JP2009036014A - Pedestrian bridge - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a pedestrian bridge enabling a refuge in the case of an emergency such as a "tsunami", a flood and being capable of particularly making a large number of persons refuge even in sections excepting a walking road surface. <P>SOLUTION: A refuge stage for a refuge in the case of the emergency such as the "tsunami", the flood or the like is mounted on a pedestrian bridge body having a means forming the walking road surface to a crossing building frame supported to a support and built so as to cross a roadway and a river or a route or the like such as a railway while ascending and descending the walking road surface. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2009,JPO&INPIT

Description

  The present invention relates to a pedestrian bridge provided so as to straddle a road, a river, or a railway line.

  A typical pedestrian bridge has a pair of pillars standing across the road, and is supported by these pillars to form a walking road surface over which a crossover is built, and can be climbed at both ends of the walking road surface. In this way, climbing means such as stairs, escalators and elevators are connected.

These pedestrian bridges only serve as three-dimensional passages that carry people from one side of the road to the other without crossing the roadway, and were not associated with other functions.
The present invention has been made in view of the above, and it is an object of the present invention to provide a pedestrian bridge capable of evacuating in the event of an emergency such as a tsunami or flood, and in particular capable of evacuating many people other than the walking road surface.

In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, the invention according to claim 1 is characterized in that a walking road surface is formed on a crossover frame that is supported by a support and is laid over a roadway, a river, or a railway line, etc. The pedestrian bridge body equipped with means to climb is provided with an evacuation stage for evacuation in the event of an emergency such as a tsunami or flood.
According to a second aspect of the present invention, in the first aspect, the pedestrian bridge main body is an existing one, and the evacuation stage is attached to the pedestrian bridge main body.
In the third aspect, the pedestrian bridge body and the evacuation stage are both newly installed in the first aspect.
According to a fourth aspect of the present invention, in the apparatus according to any one of the first to third aspects, the evacuation stage has the same floor height as the walking road surface.
According to a fifth aspect of the present invention, in the apparatus according to any one of the first to third aspects, the evacuation stage is a floor surface higher than the walking road surface.

  According to the present invention, the pedestrian bridge main body is provided with means for forming a walking road surface on a bridge frame that is supported by a support column and straddles a roadway, a river, or a railway line, etc., and climbs down the walking road surface. In addition, it is characterized by the provision of an evacuation stage for emergency evacuation such as tsunami and flooding, so it is possible to evacuate in the event of an emergency such as tsunami and flooding, especially evacuating many people other than the walking road surface A pedestrian bridge can be provided.

  DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Hereinafter, an embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. However, each proposed example included in each embodiment described here is assumed to be applied to other embodiments. The material of each constituent member will be described based on iron, but it is assumed that other existing metal materials such as aluminum alloy and titanium alloy, wood and resin can be used.

  FIG. 1 and FIG. 3 show one embodiment of a footbridge according to the present invention, where 1 is a roadway, 2 is a main support, and the main support 2 is fixed to a foundation 3 at a corresponding position across the roadway 1. There is a confrontation. Between the upper ends of these main support columns 2 and 2, a bridge case 4 is installed, a walking road surface 5 is laid in the interior, and a safety fence 6 is attached to the upper part. The safety fence 6 may be a cover made of a resin plate. The crossover 4 includes a groove-type exterior material, but most of the bottom has a structure in which a steel material such as H steel is passed to the bottom as shown by a broken line in FIG. ing. Other structures may be adopted.

  Reference numeral 8 denotes climbing means, which includes a staircase body 9, a staircase body 10, and a safety fence 11, and communicates the sidewalk 12 and the walking road surface 5. Reference numeral 13 denotes a base that is anchored to a foundation (not shown), and reference numeral 14 denotes an auxiliary support post that is fixed to the base 15 and is erected.

  An evacuation stage S for urgent evacuation such as tsunami and flooding is constructed for these existing pedestrian bridges. Reference numeral 17 denotes a foundation, which is formed at a location away from the foundation 3 of the main support 2, and a stage support 18 having a diameter larger than that of the main support 2 is erected through the foundation 17. A stage housing 19 is attached to the upper end of the stage column 18 so as to extend greatly from one end of the pedestrian bridge into a plane L shape. As shown in the plan view of FIG. 3, the stage housing 19 is integrated with the bottom steel material on the side of the footbridge by a combination of broken bottom steel materials 20. At the same time, a safety fence 20 is attached to the upper part of the stage housing 19. The stage surface 21 is a floor surface having the same height as the walking road surface 5. The stage column 18 and the main column 2 are connected by a reinforcing beam 22. Further, a traffic sign 23 is attached using the stage support 18.

  The evacuation stage S has a bottom height of about 2 m (may be more) than the estimated height of the tsunami shown in FIG. If you evacuate to Stage S, the safety of those who evacuate there will be sufficiently maintained even if a tsunami strikes. In addition, the evacuation stage S is safe in strength because the pedestrian bridge body resists as a structure behind the tsunami.

In the evacuation stage S, emergency evacuation equipment, light projecting means for promoting evacuation, solar, and the like can be attached.
Moreover, the climbing means 8 includes only a slope or a slope provided with a staircase.
Further, the climbing means 8 may be an escalator type or an elevator type.
Moreover, although the stage surface 21 in the evacuation stage S is a uniform floor surface, an elevated floor portion may be provided.
Further, as shown in FIG. 3, the evacuation stage S was projected from the end of the walking road surface 5 of the pedestrian bridge, but as shown in the upper right column of the figure, the end of the walking road surface 5 of the pedestrian bridge Alternatively, the shape of one side may be combined.
Further, as shown in the lower right column of the figure, the evacuation stage S may be widened so that one side thereof protrudes from the end line of the pedestrian bridge.

Furthermore, in the said embodiment, although the evacuation stage S was comprised in one side of the footbridge, as shown in FIG. 4, you may deploy at both ends.
In this case, the evacuation stages S may be connected by the connecting member 24.
The connecting member 24 may have a function as an evacuation stage in addition to the connecting function.
In addition, one or a plurality of cushioning piles 25 may be provided in front of the stage where a tsunami attack is expected, separated from the stage column 18.
The evacuation stage S is rectangular (including a square), but it may be triangular or semi-circular, or may be a modified trapezoid as shown in FIG. In the case of the rectangular shape, it may be as wide as it reaches the upper side of the roadway 1.
Furthermore, as shown in the upper right column of FIG. 4, the evacuation stage S may be arranged to be perpendicular to the end of the pedestrian bridge. In this case, the ascending / descending means 8 may be a bidirectional ascending / descending method as shown in the drawing, in addition to the unidirectional ascending / descending method. The evacuation stage S can also be increased in area as a two-plane parallel type, as indicated by a virtual line.
Further, as shown in the lower right column of FIG. 4, the evacuation stage S may be formed in a U-shape so that the ascending / descending means 8 passes through the cutout portion. Although the illustration shows a bidirectional ascending / descending type, this can also be applied to a unidirectional ascending / descending type.

FIG. 2 shows another embodiment. In the embodiment, the evacuation stage S is set higher than the walking road surface 5 of the pedestrian bridge.
Since the structure of the pedestrian bridge body is the same as that shown in FIG.
In the evacuation stage S, one or a plurality of stage struts 28 are erected and fixed to a foundation 29, and a stage housing 30 is installed and fixed on the stage struts 28 so that the space between the walking road surface 5 and the stage surface 31 is fixed. Connected by the climbing means 32, 33 is a safety fence.

Reference numeral 34 denotes a connecting member that connects the stage columns 28, and reference numeral 35 denotes another connecting member that connects the stage column 28 and the main column 2.
The evacuation stage S is provided only at one end of the pedestrian bridge, but may be provided at both ends as shown in FIG. In this case, as shown by the phantom line S, the evacuation stages S may be connected to provide a wider evacuation stage. The evacuation stage S stands from the separation zone when there is a central separation zone. You may make it support by the other support | pillar provided.
As shown in the upper right column of FIG. 6, the evacuation stage S may be connected by a (W) climbing means 32 that is wider than the climbing means 8. As shown in the lower right column of the figure, the present invention can also be applied to an elevator EV type pedestrian bridge.
The evacuation stage S has a planar shape, but may be a stepped shape like the climbing means 32 shown in the upper right column of FIG.
In addition, the evacuation stage S has a rectangular shape, but may have a deformed trapezoidal shape, a triangular shape, or a circular shape as shown in FIG.
Furthermore, one or a plurality of buffer piles 36 can be arranged in front of the evacuation stage S (the side where the tsunami is expected to come) so that the wrecked ship does not collide with the evacuation stage S directly. .

  Moreover, as shown in FIG. 7, you may comprise the evacuation stage S more than two stories.

8 to 12 show another embodiment of a footbridge device with an evacuation stage. This embodiment functions as a pedestrian bridge during normal times, but in the event of an emergency such as a tsunami or flood, the evacuation personnel can be evacuated to a further evacuation stage in addition to the pedestrian bridge part during normal times. It can be increased and can be safely evacuated to a higher position. There are cases where the entire device is newly constructed and cases where the old footbridge is remodeled and the upper part is added .

Reference numeral 501 denotes a roadway, reference numeral 502 denotes a main column, and the main column 502 is provided with a flange 502a at the lower end and anchored to a foundation 503 provided at a corresponding location across the roadway 501 . Between the upper ends of these main columns 502, 502, a bridge case 504 is installed, a walking road surface 505 is laid in the interior, and a safety fence 506 is attached to the upper part. The safety fence 506 may be a cover made of a resin plate. The transfer housing 504 is provided with a groove-type exterior material, but most of the structure has a structure in which a steel material such as H steel is passed to the bottom thereof and the end portion is connected to the main column 502 as shown in FIG. . Other structures may be adopted .

Reference numeral 508 denotes climbing means, which includes a staircase 509, a staircase body 510, and a safety fence 511, and communicates the sidewalk 512 and the walking road surface 505. Reference numeral 513 is a base provided at the lower end of the climbing means 508, anchored to the stair base 514, and 515 is an auxiliary column that is fixedly attached to the base 516 via a flange .

An evacuation stage S for emergency evacuation such as a tsunami or flood is constructed in such an existing or new pedestrian bridge. The evacuation stage S includes a stage housing 518 and a stage surface (evacuation surface) 519 similar to the transfer housing 504 and a safety fence 520 and is provided at a high position in parallel with the pedestrian bridge. The stage housing 518 is supported by a stage column 521, and the column 521 is anchored to the foundation 523 via a flange 522. Then, both ends of the pedestrian bridge and both ends of the evacuation stage S are connected by an escape stairs 524 with a handrail.
Further, as shown in FIG. 12, the main column 502 and the stage column 521 are connected and reinforced by a reinforcing beam 525 .

While this pedestrian bridge with evacuation stage S is used as a pedestrian bridge as shown by the white arrow in the figure during normal times, the evacuation stage is located above the pedestrian bridge as indicated by the black arrow when a tsunami or flood occurs. Evacuation is possible by climbing S. The evacuation stage S may be the same height as the pedestrian bridge. However, if the evacuation stage S is sufficiently higher than the pedestrian bridge as in this embodiment, safety is guaranteed even if a tsunami higher than expected hits.
In addition, the evacuation stage S is safe in strength because the pedestrian bridge body resists as a structure behind the tsunami .

The evacuation stage S may be parallel to the pedestrian bridge body and have the same height and connected to each other by a connecting bridge. Moreover, a buffer pile may be arranged similarly to the above .

13 to 17 show another embodiment of a footbridge device with an evacuation stage. This embodiment functions as a pedestrian bridge during normal times, but in the event of an emergency such as a tsunami or flood, the evacuation personnel can be evacuated to a further evacuation stage in addition to the pedestrian bridge part during normal times. It can be increased and can be safely evacuated to a higher position. There are cases where the entire device is newly constructed and cases where the old footbridge is remodeled and the upper part is added. The device is an arrangement in which an evacuation stage is arranged above the pedestrian bridge in the stairs climb direction .

Reference numeral 501 denotes a roadway, reference numeral 502 denotes a main column, and the main column 502 is provided with a flange 502a at the lower end and anchored to a foundation 503 provided at a corresponding location across the roadway 501. Between the upper ends of these main columns 502, 502, a bridge case 504 is installed, a walking road surface 505 is laid in the interior, and a safety fence 506 is attached to the upper part. The safety fence 506 may be a cover made of a resin plate. The transfer housing 504 is provided with a groove-type exterior material, but most of the structure has a structure in which a steel material such as H steel is passed to the bottom thereof and the end portion is connected to the main column 502 as shown in FIG. . Other structures may be adopted .

Reference numeral 508 denotes climbing means, which includes a staircase 509, a staircase body 510, and a safety fence 511, and communicates the sidewalk 512 and the walking road surface 505. Reference numeral 513 is a base provided at the lower end of the climbing means 508, anchored to the stair base 514, and 515 is an auxiliary column that is fixedly attached to the base 516 via a flange .

An evacuation stage S for emergency evacuation such as a tsunami or flood is constructed in such an existing or new pedestrian bridge. The evacuation stage S includes a stage housing 518 and a stage surface (evacuation surface) 519 similar to the transfer housing 504 and a safety fence 520 and is provided at a high position in parallel with the pedestrian bridge. The stage housing 518 is supported by a stage column 521, and the column 521 is anchored to the foundation 523 via a flange 522. Then, both ends of the pedestrian bridge and both ends of the evacuation stage S are connected by an escape stairs 524 with a handrail.
Further, as shown in FIG. 12, the main column 502 and the stage column 521 are connected and reinforced by a reinforcing beam 525 .

While this pedestrian bridge with evacuation stage S is used as a pedestrian bridge as shown by the white arrow in the figure during normal times, the evacuation stage is located above the pedestrian bridge as indicated by the black arrow when a tsunami or flood occurs. Evacuation is possible by climbing S. The evacuation stage S may be the same height as the pedestrian bridge. However, if the evacuation stage S is sufficiently higher than the pedestrian bridge as in this embodiment, safety is guaranteed even if a tsunami higher than expected hits.
In addition, the evacuation stage S is safe in strength because the pedestrian bridge body resists as a structure behind the tsunami .

The evacuation stage S may be parallel to the pedestrian bridge body and have the same height and connected to each other by a connecting bridge.
As shown in FIG. 9, when the central separation band 527 is provided, the pedestrian bridge and the evacuation stage S may be supported by central columns 528 and 529 erected from the separation band 527.
Further, as shown in the right column of FIG. 12, the crossover 504, which is a pedestrian bridge, and the evacuation stage S may have the same height level and may be connected by a joint 530. The joint portion 530 is a flat surface, but its width (a dimension in a direction perpendicular to the paper surface in the right column of FIG. 12) is as wide as the entire length of the footbridge and the evacuation stairs of FIG. It includes both a narrow bridge like 524. In this case as well, the pedestrian bridge includes both existing and new ones. The joint portion 530 may have a width that is substantially the same as the width of the pedestrian bridge, or may be wider than the pedestrian bridge as shown in the right column of FIG .

13 to 17 show another embodiment of a footbridge device with an evacuation stage. This embodiment functions as a pedestrian bridge during normal times, but in the event of an emergency such as a tsunami or flood, the evacuation personnel can be evacuated to a further evacuation stage in addition to the pedestrian bridge part during normal times. It can be increased and can be safely evacuated to a higher position. There are cases where the entire device is newly constructed and cases where the old footbridge is remodeled and the upper part is added. This device has an evacuation stage directly above the pedestrian bridge .

Reference numeral 531 denotes a roadway, reference numeral 532 denotes a main column, and the main column 532 is provided with a flange 532a at the lower end and anchored to a foundation 533 provided at a corresponding position across the roadway 531, and each pair is erected. The upper ends of these main struts 532,532, cathodic building frame 534 is rack set, and safety fence 536 is attached to the upper along with walking road 535 therein is laid. The safety fence 536 may be a cover made of a resin plate. The transfer housing 534 has a groove-type exterior material, but most of the bottom is provided with a steel material such as H steel as shown in FIG. 16 (bottom view), and the end portion is connected to the main column 532. It has become. Other structures may be adopted .

Reference numeral 538 denotes an ascending / descending means that can be ascended and descended from both directions. The thing like the said embodiment which can go up and down only in one direction may be sufficient. The climbing means 538 includes a staircase body 539, a staircase body 540, and a safety fence 541, and communicates the sidewalk 542 and the walking road surface 535. Reference numeral 543 is a base provided at the lower end of the climbing means 538, anchored to the stair base 544, and 545 is an auxiliary column that is fixedly attached to the base 546 via a flange .

An evacuation stage S for emergency evacuation such as a tsunami or flood is constructed in such an existing or new pedestrian bridge. The evacuation stage S includes a stage housing 548 and a stage surface (evacuation surface) 549 that are slightly longer than the transfer housing 534, and also includes a safety fence 550, and is provided at a high position parallel to and directly above the footbridge. The stage housing 548 is supported by the main support column 532, and evacuation stairs 552 that can be ascended and descended from the pedestrian bridge are provided at both ends of the housing 548.
As shown in FIG. 17, the main columns 532 are connected and reinforced by the reinforcing beams 553 .

Such pedestrian bridge with evacuation stage S is used as a pedestrian bridge as shown by the white arrow in the figure during normal times, as shown in FIGS. 13 and 14, while a pedestrian bridge as indicated by the black arrow when a tsunami or flood occurs. Evacuation is possible by climbing to the evacuation stage S, which is the upper floor . Since the evacuation stage S is sufficiently higher than the pedestrian bridge, safety is guaranteed even if a tsunami higher than expected hits.
Since a pair of main columns 532 are provided on each of the left and right sides, the resistance to tsunami is large, but one may be provided on each of the left and right sides .

As shown in FIG. 14, when the central separation band 555 is provided, the pedestrian bridge and the evacuation stage S may be supported by the central column 556 erected from the separation band 555. In this case, there may be two central support columns 556 in the front and rear, and in that case, the main support columns 532 may be provided one by one or two front and rear .

The same applies to the embodiments of FIGS. 18 and 19 and the following embodiments. For example, the ladder portion 99 in FIG. 19 is provided with a sliding portion 104 such as an imaginary line so that it functions as a slide during normal times. You may give it. In this case, a scroll 105 made of a non-slip fabric is provided on the evacuation unit 100 so that it is fixed at one end, and in the case of a tsunami, the scroll 105 is fed out toward the surface of the sliding unit 104. A non-slip surface may be provided. The non-slip surface in this case is effective in an emergency where, for example, a wheelchair with a bedridden elderly person is climbed.
Further, as shown in the right column of FIG. 19, the ladder portion 99 may be a side-by-side type as a slope 108 for climbing the other side with a sliding surface 107 on one side. In this case, the slope 108 may be steeply inclined for the play, while the slope 108 may be gently inclined. Furthermore, as shown in the right column, the center between the widths may be formed as a sliding surface 107 and both sides thereof may be formed as climbing slopes 108. K is a wheelchair.
Furthermore, although the ladder portions are arranged on both the front and rear sides of the apparatus, only one of them may be a ladder portion and the other may be a slope. The slope in this case includes both a slip surface and an evacuation climb .

The embodiment of FIG. 20 has an arch shape as a whole, and the main body 110 includes a pair of arch-shaped main frames 111 and a ladder portion 112 and an evacuation portion 113 therebetween, and includes safety fences 114 on both sides.
The main body 110 is fixed by directly embedding the lower portions at the front and rear ends thereof in the soil. A widening frame 115 may be provided for stabilization, or the main frame 111 may be widened as shown in the right column .

In the embodiment of FIG. 21, the entirety is an arch-shaped main body 118, but the safety fence 119 passes through the center of the width instead of both sides. Also in this case, the main body 118 may be widened and may be pulled by the wire 120 for stabilization. 121 is a ladder part, 122 is an evacuation part .

The embodiment shown in FIG. 22 is a main body having a more stable bifurcated main frame 125, 126 is a ladder portion, and handrails 127 are provided on both sides thereof. 128 is evacuated portion, so that the can evacuate many neighboring people as well wide space in the exemplary form condition. Reference numeral 129 denotes a wire.
In addition, although the ladder part 126 in the embodiment is provided in four rows, for example, A can be freely selected as a slide or B as a climbing slope .

In the embodiment of FIG. 23, the main body 132 is formed by a single main frame 133, and the lower ends of both ends of the main frame 133 bent into a trapezoid are fixed to the ground by embedding fixing or the like, and its supporting leg portions. A ladder part 135 and a stair railing 136 are provided along 134, a frame body 138 is attached to the base part 137, and the evacuation part 139 is fixed, and safety fences 140 are provided on both sides thereof. In this case, an auxiliary support leg 141 may be provided like a virtual line to make it more stable .

24 and 25 show another embodiment, FIG. 24 is a facility side view as seen from the X direction of FIG. 25, and FIG. 25 is a facility rear view as seen from the Y direction of FIG. It is.
The facility shows an example of a prospect and evacuation facility that can be viewed during normal times and can accommodate about 200 people as an evacuation stage in the event of an emergency such as a tsunami or flood .

Assuming that a tsunami hits from the right side of FIG. Three steel struts 450 are erected on the front side and the back side, respectively, and two columns of front and rear columns 450 are erected between the front and back in the same manner. The front, rear, left and right are interconnected by beams and girders (not shown). Each support 450 is fixed to the foundation.
The first floor portion is configured as a parking lot 451, and the vehicle can enter and exit both front and rear and left and right .

Reference numeral 452 denotes a first escape staircase, and reference numeral 453 denotes a second escape staircase. A second-floor floor 454 and a third-floor floor, which is an observation / evacuation stage 455, are laid, and an outer wall 456 is provided on the entire outer periphery.
The second floor part is partitioned into a second floor use room 457 such as an evacuation room (meeting place), kitchen, warehouse, etc., and the third floor part is a slightly higher outer wall 456 so that the person to view is safe. In addition to being surrounded, it is covered with a roof structure 458 so that it can be viewed even when it rains.

Note that it is assumed that the tsunami will come from the right side of FIG. 24, and in order to prevent the attack energy from directly hitting the facility and causing damage, the front of the facility is located in front of the column 450. Correspondingly, a plurality of buffer piles 459 .

This buffer pile 459 is anchored on a deeply embedded foundation 460. The buffer pile 459 may be a metal pipe or a concrete containing a reinforcing bar. It may be wood.

The surface where the tsunami of the landing of the first evacuation stairs 452 attacks is a railing rail, but this surface may only cause damage to the evacuated people if the tsunami attacks In addition, there is a risk of attacking up to the second floor 454 through the stairs, so it is effective to have a strength surface that acts against and blocks the tsunami. Therefore, the same strength surface is preferably a curved surface as viewed from above or a surface protruding forward in a mountain shape .

The perspective view which shows one Embodiment of this invention. The perspective view which shows other embodiment. The top view which shows the footbridge of FIG. The top view which shows other embodiment. The top view which shows other embodiment. The top view which shows other embodiment. The side view which shows other embodiment. The top view which shows other embodiment of the footbridge with an evacuation stage. The front view of the footbridge of FIG. The rear view of the footbridge of FIG. The bottom view of the footbridge of FIG. The right view of the footbridge of FIG. The top view which shows other embodiment of the footbridge with an evacuation stage. The front view of the footbridge of FIG. The rear view of the footbridge of FIG. The bottom view of the footbridge of FIG. The right view of the footbridge of FIG. The perspective view of the tsunami evacuation simple apparatus which shows other embodiment. The perspective view of the tsunami evacuation simple apparatus which shows other embodiment. The perspective view of the tsunami evacuation simple apparatus which shows other embodiment. The perspective view of the tsunami evacuation simple apparatus which shows other embodiment. The top view of the tsunami evacuation simple apparatus which shows other embodiment. The perspective view of the tsunami evacuation simple apparatus which shows other embodiment. The side view which shows other embodiment as a X arrow directional view of FIG. The Y arrow line view of FIG.

Explanation of symbols

2 ... Main strut 4 ... Overhead frame 5 ... Walking road surface 8 ... Climbing means 18 ... Stage strut .

Claims (5)

  A pedestrian bridge body with means to form a walking road surface on a transit frame that is supported by a pillar and straddles a roadway, river, or railway line, etc. A pedestrian bridge characterized by the provision of an evacuation stage for emergency evacuation.   The pedestrian bridge according to claim 1, wherein the pedestrian bridge body is an existing one, and the evacuation stage is attached to the pedestrian bridge body.   The pedestrian bridge according to claim 1, wherein both the pedestrian bridge body and the evacuation stage are newly installed.   4. The pedestrian bridge according to claim 1, wherein the evacuation stage has the same floor height as the walking road surface.   The pedestrian bridge according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the evacuation stage is a floor surface higher than the walking road surface.

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