−[2−(4−メチルピペラジン−1−イル)エトキシ]−5−テトラヒドロピラン−4−イルオキシキナゾリン(AZD0530;国際公開WO01/94341号)およびN−(2−クロロ−6−メチルフェニル)−2−{6−[4−(2−ヒドロキシエチル)ピペラジン−1−イル]−2−メチルピリミジン−4−イルアミノ}チアゾール−5−カルボキサミド(ダサチニブ、BMS−354825;J. Med. Chem,2004,47,6658−6661)のようなc−Srcキナーゼファミリー阻害剤、ならびにマリマスタットのようなメタロプロテナーゼ阻害剤、ウロキナーゼプラスミノーゲン活性化因子受容体機能阻害剤または、カテプシン阻害剤、セリンプロテアーゼ阻害剤、例えばマトリプターゼ、ヘプシン、ウロキナーゼ、ヘパラナーゼ阻害剤);
(iv)細胞傷害性剤(フルダラビン、2−クロロデオキシアデノシン、クロラムブシルまたはドキソルビシンなど)およびそれらの組み合わせ(フルダラビン+シクロホスファミド、CVP:シクロホスファミド+ビンクリスチン+プレドニゾン、ACVBP:ドキソルビシン+シクロホスファミド+ビンデシン+ブレオマイシン+プレドニゾン、CHOP:シクロホスファミド+ドキソルビシン+ビンクリスチン+プレドニゾン、CNOP:シクロホスファミド+ミトキサントロン+ビンクリスチン+プレドニゾン、m−BACOD:メトトレキサート+ブレオマイシン+ドキソルビシン+シクロホスファミド+ビンクリスチン+デキサメタゾン+ロイコボリン、MACOP−B:メトトレキサート+ドキソルビシン+シクロホスファミド+ビンクリスチン+プレドニゾン固定用量+ブレオマイシン+ロイコボリン、またはProMACE CytaBOM:プレドニゾン+ドキソルビシン+シクロホスファミド+エトポシド+シタラビン+ブレオマイシン+ビンクリスチン+メトトレキサート+ロイコボリンなど)。
(vi)血管内皮成長因子の効果を阻害するもののような抗血管新生薬[例えば抗血管内皮細胞成長因子抗体ベバシズマブ(アバスチン(商標))、アンジオポイエチン−2阻害剤、およびVEGF受容体チロシンキナーゼ阻害剤、例えば4−(4−ブロモ−2−フルオロアニリノ)−6−メトキシ−7−(1−メチルピペリジン−4−イルメトキシ)キナゾリン(ZD6474;WO01/32651号内の実施例2)、4−(4−フルオロ−2−メチルインドール−5−イルオキシ)−6−メトキシ−7−(3−ピロリジン−1−イルプロポキシ)キナゾリン(AZD2171;WO00/47212号内の実施例240)、バタラニブ(PTK787;WO98/35985号)およびSU11248(スニチニブ;WO01/60814号、スーテント(Sutent)(商標))、ソラフェニブ(ネクサバール(Nexxavar)(商標))、国際公開WO97/22596号、WO97/30035号、WO97/32856号、WO98/13354号、WO00/47212号およびWO01/32651号に開示されている化合物ならびに他の機序によって働く化合物(例えばリノマイド、インテグリンαvβ3機能阻害剤およびアンジオスタチン)]またはコロニー刺激因子1(CSF1)またはCSF1受容体;
(vii)コンブレタスタチンA4および国際公開WO99/02166号、WO00/40529号、WO00/41669号、WO01/92224号、WO02/04434号およびWO02/08213号に開示されている化合物のような血管傷害性薬剤;
(viii)アンチセンス療法(例えば、G−3139(ゲナセンス(Genasense))、抗bcl2アンチセンスなどの上に列挙する標的を指向するもの);
(ix)例えば異常p53または異常BRCA1もしくはBRCA2のような異常遺伝子の置換アプローチ、シトシンデアミナーゼ、チミジンキナーゼもしくは細菌性ニトロ還元酵素を用いるもののようなGDEPT(遺伝子指向型酵素プロドラッグ療法)アプローチ、ならびに多剤耐性遺伝子療法のような化学療法もしくは放射線療法に対する患者の忍容性を高めるアプローチを含む遺伝子療法アプローチ;ならびに
(x)例えばアレムツズマブ(キャンパス(campath)−1H(商標))による治療、CD52指向のモノクローナル抗体、またはCD22指向の抗体による治療、サイトカイン(インターロイキン2、インターロイキン4または顆粒球マクロファージコロニー刺激因子など)を用いるトランスフェクションのような患者の腫瘍細胞の免疫原性を高めるための生体外およびインビボアプローチ、T細胞アネルギーを減少させるアプローチ(CTLA−4機能を阻害するモノクローナル抗体治療など)、サイトカイントランスフェクト樹状細胞のようなトランスフェクト免疫細胞を用いるアプローチ、サイトカイントランスフェクト腫瘍細胞系を用いるアプローチおよび抗イディオタイプ抗体を用いるアプローチを含む免疫療法アプローチ。
免疫原
チャイニーズハムスター卵巣(CHO)細胞において一過的に発現させたヒトDLL4の細胞外領域(アミノ酸1〜524)および組換えヒトDLL4を免疫化のための抗原として使用した。CHOトランスフェクタントの生成のために、ヒト完全長DLL4−cDNA(Yoneya et al.,2001,J.Biochem.,129,27−34)をpcDNA3.1ベクターに挿入し、CHO細胞(American Type Tissue Collection,カタログ#CCL−61)にリポフェクトした。免疫化の目的に適した量の細胞表面におけるヒトDLL4の発現を蛍光活性化細胞選別(FACS)解析によって確認した。ヒトDLL4の細胞外領域を、順方向5’−AAGCTGGCTAGCGCGAATGGCGGCAGCGTCCCGGAGプライマーおよび逆方向5’−CAGCCTCGAGCGGCCGCCCAGGGGAAGCTGGGCGGCAAGCプライマーを使用して完全長DLL4からサブクローニングした。PCR産物を精製し、Invitrogen社のpSecTag発現ベクターに連結した。その後、293fectinトランスフェクション試薬を使用して、このクローンを293T細胞にトランスフェクトした。7日後、標的タンパク質を含む細胞上清を回収し、前もって平衡化したHisTrapカラム(GE Healthcare,カタログ#17−5247)に一晩通した。このカラムを20mMリン酸ナトリウム、500mM塩化ナトリウムおよび5mMイミダゾール、pH7.4を含む結合バッファーを用いて洗浄し、hisタグタンパク質を20mMリン酸ナトリウム、500mM塩化ナトリウムおよび500mMイミダゾール、pH7.4を含む緩衝液で溶出した。このタンパク質試料を4℃で1時間、結合バッファーで透析し、PBS、pH7.4で2時間さらに透析し、その後濾過滅菌、SDS−PAGEによる定量化および純度評価、続いてGelcode(Pierce,カタログ#24950)を用いた染色を行った。
実施例1に記載したようなDLL4の細胞外領域または組換えヒトDLL4を過剰発現するCHO細胞のいずれかを用いて、XenoMouse(登録商標)(XenoMouse系統:XMG2(IgG2κ/λ)およびXMG4(IgG4κ/λ)Amgen,Inc.Vancouver,British Columbia,Canada)マウスを連続して免疫することによって、DLL4に対するモノクローナル抗体を作製した。全ての注入において、従来法を用いて腹腔内経路および尾根部経路により、XenoMouse動物を免疫した。アジュバントには、Titermax Gold(商標)(Sigma,カタログ#T2684)、リン酸アルミニウムゲルアジュバント、HCLバイオセクター(カタログ#1452−250)およびImmuneEasyマウスアジュバント(qCpG,Qiagen カタログ#303105)が含まれる。可溶性免疫原に関して、10μgのDLL4細胞外領域の第1の注入をTitermax Gold(商標)(0日)を用いて行い、5μgのDLL4細胞外領域と共に、リン酸アルミニウムゲルアジュバントおよびqCpGまたはリン酸アルミニウムゲルアジュバントおよびTitremax Gold(商標)のいずれかを使用して、代替追加免疫を行った。細胞ベースの免疫原に関して、リン酸アルミニウムゲルアジュバントおよび2E6細胞を用いて第1の注射を行った。次の追加免疫の間に、1E6細胞を同じアジュバントを使用して投与した。両方の免疫キャンペーンに対して、追加免疫は2、6、10、16、23、30、37、44、50、64、71、75、89、104および108日目に行った。
蛍光微量アッセイ技術(FLUOROMETRIC microvolume assay technology(FMAT))細胞検出装置(Applied Biosystems)を使用して、293T細胞内で発現させたヒトおよびマウスDLL4への結合に関して、ヒトDLL4に対する抗体の力価を検査した。この解析は、DLL4に特異的であると思われる、力価を有するマウスがいることを示した。従って、以下の実施例2に記載したように、免疫化プログラムの終わりに、17匹のマウスを回収するために選択し、免疫化マウスの脾臓およびリンパ節からリンパ球を単離した。
免疫化マウスを頸椎脱臼によって屠殺し、各コホートから流入領域リンパ節を回収し貯蔵した。リンパ系細胞を、組織から細胞を遊離するためDMEM中ですりつぶすことによって解離し、その細胞をDMEMに懸濁した。B細胞を、CD19標識Dynal beadsを使用してポジティブ選択によって濃縮した。上記の洗浄濃縮したB細胞とATCCから購入した非分泌性骨髄腫P3X63Ag8.653細胞(カタログ#CRL1580)とを1:1の割合で混合することによって融合を行った(Kearney et al.,J.Immunol.123,1979,1548−1550)。細胞混合物を800×gでの遠心分離により穏やかにペレット状にした。上清を完全に除去した後、この細胞をわずか2分間、2〜4mlのプロナーゼ溶液(CalBiochem, カタログ#53702;PBS中0.5 mg/ml)で処理した。その後、酵素活性を停止するために、3〜5mlのFBSを加え、この懸濁液に電子細胞融合溶液ECFS(0.3M ショ糖、Sigma、カタログ#S7903、0.1mM 酢酸マグネシウム、Sigma、カタログ#M2545,0.1mM 酢酸カルシウム、Sigma、カタログ#C4705)を使用して、全体積を40mlに調整した。遠心後、上清を除去し、細胞を40mlのECFSで再懸濁した。この洗浄ステップを繰り返し、2E6細胞/mlの濃度になるように、この細胞を再びECFSで再懸濁した。融合発生装置、モデルECM2001、ジェネトロニック社、サンディエゴ、カリフォルニアを使用して、電子−細胞融合を行った。使用した融合チャンバーサイズは2.0mlで、以下の装置設定:整列条件:電圧:50V、時間:50秒;膜破壊:電圧:3000V、時間:30μ秒;融合後の滞留時間:3秒を使用した。ECF後、滅菌条件下、細胞懸濁液を注意深く融合チャンバーから取り出し、同じ量のハイブリドーマ培地(2mM L−グルタミン(Sigma, カタログ#G2150)、10U/ml ペニシリン/0.1mg/ml ストレプトマイシン(Sigma, カタログ#P7539)、1バイアル/L OPI(オキザロ酢酸、ピルビン酸、ウシインスリン;Sigmaカタログ#O5003)および10U/ml組換えヒトIL−6(Boehringer Mannheim, カタログ#1131567)を補充したDMEM(JRH Biosciences),15%FBS(Hyclone))を含む滅菌チューブに移した。この細胞を37℃で15〜30分間インキュベートし、その後、5分間400×gで遠心分離した。この細胞を少量のハイブリドーマ選択培地(0.5×HA(Sigma, カタログ#A9666)を補充したハイブリドーマ培地)に穏やかに再懸濁し、5E6 B細胞を1ウェルあたり200μlで96−ウェルプレートに最終的にプレーティングすることに基づき、その量をさらにハイブリドーマ選択培地で適切に調整した。この細胞を穏やかに混合し、96−ウェルプレートにピペットで入れ、増殖させた。全ての上清を、抗DLL4抗体を潜在的に産生する細胞から収集し、次に、以下に例示したようなスクリーニングアッセイを行った。
回収した細胞から収集した上清を検査し、完全長ヒトもしくはカニクイザルDLL4またはヒトJagged1のいずれかを一過的に過剰発現する293T細胞への分泌性抗体の結合能を評価した。偽トランスフェクト293T細胞系をネガティブコントロールとして使用した。2%FBSを含むPBSで希釈した細胞を、384ウェルプレート(Corning Costar, カタログ#3712)に1ウェルあたり3000個の発現細胞および15000個の偽トランスフェクト細胞の密度で播種した。プレーティング後すぐに、15または20μl/ウェルのハイブリドーマ上清および10μl/ウェルの二次抗体(ヤギの抗ヒトIgG Fc Cy5、最終濃度750ng/ml)を加え、このプレートを室温で3時間インキュベートし、FMAT 8200装置(Applied Biosystems)で蛍光を読み取った。2.86μg/mlから1:2で希釈したヒトNotch1/Fcキメラ(R&D systems, カタログ#3647−TK)の結合をDLL4のポジティブコントロールとして使用し、10μg/mlから希釈したヒトNotch3/FcキメラをJagged1への結合のポジティブコントロールとして使用した。ヒト/カニクイザルDLL4およびヒトJaggedへのハイブリドーマ上清の結合を示す12のハイブリドーマ上清の結果を表3に示す。
上清を含む抗体の相対力価を測定するために、293T細胞に一過的に過剰発現させたヒトDLL4へのヒトNotch1/Fcの結合を阻害する能力を評価した。トランスフェクトしたならびにトランスフェクトしていない239T細胞を2%FCSを含むPBSで再構成し、5000のトランスフェクトした細胞および17500のトランスフェクトしていない細胞を384ウェル組織培養プレート(Corning Costar,カタログ#3712)のウェルに20μlの量で播種した。その後、20μlのハイブリドーマ上清を加え、4℃で1時間、プレートをインキュベートし、その時に20μlのAlexa−647標識ヒトNotch1/Fcを最終濃度6.7ng/mlで加えた。4℃で3時間さらにインキュベートした後、FMAT 8200装置(Applied Biosystems)を使用して、各ウェルの蛍光を読み取ることによって、Notch1/Fcの結合量を測定した。12のハイブリドーマ上清の結果を表4に示す。結果を実施例2で記載した方法と同様の方法で調製した非DLL4結合上清の効果によって測定したアッセイ中の最小阻害、および飽和濃度の非標識Notch1/Fcが存在する中で得られるシグナルとして定義される最大阻害を用いて阻害%として表した。N.T.は未検査を表す。
この抗体の可変重鎖および可変軽鎖の配列を解析してそれらのDNA配列を決定した。抗DLL4抗体の完全な配列情報を、各γおよびκ鎖の組み合わせについてヌクレオチドとアミノ酸配列を載せた配列表に提示する。この可変重鎖配列を分析してVHファミリー、D領域配列およびJ領域配列を決定した。次いでこの配列を翻訳して一次アミノ酸配列を決定し、生殖系列VH、DおよびJ領域配列と比較して体細胞超変異を評価した。
完全長組換えDLL4および可溶性Notch1/Fc間の相互作用を防ぐ能力に基づいて、精製した複数の抗体を区別するために以下のアッセイを行った。トランスフェクトしたおよびトランスフェクトしていない239T細胞を、2%FCSを含むPBSで再構成し、5000のトランスフェクトした細胞および17500のトランスフェクトしていない細胞を、384ウェル組織培養プレート(Corning Costar,カタログ#3712)のウェルに30μlの量で播種した。その後、5μg/mlのハイブリドーマ上清から段階希釈した30μlの精製抗体を加え、4℃で1時間、プレートをインキュベートし、その時に20μlの100ng/mlのAlexa−647標識ヒトNotch1/Fcを加えた。4℃で3時間さらにインキュベートした後、FMAT 8200装置(Applied Biosystems)を使用して各ウェルの蛍光を読み取ることによって、Notch1/Fcの結合量を測定した。12の精製抗体のデータを表14に示し、組換え完全長ヒトDLL4とNotch1/Fcキメラ間の相互作用を阻害する精製抗体の能力を示す。
精製抗体のヒトJagged1およびDll1への結合能を、FACS解析によって測定した。簡単に説明すると、リポフェクタミン2000を使用して、293T細胞を偽トランスフェクトした、または、ヒトJagged1(アクセッション#:NM_000214)またはDll1(アクセッション#:NM_005618)のいずれかを用いて一過的にトランスフェクトした。細胞を、2%FCSを含むPBSで再懸濁し、V底プレートに50000細胞/ウェルで播種した。2%FCSを含むPBSで希釈した抗DLL4抗体を、最終濃度5または15μg/mlで加え、4℃で1時間、プレートをインキュベートした。2%FCSを含むPBSで洗浄後、二次抗体(ヤギ抗ヒトFc Cy5,Jackson Immunoresearch, カタログ#109−175−098,5μg/ml)および7−AAD(5μg/ml)を加え、4℃で15分間、プレートをインキュベートし、2%FCSを含むPBSで再び洗浄後、FACSCalibur装置で読み取った。マウス抗ヒトJagged1抗体(R&D systems,カタログ#mAB1277,抗マウスFc Cy5の二次抗体(5μg/ml)で検出される,Jackson Immunoresearch カタログ#115−175−164)、ヒトNotch3/Fcキメラ(R&D systems, カタログ#1559−NT−050,上記のヤギ抗ヒトFc Cy5抗体で検出される)またはヤギ抗ヒトDll1抗体(R&D systems cat#AF1818,抗ヤギFc Cy5で検出される,Jackson Immunoresearch, カタログ#305−175−046(5μg/ml))を、トランスフェクションを確かめるための対照として使用した。偽トランスフェクトした細胞の蛍光の幾何平均の、Jagged1またはDll1トランスフェクト細胞の蛍光の幾何平均へのシフトを比較することによってデータを解析した。そのデータを表16および17に示す。表16は、ヒトJagged1で一過的にトランスフェクトした293T細胞への精製抗体(5μg/ml)の結合能を示す。表17は、ヒトDll1で一過的にトランスフェクトした293T細胞への精製抗体(15μg/ml)の結合能を示す。最大300μg/mlの濃度で21H3RK、4B4、9G8または2H10を使用する追加のFACS結合試験は、ヒトJagged1またはヒトDll1のいずれかを安定して過剰発現するHEK−293細胞への最小限の結合(バックグラウンドに対して<2.5倍)を示した。
HUVEC増殖のDLL4刺激による阻害を遮断するDLL4抗体の能力を評価した。DLL4の細胞外領域(R&D systems,カタログ#1506−D4/CF)を、50μg/mlストックとして、0.1%BSAを含むPBSで調製した。重炭酸緩衝液(Sigma#C3041−50CAP)で1μg/mlに希釈後、100μl/ウェルを黒壁96ウェルプレート(Perkin Elmer, カタログ#6005182)に加え、4℃で一晩、プレートをインキュベートした。対照ウェルも、0.1%BSAを含むPBSで偽コートした。PBSで洗浄後、10%FCSおよび2mMグルタミンを含むMCDB113(Gibco カタログ#10372)に4E4細胞/mlの濃度で100μlのHUVEC細胞を各ウェルに加えた。その後すぐに、段階希釈した抗DLL4抗体(20〜0.027μg/ml)をDLL4/偽コートウェルに3ウェルずつ加え、37℃/5%CO2で96時間、細胞をインキュベートした。このインキュベート後、15μlのCell Counting Kit8(CCK8,NBS, カタログ#CK−04−11)を各ウェルに加え、37℃/5%CO2で4時間、プレートをインキュベートした。各ウェルの相対細胞数を測定するために、450nmにおける吸光をプレートリーダー(Tecan Ultra)で測定した。抗DLL4抗体の効果を表18に列挙した。さらに、4B4、21H3および21H3RKは、IgG1抗体としてフォーマットした時、DLL4介在性効果の効果的な阻害剤でもあった(図1)。
インビトロ共培養アッセイにおける内皮細胞管形成を減少させるDLL4阻害抗体の能力を試験した(例えば、TCS Cell Works Cat no.ZHA−1000)。ヒト臍帯静脈内皮細胞(HUVEC)およびヒト2倍体線維芽細胞を、24ウェルプレート(TCS Cell works Cat no.ZHA−1000)の中での共培養として得るかまたはプレートを以下のように調製した:37℃/5%CO2で4時間、24ウェル組織培養プレートをコラーゲン(蒸留水での1:10希釈;Sigma,カタログ#C8919)でコートした。PBSで洗浄後、線維芽細胞(例えば、Promocell#C−12300)を15000細胞/ウェルでFGM(Promocell#C−23010)に加えた。37℃/5%CO2での3日間のインキュベーション後、培地をプレートから除去し、EGM2(Promocell #C−22111)中、30,000細胞/ウェルでHUVEC細胞を加えた。37℃/5%CO2でのさらなる4日間のインキュベーション後、プレートを使用できる状態にあると見なし、これをアッセイの1日目と見なした。DLL4阻害抗体を1日目の培養液へ導入し、20〜0.027μg/mlの範囲の濃度で11日間にわたって定期的に導入した。培地を4日目、7日目および9日目に補充した。この共培養モデルを、(共培養アッセイに同梱されている)TCS最適化培地または2%ウシ胎児血清(FCS)、1%グルタミンおよび1%ペニシリン/ストレプトマイシンを補充したMCDB131培地(今後2% FS MCDB131培地と称する)のいずれかで維持した。この共培養モデルを、37℃、加湿した5%CO2/95%空気雰囲気の中で維持した。細管形成を11日目に調べ、メーカーの使用説明書に従って、細管染色キット(TCS Cell Works カタログ#ZHA−1225)を使用してCD31の細管の固定および染色を行った。簡単に説明すると、細胞を室温(RT)で30分間、氷冷70%エタノールで固定した。細胞をブロッキングし、その後、細胞をRTで60分間、抗ヒトCD31で処理した。プレートを洗浄後、RTで60分間、アルカリホスファターゼ(AP)と結合したヤギ抗マウスIgGで処理した。AP結合型二次抗体とのインキュベーション後、これらのプレートを洗浄し、約10分間、5−ブロモ−4−クロロ−3−インドリルリン酸/ニトロ・ブルー・テトラゾリウム(BCIP/NBT)基質を加えた。10分間以内の濃い紫色の発色は管形成を反映した。その後、プレートを洗浄し、空気乾燥した。管成長の数量化を、Zeiss KS400 3.0イメージアナライザーを使用してウェル全体の画像解析方法論により行った。数量化方法論で測定した形態学的パラメーターは、管の全長であった。いくつかの実験において、管の分岐数も評価した。各24ウェル中のすべての管形成は、端の退縮のアーティファクトを避けるために100μm深度の縁を排除して測定した。
DLL4に対する精製抗体の結合親和性を、FACSおよびBIAcore技術の両方を使用して測定した。FACS親和性測定のために、ヒトまたはカニクイザルDLL4のいずれかを過剰発現するHEK293細胞を、約85,000〜104,000細胞/ウェルで播種し、4℃で5時間、精製抗体のタイトレーション(titration)と共にインキュベートした。その後、これらの細胞を洗浄し、4℃で30分間、ヤギ抗ヒトIgG−Fc−Cy5および5μg/mLの7−アミノ−アクチノマイシン(7AAD)と共にインキュベートした。結合したDLL4を、FACS解析を使用して検出し、データを以下の式(導出についてはDrake & Klakamp,2007,J.Immunol.Methods,318,157−162参照)に当てはめた。
ヒトDLL4への他のDLL4抗体の結合を阻害する精製DLL4抗体の能力を、FACSアッセイを使用して評価した。簡単に説明すると、市販の標識キット(例えば、Molecular Probes カタログ#A30009,A−20186)を使用して、メーカーの使用説明書により抗体をAlexa−647で直接標識した。交差競合量を測定するために、2%FCSを含むPBSで希釈した非標識抗DLL4抗体(最終濃度:10〜0.01μg/ml)を、DLL4を発現するHEK293細胞(実施例6に記載のように;2%FCSを含むPBSで希釈した50000細胞/ウェル)に加え、4℃で1時間インキュベートした。その後、Alexa−647標識抗DLL4抗体を、最終濃度0.1μg/mlで加え、4℃でさらに1時間、プレートをインキュベートし、洗浄後、FACSCalibur装置で読み取った。ヒトDLL4への結合に対して、標識21H3RKと競合する非標識抗体(10、1、0.1μg/ml)の能力をまとめたデータを図3に含める。ヒトDLL4への結合に対して、標識21H3RKおよび4B4と競合する非標識抗体の能力をまとめた追加データを表22に含める。
免疫グロブリン遺伝子は免疫反応成熟期間中に、可変領域のV、DおよびJ遺伝子断片間での組換え、アイソタイプスイッチ、ならびに超変異を含む様々な修飾を行う。組換えおよび体細胞超変異は、抗体の多様性の生成および親和性の成熟化の基盤であるが、治療薬としてのかかる免疫グロブリンの産業生産を困難にさせ得る配列障害も生む可能性があり、または抗体の免疫原性リスクを上昇させる可能性がある。一般に、CDR領域の変異は親和性および機能の改善に貢献する可能性が高いが、フレームワーク領域内の変異は、免疫原性リスクを上昇させ得る。このリスクは、フレームワーク変異を生殖系列に戻すことによって減少させることができ、抗体の活性に悪影響を及ぼさないことを保証する。いくつかの構造障害は多様化過程によって生まれ得るか、または重鎖および軽鎖可変領域に寄与する生殖系列配列内に存在し得る。出所に関わらず、不安定性、凝集、産物の不均一性、または免疫原性の上昇になり得る潜在的構造障害を除去することが望ましくあり得る。望ましくない障害の例として、(ジスルフィド結合スクランブリング、または可変スルフヒドリル付加物形成をもたらし得る)不対システイン、(構造および活性の不均一性になる)N−結合糖鎖付加部位、ならびに脱アミド化(例えば、NG、NS)、異性化(DG)、酸化(露出したメチオニン)および加水分解(DP)の部位が挙げられる。免疫原性のリスクを減少させ、リード抗体の医薬品特性を改善する試みにおいて、特定のバリアントを生成し、結合および活性の試験をした。部位特異的変異誘発を、Stratagene Quick Change II kitを使用してメーカーが記載するように行った。バリアント配列を、(メーカーが推奨する手順に従って)一過的トランスフェクションによるInVitrogen Freestyle systemにより発現させ、プロテインA親和性クロマトグラフィーにより精製した。
ヒト臍帯静脈内皮細胞(HUVEC)球状体を、以前に記載されたように(Korff and Augustin:J.Cell.Biol.143:1341−52,1998)、100個の内皮細胞(EC)をプラスチック皿の上に懸滴法でピペット操作により垂らし、一晩、球状体を形成させることによって調製した。次の日、以前に記載された方法(Alajati et al.,Nature Methods 5:439−445,2008)を使用してEC球状体を回収し、単一HUVECと共にマトリゲル/フィブリン溶液に混合し、最終的な数が球状体として100,000ECおよび注入されたプラグあたり200,000単一ECに達した。最終濃度1000ng/mlでVEGF−AおよびFGF−2を加えた。マトリックスあたり500μlの細胞懸濁液をオスのSCIDマウス(5〜8週齢)の皮下に注射した。次の日(1日目)処置を始めた。21日目に、この研究を終了した。マトリックスプラグを取り出し、4%PFAで固定した。組織学的検査のために、全マトリックスプラグをパラフィン包埋し、8〜10μmの厚さに切断した。ヒトCD34および平滑筋アクチン(SMA)の染色により血管を視覚化し、ならびに血管の密度および周皮細胞被覆を測定した。IgG1およびIgG2の両抗体は、インビボの血管新生を調節し、周皮細胞の動員を阻害することに効果的である。得られたデータは、抗DLL4抗体(21H3RKまたは4B4)を用いた処理が、1mg/kgと同じくらい低い抗体濃度で、未処理の対照に対して少なくとも100%のヒト血管新生の増加を誘導することを示唆する。さらに、ヒト血管新生の増加は、5mg/kgの抗体投与量で、(αSMA発現の陽性細胞とも関連するヒトCD34陽性血管のパーセンテージによって評価する場合)少なくとも50%の周皮細胞被覆の減少と関連した。1、0.2および0.04mg/kgの濃度で、週に2度腹腔内投与した21H3RK IgG1の効果をまとめたデータを表24に示す。総合すると、このデータは、これらの抗体が血管新生のインビボアッセイにおいて活性があることを示す。
モノクローナル21H3RKは、特異的にヒトDLL4と結合するが、ヒトDLL1を認識しない。この特異性を、ヒトDLL4に対するMab 21H3RKの結合エピトープを推定するのに使用する。キメラバリアントを遺伝子操作し、DLL4の細胞外領域の部分をDLL1の対応する部分で置換した。組換えタンパク質の表面発現のためのDLL4膜貫通領域を含む一連のバリアントを構築するために、(Yoneya et al.,2001,J.Biochem.,129,27−34,研究室内でクローニングされた)ヒトDLL4およびDLL1(アクセッション#NM_005618,Origene,MD)をオーバーラップ伸長PCR法の鋳型として使用した。得られたバリアントを、一過的哺乳動物発現のために、ヒトサイトメガロウイルス主要最初期(hCMVie)エンハンサー、プロモーターおよび5’−非翻訳領域をコードする哺乳動物発現ベクターにクローニングした。フローサイトメトリー法によるMab 21H3RKの性質決定のために、キメラバリアントを、膜結合タンパク質として一過的にHEK293F細胞内で発現させた。トランスフェクションの48時間後、HEK293Fトランスフェクタントを氷上で1時間、PBS中で1μg/mlのMab 21H3RKとインキュベートし、洗浄し、その後、ヤギ抗ヒトIgG−FITC (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories,PA)とインキュベートし、LSRIIフローサイトメーター(BD Biosciences,CA)を用いて解析した。(ヒトDLL4も認識する)ヤギ抗マウスDLL4およびヤギ抗ヒトDLL1ポリクローナル抗体(両抗体ともR&D Systems., MN)の両方の混合物とインキュベートすることによって、全キメラバリアントの発現量を測定し、その後、ブタの抗ヤギIgG−PE(Invitrogen,CA)を用いて検出した。
DLL4の内部移行を誘導する精製抗体の能力をFACS解析により調べた。DLL4を安定に過剰発現しているHEK293細胞をFACS緩衝液(PBS+2%FCS)で分離、洗浄し、V底プレートに1ウェルあたり50,000〜100,000細胞で播種した。一次抗体(抗DLL4または適切なアイソタイプ対照)を、温かい37℃のFACS緩衝液で最終濃度10μg/mlに希釈し、組織培養インキュベーター(37℃/5%CO2)の中で30、60、120または240分間、これらの細胞に加えた。適切な時点で、前もって4℃に冷やした遠心機により500gで細胞を沈殿させ、冷たいFACS緩衝液で洗浄し、氷上で10分間、FITC標識抗ヒトIgGの二次抗体(1μg/ml,Jackson Labs,cat#109−096−098)とインキュベートした。インキュベーション後、前もって冷やした遠心機により500gで細胞を再び沈殿させ、冷たいFACS緩衝液で洗浄し、20分間、2%パラホルムアルデヒドで固定した。FACSCaliburで読み取ることにより、内部移行を評価した。これらのアッセイ条件下、上記の時点で、21H3RKの<10%内部移行が生じた。内部移行は、二次抗ヒトIgG抗体のかわりに、交差競合しないDLL4に対する抗体とインキュベートすることによっても測定することができる。いくつかの実験において、FACS緩衝液で希釈した一次抗体(10μg/ml)を、上記のように氷上で30分間DLL4を過剰発現する細胞と共に前もってインキュベートし、温かい37℃のFACS緩衝液で洗浄し、組織培養インキュベーター(37℃/5%CO2)の中で30、60、120または240分間、細胞をインキュベートした。これらのインキュベーション後、細胞を洗浄し、二次抗体とインキュベートし、上記のように固定し、FACSCaliburで読み取った。これらの条件下、0分の対照に対して、各々60分および240分の時点で、21H3RKの<15%および4B4の<35%内部移行が観察された。上記のアッセイ条件下、内部移行は、二次抗ヒトIgG抗体のかわりに、交差競合しないDLL4に対する抗体とインキュベートすることによっても測定することができる。
血管新生を調節する抗DLL4抗体の能力を、マトリゲルプラグアッセイを使用して評価することができる。このアッセイにおいて、bFGF、VEGFまたは腫瘍細胞のような血管新生を誘導する化合物を液体のマトリゲルに導入することができ、これは、皮下注射後、凝固し、内皮および血管平滑筋の細胞によって浸潤させ、新しい血管が形成できるようにする。簡単に説明すると、4℃で、液体型のマトリゲルをビヒクル(例えば、PBS)または増殖因子/腫瘍細胞(例えば、LL2、MCF7、A431、Colo205、KNRK、Calu−6、SW620、Panc1)と混合し、メスの129s1/SvlmJマウス(6〜8週齢、1グループあたり5匹)の下腹部に0.5mlを皮下注射することができる。抗DLL4抗体を、週に2度、腹腔内注射により投与することができる。5〜10日後、血管新生の評価のために動物を人道的に安楽死させ、プラグを回収し、例えば、CD31およびα平滑筋アクチン(αSMA)の免疫染色、ヘモグロビン含有量の計測、ならびに例えばFITC−デキストランを使用する血管灌流の計測の評価により血管密度および壁細胞被覆率の組織学的点数化により血管新生を測定することができる。このようにして、血管新生を調節する抗DLL4抗体の能力を測定する。
この実施例は、マウスにおいて異種移植片として増殖させた時、原発性患者試料由来の腫瘍の増殖を阻害または予防するために抗DLL4抗体を使用することを記載する。簡単に説明すると、レシピエントマウスを、手術に必要な麻酔量に達するまでイソフルレン吸入によって麻酔することができる。その後、抗生物質および10%FCSiを補充したRPMIで原発性腫瘍をリンスし、「ドロドロの混合物」を生成するために外科用メスで細かく刻み、適切な移植量に分ける(例えば、300mg腫瘍を4匹のマウスに移植することができる)。腫瘍混合物を13ゲージのガン移植外套針にロードすることができる。外套針のシャフトを腫瘍混合物で完全に満たし、右わき腹に皮下注射し、背部脂肪体の下でその内容物を投薬することができる。その後、このマウスをケージに戻し、回復を監視することができる。
Claims (36)
- デルタ様リガンド4(DLL4)と特異的に結合し、
(a)NYGIT(配列番号30のアミノ酸残基31〜35)のアミノ酸配列を含む可変重鎖(VH)相補性決定領域(CDR)1、WISAYNGNTNYAQKLQD(配列番号30のアミノ酸残基50〜66)のアミノ酸配列を含むVHCDR2、およびDRVPRIPVTTEAFDI(配列番号30のアミノ酸残基99〜113)のアミノ酸配列を含むVHCDR3;ならびに
(b)SGSSSNIGSYFVY(配列番号32のアミノ酸残基23〜35)のアミノ酸配列を含む可変軽鎖(VL)CDR1、RNNQRPS(配列番号32のアミノ酸残基51〜57)のアミノ酸配列を含むVLCDR2、およびAAWDDSLSGHWV(配列番号32のアミノ酸残基90〜101)のアミノ酸配列を含むVLCDR3
を含む単離した抗体またはその結合断片。 - 前記抗体が完全ヒトモノクローナル抗体又は完全ヒト抗体の結合断片である、請求項1に記載の抗体またはその結合断片。
- 前記抗体またはその結合断片がFab、Fab’、F(ab’) 2 、FvまたはdAbである、請求項1に記載の抗体またはその結合断片。
- 請求項1に記載の抗体またはその断片を含む組成物。
- 請求項1に記載の抗体またはその断片を含む医薬組成物。
- デルタ様リガンド4(DLL4)と特異的に結合し、
配列番号30のアミノ酸配列、または表5のいずれかの行の6つの置換を含むことにより配列番号30のアミノ酸配列とは異なるアミノ酸配列を含む可変重鎖(VH)配列;および
配列番号32のアミノ酸配列、または表6のいずれかの行の5つの置換を含むことにより配列番号32のアミノ酸配列とは異なるアミノ酸配列を含む可変軽鎖(VL)配列
を含む単離した抗体またはその結合断片。 - VH配列が配列番号30または配列番号75に示されるアミノ酸配列を含む、請求項6に記載の抗体またはその結合断片。
- VL配列が配列番号32または配列番号50または配列番号76に示されるアミノ酸配列を含む、請求項6に記載の抗体またはその結合断片。
- VL配列が配列番号32に示されるアミノ酸配列を含む、請求項8に記載の抗体またはその結合断片。
- VL配列が配列番号50に示されるアミノ酸配列を含む、請求項8に記載の抗体またはその結合断片。
- VH配列が配列番号30に示されるアミノ酸配列を含む、請求項7に記載の抗体またはその結合断片。
- VL配列が配列番号32に示されるアミノ酸配列を含む、請求項11に記載の抗体またはその結合断片。
- 前記抗体が完全ヒトモノクローナル抗体又は完全ヒトモノクローナル抗体の結合断片である、請求項12に記載の抗体またはその結合断片。
- 前記抗体またはその結合断片がFab、Fab’、F(ab’) 2 、FvまたはdAbである、請求項12に記載の抗体またはその結合断片。
- 請求項12に記載の抗体またはその断片を含む組成物。
- 請求項12に記載の抗体またはその断片を含む医薬組成物。
- VL配列が配列番号50に示されるアミノ酸配列を含む、請求項11に記載の抗体またはその結合断片。
- 前記抗体が完全ヒトモノクローナル抗体又は完全ヒトモノクローナル抗体の結合断片である、請求項17に記載の抗体またはその結合断片。
- 前記抗体またはその結合断片がFab、Fab’、F(ab’) 2 、FvまたはdAbである、請求項17に記載の抗体またはその結合断片。
- 請求項17に記載の抗体またはその断片を含む組成物。
- 請求項17に記載の抗体またはその断片を含む医薬組成物。
- 治療有効量の、デルタ様リガンド4(DLL4)と特異的に結合する抗体またはその抗原結合断片を含む、動物における悪性腫瘍を治療するための組成物であって、該抗体またはその抗原結合断片が:(a)配列番号30のCDR1、CDR2、およびCDR3を含む重鎖可変領域(VH);ならびに(b)配列番号32のCDR1、CDR2、およびCDR3を含む軽鎖可変領域(VL)または配列番号50のCDR1、CDR2、およびCDR3を含むVLを含む、上記組成物。
- 前記動物がヒトである、請求項22に記載の組成物。
- 前記悪性腫瘍が、黒色腫、小細胞肺ガン、非小細胞肺ガン、グリオーマ、肝細胞(肝臓)ガン、甲状腺腫瘍、胃ガン、前立腺ガン、乳ガン、卵巣ガン、膀胱ガン、肺ガン、グリア芽腫、子宮内膜ガン、腎臓ガン、結腸ガン、膵臓ガン、食道ガン、頭頸部ガン、中皮腫、肉腫、胆管(biliary)ガン(胆管ガン(cholangiocarcinoma))、小腸腺ガン、小児悪性腫瘍および扁平上皮ガンからなる群から選択される、請求項22に記載の組成物。
- 前記抗体またはその抗原結合断片が、(a)配列番号30のCDR1、CDR2、およびCDR3を含むVH;ならびに(b)配列番号32のCDR1、CDR2、およびCDR3を含むVLを含む、請求項22に記載の組成物。
- 前記抗体またはその抗原結合断片が、(a)配列番号30のCDR1、CDR2、およびCDR3を含むVH;ならびに(b)配列番号50のCDR1、CDR2、およびCDR3を含むVLを含む、請求項22に記載の組成物。
- DLL4と特異的に結合する抗体またはその結合断片をコードする単離した核酸分子であって、該抗体が:
(a)配列番号30の重鎖可変領域(VH)CDR1、CDR2およびCDR3;ならびに
(b)配列番号32の軽鎖可変領域(VL)CDR1、CDR2およびCDR3
を含む、上記核酸分子。 - 抗体またはその結合断片が配列番号30または配列番号75に示されるVHアミノ酸配列を含む、請求項27に記載の核酸分子。
- 抗体またはその結合断片が配列番号32または配列番号50または配列番号76に示されるVLアミノ酸配列を含む、請求項27に記載の核酸分子。
- 抗体またはその結合断片が配列番号30に示されるVHアミノ酸配列を含む、請求項28に記載の核酸分子。
- 抗体またはその結合断片が配列番号32に示されるVLアミノ酸配列を含む、請求項29に記載の核酸分子。
- 抗体またはその結合断片が配列番号50に示されるVLアミノ酸配列を含む、請求項29に記載の核酸分子。
- 抗体またはその結合断片が配列番号32に示されるVLアミノ酸配列を含む、請求項30に記載の核酸分子。
- 抗体またはその結合断片が配列番号50に示されるVLアミノ酸配列を含む、請求項30に記載の核酸分子。
- VHが配列番号29に示されるヌクレオチド配列によりコードされ、VLが配列番号49に示されるヌクレオチド配列によりコードされる、請求項27に記載の核酸分子。
- VHが配列番号29に示されるヌクレオチド配列によりコードされ、VLが配列番号31に示されるヌクレオチド配列によりコードされる、請求項27に記載の核酸分子。
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| PCT/GB2009/051217 WO2010032060A1 (en) | 2008-09-19 | 2009-09-18 | Antibodies directed to dll4 and uses thereof |
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- 2009-09-18 US US12/562,268 patent/US8192738B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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- 2009-09-18 KR KR1020117008801A patent/KR20110057244A/ko not_active Abandoned
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20140206853A1 (en) | 2014-07-24 |
| JP2012502650A (ja) | 2012-02-02 |
| RU2011115117A (ru) | 2012-10-27 |
| US20120195905A1 (en) | 2012-08-02 |
| WO2010032060A1 (en) | 2010-03-25 |
| EP2344536A1 (en) | 2011-07-20 |
| US20100196385A1 (en) | 2010-08-05 |
| US8192738B2 (en) | 2012-06-05 |
| HK1216028A1 (en) | 2016-10-07 |
| CN102264763A (zh) | 2011-11-30 |
| RU2581962C2 (ru) | 2016-04-20 |
| MX2011002837A (es) | 2011-07-29 |
| KR20110057244A (ko) | 2011-05-31 |
| CA2735900A1 (en) | 2010-03-25 |
| US8663636B2 (en) | 2014-03-04 |
| AU2009294415A1 (en) | 2010-03-25 |
| US9206255B2 (en) | 2015-12-08 |
| AU2009294415B2 (en) | 2015-09-24 |
| CN102264763B (zh) | 2016-04-27 |
| EP2927244A1 (en) | 2015-10-07 |
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