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EP4052299A1 - Élément photovoltaïque à efficacité améliorée en cas obscurcissement et procédé de fabrication d'un tel élément photovoltaïque - Google Patents

Élément photovoltaïque à efficacité améliorée en cas obscurcissement et procédé de fabrication d'un tel élément photovoltaïque

Info

Publication number
EP4052299A1
EP4052299A1 EP20816085.3A EP20816085A EP4052299A1 EP 4052299 A1 EP4052299 A1 EP 4052299A1 EP 20816085 A EP20816085 A EP 20816085A EP 4052299 A1 EP4052299 A1 EP 4052299A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
photovoltaic
layer
photovoltaic cell
layer system
electrode
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
EP20816085.3A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Martin Hermenau
Jan Birnstock
Mickael Lapeyrade
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Heliatek GmbH
Original Assignee
Heliatek GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Heliatek GmbH filed Critical Heliatek GmbH
Publication of EP4052299A1 publication Critical patent/EP4052299A1/fr
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K39/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one organic radiation-sensitive element covered by group H10K30/00
    • H10K39/10—Organic photovoltaic [PV] modules; Arrays of single organic PV cells
    • H10K39/12—Electrical configurations of PV cells, e.g. series connections or parallel connections
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
    • H10F19/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one photovoltaic cell covered by group H10F10/00, e.g. photovoltaic modules
    • H10F19/30—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one photovoltaic cell covered by group H10F10/00, e.g. photovoltaic modules comprising thin-film photovoltaic cells
    • H10F19/31—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one photovoltaic cell covered by group H10F10/00, e.g. photovoltaic modules comprising thin-film photovoltaic cells having multiple laterally adjacent thin-film photovoltaic cells deposited on the same substrate
    • H10F19/33—Patterning processes to connect the photovoltaic cells, e.g. laser cutting of conductive or active layers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
    • H10K30/30—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation comprising bulk heterojunctions, e.g. interpenetrating networks of donor and acceptor material domains
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
    • H10K30/80—Constructional details
    • H10K30/81—Electrodes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
    • H10K30/80—Constructional details
    • H10K30/88—Passivation; Containers; Encapsulations
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K39/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one organic radiation-sensitive element covered by group H10K30/00
    • H10K39/10—Organic photovoltaic [PV] modules; Arrays of single organic PV cells
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K71/00—Manufacture or treatment specially adapted for the organic devices covered by this subclass
    • H10K71/20—Changing the shape of the active layer in the devices, e.g. patterning
    • H10K71/231—Changing the shape of the active layer in the devices, e.g. patterning by etching of existing layers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K71/00—Manufacture or treatment specially adapted for the organic devices covered by this subclass
    • H10K71/621—Providing a shape to conductive layers, e.g. patterning or selective deposition
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
    • H10K30/20—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation comprising organic-organic junctions, e.g. donor-acceptor junctions
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B10/00—Integration of renewable energy sources in buildings
    • Y02B10/10—Photovoltaic [PV]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/549—Organic PV cells

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a photovoltaic element with at least one photovoltaic cell, a photovoltaic system with at least two such photovoltaic elements, and a method for producing such a photovoltaic element.
  • Photovoltaic elements in particular photovoltaic elements that are integrated in a building structure, are temporarily shaded.
  • a photovoltaic element consists of at least one photovoltaic cell with at least one photoactive layer, which can be connected in series or in parallel.
  • Photovoltaic elements or photovoltaic cells thereof, which are connected in series, are not always all shaded to the same extent, but are still partially exposed to radiation from sunlight.
  • shaded photovoltaic cells that are connected in series with others generate a voltage that is opposite to that of non-shaded photovoltaic cells, which restrict or block the flow of current from the other photovoltaic cells through this photovoltaic cell.
  • bypass diodes in order to continue to ensure the current flow of the photovoltaic cells connected in series and to avoid damage to the partially shaded photovoltaic cell.
  • the power loss is reduced by connecting a bypass diode in parallel to the photovoltaic cell. If a photovoltaic element, in particular a photovoltaic cell of the photovoltaic element, is at least partially shaded, this photovoltaic cell generates no or a lower voltage, and the current generated by the photovoltaic cells connected in series cannot be passed through and damages the at least partially shaded photovoltaic cell Cell.
  • the bypass diode can be used in one In such a case, take over the conduction of the generated current from photovoltaic cells connected in front of them to photovoltaic cells connected afterwards through the bypass diode, thereby preventing damage to the shaded photovoltaic cell.
  • a photovoltaic element can thus continue to function in the case of an at least partially shaded photovoltaic cell.
  • such a solution is very expensive and requires a high level of complexity, which also leads to high additional costs.
  • US20150349164A1 discloses a solar cell with an integrated bypass diode, the bypass diode and the solar cell comprising different areas next to one another on the substrate and being separated by a gap.
  • EP 1920 468 B1 discloses organic photovoltaic cells with a bypass diode.
  • WO2014 / 051889A1 discloses a solar cell with a multiplicity of photovoltaic cells, the photovoltaic cells having a specific arrangement of gaps so that the areas of the cells obtained thereby only allow a maximum opposite voltage and a number of bypass diodes can be reduced.
  • the disadvantage of the prior art is that the integration of a complete bypass diode in photovoltaic cells has proven to be complex during manufacture. A larger area is required for the bypass diodes, which can no longer produce electricity, which leads to a greater loss of power in the photovoltaic elements.
  • the known methods are in particular not suitable for a roll-to-roll process for the production of photovoltaic elements.
  • the invention is therefore based on the object of providing a photovoltaic element with better efficiency with at least partial shading of individual photovoltaic cells or cell areas and an increase in the service life of shaded photovoltaic cells, the disadvantages mentioned not occurring, and in particular with at least partial shading a photovoltaic cell, the photovoltaic element is not damaged. In particular, there should be as little active loss of space as possible and there should only be a minimal impact on performance.
  • the object is achieved in particular by providing a photovoltaic element with at least one photovoltaic cell, having a base electrode, a cover electrode, and a layer system with at least one photoactive layer, the layer system being arranged between the base electrode and the cover electrode.
  • the at least one photovoltaic cell is at least partially segmented into segments, the segmentation being designed in such a way that at least the top electrode and the layer system of a segment of the top electrode and the layer system of a further segment, or the top electrode, the layer system and at least partially the base electrode of one Segments of the top electrode, the layer system and at least partially the base electrode of a further segment are each separated from one another by at least one cavity without touching one another, the at least one cavity being at least largely vertical relative to the layer system of the at least one photovoltaic cell, and wherein the Segments of the at least one photovoltaic cell are connected in an electrically conductive manner parallel to one another, so that an electrical current flow through the at least one photovoltaic cell is distributed to the individual segments.
  • the base electrode, the layer system and the cover electrode are laser-structured.
  • the base electrode forms a cathode and the cover electrode forms an anode.
  • the base electrode is arranged on a substrate, in particular a film.
  • a cavity is understood to mean, in particular, space between at least two segments that separates the segments from one another at least in sections, so that there is at least no electrically conductive connection between the at least two segments via such a section and / or the segments are in this
  • a cavity forms a certain distance between two segments horizontally to the layer system.
  • the cavity is in particular an intermediate space.
  • the invention discloses a technical solution for avoiding damage to photovoltaic elements, in particular organic photovoltaic elements, by so-called hot spots.
  • the implementation of this solution allows a photovoltaic element composed of several photovoltaic cells to continue to function without impairment, even if one or more photovoltaic cells are shaded.
  • Segmentation is understood to mean, in particular, an at least partial separation of the top electrode and the layer system, or the top electrode, the layer system and at least partially the base electrode of the photovoltaic cell, so that in the event of at least partial shading and / or a defect in the at least one photovoltaic cell, a electric current in each individual segment obtained is so large that the photovoltaic cell is not damaged.
  • the segments can be segmented as a function of a cross-sectional area of the segments, in particular a width and a length of the segments be, with a current density in individual segments is lower compared to a photovoltaic cell without segmentation.
  • the current flow falls in the individual segments in such a way, in particular the current density is so low that an at least partially shaded photovoltaic cell, in particular a fully shaded photovoltaic cell, is able to flow the current of the non-shaded neighboring photovoltaic cells to pass through without damage.
  • Shading is understood to mean, in particular, an at least partial reduction in the light irradiation on a photovoltaic element, in particular an at least substantially light-impermeable object casting its sun shadow on components of a photovoltaic element.
  • a shaded or at least partially shaded cell a voltage that is reversed in comparison to a non-shaded cell is present when light is irradiated, since no or a lower current flow is generated in the at least partially shaded cell itself.
  • an at least partially shaded cell connected in series with other non-shaded cells can be damaged.
  • a defect is understood to mean, in particular, a flaw in a layer system of a photovoltaic cell or in the electrically conductive connection of the layer system to at least one electrode.
  • a photovoltaic element is understood to mean, in particular, a solar cell, the photovoltaic element having at least one photovoltaic cell.
  • the photovoltaic cells can be arranged and / or connected in different ways in the photovoltaic element.
  • the photovoltaic element is preferably made up of several photovoltaic cells that are connected in series.
  • a possible structure of the layer system of a photovoltaic cell is in W02004083958A2, W02011013219A1, W02011138021A2, W02011161108A1 described.
  • layer systems are preferably used in which the photoactive layers comprise absorber materials which can be evaporated and which are or are applied by evaporation (PVD, physical vapor deposition).
  • PVD physical vapor deposition
  • materials belonging to the group of "small molecules” are used, which are described, inter alia, in W02006092134A1, W02010133208A1, W02014206860A1, WO2014128278A1, WO2017114937A1, and WO2017114938A1. or from mixed layers, as planar heterojunction, and preferably as bulk heterojunction, layer systems which can be applied completely by evaporation are preferred.
  • the layer system can be designed as a single, tandem or multi-cell, the designation is determined by the number of sub-cells, each sub-cell containing at least one photoactive layer, which are preferably separated by transport layers and optional recombination layers, and which themselves consist of several layers can.
  • the p- or n-layer systems also referred to only as p- or n-layer, can consist of several layers, at least one of the layers of the p- or n-layer system being p-doped or n-doped, preferably as p- or n-doped wide-gap layer.
  • the i-layer system is undoped or less doped than the p- or n-layers in the subcell, that is to say less doped, and is designed as a photoactive layer.
  • Each of these n-, p-, i-layers can consist of further layers, the n- or p-layer consisting of at least one doped n- or p-layer, which contributes to an increase in the charge carriers through its doping.
  • the layer stack of the photovoltaic cell consists of a sensible combination of p-, n- and i-layer systems, i.e. that each sub-cell comprises an i-layer system and at least one p- or n-layer system.
  • a horizontal extension of the layer system is understood to mean, in particular, a direction that runs essentially parallel to a substrate and / or a layer of the layer system.
  • the photovoltaic element has a cell with at least one photoactive layer, in particular a CIS, CIGS, GaAs, or Si cell, a perovskite cell or an organic photovoltaic element (OPV), a so-called organic solar cell .
  • An organic photovoltaic element is understood to mean, in particular, a photovoltaic element with at least one organic photoactive layer, in particular a polymeric organic photovoltaic element or an organic photovoltaic element based on small molecules.
  • the photovoltaic element is particularly preferably a flexible organic photovoltaic element based on small molecules.
  • the photoactive layer of the layer system comprises small molecules which can be evaporated in a vacuum.
  • at least the photoactive layer of the layer system is vapor-deposited in a vacuum.
  • Small molecules are understood to mean, in particular, non-polymeric organic molecules with monodisperse molar masses between 100 and 2000 g / mol, which are present in the solid phase under normal pressure (air pressure of the surrounding atmosphere) and at room temperature.
  • the small molecules are photoactive, photoactive being understood to mean that the molecules change their state of charge and / or their state of polarization when light is introduced.
  • the cover electrode comprises silver or a silver alloy, aluminum or an aluminum alloy, gold or a gold alloy, or a combination of these materials, preferably comprising Ag: Mg or Ag: Ca as a silver alloy.
  • the photovoltaic element according to the invention has advantages compared to the prior art. Advantageously, protection of the photovoltaic element against hot spots is made possible; in particular, a current generated in non-shaded cells can be distributed to the individual segments of an at least partially shaded cell, thereby preventing damage to the at least partially shaded cell. The photovoltaic element can thus continue to generate electrical current with the other non-shaded cells.
  • the at least one photovoltaic cell is advantageously not damaged in the event of at least partial shading and / or in the event of a defect in the photovoltaic cell.
  • the efficiency is advantageously increased when individual photovoltaic cells of the photovoltaic element are shaded, and the service life of the photovoltaic element is increased.
  • An electrical current flow is advantageously distributed from the preceding photovoltaic cell to the individual segments of the at least partially shaded photovoltaic cell.
  • the segmentation can advantageously be integrated particularly easily into current manufacturing processes; in particular, only a small amount of effort is required when programming the laser structuring.
  • the production can advantageously be integrated into a roll-to-roll process.
  • the segmentation can be built into the layer system directly during production without the use of additional external components, in particular diodes.
  • the segmentation of photovoltaic cells is advantageously more cost-effective compared to other solutions, in particular compared to bypass diodes.
  • the electric current flowing through the individual segments is advantageously lower.
  • the photovoltaic element has at least one first photovoltaic cell and one second photovoltaic cell, the at least first photovoltaic cell and second photovoltaic cell in series are connected, and wherein the top electrode of the first photovoltaic cell is electrically conductively connected to the bottom electrode of the second photovoltaic cell, the bottom electrodes of the photovoltaic cells are preferably separated from each other in the horizontal direction, based on the layer system, and the top electrodes of the photovoltaic cells are separated from one another in the horizontal direction, based on the layer system.
  • a cross-sectional area of the segments of the at least one photovoltaic cell is the same, preferably the same size of the cross-sectional area of the segments depending on a current flow through the at least one photovoltaic cell is trained.
  • a cross-sectional area is understood to mean, in particular, an area of a segment in the horizontal extent of the layer system, in particular along a layer of the layer system.
  • a width of a segment is 1 cm to 2 m, preferably 5 cm to 1 m, and / or the distance between the individual segments horizontally to the layer system is in a range of 10 nm to 200 nm, preferably from 40 nm to 80 nm.
  • the distance between the individual segments is in particular formed by the at least one cavity.
  • a length of the segments in particular the length of the at least one photovoltaic cell, is 1 mm to 1 m, preferably 5 mm to 5 cm, the segments preferably being at least largely parallel to one another.
  • the individual segments are each formed over an entire direction of the photovoltaic cell, with one shape of the segments preferably being formed differently.
  • the segments are at least largely parallel, preferably strip-shaped, the segments of a subsequent photovoltaic cell preferably being parallel relative to one another compared to the preceding photovoltaic cell.
  • the photovoltaic cells of the photovoltaic element are connected in an electrically conductive manner by means of at least one busbar, a so-called busbar.
  • Photovoltaic cells are divided into single, tandem or multiple cells depending on the number of photoactive layer systems that are created by transport and further layers in the layer structure between the two base and cover contacts. Tandem and multiple cells consist of at least two sub-cells which are arranged one above the other between the electrodes, each sub-cell comprising at least one photoactive layer system.
  • the layer system has at least two photoactive layers, the photovoltaic cell being a tandem cell, preferably having at least three photoactive layers, the photovoltaic cell being a triple cell, and / or the layer system in addition has at least one charge carrier transport layer, the at least one charge carrier transport layer being arranged between the base electrode or the cover electrode and a photoactive layer, preferably having at least one first charge carrier transport layer and a second charge carrier transport layer, the first charge carrier transport layer being arranged between the base electrode and the at least one photoactive layer, and where the second charge carrier transport layer is arranged between the at least one photoactive layer and the cover electrode.
  • the photovoltaic element is an organic photovoltaic element, preferably a flexible organic photovoltaic element, with at least one photoactive layer of the organic photovoltaic element preferably having small molecules as absorber material.
  • a flexible photovoltaic element is understood to mean, in particular, a photovoltaic element that can be bent and / or stretched in a specific area.
  • the photovoltaic element does not have a bypass diode.
  • the object of the present invention is also achieved by providing a photovoltaic system with at least two photovoltaic elements, in particular according to one of the exemplary embodiments described above.
  • the advantages for the photovoltaic system are in particular that have already been described in connection with the photovoltaic element with at least one photovoltaic cell.
  • the at least two photovoltaic elements are connected in series.
  • the photovoltaic elements preferably consist of photovoltaic cells connected in series with one another.
  • the series connection of the photovoltaic cells is preferably carried out by electrically conductive connection of the cover electrode of one photovoltaic cell to the base electrode of the following photovoltaic cell.
  • the object of the present invention is also achieved by a method for producing a photovoltaic element, in particular a flexible photovoltaic element, with at least two photovoltaic cells, each having a base electrode, a cover electrode, and a layer system arranged between the base electrode and the cover electrode, wherein the shift system having at least one photoactive layer is provided, in particular according to one of the exemplary embodiments described above.
  • the method comprises the following steps: a) providing a substrate with a base electrode layer, b) laser structuring the base electrode layer so that the base electrode layer is divided into individual base electrodes, c) applying a layer system with at least one photoactive layer on the structured base electrodes, and forming at least an opening associated with each individual base electrode in the layer system by means of laser ablation, the base electrodes being at least partially exposed at the at least one opening, d) application of a cover electrode layer in the at least one opening and / or on the layer system with the at least one opening, the at least one opening is filled, e) laser structuring of the top electrode layer and the layer system so that individual top electrodes and individual layer systems are formed, the top electrode of a first photovoltaic cell with the base electrode trode of a second photovoltaic cell is electrically conductively connected, and f) segmenting at least the cover electrode and the layer system, or the cover electrode, the layer system and at least partially the base electrode of the at least one photovoltaic cell by means of laser
  • step e) and step f) are carried out simultaneously.
  • the laser structuring in step b) and step e) and / or for segmentation in step f) parameters of the at least one laser beam, preferably an energy density, a pulse duration, a Pulse shape, a pulse rate and / or a wavelength, adapted as a function of the material and the layer thickness of the base electrode, the layer system and / or the top electrode.
  • the base contact and the layer system, the individual layers of the layer system, and / or the layer system and the cover electrode are connected in an electrically conductive manner by suitable structuring, in particular laser structuring.
  • the layers are applied by means of a printing process, preferably an inkjet process, a screen printing process, and / or a flexoprint process, and / or by means of evaporation of the materials to be applied.
  • a printing process preferably an inkjet process, a screen printing process, and / or a flexoprint process, and / or by means of evaporation of the materials to be applied.
  • the wavelength range of the laser in the laser ablation in step c), the laser structuring in step b) and in step e) and / or in the segmentation in step f) is 300 nm to 1200 nm, preferably 400 nm to 1000 nm, or preferably 450 nm to 800 nm.
  • an energy density of the at least one laser beam during the laser ablation in step c) and / or the segmentation in step f) is adapted during the ablation as a function of an ablation depth of the layer system.
  • the layer system is connected in an electrically conductive manner to the base electrode and / or the cover electrode by means of laser structuring.
  • the top electrode layer is subdivided in the horizontal direction with respect to the layer system of the at least one photovoltaic cell, so that top electrodes are obtained, and the base electrode layer in the horizontal direction with respect to the Layer system of the at least one photovoltaic cell is subdivided so that base electrodes are obtained.
  • the method is used in a roll-to-roll method.
  • the structuring takes place during the application of individual layers of the layer system. In an alternatively preferred embodiment of the invention, the structuring takes place after the application of the individual layers of the layer system.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of a structure of a layer system with electrodes of a photovoltaic cell
  • FIG. 2 shows a schematic illustration of a photovoltaic element to illustrate the problem with at least partially shaded photovoltaic cells in a side view
  • FIG. 3 shows a schematic representation of an exemplary embodiment of a photovoltaic element with segmentation in a side view and a top view.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of a structure of a layer system 5 with electrodes 3, 4 of a photovoltaic cell 2.
  • Photovoltaic elements 1, in particular organic photovoltaic elements 1, consist of a sequence of thin layers, the layer system 5, with at least one photoactive layer 6, which are preferably evaporated in a vacuum or processed from a solution.
  • the electrical connection can be made through metal layers, transparent conductive oxides and / or transparent conductive polymers take place.
  • the vacuum deposition of the organic layers is particularly advantageous in the production of multilayer solar cells, in particular tandem or triple cells.
  • a layer system 5 of such a photovoltaic cell 2 is shown in one embodiment in FIG. 1.
  • the photovoltaic cell 2 has glass as the substrate 13, with a transparent base electrode 3 made of ITO (M) 14, a layer system 5 made of a layer of fullerene C6015, a photoactive layer 16 with at least one absorber material and fullerene C60, and a p- doped hole transport layer 17 made of DiNPB and NDP9, and a cover electrode 4 made of gold 18.
  • a transparent base electrode 3 made of ITO (M) 14
  • a layer system 5 made of a layer of fullerene C6015
  • a photoactive layer 16 with at least one absorber material and fullerene C60 and a p- doped hole transport layer 17 made of DiNPB and NDP9
  • a cover electrode 4 made of gold 18.
  • FIG. 2 shows a schematic illustration of a photovoltaic element 1 to illustrate the problem with at least partially shaded photovoltaic cells 2 in a side view.
  • a problem of photovoltaic cells 2 connected in series with at least partial shading 12 of the photovoltaic cells 2 is that the shaded photovoltaic cells 2 represent reverse-biased diodes with respect to the unshaded or less shaded photovoltaic cells 2 connected in series. In doing so, they hinder the outflow of the photogenerated electricity, which has a negative effect on efficiency. There is also the risk that a concentrated current flow through defects can occur in the shaded photovoltaic cells 2, which can lead to local overheating and ultimately to irreversible degradation of the photovoltaic cell 2 and thus to a loss of efficiency of the photovoltaic element 1.
  • FIG. 2 An example of a degradation of a photovoltaic cell 2 caused by at least partial shading 12 is shown in FIG. 2.
  • the at least partial shade 12 leads this leads to undesired punctual damage to the photovoltaic cell 2.
  • FIG. 3 shows a schematic illustration of an exemplary embodiment of a photovoltaic element 1 with segmentation in a side view and a top view. Identical and functionally identical elements are provided with the same reference symbols, so that in this respect reference is made to the preceding description.
  • the photovoltaic element 1 has at least one photovoltaic cell 2 with a base electrode 3, a cover electrode 4, and a layer system 5 with at least one photoactive layer 6, the layer system 5 being arranged between the base electrode 3 and the cover electrode 4.
  • the at least one photovoltaic cell 2 is at least partially segmented into segments 7, the segmentation being designed in such a way that at least the cover electrode 4 and the layer system 5 of a segment 7 are separated from the cover electrode 4 and the layer system 5 of a further segment 7, or the cover electrode 4 , the layer system 5 and at least partially the base electrode 3 of a segment 7 are separated from the top electrode 4, the layer system 5 and at least partially the base electrode 3 of a further segment 7 in each case by at least one cavity 8 without touching one another, the at least one cavity 8 is formed at least largely vertically relative to the layer system 5 of the at least one photovoltaic cell 2, and wherein the segments 7 of the at least one photovoltaic cell 2 are electrically conductively connected in parallel to one another, so that an electrical
  • the at least one photovoltaic cell 2 is not damaged in the event of at least partial shade 12 and / or in the event of a defect in the photovoltaic cell 2, in particular due to hot sport. Furthermore, the efficiency is increased when individual photovoltaic cells 2 of the photovoltaic element 1 are shaded, and the service life of the photovoltaic element 1 is increased as a result.
  • none or at least occurs largely no loss of area of the photovoltaic cell 2 and / or at least largely no loss of the power of the photovoltaic cell 2.
  • the segmentation can be integrated particularly easily into current manufacturing processes; in particular, only a small amount of effort is required when programming the laser structuring.
  • the photovoltaic element 1 has at least a first photovoltaic cell 2 and a second photovoltaic cell 2, the at least first photovoltaic cell 2 and the second photovoltaic cell 2 being connected in series, and the top electrode 4 of the first photovoltaic cell 2 is electrically conductively connected to the base electrode 3 of the second photovoltaic cell 2, wherein the base electrodes 3 of the photovoltaic cells 2 are preferably separated from one another in the horizontal direction, based on the layer system 5, and the cover electrodes 4 of the photovoltaic cells 2 from one another in the horizontal direction Direction, based on the layer system 5, are separated from one another.
  • the cover electrode 4 of a preceding photovoltaic cell 2 is preferably connected in an electrically conductive manner to the base electrode 3 of a subsequent photovoltaic cell 2.
  • a cross-sectional area 9 of the segments 7 of the at least one photovoltaic cell 2, based on the horizontal extent of the layer system 5, is equal to one another, with a size of the cross-sectional area 9 of the segments 7 depending on a current flow through the at least one photovoltaic cell 2 is formed.
  • a width 10 of a segment is 71 cm to 2 m, preferably 5 cm to 1 m, and / or a distance between the individual segments 7 horizontally to the layer system 5 is in a range from 10 nm to 200 nm, preferably from 40 nm to 80 nm.
  • a length 11 of the segments 7, in particular the length 11 of the at least one photovoltaic cell 2 is 1 mm to 1 m, preferably 5 mm to 5 cm, the segments 7 preferably being at least largely parallel to one another.
  • the individual segments 7 are each formed over an entire direction of the photovoltaic cell 2, wherein a shape of the segments 7 is preferably formed differently.
  • the segments 7 are at least largely parallel, preferably strip-shaped, with the segments 7 of a subsequent photovoltaic cell 2 being parallel relative to one another compared to the preceding photovoltaic cell 2.
  • the photovoltaic cells 2 of the photovoltaic element 1 are connected in an electrically conductive manner by means of at least one busbar.
  • the layer system 5 has at least two photoactive layers 6, the photovoltaic cell 2 being a tandem cell, preferably at least three photoactive layers 6, the photovoltaic cell 2 preferably being a triple cell, and / or the layer system 5 additionally has at least one charge carrier transport layer, the at least one charge carrier transport layer being arranged between the base electrode 3 or the cover electrode 4 and a photoactive layer 6, preferably at least one first charge carrier transport layer and a second charge carrier transport layer, the first
  • the photovoltaic element 1 is an organic photovoltaic element 1, preferably a flexible organic photovoltaic element 1, at least one photoactive layer 6 of the organic photovoltaic element 1 preferably having small molecules as absorber material.
  • the photovoltaic element 1 does not have a bypass diode.
  • a photovoltaic system is formed by connecting at least two photovoltaic elements 1 in series with one another.
  • the method for producing a photovoltaic element 1, in particular a flexible photovoltaic element 1, with at least two photovoltaic cells 2, each having a base electrode 3, a cover electrode 4, and a layer system 5 arranged between the base electrode 3 and the cover electrode 4, the layer system 5 has at least one photoactive layer 6, comprises the following steps: a) providing a substrate 13 with a base electrode layer, b) laser structuring of the base electrode layer so that the base electrode layer is divided into individual base electrodes 3, c) application of a layer system 5 with at least one photoactive Layer 6 on the structured base electrodes 3, and forming at least one opening associated with each individual base electrode 3 in the layer system 5 by means of laser ablation, the base electrodes 3 being at least partially exposed at the at least one opening, d) application n a cover electrode layer in the at least one opening and / or on the layer system 5 with the at least one opening, the at least one opening being filled, e) laser structuring of the cover electrode layer and the layer system 5 so that individual cover electrodes 4 and individual
  • the laser structuring of the top electrode layer and the layer system 5 in step e) and the segmenting in step f) can be carried out simultaneously.
  • the top electrode layer is subdivided in the horizontal direction with respect to the layer system 5 of the at least one photovoltaic cell 2, so that top electrodes 4 are obtained, and the base electrode layer is divided in the horizontal direction with respect to the layer system 5 of the at least one photovoltaic cell 2, so that base electrodes 3 are obtained.
  • the layer system 5 is applied at least partially by evaporation in a vacuum.
  • the method is used in a roll-to-roll method.
  • the following parameters are used in the laser ablation in step b): a laser speed of 4 pJ - 385 mm / s, and an energy of each laser pulse of 25 kHz (25 pulses per second).
  • the provided substrate 13 is coated and structured (PI) with a base electrode layer of the photovoltaic cell 2 after the provision, the base electrode layer being separated into base electrodes 3 of the individual segments 7.
  • the layer system 5 is then applied to the base electrodes 3.
  • the layer system 5 can be used as a single, Tandem or multiple cells can be applied, preferably by evaporation of small molecules.
  • the application of individual layers to a region of the base electrode 3 to form the layer system 5 can be carried out at least partially by a printing process, preferably by an injection, screen printing, gravure printing or flexo printing process, or by evaporation of the materials to be applied.
  • the layer system 5, in particular individual layers of the layer system 5, is preferably applied by means of evaporation in a vacuum.
  • the layer system 5 of the photovoltaic cells 2 (P2) is then structured.
  • the top electrode layer is applied to the layer system 5, and the final structuring (P3) separates the top electrode layer into individual top electrodes 4.
  • the structuring of the individual layers of the photovoltaic cell 2 can be done, for example, by means of laser ablation, electron or ion beam ablation, or shadow masks.
  • the following parameters are used for the structuring PI / P2 / P3 by means of a laser:
  • PI 1030 nm wavelength and 50 pm line width
  • P2 515 nm wavelength and 50 pm line width
  • P3 1030 nm wavelength and 100 pm line width.
  • PI / P2 / P3 are connected in series, whereas the individual segments are connected in parallel.
  • FIG. 3 An exemplary embodiment of a laser structuring of the photovoltaic cells 2 is shown in FIG. 3.
  • the structuring PI / P2 / P3 is shown.
  • the current flow is indicated by arrows.
  • the photogenerated current flows in particular via the cover electrode 4 of the shaded photovoltaic cell 2, divided among the individual segments 7 of the photovoltaic cell 2 and can flow into the base electrode 3 to an improved extent there via the additional P2 structuring.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un élément photovoltaïque (1) comportant au moins une cellule photovoltaïque (2), présentant une électrode de base (3), une électrode de recouvrement (4), et un système stratifié (5), doté d'au moins une couche photoactive (6), le système stratifié (5) étant agencé entre l'électrode de base (3) et l'électrode de recouvrement (4). A cet effet, ladite au moins une cellule photovoltaïque (2) est segmentée au moins en partie en segments (7), la segmentation étant conçue de sorte qu'au moins l'électrode de recouvrement (4) et le système stratifié (5) d'un segment sont séparés de l'électrode de recouvrement (4) et du système stratifié (5) d'un autre segment (7), ou que l'électrode de recouvrement (4), le système stratifié (5) et au moins en partie l'électrode de base (3) d'un segment (7) sont séparés de l'électrode de recouvrement (4), du système stratifié (5) et au moins en partie de l'électrode de base (3) d'un autre segment (7), dans chaque cas, sans contact entre eux, par au moins un espace creux (8), ledit au moins un espace creux (8) étant conçu au moins en grande partie verticalement relativement au système stratifié (5) de ladite au moins une cellule photovoltaïque (2), et les segments (7) de ladite au moins une cellule photovoltaïque (2) étant connectés en parallèle les uns aux autres de manière électroconductrice, de sorte qu'un flux de courant électrique est réparti par ladite au moins une cellule photovoltaïque (2) sur les segments (7) individuels.
EP20816085.3A 2019-10-30 2020-10-30 Élément photovoltaïque à efficacité améliorée en cas obscurcissement et procédé de fabrication d'un tel élément photovoltaïque Pending EP4052299A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102019129355.3A DE102019129355A1 (de) 2019-10-30 2019-10-30 Photovoltaisches Element mit verbesserter Effizienz bei Verschattung und Verfahren zur Herstellung eines solchen photovoltaischen Elements
PCT/DE2020/100925 WO2021083462A1 (fr) 2019-10-30 2020-10-30 Élément photovoltaïque à efficacité améliorée en cas obscurcissement et procédé de fabrication d'un tel élément photovoltaïque

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EP4052299A1 true EP4052299A1 (fr) 2022-09-07

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US (1) US12342631B2 (fr)
EP (1) EP4052299A1 (fr)
JP (1) JP7697944B2 (fr)
KR (1) KR102830932B1 (fr)
CN (1) CN114788006A (fr)
DE (1) DE102019129355A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2021083462A1 (fr)

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US20230005992A1 (en) 2023-01-05
JP7697944B2 (ja) 2025-06-24
KR102830932B1 (ko) 2025-07-04
KR20220088776A (ko) 2022-06-28
US12342631B2 (en) 2025-06-24
CN114788006A (zh) 2022-07-22
JP2023501213A (ja) 2023-01-18
WO2021083462A1 (fr) 2021-05-06
DE102019129355A1 (de) 2021-05-06

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