JP2010507738A - タールサンド地層の粘度低減化温度への加熱 - Google Patents
タールサンド地層の粘度低減化温度への加熱 Download PDFInfo
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- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen sulfide Chemical compound S RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- NIFIFKQPDTWWGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrite Chemical group [Fe+2].[S-][S-] NIFIFKQPDTWWGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000011028 pyrite Substances 0.000 description 1
- WQGWDDDVZFFDIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrogallol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC(O)=C1O WQGWDDDVZFFDIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B36/00—Heating, cooling or insulating arrangements for boreholes or wells, e.g. for use in permafrost zones
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/16—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons
- E21B43/24—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection
- E21B43/243—Combustion in situ
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G1/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal
- C10G1/02—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal by distillation
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B36/00—Heating, cooling or insulating arrangements for boreholes or wells, e.g. for use in permafrost zones
- E21B36/02—Heating, cooling or insulating arrangements for boreholes or wells, e.g. for use in permafrost zones using burners
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B36/00—Heating, cooling or insulating arrangements for boreholes or wells, e.g. for use in permafrost zones
- E21B36/02—Heating, cooling or insulating arrangements for boreholes or wells, e.g. for use in permafrost zones using burners
- E21B36/025—Heating, cooling or insulating arrangements for boreholes or wells, e.g. for use in permafrost zones using burners the burners being above ground or outside the bore hole
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B36/00—Heating, cooling or insulating arrangements for boreholes or wells, e.g. for use in permafrost zones
- E21B36/04—Heating, cooling or insulating arrangements for boreholes or wells, e.g. for use in permafrost zones using electrical heaters
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/16—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons
- E21B43/24—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/16—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons
- E21B43/24—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection
- E21B43/2401—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection by means of electricity
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/30—Specific pattern of wells, e.g. optimising the spacing of wells
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
- E21B47/02—Determining slope or direction
- E21B47/022—Determining slope or direction of the borehole, e.g. using geomagnetism
- E21B47/0228—Determining slope or direction of the borehole, e.g. using geomagnetism using electromagnetic energy or detectors therefor
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/40—Characteristics of the process deviating from typical ways of processing
- C10G2300/4037—In-situ processes
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/14—Obtaining from a multiple-zone well
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Geophysics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Heating, Cooling, Or Curing Plastics Or The Like In General (AREA)
- Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
- Wire Bonding (AREA)
- Lubricants (AREA)
- Working-Up Tar And Pitch (AREA)
- Electric Connection Of Electric Components To Printed Circuits (AREA)
- Exhaust Gas Treatment By Means Of Catalyst (AREA)
- Chemical Vapour Deposition (AREA)
- Measuring Or Testing Involving Enzymes Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)
- Road Paving Machines (AREA)
- Coke Industry (AREA)
- Heat-Pump Type And Storage Water Heaters (AREA)
- Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
- Industrial Gases (AREA)
Abstract
【選択図】図4
Description
発明の分野
本発明は、一般に炭化水素含有地層(例えばタールサンド地層)のような各種の地表下地層から炭化水素、水素、及び/又はその他の生成物を製造する方法及びシステムに関する。
地下地層から得られる炭化水素は、エネルギー資源、供給原料、及び消費製品として使用されることが多い。有用な炭化水素資源の枯渇に対する関心及び製造される炭化水素の全体的品質低下に対する関心から、一層効率的な回収、処理、及び/又は有用な炭化水素資源の使用方法が発展してきた。現場熱処理方法を用いて地下地層から炭化水素材料を取出すことができる。地下地層から炭化水素材料を一層容易に取出すには、地下地層中の炭化水素材料の化学的、及び/又は物理的特性を変化させる必要があるかも知れない。化学的、及び/又は物理的変化としては、移動可能な(removable)流体を生成する現場反応、地層中の炭化水素の組成変化、溶解度変化、密度変化、相変化、及び/又は粘度変化が挙げられる。流体は、限定されるものではないが、ガス、液体、エマルジョン、スラリー、及び/又は液体流と同様な流れ特性を有する固体粒子の流れであってよい。
ここに記載した実施態様は一般に、地表下地層を処理する方法、システム及びヒーターに関する。また、ここに記載した実施態様は一般に、新規な構成成分を有するヒーターに関する。このようなヒーターは、ここに記載したシステム、方法を用いて得られる。
以下の説明は、一般に地層中の炭化水素を処理するシステム及び方法に関する。このような地層は、炭化水素生成物、水素、その他の生成物を生成させるために処理できる。
図3に示すヒーター坑井パターンを用いてタールサンド地層の加熱をシミュレートするため、STARSシミュレーションを使用した。タールサンド地層中のヒーターの水平方向長さは600mである。ヒーターの加熱速度は約750W/mである。図3に示す製造坑井106Bをこのシミュレーションの製造坑井で使用した。水平製造坑井内の底孔圧力を約600kPaに維持した。タールサンド地層の特性は、米国のタールサンドを基準とした。タールサンド地層シミュレーションへの入力特性は次の通りである。初期多孔率=0.28、初期油飽和率=0.8、初期水飽和率=0.2、初期フィー(fee)ガス飽和率=0.0、初期垂直方向透過度=250ミリダルシー、初期水平方向透過度=500ミリダルシー、初期Kv/Kh=0.5、炭化水素層厚さ=28m、炭化水素層深さ=587m、初期油層圧=3771kPa、製造坑井と炭化水素層の下部境界との間の距離=2.5m、最上部ヒーターと上層土との距離=9m、ヒーター間間隙=9.5m、初期炭化水素層温度=18.6℃、初期温度での粘度=53Pa・s(53000cp)、タール中のガス対油比(GOR)=50標準ft3/標準バレル。ヒーターは、砂面での最高温度538℃で、ヒーター出力755W/mの一定ワット数のヒーターである。ヒーター坑井の直径は15.2cmである。
タールサンド地層の現場熱処理方法をシミュレートするため、STARSシミュレーションを実験分析と組合わせて使用した。実験分析用の加熱条件は、貯留層(resourver)シミュレーションから求めた。この実験分析は、地層からタールサンドの細孔を選択した温度に加熱する工程、及び次いでこの細孔の圧力を100psigに低下させる(ブローダウンする)工程を含む。この方法を幾つかの異なる選択温度で繰り返した。複数の細孔を加熱し、同時にブローダウンする前に12MPaの最適圧力に維持するため、流体を製造すると共に、ブローダウンした後(幾つかの場合は最適圧力より高くなった可能性はあるが、圧力は迅速に調節したので、実験結果には影響を与えない)、流体を製造しながら、これら細孔の地層及び流体特性をモニターした。図12〜24にこのシミュレーション及び実験の結果を示す。
追い出し方法のため、図7、9に示す実施態様を用いた例を説明する。注入坑井120及び製造坑井106は、ほぼ垂直の坑井である。ヒーター116は、長いほぼ水平のヒーターで、これらのヒーターは、注入坑井120の近くを通るように配置する。ヒーター116は、垂直坑井から僅かに移行した垂直坑井パターンと交差している。
(a)ヒーター坑井の間隙 s=330ft
(b)地層の厚さ h=100ft
(c)地層の熱容量 ρc=35BTU/ft3・°F
(d)地層の熱伝導率 λ=1.2BTU/ft・hr・°F
(e)電気加熱速度 qh=200ワット/ft
(f)水蒸気注入速度 qs=500バレル/日
(g)水蒸気のエンタルピー hs=1000BTU/lb
(h)加熱時間 t=1年
(i)合計電気熱注入 QE=BTU/パターン/年
(j)電気熱の半径 r=ft
(k)合計注入水蒸気熱 QS=BTU/パターン/年
(式1)QE=qh・t・s(BTU/パターン/年)
よってQE=(200ワット/ft)[0.001kw/ワット](1年)[3
65日/年][24hr/日]3413BTU/kw・hr]
(330ft)=1.9733×109BTU/パターン/年
(式1)QS=qs・t・hs(BTU/パターン/年)
よってQS=(500バレル/日)(1年)[365日/年][1000BT
U/lb][350lb/バレル]=63.875×109BT
U/パターン/年
(式3)QE/(QE+QS)×100=合計熱の3%
(式4)VE=πr2
(式5)QE=(πrE 2)(s)(ρc)(ΔT)
(式6)QS=(πrS 2)(s)(ρc)(ΔT)
タール酸素地層の現場熱処理方法をシミュレートするため、STARSシミュレーションを用いた。地層中の圧力により影響を与えて製造した流体について、油回収率(適所の油(適所のビチュメン)の容量%(vol%)で測定)対API比重を測定するため、実験及びシミュレーションを用いた。また実験及びシミュレーションは、異なる圧力での回収効率(油(ビチュメン)の回収率(%))対温度を測定するためにも用いた。
2 加熱段階
3 加熱段階
100 障壁坑井
102 熱源
104 供給ライン
106 製造坑井
106A 製造坑井
106B 製造坑井
108 収集配管
110 処理設備
112 表土
114 炭化水素層
116 ヒーター
118 頁岩割れ目
120 注入坑井
121A 地層の処理区画
121B 地層の処理区画
121C 地層の処理区画
122 油製造速度
124 ガス製造速度
Claims (13)
- タールサンド地層中の炭化水素層の少なくとも一区画を、該地層中に配置した複数のヒーターから加熱する工程、
該加熱を、該区画の少なくとも大部分が200〜240℃の平均温度に達して、該区画中の少なくとも数種の炭化水素が粘度低減化を起こすように、制御する工程、及び
該地層から少なくとも数種の粘度低減化した炭化水素流体を製造する工程、
を含むタールサンド地層の処理方法。 - 前記平均温度が205〜230℃、又は210〜225℃である請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記地層中の圧力を該地層の破壊圧の1MPa以内に維持する工程を更に含む請求項1又は2に記載の方法。
- 前記地層の前記部分が200〜240℃の平均温度に達するまで複数のヒーターをほぼ全出力で操作する工程を更に含む請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記地層中の圧力を、該地層から少なくとも数種の流体を取出すことにより、該地層の破壊圧未満に維持する工程を更に含む請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記地層の破壊圧が約2000〜約15000kPaである請求項1〜5のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記製造した流体の液体炭化水素部分の粘度が、1気圧、5℃で測定して、350cp以下,250cp以下、又は100cp以下である請求項1〜6のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記製造した流体の液体炭化水素部分のAPI比重が7〜19°である請求項1〜7のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記製造した流体の液体炭化水素部分は、API比重が15°以上、粘度(1気圧、5℃で測定)が350cp以下、P係数(factor)(P値はASTM法D7060で測定)が1.1以上、臭素価(臭素価は、製造した流体の沸点246℃未満の炭化水素部分についてASTM法D1159で測定)が2%以下である請求項1〜8のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記地層から製造した流動化炭化水素及び/又は粘度低減化炭化水素の量を変化させて、該地層から製造した流体の品質を変化させる、及び/又は該地層からの炭化水素の全回収率を変化させる工程を更に含む請求項1〜9のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- (a)前記地層中の炭化水素の少なくとも大部分が粘度低減化され、(b)前記圧力が該地層の少なくとも一部分の破壊圧未満であり、かつ(c)該地層の前記少なくとも一部分中の少なくとも数種の炭化水素が製造坑井により製造可能な粘度低減化炭化水素を含む流体を形成するように、該地層の前記少なくとも一部分中の圧力を制御する工程を更に含む請求項1〜10のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記製造した流体を使用して、輸送用燃料を製造する工程を更に含む請求項1〜11のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 請求項12に記載の方法を用いて製造した輸送用燃料。
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