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JP2004063911A - Multilayer piezoelectric element and injection device - Google Patents

Multilayer piezoelectric element and injection device Download PDF

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Publication number
JP2004063911A
JP2004063911A JP2002222217A JP2002222217A JP2004063911A JP 2004063911 A JP2004063911 A JP 2004063911A JP 2002222217 A JP2002222217 A JP 2002222217A JP 2002222217 A JP2002222217 A JP 2002222217A JP 2004063911 A JP2004063911 A JP 2004063911A
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internal electrode
piezoelectric element
gap
columnar laminate
thickness
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JP2002222217A
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Japanese (ja)
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JP3894861B2 (en
Inventor
Susumu Ono
小野 進
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Kyocera Corp
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Kyocera Corp
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Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide highly reliable laminated piezoelectric element and ejector exhibiting superior durability in which occurrence of delamination, cracking, and the like, can be prevented. <P>SOLUTION: The laminate type piezoelectric element comprises an active part 8, consisting of a plurality of piezoelectrics 1 and inner electrodes 2 laminated alternately, a columnar laminate 3 consisting of inactive parts 9 provided, respectively, on the opposite end parts of the active part 8 in the laminating direction, and a pair of outer electrodes 4 provided on the side face of the columnar laminate 3 and connected alternately with the partial end part by every other inner electrodes 2 exposed to the side face of the columnar laminate 3, wherein an air gap 20 is formed along the end of the inner electrode 2 existing in the columnar laminate 3. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2004,JPO

Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、自動車用燃料噴射弁、光学装置等の精密位置決め装置や振動防止用の駆動素子等に用いられる積層型圧電素子及び噴射装置に関する。
【0002】
【従来技術】
従来より、電歪効果を利用して大きな変位量を得るために、圧電体と内部電極を交互に積層した積層型圧電素子が提案されている。積層型圧電素子には、同時焼成タイプと圧電磁器と内部電極板を交互に積層したスタックタイプの2種類に分類されており、低電圧化、製造コスト低減の面から考慮すると、同時焼成タイプの積層型圧電素子が薄層化に対して有利であるために、その優位性を示しつつある。
【0003】
同時焼成タイプの積層型圧電素子は、積層型セラミックコンデンサと同様に、圧電材料を含有するグリーンシートと内部電極材料を含有する内部電極パターンが交互に積層された活性部成形体の上下面に、上記グリーンシートを複数積層して形成された不活性部成形体を積層し、これを脱脂、焼成することで積層型圧電素子を作製していた。
【0004】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
しかしながら、従来の積層型圧電素子においては、一般に積層型セラミックコンデンサと同様に、一部の内部電極端が活性部側面に露出していない、いわゆる部分電極構造であるため、内部電極端から活性部側面にわたって、変位を発生しない不活性な部分が存在する。このため、積層型圧電素子を高電圧で長期間にわたり駆動させると、内部電極端部に応力集中が発生し、駆動時にクラックやデラミネーションが発生し易いという問題があった。
【0005】
本発明は、デラミネーションやクラック等の発生を抑制でき、耐久性に優れ、信頼性の高い積層型圧電体素子及び噴射装置を提供することを目的とする。
【0006】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明の積層型圧電素子は、複数の圧電体と複数の内部電極とを交互に積層してなる活性部、及び該活性部の積層方向の両端部にそれぞれ設けられた不活性部から成る柱状積層体と、該柱状積層体の側面に設けられ、前記柱状積層体側面に露出した前記内部電極の一部の端部が一層おきに交互に接続される一対の外部電極とを具備してなる積層型圧電素子であって、前記柱状積層体内部に存在する前記内部電極端に沿って空隙が形成されていることを特徴とする。
【0007】
一般に部分電極を有する積層型圧電素子では、駆動させると内部電極が積層方向に重畳する部分で変位が発生し、重畳しない部分では変位が発生しないため、その境界部で応力集中が生じるが、本発明では、柱状積層体内部であって内部電極端に沿って空隙が形成されているため、変位が発生する部分と発生しない部分との境界部に空隙が存在することになり、発生する応力を空隙によって吸収することができ、積層型圧電素子を高電圧で長期間にわたり駆動させても、クラックやデラミネーションが発生することがなく、耐久性に優れ、信頼性の高い積層型圧電素子を提供することができる。
【0008】
また、本発明の積層型圧電素子は、積層方向における空隙の高さtが、内部電極の厚みの0.5〜2.5倍であることを特徴とする。このような積層型圧電素子では、発生する応力を空隙によって吸収することができるとともに、空隙と、極性が異なる隣設する内部電極との間の圧電体厚みを十分に確保でき、耐電圧を高く維持できる。
【0009】
さらに、本発明の積層型圧電素子は、内部電極の平面方向における空隙の幅Wが、前記内部電極の厚みの0.5〜5倍であることを特徴とする。このような積層型圧電素子では、発生する応力を空隙によって吸収することができるとともに、内部電極と外部電極との間の距離を確保できるため、耐電圧を十分に高く維持できる。
【0010】
本発明の噴射装置は、噴射孔を有する収納容器と、該収納容器内に収容された上記積層型圧電素子と、該積層型圧電素子の駆動により前記噴射孔から液体を噴出させるバルブとを具備してなることを特徴とする。このような噴射装置では、積層型圧電素子において駆動時のデラミネーションやクラック等を抑制できるため、噴射装置として、耐久性及び信頼性を向上できる。
【0011】
【発明の実施の形態】
図1は積層型圧電アクチュエータからなる積層型圧電素子の一実施形態を示す縦断面図であり、図2は図1の一部を拡大して示す縦断面図、図3は図1の横断面図である。尚、図2、3ではいずれも外部電極の記載は省略した。
【0012】
本発明の積層型圧電アクチュエータは、図1に示すように複数の圧電体1と複数の内部電極2とを交互に積層してなる活性部8と、該活性部8の積層方向両端に設けられた不活性部9とからなる四角柱状の柱状積層体3を有している。
【0013】
圧電体1は、例えば、チタン酸ジルコン酸鉛Pb(Zr,Ti)O(以下PZTと略す)或いは、チタン酸バリウムBaTiOを主成分とする圧電セラミック材料などが使用されるが、これらに限定されるものではなく、圧電性を有するセラミックスであれば何れでも良い。なお、この圧電体材料としては、圧電歪み定数d33が高いものが望ましい。
【0014】
また、圧電体1の厚み、つまり内部電極2間の距離は、小型化及び高い電界を印加するという点から0.05〜0.25mmであることが望ましい。これは、積層型圧電素子は電圧を印加して、より大きな変位量を得るために積層数を増加させる方法がとられるが、積層数を増加させた場合に活性部8中の圧電体1の厚みが厚すぎるとアクチュエータの小型化、低背化ができなくなり、一方、活性部8中の圧電体1の厚みが薄すぎると絶縁破壊しやすいからである。
【0015】
内部電極2は、図3に示すように、矩形状をしており、図1に示したように、その一辺が柱状積層体3の対向する側面(外部電極形成面)に一層おきに露出しており、この内部電極2の一辺が露出する柱状積層体3の側面(対向する側面)にそれぞれ外部電極4が形成されている。これにより、それぞれの外部電極4に、内部電極2が一層おきに電気的に交互に接続されている。これらの外部電極4にはリード線16が半田17で接続固定されている。
【0016】
そして、本発明では、図2、図3に示すように、柱状積層体3の側面に露出している辺以外の辺(柱状積層体3内部に存在する内部電極2の3つの辺)に沿って連続する空隙20が形成されている。即ち、柱状積層体3内部に存在する内部電極2端に沿って空隙20が形成されている。この空隙20により駆動時に発生する内部応力を低減することが可能となり、内部電極2端部からのデラミネーションやクラックの発生を防止することが可能となり、高い信頼性を得ることができる。
【0017】
また、本発明では、積層方向における空隙20の高さtが内部電極2の厚みの0.5〜2.5倍であることが望ましい。空隙20の高さtを、内部電極2の厚みの0.5倍以上とすることにより、空隙20による応力緩和の効果を十分に発揮でき、また、空隙20の高さtを、内部電極2の厚みの2.5倍以下とすることにより、上下の内部電極2と空隙20との間に占める圧電体1の厚みを十分に確保でき、絶縁距離が十分であるため耐電圧が大きく、高電界を印加した場合でもショートが発生することがない。特に耐電圧の向上の面から空隙20の高さtは内部電極2の厚みの2倍以下が望ましい。特に、空隙20の高さtは、内部電極2の厚みの1〜1.5倍であることが望ましい。
【0018】
また、本発明では、内部電極2の平面方向における空隙20の幅Wが内部電極2の厚みの0.5〜5倍であることが望ましい。空隙20の幅Wを0.5倍以上とすることにより空隙20による応力緩和の効果が大きく、また、空隙20の幅Wを5倍以下とすることにより内部電極2端と柱状積層体3の外面に形成される外部電極4との絶縁距離を十分に確保でき、高電界が印加された場合でもショートが発生することがない。空隙20の幅Wは、特に、内部電極2端と柱状積層体3の外面にある外部電極4との絶縁距離を十分に確保するという点から、内部電極2の厚みの1.5〜2.5倍であることが望ましい。
【0019】
内部電極2端が柱状積層体3の外周面に近いほど、内部電極2端からデラミネーションやクラックが発生し易いため、空隙20による応力緩和が必要となる。即ち、柱状積層体3の外面と、内部電極2端との距離Lが0.5mm以下と小さい場合には本発明を有効に用いることができる。特には、0.3mm以下が効果的である。
【0020】
また、内部電極2端からのデラミネーションやクラックの発生は、圧電体1の厚みとの関係も大きく、近年においては大きな変位を得るべく、また、小型化という点から、圧電体1厚みは薄くなる傾向があり、薄くなる程、上記不具合が発止し易くなるため、本発明による応力緩和が必要となる。即ち、圧電体厚みが120μm以下と薄い場合、特に100μm以下と薄い場合に本発明を有効に用いることができる。
【0021】
尚、柱状積層体3内部に存在する内部電極2の3つの辺に、連続する空隙20を形成した例について説明したが、ほぼ連続した空隙20が形成されていれば良く、一部分で空隙20が形成されていない部分があっても良い。
【0022】
また、上記例では、柱状積層体3内部に内部電極2の3つの辺が存在する場合について説明したが、2辺が柱状積層体の外面に露出し、2辺が柱状積層体3内部に存在する場合でも、また、一辺が柱状積層体3内部に存在する場合でも本発明を適用できる。特には、3辺が柱状積層体内部に存在する場合が効果的である。さらに、内部電極2の形状は矩形状に限定されるものではなく、五角形でもよく、円形でも良い。
【0023】
また、柱状積層体3の内部電極2端が露出する側面には外部電極4がそれぞれ形成され、これにより、内部電極2は互い違いに1層おきに外部電極4にそれぞれ接続されている。柱状積層体3の外周面にはディッピング等の方法により、シリコーンゴムが被覆されている。
【0024】
以上のように構成された積層型圧電素子は、以下のプロセスにより製造される。先ず、チタン酸ジルコン酸鉛Pb(Zr,Ti)Oなどの圧電体セラミックスの仮焼粉末と、有機高分子からなるバインダと、可塑剤とを混合したスラリーを作製し、スリップキャステイング法により、厚み50〜250μmのセラミックグリーンシートを作製する。
【0025】
次に、図4(a)に示すように、グリーンシート51の上面に、内部電極2となる銀を主成分とする導電性ペーストをスクリーン印刷法により1〜10μmの厚みに印刷し、内部電極パターン52を形成する。
【0026】
次に内部電極パターン52の外周囲に、図4(b)に示すように、柱状積層体3の側面に露出する辺を除いて、再度スクリーン印刷法により導電性ペーストを印刷し、内部電極パターン52の外周部上に、幅100〜300μm、厚み4〜20μmの盛り上がり部55を形成する。これにより内部電極パターン52の中央部より、盛り上がり部55の高さが高くなる。
【0027】
この盛り上がり部55が形成された内部電極パターン52を乾燥させた後、この内部電極パターン52が形成された複数のグリーンシート51を所定の枚数だけ積層し、この積層体の上下面に、導電性ペーストが印刷されていないグリーンシートを複数積層し、積層成形体を作製する。尚、導電性ペーストが印刷されていないグリーンシートを複数積層し、次に内部電極パターン52が形成された複数のグリーンシート51を所定の枚数だけ積層し、この次に導電性ペーストが印刷されていないグリーンシートを複数積層して、積層成形体を作製しても良い。
【0028】
次に、この積層成形体を金型内に配置し50〜200℃で加熱を行いながら加圧を行い、積層成形体を一体化する。この時、積層成形体内部の内部電極パターン端と内部電極パターンが形成されていない部分の厚み差から、積層時に空隙が形成されている。ここで、空隙の大きさは内部電極パターンに形成された盛り上がり部55の厚み、及び加圧時の圧力を変化させることで制御することができる。
【0029】
一体化された積層体は所定の大きさに切断された後、300〜800℃で5〜40時間、脱バインダが行われ、900〜1200℃で2〜5時間で本焼成が行われ、柱状積層体3を得る。この柱状積層体3は、図1に示すように、対向する側面に内部電極2の一辺が交互に露出している。また、柱状積層体3内部に存在する内部電極2端に沿って空隙20が形成されている。
【0030】
尚、盛り上がり部55を形成することなく、空隙20を形成する必要がある部分の内部電極パターン52の外周囲に、脱バイ時に飛散する有機物を主成分とするペーストをスクリーン印刷法等により印刷し、脱バイ時に有機物を飛散させ、空隙20を形成しても良い。
【0031】
また、柱状積層体3は、グリーンシート上に複数の内部電極パターンを形成し、これを複数積層し、対向する側面に内部電極パターンの一辺が交互に露出するように切断することにより形成しても良い。
【0032】
つぎに、柱状積層体3の内部電極2の端部が露出した側面に熱硬化性の導電性接着剤を塗布し、この導電性接着剤を熱硬化させることにより、外部電極4を形成する。これにより、内部電極2は互い違いに1層おきに外部電極4にそれぞれ接続される。
【0033】
また、外部電極4には、銀を主成分とする銀ガラスペーストを塗布し500〜900℃で熱処理することにより外部電極4を形成してもよい。
【0034】
この後、外部電極4にリード線16を接続し、柱状積層体3の外周面に真空脱泡によるディッピング等の方法により、外装樹脂を被覆した後、0.1〜3kV/mmの分極電圧を印加し、分極処理することで、最終的な積層型圧電素子を得る。
【0035】
以上のように構成された積層型圧電素子では、内部電極2端に空隙20が形成されているため、外部電極4に高電圧を印加し、駆動させた場合においても、内部電極2端部で発生する応力が空隙20で緩和されるため、内部電極2端から発生するデラミネーションやクラックの発生を抑制することができ、高信頼性を備えたアクチュエータを提供することができる。
【0036】
なお、本発明の積層型圧電素子は、四角柱、六角柱、円柱等、どのような柱体であっても構わないが、切断の容易性から四角柱状が望ましい。
【0037】
図5は本発明の積層型圧電素子5を用いた噴射装置を示すもので、図において符号31は収納容器を示している。この収納容器31の一端には噴射孔33が設けられ、また収納容器31内には、噴射孔33を開閉することができるニードルバルブ35が収容されている。
【0038】
噴射孔33には燃料通路37が連通可能に設けられ、この燃料通路37は外部の燃料供給源に連結され、燃料通路37に常時一定の高圧で燃料が供給されている。従って、ニードルバルブ35が噴射孔33を開放すると、燃料通路37に供給されていた燃料が一定の高圧で内燃機関の図示しない燃料室内に噴出されるように形成されている。
【0039】
また、ニードルバルブ35の上端部は直径が大きくなっており、収納容器31に形成されたシリンダ39と摺動可能なピストン41となっている。そして、収納容器31内には、上記した積層型圧電素子43が収納されている。
【0040】
このような噴射装置では、積層型圧電素子43が電圧を印加されて伸長すると、ピストン41が押圧され、ニードルバルブ35が噴射孔33を閉塞し、燃料の供給が停止される。また、電圧の印加が停止されると積層型圧電素子43が収縮し、皿バネ45がピストン41を押し返し、噴射孔33が燃料通路37と連通して燃料の噴射が行われるようになっている。
【0041】
【実施例】
実施例1
チタン酸ジルコン酸鉛Pb(Zr,Ti)Oの仮焼粉末と、有機高分子からなるバインダと、可塑剤とを混合したスラリーを作製し、スリップキャステイング法により、厚み130μmのセラミックグリーンシートを作製した。
【0042】
このグリーンシートの片面に、図4に示したように、内部電極2となる銀−パラジウムを主成分とする導電性ペーストをスクリーン印刷法により4μmの厚みに印刷し、内部電極パターン52を形成した。さらに、内部電極2端部となる部分には再度導電性ペーストを4μmの厚みで印刷し、盛り上がり部55を形成した。内部電極パターン52及び盛り上がり部55が形成された複数のグリーンシート51を300枚積層し、この積層体の上下面に、導電性ペーストを塗布していないグリーンシートを20枚ずつ積層した。
【0043】
次に、この積層成形体を金型内に配置し、100℃で加熱を行いながら金型の上下より加圧を行い一体化し、10mm×10mmの大きさに切断した後、800℃で10時間の脱バインダを行い、1130℃において2時間本焼成を行い、図1に示したような柱状積層体3を得た。
【0044】
その後、活性部8の外部電極4形成側面に、銀を主成分とする導電性樹脂を塗布し、250℃で1時間の熱処理をすることにより、柱状積層体3の側面に外部電極4を形成した。
【0045】
その後、外部電極4にリード線16を接続し、柱状積層体3の周囲にシリコーンゴムを塗布することで外装樹脂を被覆した。
【0046】
その後、正極及び負極の外部電極4にリード線16を介して3kV/mmの直流電界を15分間印加して分極処理を行った。
【0047】
得られた積層型圧電素子に150Vの直流電圧を印加した結果、積層方向に40μmの変位量が得られた。さらに、この積層型圧電素子に室温で0〜+150Vの交流電圧を100Hzの周波数にて印加して駆動試験を行った結果、1×10サイクルまで駆動したところ40μmの変位量が得られ、デラミネーションやクラックは発生しなかった。
【0048】
この後、柱状積層体の横断面、縦断面を観察したところ、圧電体の厚みが0.1mm、内部電極の厚みが3μm、空隙が内部電極の周囲に連続して形成されており、空隙の大きさは、高さtが3μm、幅Wが4.5μm、柱状積層体の側面と内部電極端との間隔Lは0.5mmであった。なお、空隙の大きさは、積層方向に垂直な方向の断面を走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)で観察することで測定を行った。
【0049】
また、比較例として、内部電極パターンを、グリーンシートにメタルマスクを配置し、スプレーコートで塗布形成した以外は上記例と同様に柱状積層体を作製し、同様の駆動試験を行った結果、2×10サイクルにて内部電極端部からのクラックにより素子が破壊した。この後、柱状積層体を横断面、縦断面を観察したところ、圧電体の厚みが0.1mm、内部電極の厚みが3μm、内部電極の周囲には空隙は形成されていなかった。柱状積層体の側面と内部電極端との間隔Lは0.5mmであった。
実施例2
次に、内部電極端部への導電性ペーストの印刷回数を変え、盛り上がり部の厚みを変化させることにより、内部電極端部の空隙の大きさを表1に示すように変化させ、上記実施例と同様に駆動試験を行い、3×10サイクル後に断面観察を行った。その結果を表1に記載した。尚、内部電極の厚みはいずれも3μmであり、内部電極の周囲に空隙が形成されていた。
【0050】
【表1】

Figure 2004063911
【0051】
表1に示すように、空隙の高さtが内部電極の厚みの2.5倍より大きい場合や、空隙の幅Wが内部電極の厚みの5倍よりも大きい場合には駆動試験中にショートが発生し、空隙の高さtが内部電極の厚みの0.5倍より小さい場合や、空隙の幅Wが内部電極の厚みの0.5倍よりも小さい場合には、駆動試験後の変位量の低下はなかったが、断面観察結果により一部に微小クラックの発生が確認された。一方、空隙の高さt、空隙の幅Wが本発明の範囲内の試料においては駆動試験後の変位量の低下もみられず、また、断面観察によっても異常は確認されなかった。
【0052】
【発明の効果】
以上詳述した通り、本発明の積層型圧電素子では、内部電極端に沿って空隙を形成することにより、駆動時に内部電極端部で発生する応力を低減することが可能となり、デラミネーションやクラックの発生を防止することができ、高信頼性を備えた積層型圧電素子を提供することができる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】本発明の積層型圧電素子を示す縦断面図である。
【図2】図1の一部を拡大して示す縦断面図である。
【図3】図1の横断面図である。
【図4】本発明の積層型圧電素子の製法を説明するための説明図である。
【図5】本発明の噴射装置を示す説明図である。
【符号の説明】
1・・・圧電体
2・・・内部電極
3・・・柱状積層体
4・・・外部電極
8・・・活性部
9・・・不活性部
20・・・空隙
t・・・空隙の高さ
W・・・空隙の幅[0001]
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a laminated piezoelectric element and an injection device used for a precision positioning device such as a fuel injection valve for an automobile, an optical device, and a driving element for preventing vibration.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Conventionally, in order to obtain a large displacement using an electrostriction effect, a laminated piezoelectric element in which piezoelectric bodies and internal electrodes are alternately laminated has been proposed. Laminated piezoelectric elements are classified into two types: a co-fired type and a stack type in which piezoelectric ceramics and internal electrode plates are alternately laminated. Considering low voltage and reduction in manufacturing cost, the co-fired type Since the laminated piezoelectric element is advantageous for thinning, it is showing its superiority.
[0003]
The multi-layer piezoelectric element of the co-firing type has a green sheet containing a piezoelectric material and an internal electrode pattern containing an internal electrode material alternately stacked on the upper and lower surfaces of an active part molded body, similarly to a multilayer ceramic capacitor. An inactive portion molded body formed by laminating a plurality of the above green sheets is laminated, and this is degreased and fired to produce a laminated piezoelectric element.
[0004]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, the conventional multilayer piezoelectric element generally has a so-called partial electrode structure in which some internal electrode ends are not exposed to the side of the active portion, similarly to the multilayer ceramic capacitor. Over the side, there is an inactive part that does not generate displacement. For this reason, when the multilayer piezoelectric element is driven at a high voltage for a long period of time, stress concentration occurs at the end of the internal electrode, and there is a problem that cracks and delamination are likely to occur during driving.
[0005]
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An object of the present invention is to provide a laminated piezoelectric element and an ejection device which can suppress occurrence of delamination, cracks, and the like, have excellent durability, and have high reliability.
[0006]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The stacked piezoelectric element according to the present invention has a columnar shape including an active portion formed by alternately stacking a plurality of piezoelectric bodies and a plurality of internal electrodes, and inactive portions provided at both ends in the stacking direction of the active portion. A stacked body, and a pair of external electrodes provided on the side surfaces of the columnar stacked body and having some ends of the internal electrodes exposed on the side surfaces of the columnar stacked body alternately connected alternately. A laminated piezoelectric element, wherein a void is formed along an end of the internal electrode existing inside the columnar laminated body.
[0007]
In general, in a laminated piezoelectric element having partial electrodes, when driven, displacement occurs at a portion where the internal electrodes overlap in the stacking direction, and no displacement occurs at a portion where the internal electrodes do not overlap. Therefore, stress concentration occurs at the boundary portion. In the present invention, since a gap is formed inside the columnar laminate and along the end of the internal electrode, the gap exists at the boundary between the portion where displacement occurs and the portion where displacement does not occur, and the generated stress is reduced. Provides a highly durable, highly reliable multilayer piezoelectric element that can be absorbed by air gaps and does not crack or delamination even when driven at high voltage for a long period of time. can do.
[0008]
Further, the stacked piezoelectric element of the present invention is characterized in that the height t of the gap in the stacking direction is 0.5 to 2.5 times the thickness of the internal electrode. In such a laminated piezoelectric element, the generated stress can be absorbed by the gap, and the thickness of the piezoelectric body between the gap and the adjacent internal electrode having a different polarity can be sufficiently ensured, and the withstand voltage can be increased. Can be maintained.
[0009]
Further, the multilayer piezoelectric element of the present invention is characterized in that the width W of the gap in the planar direction of the internal electrode is 0.5 to 5 times the thickness of the internal electrode. In such a laminated piezoelectric element, the generated stress can be absorbed by the gap, and the distance between the internal electrode and the external electrode can be ensured, so that the withstand voltage can be maintained sufficiently high.
[0010]
The injection device of the present invention includes a storage container having an injection hole, the multilayer piezoelectric element accommodated in the storage container, and a valve configured to eject liquid from the injection hole by driving the multilayer piezoelectric element. It is characterized by becoming. In such an injection device, delamination, cracks, and the like during driving of the multilayer piezoelectric element can be suppressed, so that the durability and reliability of the injection device can be improved.
[0011]
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
1 is a longitudinal sectional view showing one embodiment of a laminated piezoelectric element composed of a laminated piezoelectric actuator, FIG. 2 is a longitudinal sectional view showing a part of FIG. 1 in an enlarged manner, and FIG. 3 is a transverse sectional view of FIG. FIG. 2 and 3, the description of the external electrodes is omitted.
[0012]
As shown in FIG. 1, the laminated piezoelectric actuator of the present invention is provided with an active portion 8 in which a plurality of piezoelectric bodies 1 and a plurality of internal electrodes 2 are alternately laminated, and provided at both ends of the active portion 8 in the laminating direction. And the inactive portion 9.
[0013]
The piezoelectric body 1 is made of, for example, lead zirconate titanate Pb (Zr, Ti) O 3 (hereinafter abbreviated as PZT) or a piezoelectric ceramic material containing barium titanate BaTiO 3 as a main component. It is not limited, and any ceramics having piezoelectricity may be used. As the piezoelectric material, as the piezoelectric strain constant d 33 it is high is preferable.
[0014]
The thickness of the piezoelectric body 1, that is, the distance between the internal electrodes 2 is desirably 0.05 to 0.25 mm from the viewpoint of miniaturization and application of a high electric field. This is because the stacked piezoelectric element increases the number of layers to obtain a larger displacement by applying a voltage. However, when the number of layers is increased, the piezoelectric element 1 in the active portion 8 is reduced. If the thickness is too large, it is impossible to reduce the size and height of the actuator. On the other hand, if the thickness of the piezoelectric body 1 in the active portion 8 is too small, dielectric breakdown easily occurs.
[0015]
The internal electrode 2 has a rectangular shape as shown in FIG. 3, and as shown in FIG. 1, one side thereof is exposed every other side surface (external electrode formation surface) of the columnar laminate 3. External electrodes 4 are formed on the side surfaces (opposing side surfaces) of the columnar laminate 3 where one side of the internal electrodes 2 is exposed. Thus, the internal electrodes 2 are electrically connected alternately to the external electrodes 4 alternately. Lead wires 16 are connected and fixed to these external electrodes 4 with solder 17.
[0016]
In the present invention, as shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, along the sides other than the sides exposed on the side surfaces of the columnar laminate 3 (three sides of the internal electrode 2 existing inside the columnar laminate 3). A continuous void 20 is formed. That is, the void 20 is formed along the end of the internal electrode 2 existing inside the columnar laminate 3. The gap 20 makes it possible to reduce the internal stress generated during driving, to prevent the occurrence of delamination and cracks from the end of the internal electrode 2, and to obtain high reliability.
[0017]
In the present invention, it is desirable that the height t of the gap 20 in the laminating direction is 0.5 to 2.5 times the thickness of the internal electrode 2. By setting the height t of the gap 20 to be at least 0.5 times the thickness of the internal electrode 2, the effect of stress relaxation by the gap 20 can be sufficiently exerted. By not more than 2.5 times the thickness of the piezoelectric element 1, the thickness of the piezoelectric body 1 occupying between the upper and lower internal electrodes 2 and the gap 20 can be sufficiently ensured, and the withstand voltage is large because the insulation distance is sufficient. Even when an electric field is applied, no short circuit occurs. In particular, the height t of the gap 20 is desirably not more than twice the thickness of the internal electrode 2 from the viewpoint of improving the withstand voltage. In particular, the height t of the gap 20 is desirably 1 to 1.5 times the thickness of the internal electrode 2.
[0018]
In the present invention, it is desirable that the width W of the gap 20 in the planar direction of the internal electrode 2 is 0.5 to 5 times the thickness of the internal electrode 2. By setting the width W of the gap 20 to 0.5 times or more, the effect of stress relaxation by the gap 20 is large, and by setting the width W of the gap 20 to 5 times or less, the end of the internal electrode 2 and the columnar laminate 3 are formed. A sufficient insulation distance from the external electrode 4 formed on the outer surface can be ensured, and no short circuit occurs even when a high electric field is applied. In particular, the width W of the gap 20 is 1.5 to 2... Of the thickness of the internal electrode 2 from the viewpoint of ensuring a sufficient insulation distance between the end of the internal electrode 2 and the external electrode 4 on the outer surface of the columnar laminate 3. It is desirable to be five times.
[0019]
As the end of the internal electrode 2 is closer to the outer peripheral surface of the columnar laminate 3, delamination and cracks are more likely to occur from the end of the internal electrode 2. That is, when the distance L between the outer surface of the columnar laminate 3 and the end of the internal electrode 2 is as small as 0.5 mm or less, the present invention can be effectively used. In particular, 0.3 mm or less is effective.
[0020]
The occurrence of delamination and cracks from the end of the internal electrode 2 has a large relationship with the thickness of the piezoelectric body 1, and in recent years, the thickness of the piezoelectric body 1 has been reduced in order to obtain a large displacement and to reduce the size. The above-mentioned problems are more likely to occur as the thickness becomes thinner. Therefore, stress relaxation according to the present invention is required. That is, the present invention can be effectively used when the thickness of the piezoelectric body is as thin as 120 μm or less, particularly when it is as thin as 100 μm or less.
[0021]
Although the example in which the continuous voids 20 are formed on the three sides of the internal electrode 2 existing inside the columnar laminate 3 has been described, it is sufficient that substantially continuous voids 20 are formed. Some portions may not be formed.
[0022]
In the above example, the case where three sides of the internal electrode 2 exist inside the columnar laminate 3 has been described. However, two sides are exposed to the outer surface of the columnar laminate, and two sides exist inside the columnar laminate 3. The present invention can be applied to the case in which one side is present inside the columnar laminate 3. In particular, it is effective that three sides exist inside the columnar laminate. Further, the shape of the internal electrode 2 is not limited to a rectangular shape, and may be a pentagon or a circle.
[0023]
External electrodes 4 are formed on the side surfaces of the columnar laminate 3 where the ends of the internal electrodes 2 are exposed, whereby the internal electrodes 2 are alternately connected to the external electrodes 4 every other layer. The outer peripheral surface of the columnar laminate 3 is coated with silicone rubber by a method such as dipping.
[0024]
The laminated piezoelectric element configured as described above is manufactured by the following process. First, a slurry is prepared by mixing a calcined powder of a piezoelectric ceramic such as lead zirconate titanate Pb (Zr, Ti) O 3 , a binder made of an organic polymer, and a plasticizer, and then a slip casting method is used. A ceramic green sheet having a thickness of 50 to 250 μm is prepared.
[0025]
Next, as shown in FIG. 4A, a conductive paste containing silver as a main component and serving as the internal electrode 2 is printed on the upper surface of the green sheet 51 to a thickness of 1 to 10 μm by a screen printing method. A pattern 52 is formed.
[0026]
Next, as shown in FIG. 4B, a conductive paste is again printed on the outer periphery of the internal electrode pattern 52 by a screen printing method, except for the side exposed on the side surface of the columnar laminate 3. A raised portion 55 having a width of 100 to 300 μm and a thickness of 4 to 20 μm is formed on the outer peripheral portion of 52. Thus, the height of the raised portion 55 is higher than the center of the internal electrode pattern 52.
[0027]
After drying the internal electrode pattern 52 on which the raised portion 55 is formed, a predetermined number of green sheets 51 on which the internal electrode pattern 52 is formed are laminated, and conductive sheets are formed on the upper and lower surfaces of the laminate. A plurality of green sheets on which the paste is not printed are laminated to form a laminated molded body. In addition, a plurality of green sheets on which the conductive paste is not printed are laminated, and then a plurality of green sheets 51 on which the internal electrode patterns 52 are formed are laminated by a predetermined number, and then the conductive paste is printed. A plurality of green sheets may be laminated to form a laminated molded body.
[0028]
Next, the laminated molded body is placed in a mold and pressurized while heating at 50 to 200 ° C. to integrate the laminated molded body. At this time, a gap is formed at the time of lamination due to the difference in thickness between the end of the internal electrode pattern inside the laminated molded body and the portion where the internal electrode pattern is not formed. Here, the size of the gap can be controlled by changing the thickness of the raised portion 55 formed in the internal electrode pattern and the pressure at the time of pressing.
[0029]
After the integrated laminate is cut into a predetermined size, the binder is removed at 300 to 800 ° C. for 5 to 40 hours, and the main firing is performed at 900 to 1200 ° C. for 2 to 5 hours to obtain a columnar shape. The laminate 3 is obtained. As shown in FIG. 1, one side of the internal electrode 2 of the columnar laminate 3 is alternately exposed on the opposite side surface. Further, a gap 20 is formed along the end of the internal electrode 2 existing inside the columnar laminate 3.
[0030]
It should be noted that a paste containing an organic substance as a main component which is scattered at the time of de-buying is printed by a screen printing method or the like on the outer periphery of the internal electrode pattern 52 where the gap 20 needs to be formed without forming the raised portion 55. Alternatively, the organic material may be scattered at the time of de-buying to form the void 20.
[0031]
The columnar laminate 3 is formed by forming a plurality of internal electrode patterns on a green sheet, laminating a plurality of the internal electrode patterns, and cutting such that one side of the internal electrode pattern is alternately exposed on the opposite side surface. Is also good.
[0032]
Next, an external electrode 4 is formed by applying a thermosetting conductive adhesive to the side surface of the columnar laminate 3 where the end of the internal electrode 2 is exposed, and thermosetting the conductive adhesive. Thereby, the internal electrodes 2 are alternately connected to the external electrodes 4 every other layer.
[0033]
In addition, the external electrode 4 may be formed by applying a silver glass paste containing silver as a main component and performing a heat treatment at 500 to 900 ° C.
[0034]
Thereafter, the lead wire 16 is connected to the external electrode 4, and the outer peripheral surface of the columnar laminate 3 is coated with an exterior resin by a method such as dipping by vacuum degassing, and then a polarization voltage of 0.1 to 3 kV / mm is applied. By applying and polarizing, a final laminated piezoelectric element is obtained.
[0035]
In the multilayer piezoelectric element configured as described above, since the gap 20 is formed at the end of the internal electrode 2, even when a high voltage is applied to the external electrode 4 and the external electrode 4 is driven, the end of the internal electrode 2 is kept at the end. Since the generated stress is relieved by the gap 20, the occurrence of delamination and cracks generated from the end of the internal electrode 2 can be suppressed, and a highly reliable actuator can be provided.
[0036]
In addition, the laminated piezoelectric element of the present invention may be any pillar such as a square pillar, a hexagonal pillar, a cylinder, and the like, but a square pillar shape is preferable from the viewpoint of easy cutting.
[0037]
FIG. 5 shows an injection device using the laminated piezoelectric element 5 of the present invention. In the drawing, reference numeral 31 denotes a storage container. An injection hole 33 is provided at one end of the storage container 31, and a needle valve 35 that can open and close the injection hole 33 is stored in the storage container 31.
[0038]
A fuel passage 37 is provided in the injection hole 33 so as to be able to communicate therewith. The fuel passage 37 is connected to an external fuel supply source, and the fuel is constantly supplied to the fuel passage 37 at a constant high pressure. Therefore, when the needle valve 35 opens the injection hole 33, the fuel supplied to the fuel passage 37 is ejected at a constant high pressure into a fuel chamber (not shown) of the internal combustion engine.
[0039]
The upper end of the needle valve 35 has a large diameter, and serves as a piston 41 that can slide with a cylinder 39 formed in the storage container 31. In the storage container 31, the above-described laminated piezoelectric element 43 is stored.
[0040]
In such an injection device, when the laminated piezoelectric element 43 expands by applying a voltage, the piston 41 is pressed, the needle valve 35 closes the injection hole 33, and the supply of fuel is stopped. When the application of the voltage is stopped, the laminated piezoelectric element 43 contracts, the disc spring 45 pushes the piston 41 back, and the injection hole 33 communicates with the fuel passage 37 to perform the fuel injection. .
[0041]
【Example】
Example 1
A slurry is prepared by mixing a calcined powder of lead zirconate titanate Pb (Zr, Ti) O 3 , a binder made of an organic polymer, and a plasticizer, and a ceramic green sheet having a thickness of 130 μm is formed by a slip casting method. Produced.
[0042]
On one surface of this green sheet, as shown in FIG. 4, a conductive paste containing silver-palladium as a main component to be the internal electrode 2 was printed to a thickness of 4 μm by a screen printing method to form an internal electrode pattern 52. . Further, a conductive paste was again printed on the portion to be the end of the internal electrode 2 with a thickness of 4 μm to form a raised portion 55. A plurality of 300 green sheets 51 on which the internal electrode patterns 52 and the raised portions 55 were formed were laminated, and 20 green sheets on which no conductive paste was applied were laminated on the upper and lower surfaces of the laminate.
[0043]
Next, the laminated molded body is placed in a mold, and pressed at the upper and lower sides of the mold while heating at 100 ° C. to be integrated, cut into a size of 10 mm × 10 mm, and then cut at 800 ° C. for 10 hours. And the main baking was performed at 1130 ° C. for 2 hours to obtain a columnar laminate 3 as shown in FIG.
[0044]
Thereafter, a conductive resin containing silver as a main component is applied to the side surface of the active portion 8 on which the external electrode 4 is formed, and heat treatment is performed at 250 ° C. for 1 hour to form the external electrode 4 on the side surface of the columnar laminate 3. did.
[0045]
After that, the lead wire 16 was connected to the external electrode 4, and silicone rubber was applied around the columnar laminate 3 to cover the exterior resin.
[0046]
Thereafter, a DC electric field of 3 kV / mm was applied to the positive and negative external electrodes 4 via the lead wires 16 for 15 minutes to perform a polarization treatment.
[0047]
As a result of applying a DC voltage of 150 V to the obtained laminated piezoelectric element, a displacement of 40 μm was obtained in the laminating direction. Further, a driving test was performed by applying an alternating voltage of 0 to +150 V at a frequency of 100 Hz to the laminated piezoelectric element at room temperature. As a result, when driving was performed up to 1 × 10 8 cycles, a displacement of 40 μm was obtained. No lamination or cracks occurred.
[0048]
After that, when the cross section and the vertical cross section of the columnar laminate were observed, the thickness of the piezoelectric body was 0.1 mm, the thickness of the internal electrode was 3 μm, and the voids were continuously formed around the internal electrodes. As for the size, the height t was 3 μm, the width W was 4.5 μm, and the interval L between the side surface of the columnar laminate and the end of the internal electrode was 0.5 mm. The size of the gap was measured by observing a cross section in a direction perpendicular to the lamination direction with a scanning electron microscope (SEM).
[0049]
As a comparative example, a columnar laminate was prepared in the same manner as in the above example, except that the internal electrode pattern was formed by applying a metal mask on a green sheet and spray-coating. element is broken by the crack from the inside electrode end at × 10 6 cycles. Thereafter, when the cross section and the vertical cross section of the columnar laminated body were observed, the thickness of the piezoelectric body was 0.1 mm, the thickness of the internal electrode was 3 μm, and no void was formed around the internal electrode. The distance L between the side surface of the columnar laminate and the end of the internal electrode was 0.5 mm.
Example 2
Next, by changing the number of times of printing of the conductive paste on the end of the internal electrode and changing the thickness of the raised portion, the size of the gap at the end of the internal electrode was changed as shown in Table 1, and A driving test was performed in the same manner as in Example 1 and a cross section was observed after 3 × 10 8 cycles. The results are shown in Table 1. The thickness of each of the internal electrodes was 3 μm, and voids were formed around the internal electrodes.
[0050]
[Table 1]
Figure 2004063911
[0051]
As shown in Table 1, when the height t of the gap is larger than 2.5 times the thickness of the internal electrode, or when the width W of the gap is larger than 5 times the thickness of the internal electrode, a short circuit occurs during the driving test. When the height t of the gap is smaller than 0.5 times the thickness of the internal electrode or when the width W of the gap is smaller than 0.5 times the thickness of the internal electrode, the displacement after the driving test is Although there was no decrease in the amount, the generation of microcracks was partially confirmed from the cross-sectional observation results. On the other hand, in the sample in which the height t of the gap and the width W of the gap were within the ranges of the present invention, no decrease in the displacement amount after the driving test was observed, and no abnormality was confirmed by cross-sectional observation.
[0052]
【The invention's effect】
As described in detail above, in the multilayer piezoelectric element of the present invention, by forming a gap along the end of the internal electrode, it is possible to reduce the stress generated at the end of the internal electrode during driving, and to achieve delamination and cracking. Can be prevented, and a highly reliable laminated piezoelectric element can be provided.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a longitudinal sectional view showing a laminated piezoelectric element of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is an enlarged longitudinal sectional view showing a part of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of FIG.
FIG. 4 is an explanatory diagram for explaining a method for manufacturing a multilayer piezoelectric element of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is an explanatory view showing an injection device of the present invention.
[Explanation of symbols]
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 ... Piezoelectric body 2 ... Internal electrode 3 ... Column-shaped laminated body 4 ... External electrode 8 ... Active part 9 ... Inactive part 20 ... Gap t ... Gap height W: width of gap

Claims (4)

複数の圧電体と複数の内部電極とを交互に積層してなる活性部、及び該活性部の積層方向の両端部にそれぞれ設けられた不活性部から成る柱状積層体と、該柱状積層体の側面に設けられ、前記柱状積層体側面に露出した前記内部電極の一部の端部が一層おきに交互に接続される一対の外部電極とを具備してなる積層型圧電素子であって、前記柱状積層体内部に存在する前記内部電極端に沿って空隙が形成されていることを特徴とする積層型圧電素子。An active portion formed by alternately laminating a plurality of piezoelectric bodies and a plurality of internal electrodes, and a columnar laminate including inactive portions provided at both ends in the laminating direction of the active portion; A laminated piezoelectric element comprising: a pair of external electrodes provided on a side surface, and a part of an end of the internal electrode exposed on the side surface of the columnar laminate is alternately connected to every other layer. A multilayer piezoelectric element, wherein a void is formed along an end of the internal electrode existing inside the columnar laminate. 積層方向における空隙の高さtが、内部電極の厚みの0.5〜2.5倍であることを特徴とする請求項1記載の積層型圧電素子。2. The multilayer piezoelectric element according to claim 1, wherein the height t of the gap in the stacking direction is 0.5 to 2.5 times the thickness of the internal electrode. 内部電極の平面方向における空隙の幅Wが、前記内部電極の厚みの0.5〜5倍であることを特徴とする請求項1又は2記載の積層型圧電素子。3. The multilayer piezoelectric element according to claim 1, wherein the width W of the gap in the planar direction of the internal electrode is 0.5 to 5 times the thickness of the internal electrode. 噴射孔を有する収納容器と、該収納容器内に収容された請求項1乃至3のうちいずれかに記載の積層型圧電素子と、該積層型圧電素子の駆動により前記噴射孔から液体を噴出させるバルブとを具備してなることを特徴とする噴射装置。A storage container having an ejection hole, the multilayer piezoelectric element according to any one of claims 1 to 3 housed in the storage container, and driving the multilayer piezoelectric element to eject a liquid from the injection hole. An injection device comprising a valve.
JP2002222217A 2002-07-30 2002-07-30 Multilayer piezoelectric element and injection device Expired - Fee Related JP3894861B2 (en)

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2007258666A (en) * 2006-02-24 2007-10-04 Denso Corp Multilayer piezoelectric element and method for manufacturing the same
CN111755589A (en) * 2019-03-28 2020-10-09 Tdk株式会社 Multilayer piezoelectric element

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2007258666A (en) * 2006-02-24 2007-10-04 Denso Corp Multilayer piezoelectric element and method for manufacturing the same
CN111755589A (en) * 2019-03-28 2020-10-09 Tdk株式会社 Multilayer piezoelectric element

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