EP3375935B1 - Underlaid stone paving - Google Patents
Underlaid stone paving Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP3375935B1 EP3375935B1 EP18000091.1A EP18000091A EP3375935B1 EP 3375935 B1 EP3375935 B1 EP 3375935B1 EP 18000091 A EP18000091 A EP 18000091A EP 3375935 B1 EP3375935 B1 EP 3375935B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- plate
- underpadding
- plates
- stone
- adjacent
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 title claims description 33
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002969 artificial stone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001427 coherent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001746 injection moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
- E01C5/00—Pavings made of prefabricated single units
- E01C5/001—Pavings made of prefabricated single units on prefabricated supporting structures or prefabricated foundation elements except coverings made of layers of similar elements
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
- E01C5/00—Pavings made of prefabricated single units
- E01C5/22—Pavings made of prefabricated single units made of units composed of a mixture of materials covered by two or more of groups E01C5/008, E01C5/02 - E01C5/20 except embedded reinforcing materials
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
- E01C2201/00—Paving elements
- E01C2201/02—Paving elements having fixed spacing features
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
- E01C2201/00—Paving elements
- E01C2201/12—Paving elements vertically interlocking
Definitions
- the invention relates to a relined stone slab paving.
- a relined flagstone paving according to the preamble of claim 1 is from DE 202 14 622 U1 known.
- the stone slabs In the case of a slab covering made of stone slabs, which are laid on a bed of sand, gravel or grit, the stone slabs must have a not inconsiderable thickness so that they do not break under load if the bed underneath is not completely level.
- Thick stone slabs have a correspondingly high weight, and this in particular with larger slab formats, so that the laying, which is usually done by hand, is correspondingly difficult and tedious.
- the object of the invention is to provide a stone slab paving that enables larger stone slabs with a smaller thickness with easy and quick installation.
- a relining of the stone slabs which consists of plastic honeycomb lattice slabs that can be laid together and coupled to one another, and whose size corresponds to the size of a stone slab, so that each honeycomb lattice slab forms the relining for a stone slab of the same size.
- the cells of the honeycomb grid plate have a sieve-like base to ensure good drainage properties.
- Flange webs on the edge edges of the honeycomb grid plate provide lateral support for the stone slab placed thereon, and the flange webs on opposite sides of the honeycomb grid plate are arranged offset relative to one another in such a way that in each case flange webs of an adjacent plate come to lie in the plate composite.
- the thickness of the flange webs also determines the joints remaining between adjacent stone slabs.
- honeycomb grids are rectangular in accordance with the stone slab format and designed so that adjacent honeycomb grids along their long sides can either be coupled directly along their long sides, or can be coupled offset along their long sides by half a plate length.
- the honeycomb grid plate Due to its honeycomb structure, the honeycomb grid plate forms a very stable and very pressure-resistant relining of the respective stone plate when the honeycomb grid plate is laid on a leveled, stable laying bed.
- An approximately 2 cm thick artificial stone or natural stone slab that is supported on the top of the honeycomb lattice structure of the honeycomb lattice slab is sufficient as the stone slab.
- the relined stone slab paving is suitable, for example, for use in pedestrian zones and on car traffic and parking spaces and fulfills the requirements for infiltration-active paving.
- the elements of the relined stone slab pavement according to the invention are light in weight and therefore easy and quick to install.
- Fig. 1 and 2nd show in perspective (isometric) view obliquely from above ( Fig. 1 ) or diagonally from below ( Fig. 2 ) a honeycomb grid plate of a pavement according to the invention each separately, that is, without a stone slab.
- Fig. 3 shows the honeycomb grid in plan view.
- the honeycomb grid plate shown consists of a honeycomb grid body 1 with a rectangular shape, which has side walls 2 on its longitudinal sides and side walls 3 on its narrower sides and forms a multiplicity of circular cells 4 in the exemplary embodiment, each of which is water-permeable at the bottom by a screen grid bottom 5.
- the top 6 of the honeycomb grid body 1 forms a support surface for a stone slab S, as shown in the side views of all four sides of the honeycomb grid plate 4 to 7 is indicated by dash-dotted lines.
- the honeycomb grid plate made of plastic by injection molding has on its side walls coupling elements for coupling with adjacent plates for laying the plates in a coherent plate composite.
- two mouth-like coupling elements 7 are provided on a longitudinal side wall 2 of the honeycomb grid plate, and two button-like coupling elements 8 complementary thereto are provided on the opposite side wall 2.
- Fig. 1 Also on a narrow side wall 3 are how best to get in Fig. 1 recognizes, arch-shaped protruding leaf springs 13 which are supported when coupling with an adjacent plate on the narrow side wall of the adjacent coupled plate.
- the honeycomb grid plate has at its edges a number of flange webs 14 projecting upwards above the plate top 6, each of which extends over a short distance and over the respective side wall 2 or 3 by a distance corresponding to its thickness are placed outside.
- Fig. 1 It can be seen that the flange webs 14 on the opposite longitudinal side walls 2 and narrow side walls 3 are arranged so that they are offset from one another in such a way that when an adjacent panel oriented in the same way is attached to a long side or narrow side of the panel, the flange webs 14 of one panel in the gaps between the flange webs 14 of the adjacent plate come to rest and then the flange webs 14 of the two adjacent plates are aligned with one another.
- the flange webs 14 each have a relatively short length, and in the case of adjacent plates the flange webs of both plates do not extend without gaps over the plate length, horizontal edge projections 15 are formed on opposite plate edges, which fill the remaining gaps in adjacent plates, so that a continuous joint floor between adjacent stone slabs S is created.
- the honeycomb lattice panels laid in the composite are each covered with a stone panel S, the flange webs 14 of adjacent panels which are in alignment with one another thus define a joint corresponding to the thickness of the flange webs 14 between the adjacent stone panels S.
- honeycomb grid plates are laid to form a plate composite in such a way that a series of several honeycomb grid plates with their narrow sides butted against one another is first formed.
- the following honeycomb grid plate is connected to an already laid honeycomb grid plate in such a way that the plate with the in Fig. 1 the narrow side located at the front with respect to the already installed plate is placed obliquely with the coupling tab 10 in the opening 12 of the already installed plate and then tilted downwards, whereby the pins 9 engage in the openings 11 of the already installed plate.
- the two coupling elements 7 and 8 on the long sides of the plate are each centered with respect to one half of the plate, so that the plates along adjacent rows of plates can each be shifted by half a plate length.
- the honeycomb grid plate and the associated stone plate are rectangular, the term rectangular also including square.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Road Paving Structures (AREA)
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft einen unterfütterten Steinplatten-Pflasterbelag. Ein unterfütterter Steinplatten-Pflasterbelag gemäß dem Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 1 ist aus
Bei einem Plattenbelag aus Steinplatten, die auf einem Bett aus Sand, Kies oder Splitt verlegt werden, müssen die Steinplatten eine nicht unerhebliche Dicke haben, damit sie unter Belastung nicht brechen, wenn das darunter befindliche Bett nicht vollkommen eben ist.In the case of a slab covering made of stone slabs, which are laid on a bed of sand, gravel or grit, the stone slabs must have a not inconsiderable thickness so that they do not break under load if the bed underneath is not completely level.
Dies gilt umso mehr, je größer das Format der Steinplatten ist, und je größer die zu erwartende Belastung ist. Dicke Steinplatten haben aber ein entsprechend hohes Gewicht, und das insbesondere bei größeren Plattenformaten, so dass die Verlegung, die üblicherweise in Handarbeit erfolgt, entsprechend schwierig und mühsam ist.This applies all the more, the larger the format of the stone slabs, and the greater the expected load. Thick stone slabs have a correspondingly high weight, and this in particular with larger slab formats, so that the laying, which is usually done by hand, is correspondingly difficult and tedious.
Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, einen Steinplatten-Pflasterbelag zu schaffen, der größerformatige Steinplatten mit geringerer Dicke bei leichter und schneller Verlegbarkeit ermöglicht.The object of the invention is to provide a stone slab paving that enables larger stone slabs with a smaller thickness with easy and quick installation.
Diese Aufgabe wird gemäß der Erfindung durch die im Anspruch 1 angegebene Anordnung gelöst. Vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen der Erfindung sind Gegenstand der Unteransprüche.This object is achieved according to the invention by the arrangement specified in
Erfindungsgemäß ist eine Unterfütterung der Steinplatten vorgesehen, die aus Kunststoff-Wabengitterplatten besteht, die im Verbund verlegbar und miteinander kuppelbar sind, und deren Größe jeweils der Größe einer Steinplatte entspricht, so dass jede Wabengitterplatte die Unterfütterung für eine Steinplatte gleicher Größe bildet. Die Zellen der Wabengitterplatte haben einen siebartigen Boden, um für gute Drainageeigenschaften zu sorgen. Flanschstege an den Randkanten der Wabengitterplatte bieten seitlichen Halt für die aufgelegte Steinplatte, und die Flanschstege an gegenüberliegenden Seiten der Wabengitterplatte sind relativ zueinander so versetzt angeordnet, dass dazwischen jeweils Flanschstege einer benachbarten Platte im Plattenverbund zu liegen kommen. Die Flanschstege bestimmen zugleich durch ihre Dicke die zwischen benachbarten Steinplatten verbleibenden Fugen.According to the invention, a relining of the stone slabs is provided, which consists of plastic honeycomb lattice slabs that can be laid together and coupled to one another, and whose size corresponds to the size of a stone slab, so that each honeycomb lattice slab forms the relining for a stone slab of the same size. The cells of the honeycomb grid plate have a sieve-like base to ensure good drainage properties. Flange webs on the edge edges of the honeycomb grid plate provide lateral support for the stone slab placed thereon, and the flange webs on opposite sides of the honeycomb grid plate are arranged offset relative to one another in such a way that in each case flange webs of an adjacent plate come to lie in the plate composite. The thickness of the flange webs also determines the joints remaining between adjacent stone slabs.
Die Wabengitterplatten sind rechteckig entsprechend dem Steinplattenformat und so konzipiert, dass entlang ihrer Längsseiten benachbarten Wabengitterplatten entweder direkt entlang ihrer Längsseiten kuppelbar sind, oder jeweils um eine halbe Plattenlänge versetzt entlang ihrer Längsseiten kuppelbar sind.The honeycomb grids are rectangular in accordance with the stone slab format and designed so that adjacent honeycomb grids along their long sides can either be coupled directly along their long sides, or can be coupled offset along their long sides by half a plate length.
Die Wabengitterplatte bildet aufgrund ihrer Wabenstruktur eine sehr stabile und sehr druckfeste Unterfütterung der jeweiligen Steinplatte, wenn die Wabengitterplatte auf einem eingeebneten tragfähigen Verlegebett verlegt ist. Als Steinplatte genügt eine etwa 2 cm starke Kunststein oder Natursteinplatte, die auf der Oberseite der Wabengitterstruktur der Wabengitterplatte abgestützt ist.Due to its honeycomb structure, the honeycomb grid plate forms a very stable and very pressure-resistant relining of the respective stone plate when the honeycomb grid plate is laid on a leveled, stable laying bed. An approximately 2 cm thick artificial stone or natural stone slab that is supported on the top of the honeycomb lattice structure of the honeycomb lattice slab is sufficient as the stone slab.
Der erfindungsgemäße unterfütterte Steinplatten-Pflasterbelag eignet sich beispielsweise für den Einsatz in Fußgängerzonen und auf Pkw-Verkehrs- und Stellflächen und erfüllt die Anforderungen an versickerungsaktive Pflasterbeläge. Gleichzeitig sind die Elemente des erfindungsgemäßen unterfütterten Steinplatten-Pflasterbelags gewichtsmäßig leicht und daher leicht und schnell zu verlegen.The relined stone slab paving is suitable, for example, for use in pedestrian zones and on car traffic and parking spaces and fulfills the requirements for infiltration-active paving. At the same time, the elements of the relined stone slab pavement according to the invention are light in weight and therefore easy and quick to install.
Weitere Einzelheiten der Erfindung ergeben sich aus der nachfolgenden Beschreibung eines Ausführungsbeispiels unter Bezugnahme auf die anliegenden Zeichnungen, in welchen zeigt:
- Fig. 1
- eine Wabengitterplatte eines Pflasterbelags nach der Erfindung ohne Steinplatte in perspektivischer Darstellung,
- Fig. 2
- die Wabengitterplatte nach
Fig. 1 in perspektivischer Untersicht, - Fig. 3
- die Wabengitterplatter nach
Fig. 1 in Draufsicht, - die Fig. 4 und 5
- die
Fig. 3 und5 Seitenansichten der beiden Längsseiten der Wabengitterplatte nachFig. 1 mit strichpunktiert angedeuteter aufgelegter Steinplatte, und - die Fig. 6 und 7
- Seitenansichten der beiden Schmalseiten der Wabengitterplatte nach
Fig. 1 mit strichpunktiert angedeuteter aufgelegter Steinplatte.
- Fig. 1
- a honeycomb grid plate of a paving according to the invention without a stone slab in a perspective view,
- Fig. 2
- the honeycomb grid plate
Fig. 1 in perspective bottom view, - Fig. 3
- the honeycomb grate after
Fig. 1 in top view, - 4 and 5
- the
Fig. 3 and5 Side views of the two long sides of the honeycomb grid plateFig. 1 with a stone slab indicated by dash-dotted lines, and - 6 and 7
- Side views of the two narrow sides of the honeycomb grid plate
Fig. 1 with a stone slab indicated by dash-dotted lines.
Die
Die in den
Die aus Kunststoff im Spritzgußverfahren gefertigte Wabengitterplatte hat an ihren Seitenwänden Kupplungselemente zum Kuppeln mit benachbarten Platten zum Verlegen der Platten in einem zusammenhängenden Plattenverbund.The honeycomb grid plate made of plastic by injection molding has on its side walls coupling elements for coupling with adjacent plates for laying the plates in a coherent plate composite.
Wie die
Wie aus den
Außerdem sind an einer Schmalseitenwand 3, wie man am besten in
Wie aus den Zeichnungen weiter ersichtlich ist, hat die Wabengitterplatte an ihren Rändern eine Anzahl von über die Plattenoberseite 6 nach oben überstehenden Flanschstegen 14, die sich jeweils über eine kurze Distanz erstrecken und über die jeweiligen Seitenwand 2 bzw. 3 um eine ihrer Dicke entsprechende Distanz nach außen vorgesetzt sind. Wie insbesondere aus
Da beim Ausführungsbeispiel die Flanschstege 14 jeweils eine relativ kurze Länge haben und bei benachbarten Platten sich die Flanschstege beider Platten nicht lückenlos über die Plattenlänge erstrecken, sind an jeweils gegenüberliegenden Plattenrändern horizontale Randüberstände 15 gebildet, die bei benachbarten Platten die verbleibenden Lücken füllen, so dass ein durchgehender Fugenboden zwischen benachbarten Steinplatten S geschaffen wird.Since in the exemplary embodiment the
Wenn die im Verbund verlegten Wabengitterplatten mit jeweils einer Steinplatte S belegt sind, definieren also die jeweils miteinander fluchtenden Flanschstege 14 benachbarter Platten eine der Dicke der Flanschstege 14 entsprechende Fuge zwischen den benachbarten Steinplatten S.If the honeycomb lattice panels laid in the composite are each covered with a stone panel S, the
Das Verlegen der Wabengitterplatten zu einem Plattenverbund erfolgt in der Weise, dass zunächst eine Reihe von mehreren mit ihren Schmalseiten aneinander gestoßenen Wabengitterplatten gebildet wird. Das Verbinden der folgenden Wabengitterplatte mit einer bereits verlegten Wabengitterplatte erfolgt dabei dergestalt, dass die Platte mit der in
Dann werden entlang der Längsseite der bereits verlegten Platten, auf denen sich die knopfartigen Kupplungselemente 8 befinden, Platten der benachbarten Reihe angesetzt, in dem deren maulartige Kupplungselemente 7 über die knopfartigen Kupplungselemente 8 der bereits verlegten Platte greifen. Die miteinander zusammenwirkenden Kupplungselemente 7 und 8 fixieren die benachbarten Platten des Plattenverbunds im wesentlichen spielfrei aneinander.Then, along the long side of the already laid plates, on which the button-
Die jeweils zwei Kupplungselemente 7 und 8 an den Längsseiten der Platte befindet sich jeweils mittig mit Bezug auf eine Plattenhälfte, so dass die Platten längsseitig benachbarter Plattenreihen jeweils um eine halbe Plattenlänge versetzt verlegt werden können. Dadurch erfolgt eine gegenseitige Verbindung der Platten im Plattenverbund auch entlang derer Längsseiten im wesentlichen spielfrei über die Kupplungselemente 7 und 8, denn die Verbindung entlang der Plattenschmalseiten bedarf notwendigerweise einer gewissen Spielbehaftung, da sonst ein kippendes Einhängen nicht möglich wäre, das erforderlich ist, dass Kupplungselemente sowohl im oberen Randbereich wie auch im unteren Randbereich der benachbarten Platten formschlüssig zusammenwirken, um diese höhenmäßig im wesentlichen spielfrei zu verbinden.The two
An der Unterseite der Wabengitterplatte sind einige kleine Vorsprünge 16 vorgesehen, die sich beim Verlegen der Platten mit dem Verlegebett verzahnen.On the underside of the honeycomb grid plate, a few
Gemäß der Erfindung sind die Wabengitterplatte und die zugehörige Steinplatte rechteckig, wobei der Begriff rechteckig auch quadratisch einschließt.According to the invention, the honeycomb grid plate and the associated stone plate are rectangular, the term rectangular also including square.
Claims (3)
- A stone slab paving with underpadding, consisting of rectangular stone slabs (S) and rectangular underpadding plates made of plastic material, wherein the stone slabs and the underpadding plates are matched to each other in terms of size and dimensions, and wherein each underpadding plate has a supporting surface for supporting a stone slab (S) as well as side walls (2, 3) on which coupling elements (7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12) are arranged for mutual coupling of adjacent underpadding plates laid in a compound manner, and wherein flange webs (14) arranged on the plate edges of the underpadding plate and protruding above the supporting surface are provided which serve for the lateral fixation of the supported stone slab (S), characterised in that the underpadding plates are each configured as a honeycomb grid plate consisting of a honeycomb grid body (1) and sidewalls (2, 3) arranged on the sides thereof, wherein the honeycomb grid body (1) forms a plurality of grid cells (4) and the flat upper side (6) of the honeycomb grid body (1) forms the supporting surface, and wherein the flange webs (14) on opposite side edges of each underpadding plate are arranged offset with respect to one another, and gaps are present therebetween, in such a manner that in adjacent plates the flange webs (14) of the one plate come to rest in the gaps between the flange webs (14) of the adjacent plate and the flange webs of both plates extend aligned to one another along one line.
- The paving according to claim 1, wherein the grid cells (4) are each closed off on the underside by a grid bottom (5).
- The paving according to any one of claims 1 or 2, wherein the underpadding plate has two coupling elements (7, 8) each on two opposite sides, wherein the center distance of the elements is half the length of these plate sides.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE202017001321.5U DE202017001321U1 (en) | 2017-03-13 | 2017-03-13 | Padded flagstone pavement |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP3375935A1 EP3375935A1 (en) | 2018-09-19 |
| EP3375935B1 true EP3375935B1 (en) | 2020-06-03 |
Family
ID=58773976
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP18000091.1A Active EP3375935B1 (en) | 2017-03-13 | 2018-02-02 | Underlaid stone paving |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP3375935B1 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE202017001321U1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102019200257A1 (en) * | 2019-01-10 | 2020-07-16 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung eingetragener Verein | Road body and traffic area equipped with it |
| IT202100027941A1 (en) * | 2021-11-03 | 2023-05-03 | Granulati Zandobbio S P A | DRY FLOORING INSTALLATION SYSTEM FOR NATURAL OR ARTIFICIAL SLABS, TILES OR TILES AND RELATED SUPPORT |
Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE9316381U1 (en) * | 1993-10-27 | 1994-01-13 | Dold, Alois, 78739 Hardt | Fastening for paths, places and the like. |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE9006046U1 (en) * | 1990-05-29 | 1990-08-09 | Zierer, Rudolf, 4432 Gronau | Tile plate |
| AUPP137798A0 (en) * | 1998-01-16 | 1998-02-05 | Ezydeck Pty Ltd | Decking tile |
| DE10158215B4 (en) * | 2001-11-28 | 2007-02-01 | Meyer, Hans | Laying system for floor slabs |
| WO2009055852A1 (en) * | 2007-10-30 | 2009-05-07 | Unika (Australia) Pty Limited | Tile tray |
| DE202014106285U1 (en) * | 2014-12-28 | 2015-06-03 | PURUS PLASTICS GmbH | Plastic Multiple use building element |
-
2017
- 2017-03-13 DE DE202017001321.5U patent/DE202017001321U1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2018
- 2018-02-02 EP EP18000091.1A patent/EP3375935B1/en active Active
Patent Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE9316381U1 (en) * | 1993-10-27 | 1994-01-13 | Dold, Alois, 78739 Hardt | Fastening for paths, places and the like. |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE202017001321U1 (en) | 2017-05-10 |
| EP3375935A1 (en) | 2018-09-19 |
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