JP2012020991A - 経皮吸収促進剤、及びこれを含有する皮膚外用製剤 - Google Patents
経皮吸収促進剤、及びこれを含有する皮膚外用製剤 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2012020991A JP2012020991A JP2011132419A JP2011132419A JP2012020991A JP 2012020991 A JP2012020991 A JP 2012020991A JP 2011132419 A JP2011132419 A JP 2011132419A JP 2011132419 A JP2011132419 A JP 2011132419A JP 2012020991 A JP2012020991 A JP 2012020991A
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- Prior art keywords
- mass
- methyl
- menthoxy
- ingredient
- diol
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Abstract
【解決手段】イソプレゴール、2−(メントキシ)エタノール、及び2−メチル−3−(メントキシ)プロパン−1,2−ジオールからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種を経皮吸収促進剤として配合する。更に、好ましくは向精神成分、抗炎症成分、鎮痛成分、解熱成分、美白成分、育毛成分などの薬理活性成分配合して、経皮吸収性の改善された皮膚外用製剤とすることができる。
【選択図】なし
Description
このような経皮吸収促進剤として、例えばこれまでに、ジメチルスルホキシド、N,N−ジメチルホルムアミドなどの非プロトン溶媒(特許文献1)、陰イオン性/または両性界面活性剤(特許文献2,3)、1−ドデシルアザシクロヘプタン−2−オン(AZONE)(特許文献4)が知られている。また、テルペン化合物として、l−カルボン、メントン、ピペリトン等のテルペンケトン(特許文献5)、d−リモネン(特許文献6)が知られている。さらに、p−メンタン誘導体として、l‐メントール(特許文献7)、p−メンタン−3,8−ジオール、3−l−メントキシ−1,2−ジオール(特許文献8、9)、N−置換−p−メンタン−3−カルボキシアミド(特許文献10)が知られている。
その他、グリコール類、オレイン酸などの脂肪酸、イソプロピルミリステート、イソプロピルパルミテートなどの脂肪酸エステル類等が報告されている。
本発明は、皮膚外用製剤における上記した問題点に着目してなされたものであり、経皮吸収促進効果に優れ、かつ安全性、使用性の高い経皮吸収促進剤、並びに、このものを配合した皮膚外用製剤を提供するものである。
[1]イソプレゴール、2−(メントキシ)エタノール、及び2−メチル−3−(メントキシ)プロパン−1,2−ジオールからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種を有効成分として含有する経皮吸収促進剤。
[2]メントール、メントン、カンファー、プレゴール、シネオール、3−メントキシプロパン−1,2−ジオール、N−アルキル−p−メンタン−3−カルボキサミド、3−メントキシ−2−メチルプロパン−1,2−ジオール、p−メンタン−3,8−ジオール、3−メントキシプロパン−1−オール、4−l−メントキシブタン−1−オール(3−ヒドロキシブタン酸メンチル)、3−ヒドロキシブタン酸メンチル、1−(2−ヒドロキシ−4−メチル−シクロヘキシル)エタノン、乳酸メンチル、メントールグリセリンケタール、N−メチル−2,2−イソプロピルメチル−3−メチルブタンアミド、グリオキシル酸メンチル、コハク酸メンチル、グルタル酸メンチル、ペパーミントオイル、スペアーミントオイル、ユーカリプタスオイル及びハッカオイルからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種の成分をさらに含有すること特徴とする上記[1]記載の経皮吸収促進剤。
[3]バニリルエチルエーテル、バニリルプロピルエーテル、バニリンプロピレングリコールアセタール、エチルバニリンプロピレングリコールアセタール、カプサイシン、ギンゲロール、バニリルブチルエーテル、4−(1−メントキシ−メチル)−2−フェニル−1,3−ジオキソラン、4−(1−メントキシ−メチル)−2−(3’,4’−ジヒドロキシ−フェニル)−1,3−ジオキソラン、4−(1−メントキシ−メチル)−2−(2’−ヒドロキシ−3’−メトキシ−フェニル)−1,3−ジオキソラン、4−(1−メントキシ−メチル)−2−(4’−メトキシフェニル)−1,3−ジオキソラン、4−(1−メントキシ−メチル)−2−(3’,4’−メチレンジオキシ−フェニル)−1,3−ジオキソラン、4−(1−メントキシ−メチル)−2−(3’−メトキシ−4’−ヒドロキシフェニル)−1,3−ジオキソラン、トウガラシ油、トウガラシオレオレジン、ノニル酸バニリルアミド、ジャンブーオレオレジン、サンショウエキス、サアンショール−I、サアンショール−II、サンショウアミド、黒胡椒エキス、カビシン、ピペリン及びスピラントールからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種の温感物質をさらに含有すること特徴とする上記[1]又は[2]に記載の経皮吸収促進剤。
[4]上記[1]乃至[3]のいずれか1に記載の経皮吸収促進剤を0.01〜50質量%含有することを特徴とする皮膚外用製剤。
[5]向精神成分、抗炎症成分、鎮痛成分、解熱成分、美白成分及び育毛成分からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種の薬理活性成分をさらに含有することを特徴とする上記[4]記載の皮膚外用製剤。
[6]上記[1]乃至[3]のいずれか1に記載の経皮吸収促進剤を有効成分として用いて、向精神成分、抗炎症成分、鎮痛成分、解熱成分、美白成分及び育毛成分からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種の薬理活性成分の経皮透過性を促進・制御する方法。
[7]上記[1]乃至[3]のいずれか1に記載の経皮吸収促進剤を有効成分として用いて、冷感効果を制御する方法。
また、本発明で用いられる2−(メントキシ)エタノールは、ラセミ体であってもよいし、光学活性体であってもよい。好ましい光学活性体としては、2−(l−メントキシ)エタノールが挙げられる。
さらに、本発明で用いられる2−メチル−3−(メントキシ)プロパン−1,2−ジオールは、ラセミ体であってもよいし、光学活性体であってもよい。好ましい光学活性体としては、2−メチル−3−(l−メントキシ)プロパン−1,2−ジオールが挙げられる。
これらイソプレゴール、2−(メントキシ)エタノール、2−メチル−3−(メントキシ)プロパン−1,2−ジオールは、単独で使用してもよいし、2種以上を組み合わせて使用することもできる。
イソプレゴール、2−(メントキシ)エタノール、2−メチル−3−(メントキシ)プロパン−1,2−ジオールに加えて、これら以外の冷感作用を有する物質や清涼感を与える物質としては、従来公知あるいは周知の冷感物質を含め冷感効果を有する物質や周知の清涼物質を含め清涼効果を有する物質であればよく特に限定されるものではないが、例えば、メントール、メントン、カンファー、プレゴール、シネオール、ハッカオイル、3−メントキシプロパン−1,2−ジオール、N−アルキル−p−メンタン−3−カルボキサミド、3−メントキシ−2−メチルプロパン−1,2−ジオール、p−メンタン−3,8−ジオール、3−メントキシプロパン−1−オール、4−l−メントキシブタン−1−オール(3−ヒドロキシブタン酸メンチル)、3−ヒドロキシブタン酸メンチル、1−(2−ヒドロキシ−4−メチル−シクロヘキシル)エタノン、乳酸メンチル、メントールグリセリンケタール、N−メチル−2,2−イソプロピルメチル−3−メチルブタンアミド、グリオキシル酸メンチル、コハク酸メンチル、グルタル酸メンチル、ペパーミントオイル、スペアーミントオイル、ユーカリプタスオイル、ハッカオイルを挙げることができる。これらは一種または二種以上を適宜配合して用いることができる。
温感物質としては、従来公知あるいは周知の温感物質を含め温感効果を有する物質であればよく特に限定されるものではないが、例えば、バニリルエチルエーテル、バニリルプロピルエーテル、バニリンプロピレングリコールアセタール、エチルバニリンプロピレングリコールアセタール、カプサイシン、ギンゲロール、バニリルブチルエーテル、4−(1−メントキシ−メチル)−2−フェニル−1,3−ジオキソラン、4−(1−メントキシ−メチル)−2−(3’,4’−ジヒドロキシ−フェニル)−1,3−ジオキソラン、4−(1−メントキシ−メチル)−2−(2’−ヒドロキシ−3’−メトキシ−フェニル)−1,3−ジオキソラン、4−(1−メントキシ−メチル)−2−(4’−メトキシフェニル)−1,3−ジオキソラン、4−(1−メントキシ−メチル)−2−(3’,4’−メチレンジオキシ−フェニル)−1,3−ジオキソラン、4−(1−メントキシ−メチル)−2−(3’−メトキシ−4’−ヒドロキシフェニル)−1,3−ジオキソラン、トウガラシ油、トウガラシオレオレジン、ノニル酸バニリルアミド、ジャンブーオレオレジン、サンショウエキス、サアンショール−I、サアンショール−II、サンショウアミド、黒胡椒エキス、カビシン、ピペリン及びスピラントールを挙げることができる。これらは一種または二種以上を適宜配合して用いることができる。
本発明においては、温感物質は、本発明の効果を損なわない範囲において任意の割合で用いることができるが、通常、イソプレゴール、2−(メントキシ)エタノール、2−メチル−3−(メントキシ)プロパン−1,2−ジオールに対して、0.0001〜10倍量、好ましくは0.001〜5倍量の配合量である。
本発明の経皮吸収促進剤を有効成分の有効成分であるイソプレゴール、2−(メントキシ)エタノール、2−メチル−3−(メントキシ)プロパン−1,2−ジオールはメントールのような刺激性を伴う冷感効果がなく、マイルドな冷感効果を付与することが知られており、これらを使用した薬理活性成分の経皮吸収効果を利用して所望の冷感効果を発揮することが可能となる。
また上述の温感剤を所望量併用することにより清涼感だけでなく、優れた温感効果を発揮することも可能となる。
(1)試料の調製
表1に示すように精製水にヒドロキシエチルセルロース(HEC)及びヒドロキシプロピルセルロース(HPC)を添加して一晩放置し、基剤を膨潤させた。これとは別にイソプロパノール(IPA)に主薬(パロキセチン)と、各種試験サンプルを溶解させ、調製した基剤に均一に混合し、冷暗所に一晩放置してヒドロゲルを調製した。
なお、対象としては、試験サンプルの代わりに精製水を使用した。
[サンプル1]IPG:イソプレゴール
[サンプル2]38D:p−メンタン−3,8−ジオール
[サンプル3]CA1:2−メチル−3−(メントキシ)プロパン−1,2−ジオール
[サンプル4]CA5:2−(メントキシ)エタノール
[サンプル5]CA10:3−(l−メントキシ)プロパン−1,2−ジオール
[サンプル6]d−リモネン
[サンプル7]l−メントール
ヘアレスマウス摘出皮膚を縦型拡散セルに皮膚角層側がドナー側、皮膚基底膜側がレシーバー側となるように装着した。レシーバー側にはリン酸緩衝生理食塩液(PBS溶液)(pH7.4)を16mL加え、セルは37℃温浴下で加温する。加温開始後30分後にドナー側には37℃に加温度したヒドロゲル1.0gを針なしシリンジを用いて適用した。所定時間毎にレシーバー液1mL採取し、採取した1mL分のPBS溶液をレシーバー側に補充した。
分取したレシーバー液は高速液体クロマトグラフィー(HPLC)で測定し、透過したパロキセチン量を算出した。
機器名:Elite LaChrom System((株)日立製作所製)
カラム:YMS−Pack ODS−A 4.6mm×150mm
((株)ワイエムシー)
溶離液:リン酸緩衝液(pH3.5)/アセトニトリル=35/65(V/V)
流速:1.0mL/分
測定波長:235nm
各サンプル液の単位時間・面積あたりの経皮吸収量(Flux)及び経皮吸収速度(Lagtime)を表2に示す。
(1)試料の調製
表3に示すように精製水にヒドロキシエチルセルロース(HEC)及びヒドロキシプロピルセルロース(HPC)を添加して一晩放置し、基剤を膨潤させた。これとは別にイソプロパノール(IPA)に主薬(アンチピリン)と、各種冷感剤を溶解させ、調製した基剤に均一に混合し、冷暗所に一晩放置してヒドロゲルを調製した。
[サンプル1]IPG:イソプレゴール
[サンプル2]38D:p−メンタン−3,8−ジオール
[サンプル3]CA1:2−メチル−3−(メントキシ)プロパン−1,2−ジオール
[サンプル4]CA5:2−(メントキシ)エタノール
[サンプル5]CA10:3−(l−メントキシ)プロパン−1,2−ジオール
[サンプル6]d−リモネン
[サンプル7]l−メントール
[試験例1](2)の皮膚透過性試験及び(3)のHPLC測定条件と同様な操作を行い透過したアンチピリン量を算出した。
各サンプル液の単位時間・面積あたりの経皮吸収量(Flux)及び経皮吸収速度(Lagtime)を表4に示す。
以下、本発明の経皮吸収促進剤を含む医薬品、化粧品等の処方例を示す。
エタノール:精製水(1:1質量比混液) 91.5質量%
プロピレングリコール 5.0質量%
イソプレゴール 3.0質量%
アルブチン 0.5質量%
上記各成分を撹拌混合しアルブチン含有ローション剤を調製した。
流動パラフィン 10.0質量%
中鎖脂肪酸トリグリセライド 5.0質量%
モノステアリン酸ポリエチレングリコール 3.0質量%
グリセリン 5.0質量%
カルボキシビニルポリマー 1.0質量%
ジイソプロパノールアミン 0.4質量%
パラオキシ安息香酸メチル 0.2質量%
ラブデン酸 1.0質量%
イソプレゴール 0.5質量%
2−(メントキシ)エタノール 0.5質量%
精製水 残量
上記各成分を撹拌混合しラブデン酸含有クリーム剤を調製した。
白色ワセリン 76.0質量%
モノステアリン酸グリセリン 10.0質量%
牛脂 10.0質量%
シリコーンオイル 1.0質量%
イソプレゴール 2.0質量%
パロキセチン 1.0質量%
上記各成分を撹拌混合しパロキセチン含有軟膏剤を調製した。
カルボキシビニルポリマー 1.5質量%
ヒドロキシプロピルセルロース 2.0質量%
エタノール 17.0質量%
精製水 35.3質量%
プロピレングリコール 30.0質量%
炭酸プロピレン 10.0質量%
トリエタノールアミン 0.2質量%
2−メチル−3−(メントキシ)プロパン−1,2−ジオール 3.0質量%
インドメタシン 1.0質量%
上記各成分を撹拌混合しインドメタシン含有ゲル剤を調製した。
ゼラチン 5.0質量%
ソルビトール 10.0質量%
カルボキシメチルセルロース 3.5質量%
グリセリン 25.0質量%
カオリン 7.0質量%
ポリアクリル酸ソ−ダ 3.0質量%
イソプレゴール 2.0質量%
ジクロフェナクナトリウム 1.0質量%
精製水 43.5質量%
上記各成分を、加熱混合しペ−ストとしたものを基布上に延展しジクロフェナクナトリウム含有パップ剤を調製した。
スチレン−イソプレン−スチレンブロック共重合体 21.0質量%
(商品名:カリフレックス TR−1107)
ポリイソブチレン(商品名 ビスタネックス) 5.0質量%
ロジンエステル誘導体(商品名 KE−311) 14.0質量%
流動パラフィン 57.0質量%
イソプレゴール 1.5質量%
3−メントキシプロパン−1,2−ジオール 0.5質量%
フェルビナク 1.0質量%
上記各成分を加熱撹拌したものを支持体上に延展しフェルビナク含有テープ剤を調製した。
スチレン−イソプレン−スチレンブロック共重合体 20.0質量%
(商品名:カリフレックス TR−1111)
ポリイソブチレン(商品名ビスタネックス) 12.0質量%
流動パラフィン 30.0質量%
ロジンエステル誘導体(商品名:フォーラル 105) 30.0質量%
2−(メントキシ)エタノール 6.0質量%
p−メンタン−3,8−ジオール 1.0質量%
ロキソプロフェンナトリウム 1.0質量%
上記各成分を加熱撹拌したものを支持体上に延展しロキソプロフェン含有テープ剤を調製した。
(1)裏打ち材層 アルミニウム積層ポリエステルフィルム
(2)薬剤貯槽層 下記に示すゲル組成物4gを封入した。
パロキセチン 3.0質量%
イソプレゴール 4.0質量%
2−メチル−3−(メントキシ)プロパン−1,2−ジオール 1.0質量%
ステアリルアルコール 10.0質量%
セチルアルコール 10.0質量%
ベヘニルアルコール 10.0質量%
プロピレングリコール 22.0質量%
1,3−ブチレングリコール 35.0質量%
ラウリルアルコール 5.0質量%
(3)薬物放出層 コートラン
(4)感圧接着剤層 シリコン系粘着剤(支持体周辺部)
上記(1)〜(4)で、このリザーバー型パッチは構成され、剥離ライナーを感圧接着剤面にあてがい積層物を作成した。
スチレン−イソプレン−スチレンブロック共重合体 21.0質量%
(商品名:カリフレックス TR−1107)
ポリイソブチレン(商品名 ビスタネックス) 5.0質量%
ロジンエステル誘導体(商品名 KE−311) 14.0質量%
流動パラフィン 54.5質量%
メントール 1.0質量%
2−メチル−3−(メントキシ)プロパン−1,2−ジオール 1.5質量%
フェルビナク 3.0質量%
上記各成分を加熱撹拌したものを支持体上に延展しフェルビナク含有テープ剤を調製した。
カルボキシビニルポリマー 1.5質量%
ヒドロキシプロピルセルロース 2.0質量%
エタノール 17.0質量%
精製水 35.3質量%
プロピレングリコール 30.0質量%
炭酸プロピレン 10.0質量%
トリエタノールアミン 0.2質量%
2−メチル−3−(メントキシ)プロパン−1,2−ジオール 3.0質量%
フェルビナク 5.0質量%
上記各成分を撹拌混合しフェルビナク含有ゲル剤を調製した。
カルボキシビニルポリマー 1.5質量%
ヒドロキシプロピルセルロース 2.0質量%
エタノール 17.0質量%
精製水 35.3質量%
プロピレングリコール 30.0質量%
炭酸プロピレン 10.0質量%
トリエタノールアミン 0.2質量%
2−メチル−3−(メントキシ)プロパン−1,2−ジオール 1.0質量%
ノニル酸バニリルアミド 1.0質量%
スピラントール 1.0質量%
フェルビナク 1.0質量%
上記各成分を撹拌混合しフェルビナク含有ゲル剤を調製した。
カルボキシビニルポリマー 1.5質量%
ヒドロキシプロピルセルロース 2.0質量%
エタノール 17.0質量%
精製水 35.3質量%
プロピレングリコール 30.0質量%
炭酸プロピレン 10.0質量%
トリエタノールアミン 0.2質量%
2−メチル−3−(メントキシ)プロパン−1,2−ジオール 1.0質量%
イソプレゴール 1.0質量%
メントール 1.0質量%
フェルビナク 1.0質量%
上記各成分を撹拌混合しフェルビナク含有ゲル剤を調製した。
カルボキシビニルポリマー 1.5質量%
ヒドロキシプロピルセルロース 2.0質量%
エタノール 17.0質量%
精製水 35.3質量%
プロピレングリコール 30.0質量%
炭酸プロピレン 10.0質量%
トリエタノールアミン 0.2質量%
メントール 3.0質量%
フェルビナク 1.0質量%
上記各成分を撹拌混合しフェルビナク含有ゲル剤を調製した。
実施例12と比較例1で調製したフェルビナク含有ゲル剤2gずつを左右上腕部に均一に塗布し、その清涼感と薬効感を健常パネルで評価した(10名)。
初期の清涼感・薬効感(塗布から5分後)は10名中6名が比較例1が若干強いと答えたが、10分後は7名が、30分後は9名が実施例12の方が清涼感・薬効感に優れると回答した。また、10名中4名が比較例1に刺激感を感じると答えたが、実施例12に刺激感を感じると答えたパネルはいなかった。
Claims (7)
- イソプレゴール、2−(メントキシ)エタノール、及び2−メチル−3−(メントキシ)プロパン−1,2−ジオールからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種を有効成分として含有する経皮吸収促進剤。
- メントール、メントン、カンファー、プレゴール、シネオール、3−メントキシプロパン−1,2−ジオール、N−アルキル−p−メンタン−3−カルボキサミド、3−メントキシ−2−メチルプロパン−1,2−ジオール、p−メンタン−3,8−ジオール、3−メントキシプロパン−1−オール、4−l−メントキシブタン−1−オール(3−ヒドロキシブタン酸メンチル)、3−ヒドロキシブタン酸メンチル、1−(2−ヒドロキシ−4−メチル−シクロヘキシル)エタノン、乳酸メンチル、メントールグリセリンケタール、N−メチル−2,2−イソプロピルメチル−3−メチルブタンアミド、グリオキシル酸メンチル、コハク酸メンチル、グルタル酸メンチル、ペパーミントオイル、スペアーミントオイル、ユーカリプタスオイル及びハッカオイルからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種の成分をさらに含有すること特徴とする請求項1記載の経皮吸収促進剤。
- バニリルエチルエーテル、バニリルプロピルエーテル、バニリンプロピレングリコールアセタール、エチルバニリンプロピレングリコールアセタール、カプサイシン、ギンゲロール、バニリルブチルエーテル、4−(1−メントキシ−メチル)−2−フェニル−1,3−ジオキソラン、4−(1−メントキシ−メチル)−2−(3’,4’−ジヒドロキシ−フェニル)−1,3−ジオキソラン、4−(1−メントキシ−メチル)−2−(2’−ヒドロキシ−3’−メトキシ−フェニル)−1,3−ジオキソラン、4−(1−メントキシ−メチル)−2−(4’−メトキシフェニル)−1,3−ジオキソラン、4−(1−メントキシ−メチル)−2−(3’,4’−メチレンジオキシ−フェニル)−1,3−ジオキソラン、4−(1−メントキシ−メチル)−2−(3’−メトキシ−4’−ヒドロキシフェニル)−1,3−ジオキソラン、トウガラシ油、トウガラシオレオレジン、ノニル酸バニリルアミド、ジャンブーオレオレジン、サンショウエキス、サアンショール−I、サアンショール−II、サンショウアミド、黒胡椒エキス、カビシン、ピペリン及びスピラントールからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種の温感物質をさらに含有すること特徴とする請求項1又は2に記載の経皮吸収促進剤。
- 請求項1乃至3のいずれか1項に記載の経皮吸収促進剤を0.01〜50質量%含有することを特徴とする皮膚外用製剤。
- 向精神成分、抗炎症成分、鎮痛成分、解熱成分、美白成分及び育毛成分からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種の薬理活性成分をさらに含有することを特徴とする請求項4記載の皮膚外用製剤。
- 請求項1乃至3のいずれか1項に記載の経皮吸収促進剤を有効成分として用いて、向精神成分、抗炎症成分、鎮痛成分、解熱成分、美白成分及び育毛成分からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種の薬理活性成分の経皮透過性を促進・制御する方法。
- 請求項1乃至3のいずれか1項に記載の経皮吸収促進剤を有効成分として用いて、冷感効果を制御する方法。
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| JP2011132419A JP2012020991A (ja) | 2010-06-16 | 2011-06-14 | 経皮吸収促進剤、及びこれを含有する皮膚外用製剤 |
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| JP2010137349 | 2010-06-16 | ||
| JP2010137349 | 2010-06-16 | ||
| JP2011132419A JP2012020991A (ja) | 2010-06-16 | 2011-06-14 | 経皮吸収促進剤、及びこれを含有する皮膚外用製剤 |
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| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20130084257A1 (ja) |
| EP (1) | EP2582357A1 (ja) |
| JP (1) | JP2012020991A (ja) |
| KR (1) | KR20130098175A (ja) |
| CN (2) | CN102939075A (ja) |
| WO (1) | WO2011158964A1 (ja) |
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| JP2013213003A (ja) * | 2012-04-02 | 2013-10-17 | Takasago Internatl Corp | メラニン生成抑制剤 |
| CN104334152A (zh) * | 2012-04-02 | 2015-02-04 | 高砂香料工业株式会社 | 黑色素生成抑制剂 |
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP2582357A1 (en) | 2013-04-24 |
| WO2011158964A1 (en) | 2011-12-22 |
| CN104188942A (zh) | 2014-12-10 |
| US20130084257A1 (en) | 2013-04-04 |
| KR20130098175A (ko) | 2013-09-04 |
| CN102939075A (zh) | 2013-02-20 |
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