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EP2800821B1 - Signature pour le diagnostic de l'agressivité du cancer du poumon - Google Patents

Signature pour le diagnostic de l'agressivité du cancer du poumon Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2800821B1
EP2800821B1 EP13700490.9A EP13700490A EP2800821B1 EP 2800821 B1 EP2800821 B1 EP 2800821B1 EP 13700490 A EP13700490 A EP 13700490A EP 2800821 B1 EP2800821 B1 EP 2800821B1
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Prior art keywords
genes
gene
expression
dna
signature
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EP2800821A1 (fr
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Christophe Cazaux
Jean-Sébastien HOFFMANN
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
    • C12Q1/6876—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes
    • C12Q1/6883—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for diseases caused by alterations of genetic material
    • C12Q1/6886—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for diseases caused by alterations of genetic material for cancer
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q2600/00—Oligonucleotides characterized by their use
    • C12Q2600/118—Prognosis of disease development
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q2600/00—Oligonucleotides characterized by their use
    • C12Q2600/158—Expression markers

Definitions

  • the present invention is in the field of lung cancer management, including diagnosis of aggressiveness of said cancer, and selection of an appropriate treatment.
  • the invention is based on the finding that overexpression of a signature comprising the CDC6, CLASPIN, PLK1, and POLQ genes, as well as, optionally, the RAD51 gene, is highly related to aggressiveness of a tumor, and thus to survival of the patient.
  • Cancer is a multi-faceted disease in which a group of cells display uncontrolled growth, invasion that intrudes upon and destroys adjacent tissues, and sometimes metastasis, or spreading to other locations in the body via lymph or blood. These three malignant properties of cancers differentiate them from benign tumors, which do not invade or metastasize.
  • Lung cancer - predominantly non-small lung cancer (NSCLC) - is the first cause of cancer deaths worldwide, resulting in about 1 million deaths each year. Its incidence increases especially for non-smoking women. Despite advances in prevention, screening, resection methodology and chemotherapy strategies, only about 15% of patients survive more than 5 years.
  • NSCLC non-small lung cancer
  • TNM Tumor/Node/Metastasis
  • AJCC American Joint Committee on Cancer
  • TNM Tumor Node Metastasis
  • a DNA replication stress signature is a predictor of the cancer survival.
  • Gene signatures for evaluating survival in lung cancer patients are known in the prior art: WO2010/064702 , WO2011/160118 .
  • the present inventors have identified a DNA replication stress signature, and have shown that this signature is associated with a poor prognosis in lung cancer. More specifically, a group of genes comprising CDC6, CLASPIN, PLK1, and POLQ are overexpressed in lung cancer and this overexpression gives information about the patient prognosis. For example, these four genes were found to be overexpressed in most of 93 lung cancers. This overexpression was associated to the patient survival, whatever the survival term examined (overall survival, relapse-free survival, disease-free survival). Remarkably, the statistical link between this 4-gene signature and patient survival is independent of the tumor stage and of the treatment, and this correlation was even better when RAD51 was included within the signature.
  • the present invention thus provides a DNA replication stress gene signature for diagnosing the aggressiveness of a lung cancer in a patient, the said signature comprising the CDC6, CLASPIN, PLK1, and POLQ genes.
  • the said signature further comprises the RAD51 gene.
  • the said signature consists of the CDC6, CLASPIN, PLK1, and POLQ *genes.
  • the said signature consists of the CDC6, CLASPIN, PLK1, POLQ, and RAD51 genes.
  • the present description discloses a method for evaluating survival of a patient suffering from a lung cancer in a patient.
  • elevated expression levels of the genes of the DNA replication stress gene signature indicate aggressiveness of said cancer.
  • the present description discloses a method for diagnosing aggressiveness of a lung cancer in a patient, comprising the steps of:
  • the signature further comprises the RAD51 gene.
  • the signature consists of the CDC6, CLASPIN, PLK1, and POLQ genes.
  • the said signature consists of the CDC6, CLASPIN, PLK1, POLQ, and RAD51 genes.
  • cancer refers to or describe the physiological condition in mammals that is typically characterized by unregulated cell growth.
  • cancer and “cancerous” as used herein are meant to encompass all stages of the disease.
  • a “cancer” as used herein may include both benign and malignant tumors.
  • a "lung cancer” according to the present invention is a non-small-cell lung cancer or small cell lung cancer.
  • the lung cancer of the invention is a non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
  • NSCLC non-small-cell lung cancer
  • the NSCLC of the invention is selected among the group comprising squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, pleomorphic carcinoma, carcinoid tumor and unclassified lung carcinoma.
  • the NSCLC is a squamous cell carcinoma, a large cell carcinoma, or an adenocarcinoma.
  • the term "POLQ” refers to the human gene encoding the DNA polymerase theta (Entrez Gene ID number: 10721; mRNA sequence reference: NM_199420.3; protein sequence reference: NP_955452.3); the term “PLK1” to the human gene encoding the polo-like kinase 1 (mRNA sequence reference: NM_005030; protein sequence reference: NP_005021.2); the term “CLASPIN” to the human gene encoding the regulator of Chk1, said gene being also designated CLSPN (mRNA sequence reference: TNM_001190481.1; protein sequence reference: NP_001177410.1); the term “CDC6” to the human gene encoding a protein required for replication initiation (mRNA sequence reference: NM_001254.3; protein sequence reference: NP_001245.1); and the term “RAD51” to the human gene encoding a protein which assists in repair of DNA double strand breaks (mRNA sequence reference: NM_002875;
  • the invention encompasses all the isoforms of the said genes.
  • Isoform refers to all the different forms of the said genes and may be produced by mutations, or may arise from the same gene by alternative splicing.
  • a large number of isoforms are caused by single nucleotide polymorphisms or SNPs, small genetic differences between alleles of the same gene. These occur at specific individual nucleotide positions within a gene.
  • SNPs single nucleotide polymorphisms
  • SNPs single nucleotide polymorphisms
  • these occur at specific individual nucleotide positions within a gene.
  • Also included within this definition is the situation where different versions of messenger RNA are created from the same gene by employing different promoters, which causes transcription to skip certain exons.
  • the methods of the invention are not restricted to the said CDC6, CLASPIN, PLK1, POLQ, and RAD51 per se, but also encompass one or several of the isoforms of one or several of the said genes.
  • the level of the expression of the said gene and/or one or several of its isoforms is measured, and expression profiles determined.
  • aggressiveness of a lung cancer is intended to mean the propensity of said lung cancer to invade the neighboring tissues and to generate metastases and the rapidity with which said invasions may appear.
  • a cancer is aggressive when the expression profile of step a) is different from the at least one reference expression profile of step b). For example, if the said reference profile of step b) is obtained from a healthy, non-cancerous sample, a cancer is aggressive if the said expression profile of step a) is increased by comparison to the said reference expression profile of step b). In other words, if, for example, the said reference profile of step b) is obtained from a healthy, non-cancerous sample, a cancer is aggressive if the genes of the signature of the invention are more expressed in the sample from the patient tested than in the healthy, non-cancerous, reference sample.
  • Aggressiveness of the lung cancer is obviously correlated to survival, and the above method may be used for prognosing survival of the patient, in which case diagnosing of aggressiveness results in a bad survival prognosis and diagnosis of the absence of aggressiveness results in a good survival prognosis.
  • the present invention also relates to a method for evaluating survival of a patient suffering from lung cancer, comprising the steps of:
  • the signature further comprises the RAD51 gene.
  • the signature consists of the CDC6, CLASPIN, PLK1, and POLQ genes.
  • the said signature consists of the CDC6, CLASPIN, PLK1, POLQ, and RAD51 genes.
  • expression profile is meant the expression levels of the genes of the DNA replication stress signature, including CDC6, CLASPIN, PLK1, and POLQ, as well as, optionally, RAD51.
  • the expression profile consists of the CDC6, CLASPIN, PLK1, and POLQ genes, since the expression patterns of these genes have been demonstrated to be particularly relevant for assessing the aggressiveness of a lung cancer of the said lung cancer.
  • the expression profile for diagnosing if the said lung cancer is aggressive further includes the RAD51 gene.
  • the expression profile according to the invention may be determined by any technology known by a man skilled in the art.
  • the determination of the expression profile according to the invention involves measuring the expression level of each of the gene of the DNA replication stress signature.
  • each gene expression level may be measured at the genomic and/or nucleic and/or protein level.
  • the expression profile is determined by measuring the amount of nucleic acid transcripts of each gene.
  • the expression profile is determined by measuring the amount of protein produced by each of the genes.
  • the diagnosis of the aggressiveness of a lung cancer is carried out thanks to the comparison of the obtained expression profile with at least one reference expression profile in step (b).
  • a “reference expression profile” is a predetermined expression profile, obtained from a reference sample.
  • the said reference expression profile is obtained by measuring the expression level of each of the genes of the said signature in the said reference sample.
  • a “reference sample” according to the invention is a biological sample associated with a specific outcome class.
  • the reference expression profile may be obtained from a reference sample associated with a poor survival outcome.
  • such a reference sample may be made of cancerous tissue at a specific, well-identified stage.
  • the reference expression profile may be obtained from a reference sample associated with a good survival outcome.
  • An example of such a biological sample associated with a good survival outcome is a biological sample made of healthy, non-cancerous lung tissue.
  • Said healthy, non-cancerous lung tissue may be composed of only one subject's healthy lung tissue, or may be a pooled sample made of several subject's healthy lung tissue.
  • said subject may be either the tested patient or another subject.
  • the said biological sample is obtained from the lung-cancer patient to be diagnosed. Indeed, as mentioned above, even in a cancerous patient, lung tissue still comprises non tumor healthy tissue.
  • adjacent, non-tumor, healthy lung tissue of the patient to be diagnosed is generally available and may be used as healthy control sample. In that case, observed variations in gene expression between the tested cancerous biological sample and the reference healthy sample may be ascribed principally to the lung cancer, and not to inter-personal and/or inter-tissue variations in gene expression.
  • the methods according to the invention may further comprise a preliminary step of taking a cancer sample from the patient.
  • a cancer sample or "lung cancer sample”
  • it is referred to a lung tumor sample.
  • the lung tissue which is the site of the tumor still comprises non tumor healthy tissue.
  • the “cancer sample” should thus be limited to tumor tissue taken from the patient.
  • Said “cancer sample” may be a biopsy lung sample or a lung sample taken from a surgical resection therapy of the patient.
  • the methods according to the invention may comprise another preliminary step, between the taking of the sample from the patient and steps a) as defined above, corresponding to the transformation of the cancer sample (and optionally of the healthy tissue sample) into a mRNA (or corresponding cDNA) sample or into a protein sample, which is then ready to use for in vitro measuring of genes expression levels in step a).
  • Preparation or extraction of mRNA (as well as retrotranscription into cDNA) or proteins from a tissue sample is only routine procedure well known to those skilled in the art.
  • the measure of the expression levels of the signature genes may be performed, depending on the type of transformation and the available ready-to-use sample, either at the mRNA (i.e. based on the mRNA content of the sample) or at the protein level (i.e. based on the protein content of the sample).
  • the expression levels of some of the genes may be measured at the mRNA level, while the expression levels of other genes are measured at the protein level.
  • part of the cancer sample taken from the patient has been transformed into an mRNA (or corresponding cDNA) sample and another part has been transformed into a protein sample.
  • the expression levels of all tested genes are measured either at the mRNA or at the protein level.
  • Methods for quantifying mRNA are well known in the art. Indeed, when expression levels are measured at the mRNA level, it may be notably performed using well known technologies such as quantitative PCR or nucleic acid microarray technologies (including cDNA and oligonucleotide microarrays). These technologies are now used routinely by those skilled in the art and thus need not to be detailed here. Examples of embodiments using quantitative PCR are described in the experimental section. Alternatively, any known or future technology permitting to assess genes expression levels based on mRNA contents may be used. For instance, tissue microarrays coupled to fluorescent in situ hybridization may be used.
  • Tissue microarrays consist of paraffin blocks in which up to 1000 separate tissue cores are assembled in array fashion to allow multiplex histological analysis.
  • tissue microarray technique a hollow needle is used to remove tissue cores as small as 0.6 mm in diameter from regions of interest in paraffin-embedded tissues such as clinical biopsies or tumor samples. These tissue cores are then inserted in a recipient paraffin block in a precisely spaced, array pattern. Sections from this block are cut using a microtome, mounted on a microscope slide and then analyzed by any method of standard histological analysis. Each microarray block can be cut into 100 - 500 sections, which can be subjected to independent tests. Tests commonly employed in tissue microarray include immunohistochemistry, and fluorescent in situ hybridization. For analysis at the mRNA level, tissue microarray technology may be coupled to fluorescent in situ hybridization.
  • expression levels When expression levels are measured at the protein level, it may be notably performed using specific antibodies, in particular using well known technologies such as western blot, ELISA or ELISPOT, antibodies microarrays, or tissue microarrays coupled to immunohistochemistry.
  • suitable techniques include FRET or BRET, single cell microscopic or histochemistry methods using single or multiple excitation wavelength and applying any of the adapted optical methods, such as electrochemical methods (voltammetry and amperometry techniques), atomic force microscopy, and radio frequency methods, e.g.
  • multipolar resonance spectroscopy confocal and non-confocal, detection of fluorescence, luminescence, chemiluminescence, absorbance, reflectance, transmittance, and birefringence or refractive index (e.g., surface plasmon resonance, ellipsometry, a resonant mirror method, a grating coupler waveguide method or interferometry), cell ELISA, flow cytometry, radioisotopic, magnetic resonance imaging, analysis by mass spectrometry (MS), tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS), MS 3; matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry; polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE); HPLC-Mass Spectroscopy; Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)). All these techniques are well known in the art and need not be further detailed here.
  • the comparison of a tested patient expression profile with a reference expression profile allows the determination of whether the said expression profiles are similar or different.
  • the person of skills in the art will appreciate that this comparison will depend upon the reference sample used. For example, if the reference sample is made of cancerous lung tissue obtained from a subject known to have poor prognosis, and there is a difference in the expression profiles (e.g. lower expression levels), then the tested lung cancer can be diagnosed as not aggressive, and the tested patient can be prognosed or classified in a good survival group. Likewise, if the expression profiles in that situation are similar, then the tested cancer can be diagnosed as aggressive, and the patient prognosed or classified in a poor survival group.
  • the tested cancer can be diagnosed as aggressive, and the tested patient prognosed or classified in a poor survival group; whereas, if there is no difference in the expression profiles, then the tested cancer can be diagnosed as not aggressive, and the tested patient prognosed to a good survival group.
  • differential expression refers to a difference in the level of expression of the genes of the invention that can be assayed by measuring the level of expression of the products of the said genes, such as the difference in level of messenger RNA transcript expressed or proteins expressed of the said genes. In a preferred embodiment, the difference is statistically significant.
  • difference in the level of expression refers to an increase or decrease in the measurable expression level of a given gene as measured by the amount of messenger RNA transcript and/or the amount of protein in the test sample as compared with the measurable expression level of a given gene in a reference sample.
  • similarity in expression means that there is no or little difference in the level of expression of the biomarkers between the test sample and the control or reference profile. For example, similarity can refer to a fold difference compared to a control. In a preferred embodiment, there is no statistically significant difference in the level of expression of the biomarkers.
  • the comparison of the expression profiles can be performed in a number of ways. Statistical analysis may be used. For example, comparison can be performed using the PLS regression (Partial Least Square) which aim is to extract components, which are linear combinations of the explanatory variables (the genes), in order to model the variable response (e.g.: 0 if not aggressive, 1 if aggressive). The PLS regression is particularly relevant to give prediction in the case of small reference samples.
  • the comparison of the expression profiles is performed by calculating an expression level ratio between the expression level in the test biological sample and the expression level in the reference sample for each of the genes of the signature, comprising or consisting of CDC6, CLASPIN, PLK1, and POLQ, and optionally RAD51.
  • the diagnosis of aggressiveness of the said lung cancer can be then obtained by comparing the obtained expression level ratio to a corresponding threshold value.
  • the present specification discloses a method for diagnosing aggressiveness of a lung cancer in a patient, comprising the steps of:
  • the signature further comprises the RAD51 gene.
  • the signature consists of the CDC6, CLASPIN, PLK1, and POLQ genes.
  • the said signature consists of the CDC6, CLASPIN, PLK1, POL Q , and RAD51 genes.
  • a lung cancer is thus diagnosed to be aggressive if the ratio of each of the genes is superior to their corresponding threshold value when the reference sample is made of healthy tissue, or if the ratio of each of these genes is inferior to their corresponding threshold value when the reference sample is made of cancerous lung tissue.
  • a lung cancer is diagnosed as aggressive, if the ratio of each of the said genes is superior to a threshold value.
  • the method of the invention further comprises a step of normalizing the expression levels of the said signature genes with respect to the expression levels of one or more control genes, prior to calculating the expression level ratios.
  • a "control gene”, according to the present invention is a gene which is expressed in all cell types. More specifically, the control gene according to the invention is a gene which is expressed in all the cells of the lung. In another aspect, the expression level of the control gene is not affected by the state of the cell, i.e. the control gene is expressed to the same level in a healthy lung cell and in a cancerous lung cell. In a specific embodiment, the control gene is a housekeeping gene.
  • a housekeeping gene is a gene expressed in all cell types, which provides a basic function needed for sustenance of all cell types.
  • a list of human housekeeping genes may be found in Eisenberg et al. (Trends in Genetics 19: 362-365, 2003 ).
  • a preferred housekeeping gene according to the invention is a gene selected in the group consisting of B2M, TFRC, YWHAZ, RPLO, 18S, GUSB, UBC, TBP, GAPDH, PPIA, POLR2A, ACTB, PGK1, HPRT1, IPO8 and HMBS.
  • a further preferred housekeeping gene according to the invention is selected from the group consisting of IPO8, HMBS, GUSB, and UBC.
  • the expression levels of the said control gene are also measured in the tested lung-cancer sample and in the reference sample.
  • the expression level is then normalized to the expression level of the control gene for each of the signature genes and for each sample.
  • the expression level ratio is calculated between the normalized expression level in the lung-cancer sample and the normalized expression level in the reference sample.
  • aggressiveness is diagnosed by comparing the obtained expression level ratio to a corresponding threshold value.
  • a "threshold value” is intended to mean a value that permits to discriminate samples in which the expression level ratio of the gene of interest corresponds to an expression level of said gene of interest in the patient's lung cancer sample that is low or high.
  • the threshold value may vary.
  • control gene e.g. a housekeeping gene
  • microarray dedicated to the implementation of the methods according to the invention, comprising at most 500, preferably at most 300, at most 200, more preferably at most 150, at most 100, even more preferably at most 75, at most 50, at most 40, at most 30, at most 20, at most 10 distinct probes, at least 4 of which specifically binds to the mRNA (or corresponding cDNA) or protein produced by the genes of the DNA replication stress signature of the invention.
  • said microarray is a nucleic acid microarray, comprising at most 500, preferably at most 300, at most 200, more preferably at most 150, at most 100, even more preferably at most 75, at most 50, at most 40, at most 30, at most 20, at most 10 distinct probes (thus excluding for instance pangenomic microarrays), at least 4 of which specifically hybridizes to the mRNA (or corresponding cDNA) produced by the genes of the DNA replication stress signature of the invention.
  • said microarray is a nucleic acid microarray, comprising at most 500, preferably at most 300, at most 200, more preferably at most 150, at most 100, even more preferably at most 75, at most 50, at most 40, at most 30, at most 20, at most 10 distinct probes, at least 4 of which specifically hybridizes to the mRNA (or corresponding cDNA) produced by the CDC6, CLASPIN, PLK1, and POLQ genes.
  • said microarray is a nucleic acid microarray, comprising at most 500, preferably at most 300, at most 200, more preferably at most 150, at most 100, even more preferably at most 75, at most 50, at most 40, at most 30, at most 20, at most 10 distinct probes, at least 5 of which specifically hybridizes to the mRNA (or corresponding cDNA) produced by the CDC6, CLASPIN, PLK1, POLQ, and RAD51 genes.
  • Said microarray may also contain at least one probe which specifically hybridizes to a housekeeping gene in addition to the probes specifically hybridizing to the genes of the DNA replication stress signature of the invention.
  • said housekeeping gene is selected in the group consisting of B2M, TFRC, YWHAZ, RPLO, 18S, GUSB, UBC, TBP, GAPDH, PPIA, POLR2A, ACTB, PGK1, HPRT1, IPO8 and HMBS. More preferentially, the housekeeping gene is selected from the group consisting of the IPO8, HMBS, GUSB, and UBC genes.
  • a "nucleic microarray" consists of different nucleic acid probes that are attached to a substrate, which can be a microchip, a glass slide or a microsphere-sized bead.
  • a microchip may be constituted of polymers, plastics, resins, polysaccharides, silica or silica-based materials, carbon, metals, inorganic glasses, or nitrocellulose.
  • Probes can be nucleic acids such as cDNAs ("cDNA microarray") or oligonucleotides ("oligonucleotide microarray", the oligonucleotides being about 25 to about 60 base pairs or less in length).
  • said microarray may be an antibodies microarray, comprising at most 500, preferably at most 300, at most 200, more preferably at most 150, at most 100, even more preferably at most 75, at most 50, at most 40, at most 30, at most 20, at most 10 distinct antibodies, at least 4 of which specifically bind to the proteins produced by the genes of the DNA replication stress signature of the invention.
  • said microarray may be an antibodies microarray, comprising at most 500, preferably at most 300, at most 200, more preferably at most 150, at most 100, even more preferably at most 75, at most 50, at most 40, at most 30, at most 20, at most 10 distinct antibodies, at least 4 of which specifically bind to the proteins produced by the CDC6, CLASPIN, PLK1, and POLQ genes.
  • said microarray may be an antibodies microarray, comprising at most 500, preferably at most 300, at most 200, more preferably at most 150, at most 100, even more preferably at most 75, at most 50, at most 40, at most 30, at most 20, at most 10 distinct antibodies, at least 4 of which specifically bind to the proteins produced by the CDC6, CLASPIN, PLK1, POLQ, and RAD51 genes.
  • Said microarray may also contain at least one antibody which specifically binds to a housekeeping protein, in addition to the antibodies specifically binding to the proteins produced by the genes of the DNA replication stress signature of the invention.
  • said housekeeping protein is selected in the group consisting of proteins produced by the B2M, TFRC, YWHAZ, RPLO, 18S, GUSB, UBC, TBP, GAPDH, PPIA, POLR2A, ACTB, PGK1, HPRT1, IPO8 and HMBS genes.
  • said housekeeping protein is selected from the group consisting of the proteins produced by the IPO8, HMBS, GUSB, and UBC genes.
  • kits for diagnosing aggressiveness of a lung cancer in a patient from a lung cancer sample of said patient comprising a dedicated microarray as described above or amplification primers specific for the genes of the DNA replication stress signature of the invention.
  • kit when the kit comprises amplification primers, while said kit may comprise amplification primers specific for other genes, said kit preferably comprises at most 100, at most 75, 50, at most 40, at most 30, preferably at most 25, at most 20, at most 15, more preferably at most 10, at most 8, at most 6, even more preferably at most 5, at most 4, at most 3 or even 2 or one or even zero couples of amplification primers specific for other genes than the genes of the DNA replication stress signature of the invention.
  • said kit may comprise at least a couple of amplification primers for at least one housekeeping gene in addition to the primers for the genes of the DNA replication stress signature of the invention.
  • said housekeeping gene is selected in the group consisting of B2M, TFRC, YWHAZ, RPLO, 18S, GUSB, UBC, TBP, GAPDH, PPIA, POLR2A, ACTB, PGK1, HPRT1, IPO8 and HMBS.
  • said housekeeping gene is selected from the group consisting of the IPO8, HMBS, GUSB, and UBC genes.
  • the present specification discloses a method for determining whether a lung cancer is susceptible to treatment with radiotherapy and/or a chemotherapeutic agent, comprising:
  • chemotherapeutic agents of the invention include without any limitations, anti-microtubule agents such as diterpenoids and vinca alkaloids; platinum coordination complexes; alkylating agents such as nitrogen mustards, oxazaphosphorines, alkylsulfonates, nitrosoureas, and triazenes; antibiotic agents such as anthracyclins, actinomycins and bleomycins; topoisomerase II inhibitors such as epipodophyllotoxins; antimetabolites such as purine and pyrimidine analogues and antifolate compounds; topoisomerase I inhibitors such as camptothecins; hormones and hormonal analogues; signal transduction pathway inhibitors; non-receptor tyrosine kinase angiogenesis inhibitors; immunotherapeutic agents; proapoptotic agents; and cell cycle signaling inhibitors.
  • anti-microtubule agents such as diterpenoids and vinca alkaloids
  • platinum coordination complexes such as nitrogen mustard
  • the methods of the invention can be combined with another anti-cancer treatment, anti-angiogenic agent, or chemotherapeutic agent or radiation therapy.
  • a preferred example is docetaxel or taxotere.
  • Other examples include, gemcitabine, cisplatin diterpenoids and vinca alkaloids, paclitaxel, vinblastine, vincristine, and vinorelbine, carboplatin, cyclophosphamide, melphalan, and chlorambucil, busulfan, carmustine, dacarbazine, cyclophosphamide, melphalan, chlorambucil, busulfan, carmustine, dacarbazine, anti-neoplastic agents including, but not limited to, actinomycins such as dactinomycin, anthrocyclins such as daunorubicin and doxorubicin, bleomycins, epipodophyllotoxins, etoposide and teniposide; antimetabolite
  • chemotherapeutic agents or anti-cancer polypeptides can also be selected.
  • Information sources such as www.clinicaltrials.gov, www.ncbi.nlm.nih, and www.drugs.com, include references to polypeptides and agents that can be selected.
  • the chemotherapeutic agent of the invention has been approved by at least one health authority for treating lung cancer.
  • chemotherapeutic drugs which are particularly useful for treating lung cancer comprise Methotrexate, Pemetrexed Disodium, Bevacizumab, Carboplatin, Cisplatin, Methotrexate, Crizotinib, Erlotinib, Gemcitabine-Cisplatin, Gefitinib, Paclitaxel, Carboplatin, Pemetrexed, Cisplatin, Crizotinib, Etoposide, and Topotecan
  • the chemotherapeutic agent is genotoxic.
  • the said genotoxic agent is an inhibitor of DNA repair, DNA replication/damage checkpoint, or DNA replication licensing/initiation.
  • a "DNA repair inhibitor” is intended to mean a molecule that is able to inhibit repair of DNA breaks, in particular double stranded DNA breaks. While this expression should not be understood as limitative, examples of DNA repair inhibitors include inhibitors of DNA repair protein PARP (see e.g. WO 2004080976 , WO 2005/053662 , WO 2009/046205 ), inhibitors of histone deacetylase, such as those described in PCT application WO 2008/082856 , and inhibitors of DNA polymerase ⁇ (see WO 2007/001684 ).
  • a "DNA replication/damage checkpoint inhibitor” is a molecule which is capable of blocking the activity of any of the proteins involved in the DNA replication checkpoint or in the DNA damage checkpoint.
  • a "DNA replication licensing/initiation inhibitor” is a molecule capable of blocking the activity of any of the proteins involved in DNA replication licensing, such as Cdt1, Mcm1-7, and other known to the skilled person.
  • the present invention also concerns a method for choosing a suitable treatment for a patient with a lung cancer, comprising:
  • adjuvant chemotherapy means treatment of cancer with chemotherapeutic agents after surgery where all detectable disease has been removed, but where there still remains a risk of small amounts of remaining cancer.
  • the specification discloses a method for designing a treatment with radiotherapy and/or a chemotherapeutic agent for a lung cancer-suffering subject, said method comprising the steps of:
  • step b) when the lung cancer is diagnosed as being aggressive, the dose of step b) is greater than when the lung cancer is diagnosed as non-aggressive.
  • the dose of radiotherapy or chemotherapeutic agent determined in step (b) is administered to the subject.
  • the specification also refers to the use of a chemotherapeutic agent for manufacturing a medicament for the treatment of lung cancer, comprising the steps of:
  • the dose of chemotherapeutic agent determined in step (b) is administered to the subject.
  • the invention also relates to a chemotherapeutic agent for use in treating lung cancer, wherein the chemotherapeutic agent is administered to a lung cancer-suffering subject whose lung cancer has been diagnosed as aggressive using a method according to the invention.
  • the present specification relates to a chemotherapeutic agent for use in treating colorectal cancer in a subject suffering from a lung cancer, wherein:
  • the present specification describes a method for adapting the treatment of a lung cancer-suffering subject with radiotherapy or a chemotherapy agent, comprising:
  • Said adaptation of the chemotherapeutic agent treatment may consist in:
  • the present specification discloses a method for treating a patient suffering from a lung cancer, comprising evaiuating survival of said patient according to the methods to the invention as described above, and subjecting said patient to radiotherapy and/or administering to said patient an effective amount of one or more DNA repair inhibitors.
  • Coupled tumor samples were surgically collected from 2006 to 2010 from patients diagnosed at the Rangueil-Larreyière hospital (France) with untreated (at the moment of the biopsy) primary lung adenocarcinoma from stage I to III. Samples were immediately snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen. Normal lung tissues were taken from the surgical specimens, at more than 3 cm of distance from the tumor. Eligibility criteria included our ability to get frozen tumor and adjacent healthy tissues as well as extracted RNAs of high quality. Exclusion criteria include non-adenocarcinoma tumors, stages IIIb and IV and tumoral cellularity below 70% tumor cells.
  • the tumor stages and morphology were defined from frozen tissues by a pathologist according to the Tumor, Node, Metastasis (TNM) staging classification following 2010 WHO guidelines and Hematoxylin-Eosin staining, respectively.
  • TNM Tumor, Node, Metastasis
  • the characteristics of the patients and tumors for both cohorts are described in Table S1.
  • the four most stable control housekeeping genes (GUSB, IPO8, HMBS, UBS) were selected by the GeNorm and BestKeeper softwares among 16 tested on the TaqMan Low Density Human Edogenous Control Array (Applied Biosystems) after amplifying in triplicate 800ng cDNA from 4 coupled biopsies using the TaqMan Universal PCR Master Mix, the TaqMan Low Density Array technology (Applied Biosystems) and the 7900HT fast real time PCR system.
  • RNAs from tumour and normal tissues were first pre-amplified in the presence of the 3R probes (TaqMan gene Expression Assays, Applied Biosystems) in TaqMan Preamp Master Mix (Early Access, Applied Biosystems). These products were then amplified using the Dynamic Array technology (Fluidigm, BioMark). Pre-amplified products were incubated in DNA Binding Sample Loading reagent (BioMark), Master Mix (Applied) and probes then injected in nanotubes-containing Integrated Fluidic Circuit loader then amplified with the BioMark amplifier.
  • Fluidigm data were analyzed with the GenEx software after normalizing in tumor (T) and normal (N) tissues the levels of transcripts to the mean level of the 4 selected stable genes. Relative levels of expression in the tumor sample compared to the adjacent normal tissue were expressed by T/N ratios. T/N>1 indicates a higher expression in the tumour sample compared to the adjacent normal tissue. T/N ⁇ 1 means a lower expression in cancers than in control tissues.
  • Correlations between genes were assessed with a Pearson correlation coefficient.
  • a clustering algorithm was also applied: hierarchical ascending classification (HAC). This clustering was carried out for genes using Ward's method of linkage and correlation distance as a metric. Expression levels were classified in 3 categories according to the terciles of the T/N distribution.
  • Expression levels were compared by chi-square or Fisher's exact test in relation to the treatment (surgery only, surgery-chemotherapy-radiotherapy, or surgery-chemotherapy), to the tumor grade (N or TNM), of the tumor differentiation (poorly-, moderately-, or well-differentiated), of the presence of emboli, and of the smoking habits. Survival probabilities were estimated using Kaplan Meier method (overall survival, disease free survival and relapse free survival). The Log Rank test was used to compare survival curves. Survival rates in relation to the expression levels was estimated according to the Kaplan-Meier method and a multivariate Cox's proportional hazards regression model adjusted on sex, age, treatment, tumor grade, and expression level of Ki67 and PCNA genes.
  • Gene expression profiles of 93 coupled primary lung adenocarcinomas at different early or mid-stages of progression were generated from a selection of 78 genes involved in the course of genome replication i.e. initiation/licensing at replication origins, translesional (TLS) or conventional DNA elongation, S-phase associated DNA damage response (DDR), DNA fork protection or replication-induced double-stranded break (DSB) repair (Table 2).
  • TLS translesional
  • DDR S-phase associated DNA damage response
  • DRB replication-induced double-stranded break
  • the DNA damage sensors were inhibited (ATM, RAD17 ) or slightly modified ( 53BP1 , ATR, RAD9 ) .
  • the new MCM2-8 family member MCM9 which is likely to play a role in the S-phase checkpoint (23), ASF1, a histone chaperone implicated in derepression of DDR in stressed cells (24) as well as MRGX, which mediates DDR (25), were also down-regulated.
  • DDR genes involved in the more downstream protection (the so-called “mediators") of the DNA replication forks, which are stalled by DNA damage, some (BACH1, RECQ and the SMC5 cohesin) were down-expressed whereas others where very (BLM, RECQ4 ) or slightly ( SMARCAL1 , SLMC5, FANCM, SLX4, RUVBL1, BRCA2 ) over-regulated.
  • PLK1 Polo-like-kinase
  • Deregulated 3R expression is associated with a poor prognosis
  • Fig. 1 shows the Kaplan-Meir curves of the overall survivals according to the level of these genes in the primary tumor.
  • Fig.S2A indicates that expressions of these 5 genes are concomitant (rho>0.7), revealing a potential 5-gene DNA replication prognosis signature.
  • Fig.S2B A hierarchical ascending classification ( FIG.S2B ) confirmed this data for 4 genes out of 5 i.e. POLQ, PLK1, RAD51 and CDC6. CLASPIN expression also correlated even at a lesser extent, while CDC45, CYCLIN E, CYCLIN A and CDC25A (which are associated with two out of free measured survival features), were likely to be included in this "metamarker".
  • Table 6 Multivaried Cox regression analysis of the relationship between survival and DNA replication gene expression by taking into account age, sex, treatment (in 3 categories: none/chemotherapy/chemotherapy and radiotherapy), T classification (2 categories: T0 or T1 / T2 or T3), KI67 and PCNA clinical markers.
  • the prognosis potential of the DNA replication markers included in the 5-gene cluster is independent of either treatment or node status
  • DNA hyper-replication increased firing and DNA elongation induces more DNA damage that might lead to genetic instability in the absence of functional S-phase checkpoint or DNA repair pathways, as observed in our cohort.
  • DNA replication increased firing and DNA elongation induces more DNA damage that might lead to genetic instability in the absence of functional S-phase checkpoint or DNA repair pathways, as observed in our cohort.
  • our work thus identifies that subsets of "DNA replication" genes as useful cancer prognostic "metamarkers”.

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Claims (14)

  1. Méthode pour l'évaluation de la survie d'un patient souffrant d'un cancer du poumon, comprenant les étapes de :
    a) détection à partir d'un échantillon biologique dudit patient, d'un profil d'expression de la signature génétique de stress de réplication de l'ADN, ladite signature comprenant les gènes CDC6, CLASPIN, PLK1 et POLQ ;
    b) comparaison du profil d'expression de l'étape a) avec au moins un profil d'expression de référence, et
    c) évaluation de la survie dudit patient à partir de ladite comparaison ;
    d) dans laquelle ledit profil d'expression de référence est obtenu en mesurant le niveau d'expression de chacun des gènes de ladite signature dans un échantillon de référence et dans laquelle ledit échantillon de référence est un échantillon de tissu pulmonaire sain dudit patient.
  2. Méthode selon la revendication 1, dans laquelle ladite signature comprend en outre le gène RAD51.
  3. Méthode selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 2, dans laquelle la comparaison de l'étape b) est réalisée en calculant un rapport de niveau d'expression entre le niveau d'expression dans l'échantillon biologique de test et le niveau d'expression dans l'échantillon de référence pour chacun des gènes de la signature.
  4. Méthode selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 3, dans laquelle l'évaluation de la survie est obtenue en comparant le rapport du niveau d'expression obtenu avec une valeur seuil correspondante.
  5. Méthode selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4, comprenant une étape de normalisation du niveau d'expression de chaque gène de ladite signature au niveau d'expression d'un gène témoin.
  6. Méthode selon la revendication 5, dans laquelle ledit gène témoin est un gène domestique.
  7. Méthode selon la revendication 6, dans laquelle ledit gène domestique est un gène choisi dans le groupe consistant en B2M, TFRC, YWHAZ, RPLO, 18S, GUSB, UBC, TBP, GAPDH, PPIA, POLR2A, ACTB, PGK1, HPRT1, IPO8 et HMBS.
  8. Méthode selon la revendication 7, dans laquelle ledit gène est choisi dans le groupe consistant en IPO8, HMBS, GUSB et UBC.
  9. Méthode selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 8, dans laquelle ledit niveau d'expression est mesuré sur le niveau d'ARNm.
  10. Méthode selon la revendication 9, dans laquelle ledit niveau d'expression est mesuré en utilisant une PCR quantitative ou une technologie à micro-puce.
  11. Méthode selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 10, dans laquelle ledit niveau d'expression est mesuré sur le niveau de protéine.
  12. Méthode selon la revendication 11, dans laquelle ledit niveau d'expression est mesuré en utilisant des anticorps spécifiques.
  13. Méthode pour choisir un traitement approprié d'un cancer du poumon chez un patient, comprenant :
    a) l'évaluation de la survie dudit patient souffrant d'un cancer du poumon en utilisant les méthodes selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 12, et
    b) le choix d'une radiothérapie adjuvante ou d'un agent de chimiothérapie en plus d'un traitement chirurgical si un pronostic de survie est diagnostiqué comme étant défavorable à l'étape a).
  14. Méthode selon la revendication 13, dans laquelle ledit agent de chimiothérapie est un inhibiteur de la réparation de l'ADN, un point de contrôle de la réplication/du dommage de l'ADN ou une autorisation/initiation de réplication de l'ADN.
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CN107858424B (zh) * 2016-11-24 2021-05-25 南华大学 miRNA-4731-3p作为原发性肺癌诊断标志物的应用
WO2019057919A1 (fr) * 2017-09-21 2019-03-28 Fundación Para La Investigación Médica Aplicada Méthodes et trousses pour le pronostic de l'adénocarcinome du poumon
CN107748265A (zh) * 2017-09-29 2018-03-02 中南大学湘雅医院 Cdc6和ki67在制备癌症放疗抵抗的诊断标记物中的应用
CN107868785B (zh) * 2017-11-09 2020-05-19 昆明理工大学 肺癌靶向治疗的抑制剂及其应用及ruvbl1基因作为药物靶标在筛选抗肺癌药物中应用
CN109294990A (zh) * 2018-10-23 2019-02-01 昆明医科大学第附属医院 一种模拟肺癌发生机制的细胞模型建立方法及应用
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