JP2008177173A - 複合カソード、新規複合カソードを含む化学電池、およびそれらを製造するプロセス - Google Patents
複合カソード、新規複合カソードを含む化学電池、およびそれらを製造するプロセス Download PDFInfo
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- JP2008177173A JP2008177173A JP2008048809A JP2008048809A JP2008177173A JP 2008177173 A JP2008177173 A JP 2008177173A JP 2008048809 A JP2008048809 A JP 2008048809A JP 2008048809 A JP2008048809 A JP 2008048809A JP 2008177173 A JP2008177173 A JP 2008177173A
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- electroactive
- sulfur
- cathode
- transition metal
- composite cathode
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Abstract
【解決手段】本発明のカソードは:(a)電気活性な硫黄含有カソード物質であって、ここで該電気活性な硫黄含有カソード物質がその酸化状態において式-Sm-のポリスルフィド部分を含み、ここでmが3以上の整数である、硫黄含有カソード物質:および(b)電気活性な遷移金属カルコゲニド組成物であって、上記電気活性な硫黄含有カソード物質を被包し、そして上記電気活性な硫黄含有カソード物質のアニオン性還元生成物の輸送を遅延させる、遷移金属カルコゲニド組成物を含む。
【選択図】なし
Description
の有用性に関する言及はない。そのかわり、遷移金属カルコゲニドは、その公知の技術である、リチウムイオンを含む電気活性カソード挿入物質に特に限定して言及されており、これはポリオルガノジスルフィド物質と共に用いる有用性はなく、そしてこれらの文献中に記載されている電荷移動物質に比べて電気伝導性が顕著に低い。
本発明の1つの局面は、化学電池(electrochemicalcell)において使用するための複合カソードに関する。このカソードは:(a)電気活性な硫黄含有カソード物質であって、ここで該電気活性な硫黄含有カソード物質がその酸化状態において式-Sm-のポリスルフィド部分を含み、ここでmが3以上の整数である、硫黄含有カソード物質;および(b)電気活性な遷移金属カルコゲニド組成物であって、上記電気活性な硫黄含有カソード物質を被包し、そして上記電気活性な硫黄含有カソード物質のアニオン性還元生成物の輸送を遅延させる、遷移金属カルコゲニド組成物を含む。この電気活性な遷移金属カルコゲニド組成物は式MjYk(OR)lの電気活性な遷移金属カルコゲニドを含み、ここで:Mは遷移金属であり;Yは各々、同一または相異なり、酸素、硫黄、またはセレンであり;Rは有機基であり、そして各々、同一または相異なり;jは1から12の範囲の整数であり;kは0から72の範囲の数であり;lは0から72の範囲の数であり;ただし、kとlとが同時に0であることはない。1つの実施態様において、jは1から6の範囲の整数であり;kは0から13の範囲の数であり;そして、lは0から18の範囲の数である。
(b)工程(a)から得られる組成物に上記電気活性な硫黄含有カソード物質を添加する工程;
(c)工程(b)から得られる組成物を混合して、該電気活性な硫黄含有カソード物質を溶解または分散させて、所望のコンシステンシーおよび粒径分布を有する組成物を形成する工程;
(d)工程(c)から得られる組成物を適切な基材上にキャストする工程、または工程(c)から得られる組成物を成型する工程;
(e)工程(d)から得られる組成物から液体の一部または全部を除去して、固体複合カソード構造を提供する工程;および(f)工程(e)の複合カソード構造を100℃以上の温度まで任意に加熱する工程、を包含する。
(b)工程(a)から得られる組成物に上記電気活性な硫黄含有カソード物質を添加する工程;
(c)工程(b)から得られる組成物を混合して、該電気活性な硫黄含有カソード物質を溶解または分散さて、所望のコンシステンシーおよび粒径分布を有する組成物を形成する工程;
(d)工程(c)から得られる組成物をゲル化剤に接触させて、ゾル−ゲルを形成する工程;
(e)工程(d)から得られる組成物を適切な基材上にキャストする工程、または工程(d)から得られる組成物を成型する工程;
(f)工程(e)から得られる組成物から液体の一部または全部を除去して、所望の形状または形態の固体またはゲル様の複合カソード構造を提供する工程;
および(g)工程(f)の複合カソード構造を100℃以上の温度まで任意に加熱する工程、を包含する方法。
(b)工程(a)から得られる組成物をゲル化剤に接触させる工程;
(c)工程(b)から得られる組成物に上記電気活性な硫黄含有カソード物質を添加する工程;
(d)工程(c)から得られる組成物を混合して、該電気活性な硫黄含有カソード物質を溶解または分散させ、所望のコンシステンシーおよび粒径分布を有する組成物を形成する工程;
(e)工程(d)から得られる組成物を適切な基材上にキャストする工程、または工程(d)から得られる組成物を成型する工程;
(f)工程(e)から得られる組成物から液体の一部または全部を除去して、所望の形状または形態の固体またはゲル様の複合カソード構造を提供する工程;
および(g)工程(f)の複合カソード構造を100℃以上の温度まで任意に加熱する工程、を包含する。
(b)上記電気活性な遷移金属カルコゲニドを液体媒体中に溶解または分散させる工程;
(c)工程(b)から得られる組成物で上記電気活性なカソード層をコーティングし、そして該組成物を乾燥または硬化させて、この電気活性なカソード層の外表面を被覆する電気活性な遷移金属カルコゲニド組成物の固体層を形成する工程、を包含する。
(b)上記電気活性な遷移金属カルコゲニドを液体媒体中に溶解または分散させる工程;
(c)工程(b)から得られる組成物をゲル化剤と接触させて、それによってゾル−ゲルを形成する工程;
(d)工程(c)から得られる組成物で上記電気活性なカソード層をコーティングし、そして該組成物を乾燥または硬化させて、この電気活性なカソード層の外表面を被覆する電気活性な遷移金属カルコゲニド組成物の固体層を形成する工程、を包含する方法。
(b)エチレンカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネート、N-メチルアセトアミド、アセトニトリル、スルホラン、ポリエチレングリコール、1,3-ジオキサン、グライム、シロキサン、およびエチレンオキシドグラフト化シロキサン;それらのブレンドからなる群から選択される1種またはそれ以上のゲル化剤;および(c)1種またはそれ以上のイオン性電解質塩を含む。1つの実施態様において、上記ゲル化剤は次式:
本明細書中に記載のような複合カソードを提供する工程;および(c)該アノードと該複合カソードとの間に電解質を封入する工程を包含する、電流発生電池の形成方法に関する。
したがって、本発明は、以下を提供する。
1.化学電池において使用するための複合カソードであって:(a)電気活性な硫黄含有カソード物質であって、ここで該電気活性な硫黄含有カソード物質がその酸化状態において式-S m -のポリスルフィド部分を含み、ここでmが3以上の整数である、硫黄含有カソード物質;および(b)電気活性な遷移金属カルコゲニド組成物であって、該電気活性な硫黄含有カソード物質を被包し、そして該電気活性な硫黄含有カソード物質のアニオン性還元生成物の輸送を遅延させる、遷移金属カルコゲニド組成物を含み、該電気活性な遷移金属カルコゲニド組成物が式:M j Y k (OR) l の電気活性な遷移金属カルコゲニドを含み、ここで:Mが遷移金属であり;
Yが各々、同一または相異なり、酸素、硫黄、またはセレンであり;
Rが有機基であり、そして各々、同一または相異なり;
jが1から12の範囲の整数であり;
kが0から72の範囲の数であり;
lが0から72の範囲の数であり;
ただし、kとlとが同時に0であることはない、複合カソード。
kが0から13の範囲の数であり;そして、lが0から18の範囲の数である、複合カソード。
Yが酸素であり;
Rが:エチル、イソプロピル、ブチル、アセチル、およびアセチルアセトネートからなる群から選択され;
jが1から6の範囲の整数であり;
kが1から14未満の範囲の数であり;そしてlが約1.5以下である、項目1に記載の複合カソード。
(b)工程(a)から得られる組成物に前記電気活性な硫黄含有カソード物質を添加する工程;
(c)工程(b)から得られる組成物を混合して、該電気活性な硫黄含有カソード物質を溶解または分散させ、それによって所望の粘稠度および粒子径分泌を有する組成物を形成する工程;
(d)工程(c)から得られる組成物を適切な基材上にキャストする工程、または工程(c)から得られる組成物を成型する工程;
(e)工程(d)から得られる組成物から液体の一部または全部を除去して、所望の形状または形式で固体またはゲル様の複合カソード構造を提供する工程;および
(f)工程(e)の複合カソード構造を100℃以上の温度まで任意に加熱する工程、を包含する方法。
(b)工程(a)から得られる組成物に前記電気活性な硫黄含有カソード物質を添加する工程;
(c)工程(b)から得られる組成物を混合して、該電気活性な硫黄含有カソード物質を溶解または分散させ、それによって所望の粘稠度および粒子径分布を有する組成物を形成する工程;
(d)工程(c)から得られる組成物をゲル化剤に接触させて、所望の粘性を有するゾル−ゲルを形成する工程;
(e)工程(d)から得られる組成物を適切な基材上にキャストする工程、または工程(d)から得られる組成物を成型する工程;
(f)工程(e)から得られる組成物から液体の一部または全部を除去して、所望の形状または形式で固体またはゲル様の複合カソード構造を提供する工程;および
(g)工程(f)の複合カソード構造を100℃以上の温度まで任意に加熱する工程、を包含する方法。
(a)前記電気活性な遷移金属カルコゲニド(たとえば、電気的に活性な遷移金属アルコキシドまたは電気的に活性な遷移金属カルコゲニド前駆体)を液体媒体中に溶解させる工程;
(b)工程(a)から得られる組成物をゲル化剤に接触させ、それによって所望の粘性を有するゾル−ゲルを形成させる工程;
(c)工程(b)から得られる組成物に前記電気活性な硫黄含有カソード物質を添加する工程;
(d)工程(c)から得られる組成物を混合して、該電気活性な硫黄含有カソード物質を溶解または分散させ、所望の粘稠度および粒子径分布を有する組成物を形成する工程;
(e)工程(d)から得られる組成物を適切な基材上にキャストする工程、または工程(d)から得られる組成物を成型する工程;
(f)工程(e)から得られる組成物から液体の一部または全部を除去して、所望の形状または形式で固体またはゲル様の複合カソード構造を提供する工程;および
(g)工程(f)の複合カソード構造を100℃以上の温度まで任意に加熱する工程、を包含する方法。
(b)前記電気活性な遷移金属カルコゲニドを液体媒体中に溶解または分散させる工程;
(c)工程(b)から得られる組成物で該電気活性なカソード層をコーティングし、そして該組成物を乾燥または硬化させて、該電気活性なカソード層の外表面を被覆する該電気活性な遷移金属カルコゲニド組成物の固体層を形成する工程、を包含する方法。
(b)前記電気活性な遷移金属カルコゲニドを液体媒体中に溶解または分散させる工程;
(c)工程(b)から得られる組成物をゲル化剤と接触させて、それによってゾル−ゲルを形成する工程;および(d)工程(c)から得られる組成物で該電気活性なカソード層をコーティングし、そして該組成物を乾燥または硬化させて、該電気活性なカソード層の外表面を被覆する該電気活性な遷移金属カルコゲニド組成物の固体層を形成する工程、を包含する方法。
(b)項目1から34のいずれか一項に記載の複合カソード;および(c)該アノードと該複合カソードとの間の電解質を含む、電流発生電池。
(b)エチレンカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネート、N-メチルアセトアミド、アセトニトリル、スルホラン、ポリエチレングリコール、1,3-ジオキサン、グライム、シロキサン、およびエチレンオキシドグラフト化シロキサン;それらのブレンドからなる群から選択される1種またはそれ以上のゲル化剤;および(c)1種またはそれ以上のイオン性電解質塩を含む、項目40に記載の電池。
pが0以上かつ約30未満の整数であり;そして比t/sは0以上である、項目47に記載の電池。
からなる群から選択される1種またはそれ以上のイオン性電解質塩を含む、項目40に記載の電池。
(b)項目1から34のいずれか一項に記載の複合カソードを提供する工程;および(c)該アノードと該複合カソードとの間に電解質を挟入する工程を包含する、方法。
本発明の1つの局面は、新規な高エネルギー密度の複合カソードに関する。このカソードは:(a)元素硫黄、有機硫黄および炭素硫黄組成物、ならびにそれらの誘導体および組み合わせからなる群から選択される1種またはそれ以上の物質を含む電気活性な硫黄含有カソード物質;および(b)1種またはそれ以上の電気活性な遷移金属カルコゲニドを含む、電気活性な遷移金属カルコゲニド組成物から構成される。
本発明の複合カソードは、式MjYk(OR)lの1種またはそれ以上の電気活性な遷移金属カルコゲニドを含む電気活性な遷移金属カルコゲニド組成物を含む。ここで:Mは遷移金属であり;
Yは各々、同一または相異なり、酸素、硫黄、またはセレンであり;
Rは有機基であり、そして各々、同一または相異なり;
jは1から約12の範囲の整数であり;
kは0から約72の範囲の数であり;そしてlは0から約72の範囲の数であり;
ただし、kとlとが同時に0であることはない。
Yは各々、同一または相異なり、酸素、硫黄、およびセレンからなる群から選択され;
Rは有機基であり、そして各々、同一または相異なり、そしてアルキル、アリール、アリールアルキル、アルキルアリール、アルカノン、アルカノール、およびアルコキシ基(それぞれ、1〜約18の炭素を含む)の群から選択され;
jは1から約12の範囲の整数であり;
kは0から約72の範囲の数であり;そしてlは0から約72の範囲の数であり;
ただし、kとlとが同時に0であることはない。
Yが各々、同一または相異なり、そして酸素および硫黄からなる群から選択され;
Rが各々、同一または相異なり、そしてメチル、エチル、プロピル、イソプロピル、ブチル、イソブチル、三級ブチル、ペンチル、イソペンチル、ヘキシル、オクチル、エチルヘキシル、イソオクチル、ドデシル、シクロヘキシル、デカヒドロナフチル、フェニル、メチルフェニル、エチルフェニル、ヘキシルフェニル、ドデシルフェニル、イソプロピルフェニル、ベンジル、フェニルエチル、ナフチル、アセチル、およびアセトアセチロネート(-CH2-CO-CH2-CO-CH3)からなる群から選択され;
jが1から約6の範囲の整数であり;
kが0から約13の範囲の数であり;そしてlが0から約18の範囲の数であり;
ただしkとlとが同時に0であることはない、遷移金属カルコゲニドである。
Yが酸素であり;
Rがエチル、イソプロピル、ブチル、アセチル、およびアセチルアセトネートからなる群から選択され;
jが1以上かつ7未満の範囲の整数であり;
kが1以上かつ14未満の範囲の数であり;そしてlが約1.5以下である、遷移金属カルコゲニドである。
本発明の実施において有用な電気活性な硫黄含有カソード物質の性質は非常に広範囲であり得る。元素硫黄および硫黄含有有機物質の電気活性特性は当該分野で周知であり、その性質には、バッテリー電池の放電またはカソード還元サイクルの際にリチウム化またはリチウムイオンスルフィドを可逆的に生成することが包含される。
n=2〜20であり、そしてRは1個から12個の炭素原子を有する1つまたはそれ以上の異なる脂肪族または芳香族有機部分である。電気活性な硫黄含有カソード物質のさらに他の例は、米国特許第5,162,175号に記載のような一般式(R(S)y)nの有機硫黄ポリマーである。有機硫黄カソード物質のさらに他の例は、米国特許第5,324,599号に記載のように、ジスルフィド基を有する化合物と伝導性ポリマーとの組み合わせ、または伝導性ポリマーの有機ジスルフィド誘導体を含む物質である。有機硫黄物質のさらなる例は、米国特許第5,516,598号に記載のように、金属イオンの有機硫黄誘導体である。
本発明の1つの局面は化学電池で使用するための複合カソードに関する。このカソードは:(a)本明細書中に記載のように、電気活性な硫黄含有カソード物質であって、ここで該電気活性な硫黄含有カソード物質がその酸化状態において式-Sm-のポリスルフィド部分を含み、ここでmが3以上の整数である、硫黄含有カソード物質;および(b)電気活性な遷移金属カルコゲニド組成物であって、上記電気活性な硫黄含有カソード物質を被包し、そして上記電気活性な硫黄含有カソード物質のアニオン性還元生成物の輸送を遅延させる、遷移金属カルコゲニド組成物を含む。この電気活性な遷移金属カルコゲニド組成物は式:MjYk(OR)lの電気活性な遷移金属カルコゲニドを含み、ここで、本明細書中に記載のように:Mは遷移金属であり;
Yは各々、同一または相異なり、酸素、硫黄、またはセレンであり;
Rは有機基であり、そして各々、同一または相異なり;
jは1から12の範囲の整数であり;
kは0から72の範囲の数であり;およびlは0から72の範囲の数であり;
ただし、kとlとが同時に0であることはない。
本発明の1つの局面は複合カソードの製造方法に関する。
(b)工程(a)から得られる組成物に電気活性な硫黄含有カソード物質を添加する工程;
(c)工程(b)から得られる組成物を混合して、該電気活性な硫黄含有カソード物質を溶解または分散させて、所望のコンシステンシーおよび粒径分布を有する組成物を形成する工程;
(d)工程(c)から得られる組成物を適切な基材上にキャストする工程、または工程(c)から得られる組成物を成型する工程;
(e)工程(d)から得られる組成物から液体の一部または全部を除去して、所望の形状または形態の固体またはゲル様の複合カソード構造を提供する工程;
および(f)工程(e)の複合カソード構造を100℃以上の温度まで任意に加熱する工程、を包含する。
に転化し、そして得られるゾル−ゲルからさらに複合カソードを作成する。
(b)工程(a)から得られる組成物に電気活性な硫黄含有カソード物質を添加する工程;
(c)工程(b)から得られる組成物を混合して、該電気活性な硫黄含有カソード物質を溶解または分散させて、それにより所望のコンシステンシーおよび粒子サイズ分布を有する組成物を形成する工程;
(d)工程(c)から得られる組成物をゲル化剤に接触させて、それにより所望の粘度のゾル−ゲルを形成する工程;
(e)工程(d)から得られる組成物を適切な基材上にキャストする工程、または工程(d)から得られる組成物を型に入れる工程;
(f)工程(e)から得られる組成物から液体の一部または全部を除去して、所望の形状または形態の固体またはゲル様の複合カソード構造を提供する工程;
および(g)必要に応じて、工程(f)の複合カソード構造を100℃以上の温度まで加熱する工程、を包含する。
(b)工程(a)から得られる組成物をゲル化剤に接触させて、それにより所望の粘度のゾル−ゲルを形成する工程;
(c)工程(b)から得られる組成物に電気活性な硫黄含有カソード物質を添加する工程;
(d)工程(c)から得られる組成物を混合して、該電気活性な硫黄含有カソード物質を溶解または分散させ、それにより所望のコンシステンシーおよび粒子サイズ分布を有する組成物を形成する工程;
(e)工程(d)から得られる組成物を適切な基材上にキャストする工程、または工程(d)から得られる組成物を型に入れる工程;
(f)工程(e)から得られる組成物から液体の一部または全部を除去して、所望の形状または形態の固体またはゲル様の複合カソード構造を提供する工程;
および(g)必要に応じて、工程(f)の複合カソード構造を100℃以上の温度まで加熱する工程、を包含する。
(b)電気活性な遷移金属カルコゲニドを液体媒体中に溶解または分散させる工程;
(c)工程(b)から得られる組成物で上記電気活性なカソード層をコーティングし、そして該組成物を乾燥または硬化させて、上記電気活性なカソード層の外表面を被覆する電気活性な遷移金属カルコゲニド組成物の固体層を形成する工程、を包含する。
(b)電気活性な遷移金属カルコゲニドを液体媒体中に溶解または分散させる工程;
(c)工程(b)から得られる組成物をゲル化剤に接触させて、それにより所望の粘性を有するゾル−ゲルを形成する工程;
(d)工程(c)から得られる組成物で上記電気活性なカソード層をコーティングし、そして該組成物を乾燥または硬化させて、上記電気活性なカソード層の外表面を被覆する電気活性な遷移金属カルコゲニド組成物の固体層を形成する工程、を包含する。
本発明の1つの局面は充電式の電流発生電池に関する。この電池は:(a)アノード、(b)本発明の複合カソード、および(c)このアノードおよびカソードの存在下で安定な電解質を備える。
(b)本発明の複合ソードを提供する工程;および(c)このアノードと複合カソードとの間に電解質を封入する工程を包含する。
この実施例は本発明の複合カソードの製作を記載する。酸化バナジウムイソプロポキシド(25mL、AlphaAESARCo.)を乾燥フラスコ中に入れ、そして常に攪拌しながら500mLのアセトン(水分0.5%含有)をこのアルコキシド液体に滴下した。アセトンの添加量は、最終濃度が4g/100mLのゾル(溶液)中の五酸化バナジウム(V2O5)を得ることに基づいた。酸化バナジウムイソプロポキシドとアセトンとを混合した後、水−アセトン(容量で1対10)の混合物を滴下した。水のバナジウムアルコキシドに対する総モル比は0.5であった(アセトン中に存在する水を含む)。ゾルの色は黄色から燈色であった。水のアルコキシドに対するモル比は0.5から3.0の範囲で変化し得、引き続く所望のスラリーおよびコーティングプロセスに依存する。
この実施例において、図3に示す構成の本発明の硫黄含有複合カソードをニッケル箔電流コレクタ基板上に製作した。電気活性な硫黄含有カソード層の組成は以下の通りであった:44wt%硫黄、26wt%炭素(SAB)、および30wt%のUV硬化性バインダー(25wt%ポリエチレングリコールジメタクリレート、25wt%ポリエチレングリコールジビニルエーテル、および50wt%ポリエチレングリコールジメチルエーテルを含む)。カソード層のUV硬化の後、硫黄含有カソード層を、実施例1で調製したV2O5ゾルで浸潰法を用いてコートした。2回の浸漬を行った。次に、コートされた複合カソードを真空オーブン中、60℃で1時間乾燥した。
酸化バナジウムイソプロポキシド(12.53mL、AlphaAESARCemicalCo.)を無水エチレングリコールジメチルエーテル(DME)中に溶解し、淡黄色の溶液を得た。
実施例3に記載のスラリーと同様のスラリーを、DMEの代わりに溶媒としてアセトンを含むバナジウムゾルを用いて作製した。水のアルコキシドに対するモル比は0.5であった。スラリーを作製するために使用した手順は実施例3に記載の手順と同様であり、アセトンを溶媒として用い、そしてミリング時間は15時間であった。コーティングの塗布条件、乾燥および加熱処理は実施例3に記載のものの条件と同様であった。乾燥複合カソードの組成は、80wt%硫黄、15wt%V2O5および5wt%伝導性炭素であった。キャストされた複合カソード層は乾燥後、25μmであった。
この実施例は、本発明の複合カソードを含む充填された(flooded)バッテリー電池の製作および性能を記載する。実施例1に記載の手順で作製され、Ptディスク(0.015cm2)を炭素、硫黄、および五酸化バナジウム複合体のスラリー中に浸漬し、次にIRランプ下で乾燥することによって調製された複合カソードを有する作用電極を、リチウム線およびリチウム箔を各々参照電極および対極として有する、分割していない化学バッテリー電池中に浸漬した。電池を、電解質グレードのTEGDMEのリチウムトリフレートの1M溶液で満たした。
酸化バナジウムピークの平行した増大は、おそらく五酸化バナジウムまたは混合バナジウムオキソ−スルフィドのω相の形成を伴う、ある種の物質の内部転化が生じることを思わせる。見かけカソード電位の増加をもたらすこのような内部転化は、バッテリー性能の改良のために適切である。
実施例6作用電極を、面積の広いPt電流コレクタ(2cm2)を実施例3の炭素-硫黄-五酸化バナジウムのコーティングの前に最終的なスラリーに浸漬し、次にIRランプ下で乾燥して調製し、これをガラスフィルター膜で隔離された3コンパートメントの化学バッテリー電池中に浸漬した。この電池を電極グレードTEGDME中のリチウムトリフレートの1M溶液で満たした。リチウム線およびリチウム箔を、各々、参照電極および対極として使用した。
この実施例は、実施例1の複合カソードから構築されるボタン電池の構築および性能を記載する。ボタン電池は従来の方法によって製作された。複合カソード層の電気活性物質(硫黄)は1.36mg/cm2であった。リチウムトリフレート塩を含むTEGDME電解質を液体電解質として用いた。用いたセパレータはCELGARDTM2500(HoechstCelanese Corporation)であり、そしてアノードはリチウム金属であった。電池を以下の条件下で試験した:電流密度0.1mA/cm2、サイクリング電圧2.75Vから1.85V。電池容量は、初期は約504mAh/gであるが、引き続き956mAh/gまで上昇し、そして30サイクル後も減衰せず安定なままであった。
実施例7に記載のものと同様のボタン電池を、実施例2で製作された複合カソードを用いて構築した。電池の試験条件は以下の通りであった:電流密度0.1mA/cm2、サイクリング電圧2.75Vから1.85V、タイムリミット10時間。初期電池容量は約1382mAh/gであった。81サイクル後、容量は738mAh/gであった。
実施例3の複合カソードを用い、従来のボタン電池構造を用いて、ボタン電池を製作した。リチウムトリフレート塩を含むTEGDMEを有する液体電解質を電解質として用いた。CelgardTM2500をセパレータとして用いた。この複合カソードは表1に示す電池性能を提供した。
実施例9で製作したものと同様のボタン電池を、実施例4の複合カソードを用いて製作した。カソード層の厚みは25μmであり、電気活性物質としての硫黄の量は1.0mg/cm2であった。電池性能の評価は図9に示す結果を与えた。0.1mVcm2での初期容量は1172mAh/gであり、そして20サイクル後の容量は1103mAh/gであった。
この実施例は伝導性炭素およびポリマーバインダーを含む複合カソードの製作を記載する。元素硫黄をIKAグラインダー中で5秒間、粉砕した。35ピースのセラミック円筒が入った乾燥セラミックボールミル容器(jar)中に、粉砕した硫黄8.7g、1.5gの乾燥V2O5エーロゲル粉末(バナジウムアセチルアセトネートゾルからの溶媒の超臨界抽出によって調製)、3.0gの乾燥伝導性カーボン(SAB)およびポリエチレンオキシドバインダーの2.5wt%アセトニトリル溶液72gを加えた。
この実施例は、実施例11の複合カソードを用いて構築されたAAサイズの電池の製作および性能を記載する。実施例11で製作された複合カソード構造の片側の上に、1枚のCelgard2500セパレータを置き、そしてこの上に一片のリチウム箔(Cyprus、50μm厚)を置いた。このサンドイッチバッテリー電極のセットを次に「ジェリーロール(jellyroll)」構造に巻き上げ、そしてAAバッテリーサイズの金属容器中に置いた。この容器を1MのTEGDME中のリチウムトリフレートを含む電解質で満たし、そして適当な内部連結を行った後、蓋で容器を密封した。
この実施例は、一般式VI(ここでzは4.8)の炭素硫黄ポリマーを含む複合カソードの製作を記載する。式VI(ここでzは4.8)の炭素硫黄ポリマーで粉砕された硫黄を等量で置き換えたこと以外は実施例11および12の手順に従った。
以下の手順を用いて、可溶性の電気活性な硫黄含有カソード物質種を含浸した遷移金属カルコゲニドを調製した。
この実施例は、実施例14で記載のように調製された硫黄含浸エーロゲル粉末(電気活性物質の全体の含有量は硫黄55wt%および酸化バナジウム45wt%)を含む複合カソードの製作を記載する。硫黄含浸エーロゲルを瑪瑙乳鉢ですりつぶして、凝集体を破壊して微細粉末を生成した。セラミック円筒を含むボールミル容器に、45gの元素硫黄、22.5gの硫黄含浸(55wt%硫黄)バナジアエーロゲル、13.5gの炭素(SAB)、ならびに酢酸メチルおよびn-プロパノール(重量比90:10)の混合溶媒中に溶解したポリエチレンオキシドの1wt%溶液90gを加えた。スラリーの固形分含量は11wt%であった。混合物を22時間ボールミルにかけた。スラリーを、電流コレクタとしての18μm厚の伝導性炭素被覆アルミニウム箔(RexamGraphics、South Hadley、MA)の両面に手引きでキャストした。コーティングを周囲条件下で終夜、そして次に真空下60℃で1時間乾燥した。得られた乾燥カソードコーティングは電流コレクタの各側面上の厚さが60〜70μmの範囲であり、電気活性カソード物質の密度が2.1mg/cm2から2.7mg/cm2の範囲であった。電気活性物質の体積密度は293〜389mg/cm3であった。
この実施例は、硫黄含有の電気活性カソード物質のコーティングを電気活性な遷移金属カルコゲニドの層でコートするカソードの設計およびプロセスを記載する。電流コレクタとしての伝導性炭素被覆アルミニウム箔(RexamGraphics、SouthHadley、MA)上のスラリーコーティング(硫黄53wt%、炭素16wt%(SAB)、V2O526wt%およびPEO5wt%の組成)から調製されたカソードをバナジアゾルのバリア層でコートした。コーティング層は、2wt%の酸化バナジウムトリイソプロポキシドおよび0.75wt%のポリエチレンオキシド(分子量5,000,000)を90:10の酢酸メチル/n-プロパノール溶媒のブレンドに溶解し、そしてこの溶液をドクターブレード法を用いて乾燥カソードの上にハンドコーティングすることによって調製された。コーティング層の厚みは約10μmであり、そして層中のバナジアキセロゲルの量は0.25から0.4mg/cm2の範囲であった。バリアコーティングなしの同じカソードをコントロールとして用いた。巻き上げAA電池を、3mil(0.075mm)リチウムアノードおよびTONENTMセパレータを用いて上記カソードから構築した。50%の1,3-ジオキソラン、20%のジグライム、10%のスルホランおよび20%のジメトキシエタン(DME)(容量で)から構成される液体電解質を用いた。図10は、典型的なAA巻き上げ電池についてのデータを示し、バナジアキセロゲルコートカソード(●)および未コートのコントロールカソード(■)を充放電率0.57mA/cm2でサイクルした。このデータから、バナジアキセロゲルコーティング層はカソードの比容量およびサイクリングによる容量消失の低減に顕著な正の影響を有することが証明された。
実施例16に記載のものへの第二のアプローチにおいて、非晶質のサブミクロンバナジアエーロゲル粉末をPEOポリマーマトリクス中に70:30の重量比で分散させた。浸漬法またはドクターブレード法のいずれかにより、アセトニトリル中の固形分4wt%のこの混合物の分散体を実施例16と同様のコントロールカソードシートの表面に塗布した。コーティング層の厚みは5〜7μmの範囲であった。これらの電池のサイクリングデータは、実施例16で示されたのと同様に、バナジアエーロゲルオーバーコーティングなしのコントロールと比較して、同様の比容量の上昇とサイクリングにつれての容量消失の低減を示した。
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| JP2011108478A (ja) * | 2009-11-17 | 2011-06-02 | Saitama Prefecture | 正極活物質、マグネシウム二次電池および正極活物質の製造方法 |
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| TWI476984B (zh) * | 2011-04-27 | 2015-03-11 | Toyota Jidoshokki Kk | 鈉二次電池 |
| JP2016504933A (ja) * | 2013-02-06 | 2016-02-18 | コーニンクレッカ フィリップス エヌ ヴェKoninklijke Philips N.V. | 衣類処置機器のための処置プレート |
| JP2016506787A (ja) * | 2013-02-06 | 2016-03-07 | コーニンクレッカ フィリップス エヌ ヴェKoninklijke Philips N.V. | 衣類処置機器のための処置プレート |
| KR20160133832A (ko) * | 2015-05-13 | 2016-11-23 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 리튬-황 전지용 전극의 제조방법 및 이를 이용하여 제조된 리튬-황 전지용 전극 |
| KR101989498B1 (ko) * | 2015-05-13 | 2019-06-14 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 리튬-황 전지용 전극의 제조방법 및 이를 이용하여 제조된 리튬-황 전지용 전극 |
| JP2016033929A (ja) * | 2015-12-08 | 2016-03-10 | ソニー株式会社 | 二次電池、二次電池の製造方法、二次電池用正極、二次電池用正極の製造方法、電池パック、電子機器および電動車両 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20020055040A1 (en) | 2002-05-09 |
| DE69710787T2 (de) | 2002-11-21 |
| JP2000511342A (ja) | 2000-08-29 |
| US7790315B2 (en) | 2010-09-07 |
| US5919587A (en) | 1999-07-06 |
| EP0958627B1 (en) | 2002-02-27 |
| US20050196672A1 (en) | 2005-09-08 |
| US6238821B1 (en) | 2001-05-29 |
| US20060115579A1 (en) | 2006-06-01 |
| US7939198B2 (en) | 2011-05-10 |
| WO1997044840A1 (en) | 1997-11-27 |
| DE69710787D1 (de) | 2002-04-04 |
| EP0958627A1 (en) | 1999-11-24 |
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