JP2009530818A - 薄シリコンまたはゲルマニウムシートおよび薄型シート製太陽電池 - Google Patents
薄シリコンまたはゲルマニウムシートおよび薄型シート製太陽電池 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2009530818A JP2009530818A JP2009500444A JP2009500444A JP2009530818A JP 2009530818 A JP2009530818 A JP 2009530818A JP 2009500444 A JP2009500444 A JP 2009500444A JP 2009500444 A JP2009500444 A JP 2009500444A JP 2009530818 A JP2009530818 A JP 2009530818A
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Abstract
Description
本願は、同時係属米国特許仮出願第60/782,115号である、2006年3月13日に出願されたHieslmairらの「薄シリコンまたはゲルマニウムシートおよび薄型シート製太陽電池」に対して優先権を主張し、これは参照により本明細書に組み込まれる。
光反応性蒸着は、他の流反応物システムと同様、一般的に流を反応チャンバに導く反応物搬送装置を備える。光反応性蒸着は、蒸着される際、あるいは追加処理の際に広範囲の組成と材料特性を有する塗布材料を生成するための貴重なツールである。反応物流の反応は、反応チャンバ内で生じる。反応を駆動する放射ビーム、たとえば、光線を使用すると、生成物流の高均一度を導く局所的な反応ゾーンが生じる可能性がある。反応ゾーンを超えると、流は、生成物組成(固体粒子、溶融粒子、および/または蒸気)、未反応物、反応副産物、および不活性ガスを備えることがある。生成物流は、蒸着表面まで継続し、そこで生成物組成の少なくとも一部が塗布として流から捕獲されることができる。
光反応性蒸着では、生成物組成の非常に均一な流が、塗布されるべき基板に向かって方向づけられる。結果として生じる塗布は、選択された構造に応じて、基板全体の塗布として形成されることができる、あるいはパターン化されることができる。さらに、塗布は、加熱処理またはエッチングなどのその後の処理を通じて修飾することができる。塗布パラメータは、所望の塗布特性を得るために変更することができる。
光反応蒸着の性能は、広範囲な利用可能な組成から選択された組成を有する塗布を生成するのに利用することができる。具体的には、組成は、任意のドーパント組成の結晶または非結晶材料を形成する1つまたは複数の金属/半金属元素を備えることができる。さらに、ドーパントは、塗布の化学および/または物理特性を変更するために使用することができる。ドーパントを反応物流に導入すると、結果的に塗布材料を通ってドーパントが分布される。いくつかの実施形態では、特に関連する組成は、選択されたドーパントを任意で有するシリコン/ゲルマニウムベース半導体を備える。
ただし、A、B、C、D、E、F、G、H、I、J、K、L、M、N、およびOは個々に存在し、もしくは存在せず、および、A、B、C、D、E、F、G、H、I、J、K、L、M、N、およびOのうち少なくとも1つは存在し、グループ1A元素、グループ2A元素、グループ3B元素(ランタニド元素族とアクチニド元素族を含む)、グループ4B元素、グループ5B元素、グループ6B元素、グループ7B元素、グループ8B元素、グループ1B元素、グループ2B元素、グループ3A元素、グループ4A元素、グループ5A元素、グループ6A元素、およびグループ7A元素を備える元素の周期表の元素からなるグループから個々に選択される。a、b、c、d、e、f、g、h、i、j、k、l、m、n、およびoは個々に選択され、約1〜約1,000,000の範囲の値から化学量論的に実現可能であり、約1、10、100、1000、10000、100000、1000000の数、および好適なその合計が企図される。材料は、結晶、非結晶、またはその組み合わせであってもよい。すなわち、元素は希ガス以外の周期表のどの元素であってもよい。本明細書に記載されるように、すべての無機物組成だけでなく、特定の組成、組成のグループ、属、亜属、単独または集合で、などを除き、すべての無機物化合物またはその組み合わせなどの明確な発明性のあるグループ分けとして、無機物化合物のすべてのサブセットが考えられる。
光反応性蒸着は、高品質塗布の高速形成のための多用途アプローチである。塗布特性は、蒸着および/または後蒸着プロセスとしてみなすことができる。複数層が光反応性蒸着を用いて蒸着されれば、その後の層の蒸着間の追加処理があってもよいし、なくてもよい。層の多孔率は、特定の層の密度に一部依存することがある。塗布が比較的高密度で蒸着されれば、塗布は通常、機械的安定性を有するが、剥離層として意図される一部の層は、意図的に比較的小さな機械的安定性を有するように蒸着することができる。塗布は、特定の塗布全体と、等価条件で実行された異なる基板上の塗布間との両方で、滑らかな表面と高度な均一度を備えて形成することができる。これらの特性は、有益な大表面積構造だけでなく大面積構造の複数層の形成も可能とする。塗布を滑らかにしつつ、制御された特性を持つテクスチャをそれに応じて塗布に盛り込むことができる。
粒子生成のために適切に前駆体を反応物流に導入することによって、蒸着中に組成を選択することができるが、代替的に、またはさらに、シリコン/ゲルマニウムベース半導体などの組成は、塗布全体または層形成後の選択された部分で修飾することができる。層の部分は、塗布表面の広がりに沿った部分、および/または層厚さの部分を指すことができる。組成の修飾は通常、粉体被覆または高密度塗布のいずれかで実行することができる。
加熱処理は、粉体被覆の粒子を焼結し、粉末/粉体被覆の圧縮、すなわち、緻密化を導き、所望の材料密度を形成することができる。高密度塗布は意図される用途に合わせて選択される形式で実質上蒸着されうるが、追加の処理が適切である、あるいは望ましい場合がある。塗布材料を緻密化するには、材料は、結晶材料の溶融点または非結晶材料の流温度、たとえば、ガラス転移温度および場合によっては、ガラスが自己支持する軟化点を超えて加熱され、粘性液体を形成することによって塗布を緻密化材料に圧密することができる。粒子の焼結は、層内に非結晶、結晶、または多結晶相を形成するために使用することができる。予備的加熱処理は、次の加熱プロセス間にドーパント/添加剤の移行を低減し、材料を部分的に緻密化するために、反応器炎で印加することができる。
剥離層は、剥離層と隣接材料を区別する特性および/または組成を有する。概して、剥離層の特性は、隣接材料の一方または両方からの剥離層の分離を提供する。剥離層の好適な物理特性は、たとえば、低密度、高溶融/軟化点、低機械強度、大熱膨張係数、またはその組み合わせでありうる。好適な化学的特性はたとえば、選択された溶媒の溶解度である。さらに、剥離層の材料は通常、いくつかの実施形態では、高温などの関連処理ステップの条件で他の材料に対して不活性であるべきである。剥離層の選択された特性は、下に位置する基板からオーバ層を分離するために利用することができる。特に、化学的および/または物理的相互作用を、剥離層を除去または破砕するために剥離層に適用することができる。
剥離層の除去または破砕を通して基板から保護膜を剥離した後、保護膜は独立型構造となる。この独立型構造は通常非常に薄いが、大きな表面積を有することができる。構造は上面に沿ってパターン構造を有していてもいなくてもよく、上面、下面、またはその両方に沿ってテクスチャ加工されていてもいなくてもよい。構造の一面また両面は、1つまたは複数の装置の形成のためにさらに処理することができる。上述したように、構造は一時的に、あるいは永久的に別の基板と結合されて、装置の処理または形成を簡易化することができる。好適な寸法は、処理アプローチの文脈で上述したとおりである
概して、保護膜層、たとえば半導体シートは、装置の形成に有効に使用可能な複数の層を有することができる。図20を参照すると、独立型の構造620は2つの層622、624を備える。当然のことながら、2つの層の組成と相対厚さは、所望するように選択することができる。同様に、層の数は、1、2、3、またはそれ以上であってもよい。太陽電池セル用途の場合、1つまたは複数の薄型保護層および1つまたは複数の半導体層を有することが望ましい可能性があり、それらは、層全体またはその選択された部分に沿ってドープされてもされていなくてもよい。図21の断面図を参照すると、構造630は、保護層632、pドープされたシリコン層634、およびnドープされたシリコン層636を有する。同様の構造では、層634は半導体層で、上層636は保護層である。太陽電池用途の場合、不活性化層の上面および下面は、電気的絶縁層と、機械的および化学的損傷からの保護とを提供する機能を果たす。
太陽電池パネルは通常、適切なサブ構造に組み立てられ、電気的に接続される複数の太陽電池セルを有する。たとえば、半導体島を、保護透明シート上に直接形成することができる。もしくは、個々のセルに対して半導体構造を形成し、別々の形成後に保護シート上に固定することができる。材料の大型シートが形成される場合、これらは精密に個々のセルに切断して、選択された個々のセル素子を形成することができる。半導体島は、透明前面上への配置前または後の処理で、所望の構造やドーパントなどと共に形成することができる。個々のセルは、直列、並列、またはその組み合わせで電気的に相互接続される。好適なオーバ層、基層、カプセルなどを、パネルを完成するのに使用することができる。半導体シートが装置の形成のために移送される実施形態では、剥離層が装置の処理中に、選択されたステージで除去または破砕される。ただし、半導体が透明基板上に直接蒸着される場合、太陽電池構造を形成するのに半導体の移送は利用されず、通常、剥離層が形成されない。
薄半導体シートは、ディスプレイ用回路および他の集積回路構造の形成のための多用途の基板であってもよい。シリコン/ゲルマニウム半導体箔は、フォトリソグラフィ技術、および任意で印刷タイプの技術などの他のパターニングアプローチとともにさらに処理することができる。特に、薄型化ディスプレイ装置の形成のために利用可能なトランジスタ素子、たとえば、薄膜トランジスタ(TFT)素子のシートを形成することができる。
この実施例では、剥離層上への比較的高密度のシリコンシートの形成を説明する。
表1
レーザ出力光(ワット) 1800
チャンバ圧力(トール) 100
基板温度(℃) 820
ステージ速度(in/秒) 10
アンモニア(立方センチメートル毎分) 30cm/min
アルゴン(立方センチメートル毎分) 400
SiH4(立方センチメートル毎分) 500
蒸着時間(分) 50
剥離層の蒸着後、結晶シリコン層が表2の条件に従い蒸着された。
表2
レーザ出力光(ワット) 1800
チャンバ圧力(トール) 100
基板温度(℃) 820
ステージ速度(cm/分) 10
アルゴン(立方センチメートル毎分) 700
SiH4(立方センチメートル毎分) 250
蒸着時間(分) 5
塗布走行の完了後、基板には、ウェハの表面全体に均一な灰色/黒色塗布が出現した。シリコンの色は、元素態シリコンの予測された色と類似していた。走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)で測定したところ、塗布は厚さ約50ミクロン、多孔率は約50%だった。本実施形態において、剥離層を裂くのに十分な静電気が観察された。基板上に結果的に生じたシリコン箔の上面の顕微鏡写真を図29に示す。図30は、剥離層から分離され破砕されたシリコン箔の部分の縁部を示す。剥離層の残りを基板表面に見ることができる。図31は、基板から分離されたシリコン箔の断片を示す。図32は図31の断片の下面を示し、剥離層の残りに対応するのが明るい色である。
Claims (27)
- わずか約100ミクロンの平均厚と少なくとも約900平方センチメートルの表面積とを有する、結晶シリコン、ゲルマニウム、炭化シリコン、シリコン窒化物、それらのドープした材料、またはそれらの合金を含むシートであって、前記シートは自由、または1つの面に沿って自由であり、反対面に沿って基板に剥離可能に接合される、シート。
- 前記シートが結晶シリコンを備える、請求項1に記載のシート。
- 前記結晶シリコンが多結晶である、請求項2に記載のシート。
- 前記シートが約20nm〜約50ミクロンの平均厚を有する、請求項1に記載のシート。
- 前記シートが、1センチメートルの縁除外部を有する約5ミクロン未満の前記基板全体の厚さにおいて標準偏差を有する、請求項1に記載のシート。
- 前記シートが自由構造である、請求項1に記載のシート。
- 前記シートが接着剤で基板に剥離可能に結合される、請求項1に記載のシート。
- 前記シートが少なくとも約30ミクロンの少数キャリヤ拡散長を有する、請求項1に記載のシート。
- 前記キャリヤが少なくとも約5cm2/Vsの電子移動度を有する、請求項1に記載のシート。
- 基板上の無機物基層を流れる反応流から無機材料を蒸着することを備える、分離可能な無機物層の形成方法であって、前記基層材料が溶媒に溶け、前記無機材料が溶けない、方法。
- 前記無機材料が、結晶シリコン、ゲルマニウム、炭化シリコン、シリコン窒化物、それらのドープした材料、またはそれらの合金を含む、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 前記基層材料が水性液体に溶け、前記無機材料が前記水性液体に溶けない、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 前記基層材料が有機液に溶け、前記無機材料が前記有機液に溶けない、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 少なくとも約40パーセントの多孔率を有する基層材料上に無機材料を蒸着することを備える、分離可能な無機物層の形成方法。
- 前記無機物層がシリコン、ゲルマニウム、炭化シリコン、それらのドープした材料、またはそれらの合金を含む、請求項14に記載の構造。
- 前記基層材料がシリコン酸化物、シリコン窒化物、またはシリコン酸窒化物を備える、請求項15に記載の方法。
- わずか約100ミクロンの平均厚の第1の無機材料による複数のパターン島を備える構造であって、前記パターン島が第2の無機材料層の上に配置され、前記第2の無機材料が透明基板または剥離層を備える、構造。
- 前記第1の無機材料は、シリコン、ゲルマニウム、炭化シリコン、それらのドープした材料、またはそれらの合金を含む、請求項17に記載の構造。
- 前記第2の無機材料がシリカガラスを含む、請求項17に記載の構造。
- 透明基板のテクスチャ加工された表面に半導体材料を蒸着することを備える、受光構造の形成方法。
- 前記透明基板が無機ガラスを含む、請求項20に記載の方法。
- 蒸着が、反応流の反応から形成される生成物組成を有する反応流を方向づけることを備える、請求項20に記載の方法。
- 前記反応が光吸収によって駆動される、請求項22に記載の方法。
- 前記半導体材料がシリコンまたはドープしたシリコンを備える、請求項20に記載の方法。
- 選択された面積とわずか約100ミクロンの平均厚とを有する個別の島を形成する方法であって、基板に固定された大型シートを切断して、前記選択された面積を有する前記島を形成することを含み、前記シートが結晶無機材料を備える、方法。
- 請求項25に記載の方法によって形成される個別の島を備える太陽電池モジュールであって、前記個別の島が結晶シリコン、結晶ゲルマニウム、またはそれらの結晶合金を含み、基板が透明無機ガラスを含む、太陽電池モジュール。
- 制御素子と、それぞれの発光が前記制御素子の制御下にある複数の発光素子とを備えるディスプレイであって、前記制御素子がわずか約100ミクロンの平均厚のシリコン/ゲルマニウムベース半導体シートを備え、前記シートが前記シートと動作可能に結合するトランジスタでパターン化される、ディスプレイ。
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| EP1997126A2 (en) | 2008-12-03 |
| US20100190288A1 (en) | 2010-07-29 |
| WO2007106502A3 (en) | 2007-11-29 |
| CN101443888A (zh) | 2009-05-27 |
| WO2007106502A2 (en) | 2007-09-20 |
| CN101443888B (zh) | 2011-03-16 |
| US20070212510A1 (en) | 2007-09-13 |
| KR20080109778A (ko) | 2008-12-17 |
| WO2007106502A8 (en) | 2008-10-23 |
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