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EP4089325B1 - Buse d'injection de gaz dans une installation de combustion dotée d'un tube et d'un générateur tourbillons, conduit de gaz de fumée doté d'une telle buse et procédé d'utilisation d'une telle buse - Google Patents

Buse d'injection de gaz dans une installation de combustion dotée d'un tube et d'un générateur tourbillons, conduit de gaz de fumée doté d'une telle buse et procédé d'utilisation d'une telle buse Download PDF

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Publication number
EP4089325B1
EP4089325B1 EP22170612.0A EP22170612A EP4089325B1 EP 4089325 B1 EP4089325 B1 EP 4089325B1 EP 22170612 A EP22170612 A EP 22170612A EP 4089325 B1 EP4089325 B1 EP 4089325B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
nozzle
swirl
pipe
nozzle according
gas
Prior art date
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EP22170612.0A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP4089325A1 (fr
EP4089325C0 (fr
Inventor
Johannes Ulrich Martin
Max Josef Schönsteiner
Stefan DeYoung
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Martin GmbH fuer Umwelt und Energietechnik
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Martin GmbH fuer Umwelt und Energietechnik
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Publication of EP4089325C0 publication Critical patent/EP4089325C0/fr
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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23L—SUPPLYING AIR OR NON-COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS OR GASES TO COMBUSTION APPARATUS IN GENERAL ; VALVES OR DAMPERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR CONTROLLING AIR SUPPLY OR DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; INDUCING DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; TOPS FOR CHIMNEYS OR VENTILATING SHAFTS; TERMINALS FOR FLUES
    • F23L9/00—Passages or apertures for delivering secondary air for completing combustion of fuel 
    • F23L9/04—Passages or apertures for delivering secondary air for completing combustion of fuel  by discharging the air beyond the fire, i.e. nearer the smoke outlet
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C7/00—Combustion apparatus characterised by arrangements for air supply
    • F23C7/002—Combustion apparatus characterised by arrangements for air supply the air being submitted to a rotary or spinning motion
    • F23C7/004—Combustion apparatus characterised by arrangements for air supply the air being submitted to a rotary or spinning motion using vanes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B1/00—Nozzles, spray heads or other outlets, with or without auxiliary devices such as valves, heating means
    • B05B1/34—Nozzles, spray heads or other outlets, with or without auxiliary devices such as valves, heating means designed to influence the nature of flow of the liquid or other fluent material, e.g. to produce swirl
    • B05B1/3405—Nozzles, spray heads or other outlets, with or without auxiliary devices such as valves, heating means designed to influence the nature of flow of the liquid or other fluent material, e.g. to produce swirl to produce swirl
    • B05B1/341—Nozzles, spray heads or other outlets, with or without auxiliary devices such as valves, heating means designed to influence the nature of flow of the liquid or other fluent material, e.g. to produce swirl to produce swirl before discharging the liquid or other fluent material, e.g. in a swirl chamber upstream the spray outlet
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/44—Details; Accessories
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23L—SUPPLYING AIR OR NON-COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS OR GASES TO COMBUSTION APPARATUS IN GENERAL ; VALVES OR DAMPERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR CONTROLLING AIR SUPPLY OR DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; INDUCING DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; TOPS FOR CHIMNEYS OR VENTILATING SHAFTS; TERMINALS FOR FLUES
    • F23L9/00—Passages or apertures for delivering secondary air for completing combustion of fuel 
    • F23L9/02—Passages or apertures for delivering secondary air for completing combustion of fuel  by discharging the air above the fire

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a nozzle for blowing gas into a combustion system with a pipe and a swirl generator, a flue gas flue with such a nozzle and a method for using such a nozzle.
  • secondary air nozzles in waste incineration plants are designed as jet nozzles.
  • pressure and nozzle diameter are the primary design parameters.
  • the pressure primarily influences the inlet velocity, the diameter the volume flow.
  • the total volume flow results from the number of nozzles.
  • the nozzle inserts can be manufactured as a cast component.
  • incinerators there is often a poorly mixed area of air starvation at the front wall, which can lead to increased CO concentrations and CO peaks, particularly where the fuel has a high calorific value, such as when using cooking caloric fuels and grate-fired incinerators can occur.
  • the EP 0611 919 A1 describes a nozzle for supplying a combustion gas, with which a swirling secondary gas jet is generated, which intensively mixes an area near the boiler wall and enriches it with oxygen.
  • the amount of volumetric flow supplied is set in the gas nozzle with a control body which is arranged so that it can be displaced axially to the longitudinal axis of the nozzle, which at least partially blocks the nozzle cross-section and is provided with an adjustment device which can be guided out of the nozzle for speed-controlling the supply of the secondary gas.
  • flue gas can get to the control body arranged in the nozzle cone and deposits on the swirl body can impair its mobility.
  • the U.S. 5,727,480 describes a nozzle tube that is concentrically surrounded by another nozzle tube. Air flow in the inner nozzle tube causes gas to be drawn in through the annular gap between the concentric tubes. Baffles are provided in this annular gap, which direct the gas flowing through the annular gap from the inner tube to the outer tube, so that a very special gas flow is created at the nozzle outlet.
  • the nozzle is complex to use, since two regulated gas feeds have to be provided.
  • the WO 2012/096319 A1 also describes concentric tubes for the targeted delivery of gas.
  • a swirl body is arranged in the inner tube so that it can be displaced axially with respect to the longitudinal axis of the nozzle by means of a rod.
  • a nozzle for injecting gas into an incinerator having a cylindrical tube and a swirl generator mounted in the tube or on the inside of the tube is known from US Pat CN 110 848 693 B and the EP 3 739 264 A1 known. More such nozzles are from CN 105 737 203 A , the GB 2 551 166 A , the WO 2005/078348 A1 and the DE 10 2007 030269 A1 known.
  • a generic nozzle is off U.S. 2010/205971 A1 known.
  • the invention is therefore based on the object of further developing a nozzle for combustion systems in such a way that it has a long service life in rough use and leads to a greater jet expansion with the same volume flow and pressure.
  • a method for using such nozzles is also presented.
  • the developed swirl nozzles lead to a stronger jet expansion and thus to a lower penetration depth. This is achieved by dividing the impulse into an axial and a tangential component. With jet nozzles, the momentum is entirely in the axial direction.
  • swirl nozzles as secondary air nozzles, particularly in waste incineration plants, a Lack of air near the wall, especially on the front wall, can be reduced.
  • the developed nozzle insert has a special injection characteristic. As with air outlets of ventilation systems arranged on the ceiling of living spaces, when the nozzle according to the invention is used in an incineration system, a uniform "air curtain" is produced near the boiler wall in order to prevent CO strands from breaking through. With known nozzle inserts, the highest possible impulse of the injected medium has hitherto been generated in order to achieve the highest possible mixing of the flue gas with the lowest possible use of supplied combustion air.
  • the aim of the design is to construct a twist insert that has a similar pressure-volume flow characteristic as a conventional jet nozzle while generating the strongest possible twist. This is achieved by using a tube that is cylindrical over its entire length.
  • the inlet is preferably not rounded. If the pressure loss is too high, the nozzle diameter would have to be greatly increased in order to achieve sufficient volume flows in the conventional pressure range. Higher pressures would only be achievable with an additional fan/compressor. The component costs for the larger swirl generator would also be higher. This should be avoided for cost reasons.
  • An additional goal of the design is to generate a swirl flow that is as uniform as possible at the nozzle outlet, if possible without backflow into the nozzle pipe, in order to prevent the potential entry of ash particles and hot flue gases. This is to prevent contamination and corrosion of the swirl generator.
  • Straight blades are preferable to twisted blades, and blades with a straight inlet section are preferable to blades without a straight inlet section.
  • a diffuser or a radius at the nozzle outlet reduce the pressure loss, but an attached flow can only be expected in combination with a small swirl generator.
  • the formation of backflow areas is increased, which increases the risk of contamination and corrosion of the nozzle interior.
  • a hole in the center of the swirler reduces the formation of backflow areas and also reduces the pressure drop.
  • a connection of the blades in the middle e.g. as a pin or ring
  • a more rigid construction and manufacture of the swirl generator without an outer, connecting ring are advantageous here.
  • a straight inlet section of the blades reduces the pressure loss and is therefore an advantage.
  • the transition to the swirl-generating part of the blades can be designed in different ways, e.g. as a radius or a curved profile.
  • the swirl generating part of the blades can also be curved.
  • the blades can also be designed with increasing blade height from the inlet to the nozzle outlet.
  • the swirl generator should be moved slightly inwards to reduce the risk of contamination and corrosion. However, this also reduces the swirl effect. If there is excessive wear during system operation, the swirl generator can be moved further inside the pipe, which can be compensated for by a higher swirl angle. Although this leads to a higher pressure loss, this can be compensated for by a larger nozzle diameter or a diffuser.
  • the twist generator can also be used in a conically converging part of a conventional jet nozzle insert. It is also advantageous to generate a swirl by introducing the air tangentially into the nozzle with a plurality of inlet channels distributed over the circumference. However, this requires a more expensive construction and a complex design.
  • the twist insert thus consists of a tube in which the twist generator is arranged. This tube is welded into the outer tube. This creates a Nozzle insert that can be inserted into a nozzle tube.
  • the tube preferably has a wall thickness of 2 to 5 mm.
  • the inner diameter of the tube is preferably 40 to 80 mm and is approximately 50 mm in the exemplary embodiment.
  • the swirl generator has blade profiles which have an angle of 15° to 60° and preferably of 40° to 50° to generate the swirl.
  • An exemplary embodiment has an angle of 45°. At larger angles, the twisting effect increases. However, this leads to a higher pressure loss and the formation of backflow areas.
  • the distance between the swirl generator and the pipe outlet and thus from the boiler inlet is about 10 to 30 mm.
  • the twist generator should therefore be offset inward in the pipe by at least 5 mm and preferably about 10 mm.
  • the swirl generator preferably has more than 4 and, for example, 6 swirl vanes distributed over the circumference.
  • the number of blades is 4 to 8 pieces.
  • the vanes of the swirler should have an average airfoil thickness between 1 and 6 mm and preferably between 2 and 4 mm. Its length in the axial direction of the nozzle tube is 20 to 60 mm and preferably about 30 mm, of which 30 to 70% and preferably about 50% is designed as a straight inlet section in order to reduce the pressure loss.
  • Fouling of the vanes is reduced if the swirler has swirl vanes forming a central free passage with a diameter greater than 20% of the inside diameter of the tube. It is advantageous if the blades do not touch. In practice, the diameter of the clear hole in the center of the blades should be 10 to 30 mm, such as 16 mm. That is then about 30% of the inner diameter of the pipe.
  • a variable setting of the twist is suggested as an additional option. This can be achieved either by means of a mechanically adjustable angle of attack of the swirl generator or by means of two concentric channels with different swirl angles (eg swirl-free core jet and swirled annular gap).
  • the channels can use one variable volume flow ratio.
  • two collectors can each be provided with a pressure control via a control valve.
  • Such a design is primarily advantageous for a flexible mode of operation and makes sense, for example, when the combustion zone is shifted by varying the average calorific value of the waste or when varying the load. It is also possible to introduce and mix different gases (e.g. air with recirculation gas or air with steam).
  • a special embodiment therefore provides that the swirl generator has movable swirl vanes.
  • the tube has at least one and preferably several tangential inlet channels distributed around the circumference.
  • the nozzle can also have a tube with at least one and preferably a plurality of spiral-shaped gas ducts distributed around the circumference.
  • the Mach number Ma of the nozzle is below 0.4.
  • the nozzle is installed in a furnace, then it should be located in a wall of a flue, preferably at the front wall of a flue. It is advantageous if two of the nozzles are arranged next to one another and exert a twist in opposite directions.
  • a non-swirl gas injection nozzle also called a jet nozzle
  • a swirl gas injection nozzle also called a swirl nozzle
  • a method for using such a nozzle serves to blow in a gas, such as in particular air or oxygen for oxygen enrichment, for example on a wall and in particular the front wall of an incinerator such as a waste incineration plant, preferably already in the first pass.
  • a gas such as in particular air or oxygen for oxygen enrichment
  • This method is particularly suitable for a high calorific value (e.g. substitute fuel) and for grate firing.
  • the nozzles can be used to expand existing combustion air systems in the area of secondary combustion.
  • the swirl nozzles can replace individual nozzles or be used in addition.
  • An opposite direction is advantageous Direction of rotation of adjacent nozzles.
  • the gas volume flow that is passed through the nozzle is set to 100 to 1500 Nm 3 /h per nozzle. This results in an operating pressure in the collector at the nozzle level of approx. 5 to 100 mbar and the entry speed is 10 to 100 m/s. In one embodiment, the air volume flow is 100 to 500 Nm 3 /h at an operating pressure in the collector of 10 to 60 mbar and an entry speed of 20 to 80 m/s.
  • the nozzle can also be used for air, recycle gas, steam, CO 2 , O 2 and N 2 and mixtures thereof.
  • air recycle gas
  • steam CO 2 , O 2 and N 2 and mixtures thereof.
  • recirculation gas which is mostly particle-laden, or steam is introduced, higher wear due to contamination and corrosion is to be expected.
  • Such nozzles can be manufactured as a twist insert using 3D printing from stainless steel (e.g. 17-4PH or 1.4548) and alternatively also, for example, using investment casting or CNC milling.
  • a twist insert can be welded into an outer tube.
  • the twist insert can also be implemented as a welded construction, for example with sheet metal welded into a tube - as an alternative to 3D printing, investment casting or CNC milling.
  • a further reduction in the risk of contamination and corrosion is possible, for example, with rounded blades or with a central nose or point.
  • the swirl nozzle can also have a lower suction effect compared to jet nozzles, which leads to fewer particles entering the corresponding boiler wall.
  • the figure 1 shows a nozzle 1 as a swirl insert 26 from a tube 20 in which six swirl vanes 24 (numbered only as an example) are arranged as swirl generators 21 .
  • the twist blades have no bend in the flow direction of the gas over a length of about 40 mm and thus form a straight inlet section 27. They are then bent and form a twist angle 28 of around 45° to the straight inlet section.
  • the figure 3 shows a nozzle tube 28 in which a twist insert 26 held in an outer tube 23 is arranged as a nozzle insert 29 .
  • the figure 4 shows a nozzle 1 as a swirl nozzle for blowing gas 2 into an incineration plant 3.
  • the incineration plant is shown schematically as the first flue gas flue 4 figure 5 a conventional jet nozzle 5, which promotes the same volume flow of gas in the flue 4. Comparing the figures clearly shows that the injected gas is 2 in figure 4 remains on the front wall 6 of the flue 4 and does not penetrate as far into the flue 4 as in the figure 5 , in which the gas 2 reaches the middle of the flue gas train 4 much further and is only distributed there in a fan shape.
  • the reference numerals 7 and 8 show large jet nozzles on the rear wall 9 of the flue gas flue 4.
  • On the front wall 6 are in the Figures 6 and 7 each above large jet nozzles 10 and including a rear large jet nozzle (not shown) arranged to promote the gas 2 in the flue gas flue 4.
  • Smaller nozzles are arranged horizontally next to the lower, covered, large jet nozzles, which are used in the in figure 6 shown example as a small jet nozzle 11 and in figure 7 are designed as a small swirl nozzle 12.
  • a small nozzle 11, 12 differs from a large nozzle 8, 9, 10 in that a small nozzle 11, 12 conveys a lower volume flow of gas into the flue gas flue 4.
  • the figure 10 12 now shows an outer tube 23, a twist insert 26 with the cylindrical tube 20 and the twist generator 21.
  • the twist generator 21 is located inside a tube 20 which is welded to the inside 22 of the outer tube 23.
  • the swirl insert 26 consists of the tube 20, on the inside of which swirl vanes 24 are fastened as swirl generators 21. In the center of the blades is a central free passage 25, since the ends of the blades do not touch there.
  • the nozzle 30 shown has a nozzle tube 31 with tangential inlet channels 32, 33, 34 distributed around the circumference.
  • the inlet channels are distributed evenly around the circumference in a conical area 35 of the nozzle tube 31 and allow gas to be fed in there in addition to the gas guided in the nozzle tube 31 in order to generate a swirl in the nozzle 30 .
  • the inlet channels 32 , 33 , 34 thus serve as swirl generators attached to the inside of the nozzle tube 31 .
  • the figure 12 a nozzle pipe 41 with a spiral gas guide 42 attached to the inner circumference.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Pre-Mixing And Non-Premixing Gas Burner (AREA)
  • Air Supply (AREA)

Claims (19)

  1. Buse (1), destinée à insuffler du gaz (2) dans un incinérateur (3), pourvue d'un tube (20, 31, 41) et d'un générateur de tourbillonnement (21), le tube (20, 31, 41) étant de forme cylindrique et le générateur de tourbillonnement (21) étant fixé sur la face intérieure (22) du tube (20, 31, 41), le générateur de tourbillonnement comportant des aubes de tourbillonnement dotées d'un trajet d'entrée rectiligne, caractérisée en ce que les aubes de tourbillonnement (24) présentent une longueur comprise entre 20 et 60 mm, dont de 30 à 70 % et de préférence environ 50 % sont conçus sous la forme d'un trajet d'entrée rectiligne.
  2. Buse selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que le tube (20) est placé dans un tube externe (23).
  3. Buse selon la revendication 2, caractérisée en ce que le tube (20) est soudé dans le tube externe (23).
  4. Buse selon l'une quelconque des revendications 2 ou 3, caractérisée en ce que le tube (20) présente une épaisseur de paroi de 2 à 5 mm.
  5. Buse selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisée en ce que le diamètre interne du tube (20, 31, 41) est de 40 à 80 mm et de préférence, d'environ 50 mm.
  6. Buse selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisée en ce que le générateur de tourbillonnement (21) présente un angle de tourbillonnement de 15 ° à 60 ° et de préférence, de 40 ° à 50 °.
  7. Buse selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisée en ce que le générateur de tourbillonnement (21) est décalé dans le tube (20, 31, 41) d'au moins 5 mm et de préférence, d'environ 10 mm vers l'intérieur.
  8. Buse selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisée en ce que le générateur de tourbillonnement (21) comporte plus de 4 et de préférence 6 aubes de tourbillonnement (24) distribuées sur la périphérie.
  9. Buse selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisée en ce que le générateur de tourbillonnement (21) comporte des aubes de tourbillonnement (24) dont le profilé d'aube présente une épaisseur moyenne comprise entre 1 et 6 mm et de préférence entre 2 et 4 mm.
  10. Buse selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisée en ce que les aubes de tourbillonnement (24) forment un passage (25) central libre, dont le diamètre est supérieur à 20 % du diamètre interne libre du tube (20, 31, 41).
  11. Buse selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisée en ce que le générateur de tourbillonnement (21) comporte des aubes de tourbillonnement (24) mobiles.
  12. Buse selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisée en ce que le tube (20, 31, 41) comporte au moins un et de préférence plusieurs canaux d'entrée (32, 33, 34) tangentiels distribués sur la périphérie.
  13. Buse selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisée en ce que le tube (20, 31, 41) comporte une et de préférence plusieurs conduites de gaz (42) de forme hélicoïdale, distribuées sur le périphérie.
  14. Buse selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisée en ce que le nombre de Mach Ma de la buse est inférieur à 0,4.
  15. Conduit d'évacuation de fumées pourvu d'une buse (1) selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce qu'elle est placée dans une paroi du conduit d'évacuation de fumées (4).
  16. Conduit d'évacuation de fumées selon la revendication 15, caractérisée en ce que la buse (1) est placée sur la paroi antérieure (6) du conduit d'évacuation de fumées (4).
  17. Conduit d'évacuation de fumées selon la revendication 15 ou 16, caractérisé en ce que deux des buses (1) sont placées côte à côte et exercent un tourbillonnement à contresens.
  18. Conduit d'évacuation de fumées selon l'une quelconque des revendications 15 à 17, caractérisé en ce qu'une buse, destinée à insuffler du gaz (2) sans tourbillonnement, qui est également appelée éjecteur est placée à côté d'une buse destinée à insuffler du gaz (2) avec un tourbillonnement, selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 14, qui est également appelée buse à tourbillonnement.
  19. Procédé, destiné à utiliser une buse selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes 1 à 14, caractérisé en ce que l'on règle un débit volumétrique d'air et / ou de fumées qui est dirigé à travers la buse (1) à de 100 à 1500 Nm3/h .
EP22170612.0A 2021-05-12 2022-04-28 Buse d'injection de gaz dans une installation de combustion dotée d'un tube et d'un générateur tourbillons, conduit de gaz de fumée doté d'une telle buse et procédé d'utilisation d'une telle buse Active EP4089325B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102021002508.3A DE102021002508A1 (de) 2021-05-12 2021-05-12 Düse zum Einblasen von Gas in eine Verbrennungsanlage mit einem Rohr und einem Drallerzeuger, Rauchgaszug mit einer derartigen Düse und Verfahren zur Verwendung einer derartigen Düse

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP4089325A1 EP4089325A1 (fr) 2022-11-16
EP4089325B1 true EP4089325B1 (fr) 2023-08-09
EP4089325C0 EP4089325C0 (fr) 2023-08-09

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EP22170612.0A Active EP4089325B1 (fr) 2021-05-12 2022-04-28 Buse d'injection de gaz dans une installation de combustion dotée d'un tube et d'un générateur tourbillons, conduit de gaz de fumée doté d'une telle buse et procédé d'utilisation d'une telle buse

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US20220364725A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP4089325B1 (fr)
JP (1) JP2022176137A (fr)
CN (1) CN115338050B (fr)
DE (1) DE102021002508A1 (fr)

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PL3739264T3 (pl) * 2019-05-13 2021-12-13 Doosan Lentjes Gmbh Spalarnia materiałów stałych oraz sposób wymiany jej wkładu dyszowego

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JP2022176137A (ja) 2022-11-25
DE102021002508A1 (de) 2022-11-17
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US20220364725A1 (en) 2022-11-17
CN115338050A (zh) 2022-11-15
EP4089325C0 (fr) 2023-08-09

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