GB2129415A - Emulsion explosive - Google Patents
Emulsion explosive Download PDFInfo
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- GB2129415A GB2129415A GB08322025A GB8322025A GB2129415A GB 2129415 A GB2129415 A GB 2129415A GB 08322025 A GB08322025 A GB 08322025A GB 8322025 A GB8322025 A GB 8322025A GB 2129415 A GB2129415 A GB 2129415A
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- oil
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- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 43
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 title description 14
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000005662 Paraffin oil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000002480 mineral oil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 235000010446 mineral oil Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910001868 water Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 235000015112 vegetable and seed oil Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000008158 vegetable oil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 66
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 claims description 32
- 229920000089 Cyclic olefin copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000012266 salt solution Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M acrylate group Chemical group C(C=C)(=O)[O-] NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 abstract description 6
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000007762 w/o emulsion Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 abstract 2
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 description 29
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 27
- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 description 21
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 12
- VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium nitrate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000004005 microsphere Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000005474 detonation Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 7
- PAWQVTBBRAZDMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(3-bromo-2-fluorophenyl)acetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC1=CC=CC(Br)=C1F PAWQVTBBRAZDMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- VJHINFRRDQUWOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioctyl sebacate Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)COC(=O)CCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(CC)CCCC VJHINFRRDQUWOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 235000010344 sodium nitrate Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 239000004317 sodium nitrate Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000008719 thickening Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000012188 paraffin wax Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 3
- ZORQXIQZAOLNGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-difluorocyclohexane Chemical group FC1(F)CCCCC1 ZORQXIQZAOLNGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BAVYZALUXZFZLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methylamine Chemical compound NC BAVYZALUXZFZLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000008346 aqueous phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- ZCCIPPOKBCJFDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium nitrate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O ZCCIPPOKBCJFDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001235 sensitizing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000001593 sorbitan monooleate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000011069 sorbitan monooleate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229940035049 sorbitan monooleate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 2
- JNYAEWCLZODPBN-JGWLITMVSA-N (2r,3r,4s)-2-[(1r)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]oxolane-3,4-diol Chemical group OC[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1O JNYAEWCLZODPBN-JGWLITMVSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GDDNTTHUKVNJRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-bromo-3,3-difluoroprop-1-ene Chemical compound FC(F)(Br)C=C GDDNTTHUKVNJRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000006978 adaptation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002199 base oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000001427 coherent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- HODPISPVTPCXIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethane-1,2-diamine;nitric acid Chemical compound NCCN.O[N+]([O-])=O HODPISPVTPCXIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006355 external stress Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000295 fuel oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008206 lipophilic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010687 lubricating oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004200 microcrystalline wax Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019808 microcrystalline wax Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001788 mono and diglycerides of fatty acids Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010935 mono and diglycerides of fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000002823 nitrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000449 nitro group Chemical class [O-][N+](*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 239000012454 non-polar solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002918 oxazolines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003014 phosphoric acid esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002798 polar solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- -1 polyoxyethylenes Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- BAZAXWOYCMUHIX-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium perchlorate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O BAZAXWOYCMUHIX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910001488 sodium perchlorate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010913 used oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011800 void material Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
- C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
- C06B47/00—Compositions in which the components are separately stored until the moment of burning or explosion, e.g. "Sprengel"-type explosives; Suspensions of solid component in a normally non-explosive liquid phase, including a thickened aqueous phase
- C06B47/14—Compositions in which the components are separately stored until the moment of burning or explosion, e.g. "Sprengel"-type explosives; Suspensions of solid component in a normally non-explosive liquid phase, including a thickened aqueous phase comprising a solid component and an aqueous phase
- C06B47/145—Water in oil emulsion type explosives in which a carbonaceous fuel forms the continuous phase
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Lubricants (AREA)
- Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
In a water-in-oil emulsion explosive which comprises as continuous phase O carbonaceous fuel, and as a discontinuous phase an aqueous solution of an oxygen releasing salt, there is added to the continuous phase a water insoluble additive which is a lipophilic viscosity index improver so as to modify or control the consistency of the continuous phase. This additive may be a polymer preferably a copolymer. The continuous phase may be mineral oil, vegetable oil or dewaxed paraffin oil. An emulsifier may be present in the continuous phase.
Description
SPECIFICATION Explosive
TECHNICAL FIELD:
The present invention relates to an explosive composition of water-in-oil, comprising as a continuous phase a carbonaceous fuel and as a discontinuous phase an oxygen-releasing aqueous solution. More particularly, the invention relates to an explosive composition of the just mentioned type which in regard to rheological properties, stability and favourable handling-characteristics is superior to the known technique.
BACKGROUND ART:
Explosives of the type water-in-oil in the form of emulsions are well known and commercially available. Emulsion explosives were developed during the sixties and were made subject to patenting in the USA through U.S. patent Ser. No. 3,447,978. Many modifications in regard to constituents of both sensitizing and non-sensitizing character have been done since and in many cases have been made subject to patenting.
Explosives of the emulsion type contain in general an aqueous solution of an oxygen-releasing or oxidizing salt which is emulsified as a disperse phase in a continuous carbon-containing fuel phase.
Moreover, the explosive often contains a uniformly distributed gaseous component.
Hitherto known explosives of the emulsion type almost always contain, in order to modify viscosity, waxes having a melting point within the range about 55-650C, having for their function to provide thickening of the continuous oil phase. Depending on the ratio between wax and oil the viscosity can be varied and changed. When the waxes solidify the emulsion adopts nature and flow properties which are a condition of the waxes. However, with solidification the waxes have a tendency to decrease in volume, and waxes of the paraffin type become brittle and easily breakable due to the structural change. With temperature changes and particularly at low temperatures the structure of the waxes change in an unfavourable direction. This in turn may be contributory cause to structure failure with concomittant exposure of the inner salt solution phase and crystallization.This phenomenon decreases the stability and detonational capability of the explosive.
Also at increased temperatures emulsions of this type can be unstable for different reasons, but one of the causes being the tendency of the waxes to bring about release of the oil. Also in regard to the manufacture of the explosive its contents of waxes impose certain restrictions with regard to the procedure. Thus, for example the filling operation in packaging the explosive must take place quickly before the waxes solidify, and the packaging operation should preferably take place at a temperature lower than the solidification temperature of the waxes.It is conceivable to carry out the filling operation with cooled explosive mass, i.e. at a temperature lower than the solidification temperature of the waxes, but in addition to the fact that this is practically unsuitable this may also, considering the treatment of the mass is subjected to, effect the structure of the waxes and thereby negatively influence the stability of the product.
As a further disadvantage of the known technique there may be mentioned the fact that explosive compositions based on waxes are characterized by what is called "short" consistency which has for an effect that the explosive will be easily disintegrated when subjected to external stresses and particularly after longer storage periods.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION:
The present invention has for its purpose to provide an explosive composition through which the drawbacks of the known technique described above are avoided or at least substantially eliminated. The invention has for its particular object to provide an explosive composition, the rheological properties of which are totally different from those of the known techniques and result in essential advantages in connection with the practical use of the composition.
In connection with the birth of the invention it has been surprisingly found that by adding to the continuous lipophilic phase of the composition a water-insoluble lipophilic viscosity index improver an explosive composition is obtained having properties which are considerably improved in relation to the compositions of the prior art. As is known, the oil phase of the composition comprises only a small weight fraction of the composition as a whole, of the order of less than about 10 percent by weight and often not more than up to about 5 percent by weight. Against this background it was quite surprising that by adding to the continuous phase a so-called viscosity index improver significant improvement of the properties of the product could be obtained so that the practical use thereof can take place in a much more favourable manner.
The viscosity index improver can be of the conventional type and for example consist of a polymer of a suitable kind, such as acrylate and/or methacrylate copolymers or olefin copolymers. In addition to the presence of viscosity index improver in the oil phase the explosive composition according to the present invention is desirably essentially free from the traditional contents of the continuous phase of waxes. In view of this fact several of the disadvantages of the known techniques as briefly introductorily discussed are avoided.
In the usual manner the composition according to the invention contains as a continuous phase any suitable oil, for example mineral oil, vegetable oil or dewaxed paraffin oil. The continuous phase may contain a lipophilic emulsifier of a conventional type, in addition to which the composition, also in a conventional manner, may include a material containing closed cell voids, for example microspheres of glass.
To summarize, the composition according to the present invention may, in addition to the basic constituents, a discontinuous aqueous phase containing oxygen-releasing salts and a continuous oil phase containing viscosity index improver, may include also a lipophilic emulsifier and a material conferring to the composition closed cell voids.
OXYGEN-RELEASING AGENT.
This component of the composition according to the invention is not per se characterizing for the invention but can be selected among traditional oxygen-emitters conventionally used in the art. As such agents there may be mentioned different inorganic and organic water-soluble nitrates, such as ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrate, calcium nitrate, sodium perchlorate, ammonium perchlorate, monomethyl amine nitrate, ethylene diamine nitrate, etc., and mixtures thereof, The concentration of oxygen-emitter in the aqueous phase is not critical in the invention but may be varied within broad limits, for example about 40-90 percent by weight based on the aqueous solution thereof.The quantity of water in the composition as a whole may also be selected in accordance with conventional technique and may vary between about 4 and 20 percent by weight based on the weight of the composition.
OIL IN CONTINUOUS PHASE
This component of the composition according to the invention consists of a conventional hydrocarbon fuel in the form of a suitable type of oil, for example mineral oil, vegetable oil or dewaxed paraffin oil. It is primarily this continuous oil phase that is decisive for the properties of the emulsion explosive, both physically and chemically. Among the physical properties there may be mentioned viscosity, consistency, water-resistance, electrical conductivity, temperature stability, etc. Among the chemical properties belong for example reactivity with other materials, solubility in polar or non-polar solvents etc. The continuous oil phase also influences the detonation characteristics, for example detonation velocity, detonation sensitivity at lower temperatures, sensitivity to friction, impact, flammability etc.
As mentioned above an important feature of the present invention is the fact that the continuous oil phase can be essentially free from waxes of the type present in explosives hitherto known. Due to absence of waxes considerably improved properties in many respects are obtained, as previously indicated. In other respects the materials of the continuous oil phase may be selected in accordance with conventional technique and in regard to weight proportion they can constitute conventional fraction thereof. Generally, the composition according to the invention contains about 1-10 percent by weight of continuous oil phase, suitably at most about 5 percent by weight.
VISCOSITY INDEX IMPROVER
In addition to the fact that the continuous oil phase is essentially free from waxes this component of the composition according to the present invention is the essential feature of the present invention.
As such improver there may be used additives traditionally used within the lubricating oil art having the character of viscosity index improver. In the following, this component of the composition of the invention will be called VI-improver to simplify matters.
The VI-improver is thus constituted by a water-insoluble lipophilic material, suitably a polymer, such as a copolymer. Such types of products are most frequently presented in a form of an oil solution of the polymer in question, for example in a dewaxed highly refined and neutral paraffin base oil.
Particularly preferred polymers are acrylate and/or methacrylate copolymers, for example polyalkyl methacrylate copolymers. Commercially available materials are for example materials of the type Plexol, which are sold by Rohm and Haas Company, Philadelphia, PA, USA, and these materials consist of oil solutions of polyacryl methacrylate copolymers. Moreover, there may be mentioned products of the type olefin copolymers.
However, the invention is by no means delimited to any particular types of VI-improvers, but all materials having the function of improving the viscosity index of oil can be used.
The quantity of added VI-improver is not particularly critical and may vary within broad limits. A practically suitable range based on the contents of the composition of VI-improver (i.e. its contents of active component) is about 0.1 to 10 percent by weight, preferably about 0.15%, particularly about 0.53%.
EMULSIFIER
This component in the explosive composition according to the present invention, which per se is not always obligatory, is part of the continuous oil phase and consists of a lipophilic emulsifier which may be of any conventional type. Thus, for example an emulsifier belonging to the sorbitan group may be used or it may be selected from mono and diglycerides of fatty acids, esters of polyoxyethylenes, phosphate oleyl acids, substituted oxazolines and phosphate esters thereof. Mixtures of different emulsifiers may, of course, also be used. A preferred type of emulsifier is sorbitan monooleate.
The quantity of emulsifier used is not particularly critical and the suitable range is about 0.2-5 percent by weight of same based on the composition as a whole.
CELL VOID MATERIAL
Also this optional constituent of the composition according to the invention is of a conventional character, and the composition may contain this material in a quantity varying within broad limits, for example about 0.25 to about 10 percent by weight of the composition. The material is suitably constituted by glass or plastic microspheres of a traditional type having a particle size within the range about 10 to about 200 form.
The composition according to this invention may optionally contain up to about 20 percent by weight of an auxiliary fuel of metal type, such as aluminum, aluminum alloy, magnesium or the like.
The composition according to the present invention may be manufactured by first preparing different pre-mixtures, mainly an aqueous solution of the oxygen-releasing salt and an oil component containing VI-improver and emulsifier. The emulsion is then prepared by successively adding the oil component to the aqueous solution under stirring until a water-in-oil emulsion is formed. The salt solution is then added at a higher rate.
Then microspheres can be added and admixed and optionally auxiliary fuel, such as aluminum, to the desired concentration.
EXAMPLES:
The invention will in the following be further illustrated by specific examples which, however, are not intended to delimit the invention but only to further illustrate same.
PREPARING OF COMPOSITION
The composition according to the invention was prepared in batches of 1000 g starting from three premixes as follows:
Premix 1. Each salt solution was prepared by heating to about 1 000C of ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrate and water. The ammonium nitrate was of an untreated grade of prillsform from
KemaNobel AB, Sweden. The sodium nitrate was of the usual technical grade from BASF, West
Germany.
Premix 2. The fuel-oil phase containing varying quantities of VI-improver and varying proportions of paraffin oil and mineral oil. In addition, the oil phase contained emulsifier in the form of sorbitan monooleate of the type SPANS 80. as a reference there was also used oil phase containing microcrystalline wax from WITCO Chemical Co., USA.
Premix 2 was prepared by admixing of the respective ingredients and heating to 80-850C.
Premix 3. This component consisted of glass microspheres of the type B 1 5/250 from 3M Co,
USA.
Premix 1 was then added slowly to premix 2 under intense stirring to form a water-in-oil emulsion.
After the formation of an emulsion premix 1 could be added at a higher rate to completion in the usual manner.
To the mixture obtained there was then added premix 3 consisting of glass microspheres with mixing until all glass microspheres were evenly distributed in the emulsion.
The quantity of glass microspheres which was constant and was 20 g for all compositions including the reference compositions gave the final explosive a density of 1 1001 140 kgs/m3 measured at 200 C.
From the explosive compositions made there were prepared final products by using a simple handoperated piston squirt at 60-700C to fill two PVC-tubes having the dimensions 25 x 600 mm. The residual quantity of each 1000 g batch was used for compressibility tests.
The PVC-tubes filled with explosive according to the invention and with reference explosive were used to determine detonation velocity. Initiation was brought about with detonation cap No. 8 at an explosive temperature of 200C. In the tests the charges were freely dependent.
In the tables below there is presented in table 1 the composition of compositions according to the invention and reference compositions according to conventional technique,
in table 2 the results of viscosity measurements for four of the compositions and the reference composition are presented.
These measurements were made at +200C with falling ball in a viscometer, type HAEPPLER and according to West German standard DIN-53015.
in table 3 compressibility and detonation velocity data for compositions according to the invention, reference explosives and commercially available explosives are given.
It can be added that'for determination of consistency of the products a so-called piston rheometer type SK 111 constructed at NitroNobel AB, Sweden, was used. This apparatus consists of a balance and a motor with gear enabling piston speeds of between 0.0375 and 0.161 cm/s. The readable load of the balance is totally 20 kgs, using a switch that can be adjusted to disconnect the motor at lower load. This switch is adjusted by means of a screw. Normally it is adjusted to interrupt the supply of electric current at a load of 10 kgs. Calculation of pressability "z" is performed according to the following equation: "T" = 1.306 x p1 x 104dyn/cm2 where p, is the balance reading in kgs.
TABLE 1
Compositions used for the experiments
Composition Reference composition percent by weight percent by weight Ingredients 1 2 3 4 5 A B Salt solution Ammonium nitrate (AN) 74.0 72.5 72.5 72.0 72.0 73.0 73.0 Sodium nitrate (SN) 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 Water (H2O) 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 Oil mixture Paraffin oil* 0.4 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.0 Mineral oil, Kaydol R 2.0 1.5 0.5 1.0 4.0 Emulsifying agent, SPANR 80 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Thickening copolymer Plexol R 618 0.6 1.8 2.4 3.0 Thickening copolymer Plexol R 953 3.0 Wax (50 paraffin / 50 microcrystalline) 3.0 Sensitizer Glass microspheres B15/250 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 * The oil solution is assumed to be 40 percent.
TABLE 2
Composition Parts by weight (grams) Ingredients 1 2 3 4 Reference Paraffin oil (40 percent solution) 4 4 4 Mineral oil, Kaydol 40 40 40 40 Emulsifying agent SPAN R 80 10 10 10 10 Thickening copolymer Plexol R 618 6 Plexol R 953 6 Olefin copolymer 1 6 Olefin copolymer 2 6 Viscosity, 200C 361 440 328 402 109 (1 cp = 1 MPas) TABLE 3
Summary of compressibility and detonation velocity data of compositions from Table 1 and three (3) different commercially available explosives
Reference Commercial Composition explosive explosives 1 2 3 4 5 A B C* D** E*** Density, kg/m after manufacture, 20 C 1100 1140 1140 1100 1120 1050 1140 at testing, 20 C 1100 1140 1140 1100 1120 1050 1140 1200 1200 1450 Compressibility "r", dyn/cm 48 h after manufacture 0.8 1.4 2.15 2.5 3.9 ) 0.5 4.5 explosive temperature 20 C (1 week after manuf.) 3 weeks after manufacture, explosive temperature 20 C 6 months or more after manufacture, explosive temperature 20 C 3.9 ) 8 Detonation velocity, m/s 3940 4290 4100 4080 4125 4400 F 4000 # 25 x 600 mm, PVC-tube freely hanging initiation with cap No. 8 shot 48 h after manufacture, explosive temperature 20 C F = failed ) Not compressible over 10 kgs, broken structure.
*) Composition C - commercial emulsion explosive, Powermax R 200 from Atlas Powder Co, USA.
**) Composition D - modified Powermax R 200.
***) Composition E - commercial NG-explosive, Dynamex R B from Nitro Nobel AB, Sweden.
The purpose of measuring viscosity, the results of which are presented in Table 2 above, was to gain a practical and useful knowledge about the relative viscosities of the solutions in comparison with a reference product. From the viscosity data given it is easy to realize that an addition of for example 10 per cent by weight of oil solution of copolymer can increase the viscosity of the reference mixture at 2O0C by up to 342 times.
The technique according to the present invention provides for considerable advantages in several respects among which the following can be mentioned.
Since the continuous oil phase does no longer contain waxes the manufacturing process will be simplified in that a previously prepared oil solution of VI-improver can be used. This results in a decreased capital requirement for the manufacturing process and also the energy saving can be significant. The technique according to the invention enables decreased process temperature.
The compositions prepared in accordance with the invention possess totally different rheologic properties as compared to wax-based emulsions. The long, coherent and viscous structure of the products according to this invention enables variations in regard to geometrical shape and adaptation of the emulsion explosive to the area of application. Cap-sensitive highly viscous explosive composition may thus be pressed, shaped or extruded to form desired charge shapes.
The physical properties of the product of this invention, namely resistance against viscosity change at varying temperatures, low freezing point, high flashpoint and a viscous neutral and polymerlike structure makes it possible to formulate optimum recipes and thereby optimum properties of the final product.
The present invention is by no means delimited to the embodiments presented above but can be modified in many respects within the scope of the invention. Thus, the type of oxygen-releasing substances is not critical and any type of conventional substances may be used when using the invention. The oil of the continuous oil phase may be of any type compatible with the instant type of explosive products, and the other conventional constituents of the product, namely emulsifier, microspheres and possible auxiliary fuels may be selected among known and conventional materials.
Finally, the VI-improver may also be selected among commercial products having for a purpose to modify viscosity index, and those exemplified above only constitute examples of useful materials.
Claims (7)
1. Explosive composition of water-in-oil, containing as a continuous phase a carbonaceous fuel and as a discontinuous phase an oxygen-releasing aqueous salt solution, characterized thereby that the continuous phase contains a water insoluble lipophilic viscosity index improver for the purpose of controlling the consistency.
2. Composition according to claim 1, characterized thereby that said improver is a polymer, preferably a copolymer.
3. Composition according to claim 1 or 2, characterized thereby that the polymer is selected from acrylate and/or methacrylate copolymers and olefin copolymers.
4. Composition according to any preceding claim, characterized thereby that the continuous phase is based on a mineral oil, vegetable oil or dewaxed paraffin oil.
5. Composition according to any preceding claim, characterized thereby that the continuous phase also contains a lipophilic emulsifier.
6. Composition according to any preceding claim, characterized thereby that it contains about 1-10 percent by weight of continuous phase.
7. Composition according to any preceding claim, characterized by containing about 425- percent by weight of water.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| SE8205289A SE457952B (en) | 1982-09-15 | 1982-09-15 | SPRAENGAEMNE |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB8322025D0 GB8322025D0 (en) | 1983-09-21 |
| GB2129415A true GB2129415A (en) | 1984-05-16 |
| GB2129415B GB2129415B (en) | 1986-06-11 |
Family
ID=20347868
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB08322025A Expired GB2129415B (en) | 1982-09-15 | 1983-08-16 | Emulsion explosive |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CH (1) | CH655298A5 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3329064A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2129415B (en) |
| NO (1) | NO160776C (en) |
| SE (1) | SE457952B (en) |
| ZA (1) | ZA835853B (en) |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2138800A (en) * | 1983-02-24 | 1984-10-31 | Nippon Kayaku Kk | Water-in-oil emulsion explosive |
| GB2200626A (en) * | 1987-01-30 | 1988-08-10 | Ici Australia Operations | Explosive composition |
| WO1998051645A1 (en) * | 1997-05-15 | 1998-11-19 | Orica Australia Pty. Ltd. | Rheology modification and modifiers |
| EP2367776A4 (en) * | 2008-12-24 | 2016-10-05 | Orica Explosives Tech Pty Ltd | Amine reacted alpha, beta-unsaturated carbonyl compound thickened explosive emulsions |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SE459419B (en) * | 1985-05-08 | 1989-07-03 | Nitro Nobel Ab | PROCEDURE FOR PREPARING AN EMULSION EXPLANATORY SUBSTANCE OF THE WATER-I OIL TYPE, A BRAENSLEPHAS FOR USE IN SUCH PROCEDURE AND AN EXPLOSION SYSTEM |
| JPH0717473B2 (en) * | 1986-01-14 | 1995-03-01 | 三洋化成工業株式会社 | Water-in-oil type emulsion |
| GB9511701D0 (en) * | 1995-06-09 | 1995-08-02 | Burwood Corp The Ltd | Composition |
Citations (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB984636A (en) * | 1961-03-14 | 1965-03-03 | Dynamit Nobel Ag | Improvements in or relating to detonatable compositions |
| GB1262973A (en) * | 1969-04-01 | 1972-02-09 | Atlas Chem Ind | Blasting composition |
| GB1306546A (en) * | 1970-06-09 | 1973-02-14 | Explosives & Chem Prod | Blasting explosive composition |
| GB1329512A (en) * | 1970-02-17 | 1973-09-12 | Du Pont | Water-bearing explosives |
| GB1536180A (en) * | 1976-12-29 | 1978-12-20 | Ici Ltd | Slurry explosive composition |
| GB2050340A (en) * | 1979-04-02 | 1981-01-07 | Canadian Ind | Rsions and process for the preparation thereof explosive compositions based on timestable colloidal dispe |
| EP0028908A2 (en) * | 1979-11-09 | 1981-05-20 | Ireco Incorporated | Emulsion explosive composition |
| GB2080280A (en) * | 1980-07-21 | 1982-02-03 | Ici Ltd | Emulsion blasting agent containing urea perchlorate |
| GB2098976A (en) * | 1981-05-26 | 1982-12-01 | Aeci Ltd | Explosive |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AU515896B2 (en) * | 1976-11-09 | 1981-05-07 | Atlas Powder Company | Water-in-oil explosive |
| NO782323L (en) * | 1977-11-03 | 1979-05-04 | Atlas Powder Co | WATER-IN-OIL TYPE. |
| US4218272A (en) * | 1978-12-04 | 1980-08-19 | Atlas Powder Company | Water-in-oil NCN emulsion blasting agent |
| US4371408A (en) * | 1980-10-27 | 1983-02-01 | Atlas Powder Company | Low water emulsion explosive compositions optionally containing inert salts |
| US4383873A (en) * | 1980-10-27 | 1983-05-17 | Atlas Powder Company | Sensitive low water emulsion explosive compositions |
-
1982
- 1982-09-15 SE SE8205289A patent/SE457952B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1983
- 1983-08-09 ZA ZA835853A patent/ZA835853B/en unknown
- 1983-08-11 DE DE19833329064 patent/DE3329064A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1983-08-16 GB GB08322025A patent/GB2129415B/en not_active Expired
- 1983-09-13 NO NO833284A patent/NO160776C/en unknown
- 1983-09-13 CH CH4989/83A patent/CH655298A5/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Patent Citations (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB984636A (en) * | 1961-03-14 | 1965-03-03 | Dynamit Nobel Ag | Improvements in or relating to detonatable compositions |
| GB1262973A (en) * | 1969-04-01 | 1972-02-09 | Atlas Chem Ind | Blasting composition |
| GB1329512A (en) * | 1970-02-17 | 1973-09-12 | Du Pont | Water-bearing explosives |
| GB1306546A (en) * | 1970-06-09 | 1973-02-14 | Explosives & Chem Prod | Blasting explosive composition |
| GB1536180A (en) * | 1976-12-29 | 1978-12-20 | Ici Ltd | Slurry explosive composition |
| GB2050340A (en) * | 1979-04-02 | 1981-01-07 | Canadian Ind | Rsions and process for the preparation thereof explosive compositions based on timestable colloidal dispe |
| EP0028908A2 (en) * | 1979-11-09 | 1981-05-20 | Ireco Incorporated | Emulsion explosive composition |
| GB2080280A (en) * | 1980-07-21 | 1982-02-03 | Ici Ltd | Emulsion blasting agent containing urea perchlorate |
| GB2098976A (en) * | 1981-05-26 | 1982-12-01 | Aeci Ltd | Explosive |
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2138800A (en) * | 1983-02-24 | 1984-10-31 | Nippon Kayaku Kk | Water-in-oil emulsion explosive |
| AT382863B (en) * | 1983-02-24 | 1987-04-27 | Nippon Kayaku Kk | EXPLOSIVE MIXTURE TYPE OF A WATER-IN-OIL EMULSION |
| GB2200626A (en) * | 1987-01-30 | 1988-08-10 | Ici Australia Operations | Explosive composition |
| GB2200626B (en) * | 1987-01-30 | 1990-05-02 | Ici Australia Operations | Explosive composition |
| WO1998051645A1 (en) * | 1997-05-15 | 1998-11-19 | Orica Australia Pty. Ltd. | Rheology modification and modifiers |
| EP2367776A4 (en) * | 2008-12-24 | 2016-10-05 | Orica Explosives Tech Pty Ltd | Amine reacted alpha, beta-unsaturated carbonyl compound thickened explosive emulsions |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE3329064A1 (en) | 1984-03-15 |
| CH655298A5 (en) | 1986-04-15 |
| ZA835853B (en) | 1984-04-25 |
| NO833284L (en) | 1984-03-16 |
| GB8322025D0 (en) | 1983-09-21 |
| SE457952B (en) | 1989-02-13 |
| NO160776C (en) | 1989-05-31 |
| SE8205289D0 (en) | 1982-09-15 |
| SE8205289L (en) | 1984-03-16 |
| NO160776B (en) | 1989-02-20 |
| GB2129415B (en) | 1986-06-11 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCNP | Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee |