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EP1365110B1 - Procédé et dispositif pour l'exploitation d'une centrale à vapeur, en particulier en charge partielle - Google Patents

Procédé et dispositif pour l'exploitation d'une centrale à vapeur, en particulier en charge partielle Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1365110B1
EP1365110B1 EP02011279A EP02011279A EP1365110B1 EP 1365110 B1 EP1365110 B1 EP 1365110B1 EP 02011279 A EP02011279 A EP 02011279A EP 02011279 A EP02011279 A EP 02011279A EP 1365110 B1 EP1365110 B1 EP 1365110B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
steam
carrying component
pressure
stage
turbine
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP02011279A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP1365110A1 (fr
Inventor
Thorsten Wolf
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Siemens AG
Siemens Corp
Original Assignee
Siemens AG
Siemens Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Siemens AG, Siemens Corp filed Critical Siemens AG
Priority to DE50213199T priority Critical patent/DE50213199D1/de
Priority to AT02011279T priority patent/ATE420274T1/de
Priority to EP02011279A priority patent/EP1365110B1/fr
Priority to DK02011279T priority patent/DK1365110T3/da
Priority to US10/440,410 priority patent/US6915635B2/en
Publication of EP1365110A1 publication Critical patent/EP1365110A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1365110B1 publication Critical patent/EP1365110B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D17/00—Regulating or controlling by varying flow
    • F01D17/02—Arrangement of sensing elements
    • F01D17/08—Arrangement of sensing elements responsive to condition of working-fluid, e.g. pressure
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D19/00—Starting of machines or engines; Regulating, controlling, or safety means in connection therewith
    • F01D19/02—Starting of machines or engines; Regulating, controlling, or safety means in connection therewith dependent on temperature of component parts, e.g. of turbine-casing
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K13/00—General layout or general methods of operation of complete plants
    • F01K13/02—Controlling, e.g. stopping or starting
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2270/00—Control
    • F05D2270/30—Control parameters, e.g. input parameters
    • F05D2270/301—Pressure
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2270/00—Control
    • F05D2270/30—Control parameters, e.g. input parameters
    • F05D2270/303—Temperature

Definitions

  • Systems for generating electrical energy, in particular steam power plants, are usually designed for operation with a specific power, the rated power, so that optimum operating conditions of the numerous system components result during operation of the system with this power, for example with regard to wear, occurring frictional forces and losses, noise, emissions and efficiency.
  • the said problem occurs in particular in large-scale power plants, which are designed as steam power plants and which are equipped with a steam boiler, which is operated in natural or forced circulation.
  • the power plants mentioned usually include thick-walled drums for vapor deposition.
  • the material of the Dampfabscheidreme drum at a too rapid load change due to the occurring temperature gradients is compromised, so far such power plants are designed to operate in solid-pressure driving to avoid pressure and / or temperature fluctuations, which is exposed to the Dampfabscheidetrommel.
  • Such known from the prior art power plants are therefore operated in the partial load range by means of throttling the turbine valves and / or by only a partial admission of a first turbine stage with operating steam, so that thereby the pressure conditions in the partial load range are comparable to the pressure conditions in the nominal load range and so desired fixed pressure driving results.
  • the invention is therefore based on the object, an improved method and an apparatus for operating a steam power plant, in particular in the partial load range to specify.
  • the invention is based on the consideration that, especially in the partial load range, a constant throttling of the turbine valves and the associated loss of efficiency can be avoided if care is taken that in particular the voltages which are set in the material of the steam-carrying component, not too large be used, but at the same time the upper mechanical load limit of the material of the steam-carrying component is used.
  • the method according to the invention u.a. on a too large safety distance of the actual prevailing in the material of the steam-carrying component mechanical stresses of the maximum allowable mechanical stresses, thereby avoiding in particular a too large loss of efficiency.
  • the internal and external temperature of the steam-carrying component can be achieved to achieve the success of the invention, the spatial temperature distribution of the steam-carrying component and then the comparison voltage, which is a size for the currently present mechanical stresses in the material (material) of the steam-carrying component is.
  • the material limit stress can be determined, which describes an upper mechanical load limit of the steam-carrying component.
  • Mechanical engineering and / or materials science there are a number of methods for determining such a material limit stress, usually the material used and the spatial configuration of the considered, under mechanical stress, component play a role.
  • the maximum permissible vapor pressure is determined, which may prevail in the current operating state maximum in the steam-carrying component, without fear of excessive stress and / or damage must become.
  • the upper load limit material limit tension
  • a corresponding maximum vapor pressure is determined, so that there is no risk of damage to the vapor-carrying component when the vapor-carrying component is exposed to this maximum vapor pressure.
  • This maximum allowable vapor pressure is then, for example, by means of a control device e.g. adjusted by means of a turbine regulator, wherein at least the steam valve is actuated accordingly.
  • the inventive described in step 4 of the method according to the invention. Throttling the at least one steam valve temporarily compared to the prior art, where a throttling is provided during the entire operating time of the power plant in the partial load range.
  • the throttling of the turbine valves is temporary and is reduced in accordance with the compensating temperatures which are detected by the measurements in step 1.
  • a steam power plant which comprises a thick-walled boiler
  • Gleit horrinum are operated in Gleit horrinum stricture with fully open turbine valves and / or with a full admission to the steam turbine;
  • in particular permanent efficiency losses during a partial load operation as well as a special and complex design of the turbine with a control device for partial admission are avoided.
  • the method according to the invention should also encompass those methods in which the variables ascertained in steps 2 to 5 are not determined "on-line" during operation of the steam-driven system, but rather, for example, on the basis of the respective geometry of the steam-carrying component. beforehand stored in the form of parameterized family of curves (using at least the internal pressure, the inside and the outside temperature as parameters) and then, during operation, the actuating action on the steam valve based on the current parameter values for at least the internal pressure, the inside and the outside temperature is derived from the above-mentioned family of curves.
  • the steam-carrying component is a Dampfabscheidreme drum.
  • the advantages of the method according to the invention are particularly useful, since Dampfabscheidetrommeln, especially of power plants high performance, are made thick-walled, resulting in a load change to particularly large mechanical stresses due to the resulting temperature differences in the thick walls of the Dampfabscheidetrommel.
  • These voltages are avoided by means of the method according to the invention, in particular at the beginning of a load change process, that a large throttling of the at least one steam valve is adjusted, which is automatically withdrawn in the following with the reducing voltages due to the compensating temperatures.
  • the steam turbine has at least two turbine stages, in particular a high-pressure stage and a low-pressure stage.
  • Such steam turbines are used in particular in power plants larger power to exploit the energy contained in the operating steam of the steam turbine as well as possible.
  • the steam turbine of the steam power plant comprises at least two actuators for supplying steam to the turbine.
  • the limit steam pressure set point is now established by means of the adjustment of both valves, so that a better control behavior of the steam turbine with regard to the set limit steam pressure setpoint is achieved compared to the setting of only one valve.
  • the limiting vapor pressure desired value is determined by means of a simulation calculation.
  • a mathematical model of at least the steam-carrying component can be stored in a computer, by means of which the comparison stress in the material (material) of the steam-carrying component and its time profile is calculated from the variables of the internal pressure, the inside and outside temperature measured in step 1 , which results from the pressure load, the temperature difference and possibly the actual spatial distribution of the mechanical stress in the material of the steam-carrying component.
  • a simulation can be realized, for example, by means of a digital method, wherein the variables mentioned are read in and processed in a time step method.
  • the limiting vapor pressure desired value can be determined, for example by means of the mentioned mathematical model of the steam-carrying component, which is usually fed to a turbine controller which adjusts the turbine valve or valves according to a control algorithm.
  • the required limit steam pressure setpoint and its time profile can be determined, for example, in the simulation calculation, starting from the measured internal pressure of the steam-carrying component, this actual value of the internal pressure is incrementally increased purely mathematically until the resulting (first theoretical) comparison voltage reaches the value of the material limit voltage or at least comes close.
  • the thus determined limit steam pressure setpoint can then be adjusted so that no damage to the steam-carrying component has to be feared.
  • the internal temperature may e.g. by direct measurement by means of a sensor or indirectly by derivation from other physical quantities (for example boiling state and pressure of the filling medium of the steam-carrying component).
  • the steam-carrying component is a Dampfabscheidreme drum.
  • the steam turbine has at least two turbine stages, in particular a high-pressure and a low-pressure stage.
  • the steam turbine is advantageously further acted upon by means of at least one stage valve with steam, by means of the tap valve at least one turbine stage, in particular the low-pressure stage, steam is supplied and wherein the at least one stage valve in connection with the steam valve by means of the control stage is adjustable.
  • the limit steam pressure set point is determined by means of a simulation calculation.
  • the figure shows a steam power plant 1, which comprises a steam turbine 5 and at least one steam-carrying component 7.
  • the latter is formed in the present embodiment as Dampfabscheidreme drum.
  • the generation of live steam for the steam turbine 5 is indicated by a heating surface H, by means of which a flow medium is heated by the action of hot gas, for example, and can be supplied as live steam to the steam turbine 5.
  • the steam turbine 5 has two turbine stages of different operating pressure, namely a high-pressure stage HD and a low-pressure stage ND.
  • the steam turbine 5 operating steam, in particular live steam supplied.
  • the steam turbine 5 of the steam power plant 1 is coupled via a shaft to a generator G.
  • the steam-carrying component 7 is exposed to a magnitude large temperature gradient and is possibly endangered by an effect of the mechanical stresses occurring.
  • a device 2 according to the invention is provided.
  • This comprises a pressure sensor SPi arranged in the interior of the steam-carrying component 7, as well as a temperature sensor STi likewise arranged in its interior and a temperature sensor STa arranged in the outer region of the steam-carrying component 7.
  • the internal pressure prevailing in the interior of the steam-carrying component, the internal temperature, and the temperature in the outer region of the steam-carrying component 7 are measured. These measurements allow a conclusion on the mechanical load of the material of the steam-carrying component 7 in a current operating state.
  • the measured values measured by said sensors are transmitted to a computer C, which comprises a computing stage RS1, a comparison stage CS and a control stage RS2.
  • a spatial temperature distribution of the steam-carrying component and a comparison voltage Vs is calculated from the above measured values, which is a parameter for the mechanical load of the steam-carrying component 7 in the current operating state.
  • the comparison voltage Vs determined by the computing stage RS1 and a material limit voltage Mgs are transferred to the comparison stage CS.
  • the material limit voltage Mgs is a parameter for a maximum allowable mechanical load of the material (material) of the steam-carrying component 7 by mechanical stresses. Quantitative values for such material limit stresses of the various materials used for steam-carrying components can be determined in particular from the literature on material science and / or mechanical engineering.
  • a comparison of the comparison voltage Vs carried out by the comparison stage CS with the material limit voltage Mgs shows that the comparison voltage Vs in a current operating state is greater than the material limit voltage Mgs, that is to say, for example, a mechanical overload and / or early material fatigue of the steam-carrying component 7 is expected must, so mentioned said comparison result abuts a calculation algorithm stored in the control stage RS2, by means of which from the currently present operating characteristics of the steam-carrying component 7, in particular from their measured internal pressure, their measured internal temperature and their measured outside temperature, a limit steam pressure setpoint Gd is determined.
  • the limit steam pressure set point Gd is a measure of how high the steam pressure acting on the steam-carrying component 7 in a current operating situation may be maximum, without having to fear overloading and / or damaging the steam-carrying component 7.
  • the limiting vapor pressure desired value Gd can be determined, for example, in a simulation calculation.
  • the limit steam pressure set point Gd is set by adjusting the steam valve 10 as well as a possibly existing stage valve 12 by means of the control stage RS2 until the calculated limit steam pressure setpoint value Gd is approximately reached.
  • the current value for the limit steam pressure setpoint value Gd is dependent on the current operating state of the steam power plant, so that the value for the limit steam pressure setpoint value Gd., In particular when the transitional processes with a load change (for example, the decay of the temperature difference in the material of the steam-carrying component 7 during / after a load change) gradually increased.
  • the invention can be outlined as follows:
  • a device 2 according to the invention serves to carry out the method according to the invention.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Control Of Turbines (AREA)
  • Engine Equipment That Uses Special Cycles (AREA)

Claims (10)

  1. Procédé pour faire fonctionner une centrale ( 1 ) à vapeur ayant au moins une turbine ( 5 ) à vapeur, la centrale ( 1 ) à vapeur comportant au moins un élément ( 7 ) dans lequel passe de la vapeur et la turbine ( 5 ) à vapeur étant alimentée en vapeur, notamment en vapeur fraîche au moyen d'au moins une vanne ( 10 ) à vapeur,
    caractérisé par les stades suivants :
    a) pendant le fonctionnement de la centrale ( 1 ) à vapeur, on détermine au moins une pression ( Pi ) intérieure ainsi qu'au moins une température ( Ti ) intérieure et au moins une température ( Ta ) extérieure de l'élément ( 7 ) dans lequel passe de la vapeur,
    b) à partir de la au moins une température intérieure et de la au moins une température extérieure, on détermine une répartition dans l'espace de la température de l'élément dans lequel passe de la vapeur,
    c) à partir de la pression ( Pi ) intérieure de la température ( Ti ) intérieure et de la température ( Ta ) extérieure, on détermine une tension ( Vs ) de comparaison qui décrit la tension mécanique à laquelle est soumis l'élément ( 7 ) dans lequel passe de la vapeur dans l'état actuel de fonctionnement,
    d) on compare la tension ( Vs ) de comparaison à une tension ( Mgs ) limite de matériau, qui décrit une limite supérieure de l'aptitude à supporter une charge mécanique de l'élément ( 7 ) dans lequel passe de la vapeur,
    e) dans le cas où la tension ( Vs ) de comparaison est plus grande que la tension ( Mgs ) limite de matériau, on détermine une valeur ( Gd ) de consigne de pression de vapeur limite, qui décrit une pression de vapeur maximum admissible au moyen de laquelle l'élément ( 7 ) dans lequel passe de la vapeur peut être alimenté dans l'état actuel de fonctionnement sans risque de dommage et on règle la au moins une vanne ( 10 ) à vapeur de façon à ce que la vapeur fournie par la turbine ( 5 ) à vapeur à l'élément ( 7 ) dans lequel passe de la vapeur agisse sur l'élément ( 7 ) dans lequel passe de la vapeur à une pression qui correspond à peu près à la valeur ( Gd ) de consigne de pression de vapeur limite.
  2. Procédé suivant la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que l'élément ( 7 ) dans lequel passe de la vapeur est un ballon de séparation de vapeur.
  3. Procédé suivant la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce que la turbine ( 5 ) à vapeur a au moins deux étages de turbine, notamment un étage ( HD ) haute pression et un étage ( ND ) basse pression.
  4. Procédé suivant la revendication 3, caractérisé en ce que la turbine ( 5 ) à vapeur est alimentée en vapeur, en outre au moyen d'une vanne ( 12 ) à étage, au moyen de laquelle la vapeur peut être envoyée au moins à un étage de turbine, notamment à l'étage ( ND ) basse pression et en ce que la au moins une vanne ( 12 ) à étage est réglée au stade d) en liaison avec la vanne ( 10 ) à vapeur.
  5. Procédé suivant l'une des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisé en ce que la valeur ( Gd ) de consigne de pression de vapeur limite est déterminée au moyen d'un calcul de simulation.
  6. Dispositif ( 2 ) pour faire fonctionner une centrale ( 1 ) à vapeur, la centrale ( 1 ) à vapeur comportant au moins un élément ( 7 ) dans lequel passe de la vapeur et la turbine ( 5 ) à vapeur étant alimentée en vapeur notamment en vapeur fraîche, au moyen d'au moins une vanne ( 10 ) à vapeur,
    caractérisé par
    - un capteur ( SPi ) de la pression intérieure au moyen duquel la pression ( Pi ) à l'intérieur de l'élément ( 7 ) dans lequel passe de la vapeur peut être déterminée,
    - un moyen ( STi ) de détermination d'une température ( Ti ) intérieure de l'élément ( 7 ) dans lequel passe de la vapeur,
    - un capteur ( STa ) de température extérieure au moyen duquel la température ( Ta ) dans la partie extérieure de l'élément ( 7 ) dans lequel passe de la vapeur peut être déterminée,
    - un étage ( RS1 ) de calcul auquel les valeurs déterminées de la pression ( Pi ) intérieure ainsi que de la température ( Ti ) et de la température ( Ta ) extérieure sont envoyées et au moyen duquel une répartition dans l'espace de la température de l'élément dans lequel passe de la vapeur ainsi qu'une tension ( Vs ) de comparaison peut être déterminée, tension de comparaison qui décrit la tension mécanique à laquelle est soumis en l'état actuel de fonctionnement l'élément ( 7 ) dans lequel passe de la vapeur,
    - un étage ( CS ) de comparaison au moyen duquel la tension ( Vs ) de comparaison peut être comparée à une tension ( Mgs ) limite de matériau, qui décrit une limite supérieure de l'aptitude à supporter une force mécanique de l'élément ( 7 ) dans lequel passe de la vapeur,
    - un étage ( RS2 ) de régulation au moyen duquel, si la tension ( Vs ) de comparaison est plus grande que la tension ( Mgs ) limite de matériau, une valeur ( Gd ) de consigne de pression de vapeur limite peut être déterminée, valeur qui décrit une pression de vapeur maximum admissible au moyen de laquelle l'élément ( 7 ) dans lequel passe de la vapeur peut être alimenté sans danger d'endommagement dans l'état actuel de fonctionnement et au moyen de laquelle la au moins une vanne ( 10 ) à vapeur peut être réglée de façon à ce que la vapeur fournie par la turbine ( 5 ) à vapeur à l'élément ( 7 ) dans lequel passe de la vapeur agisse sur l'élément ( 7 ) dans lequel passe de la vapeur à une pression qui correspond à peu près à la valeur ( Gd ) de consigne de pression de vapeur limite.
  7. Dispositif ( 2 ) suivant la revendication 6, caractérisé en ce que l'élément ( 7 ) dans lequel passe de la vapeur est un tambour de séparation de la vapeur.
  8. Dispositif ( 2 ) suivant la revendication 6 ou 7, caractérisé en ce que la turbine ( 5 ) à vapeur a au moins deux étages de turbine, notamment un étage ( HD ) haute pression et un étage ( ND ) basse pression.
  9. Dispositif ( 2 ) suivant la revendication 8, caractérisé en ce que la turbine ( 5 ) à vapeur peut être alimentée en vapeur en outre au moyen d'au moins une vanne ( 12 ) à étage, au moyen de laquelle de la vapeur peut être envoyée à un étage de la turbine, notamment à l'étage ( ND ) basse pression et la au moins une vanne ( 12 ) à étage peut être réglée en liaison avec la vanne ( 10 ) à vapeur au moyen de l'étage ( RS2 ) de régulation.
  10. Dispositif ( 2 ) suivant l'une des revendications 6 à 9, caractérisé en ce la valeur ( Gd ) de consigne de pression de vapeur limite est déterminée au moyen d'un calcul de simulation.
EP02011279A 2002-05-22 2002-05-22 Procédé et dispositif pour l'exploitation d'une centrale à vapeur, en particulier en charge partielle Expired - Lifetime EP1365110B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE50213199T DE50213199D1 (de) 2002-05-22 2002-05-22 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Betrieb einer Dampfkraftanlage, insbesondere im Teillastbereich
AT02011279T ATE420274T1 (de) 2002-05-22 2002-05-22 Verfahren und vorrichtung zum betrieb einer dampfkraftanlage, insbesondere im teillastbereich
EP02011279A EP1365110B1 (fr) 2002-05-22 2002-05-22 Procédé et dispositif pour l'exploitation d'une centrale à vapeur, en particulier en charge partielle
DK02011279T DK1365110T3 (da) 2002-05-22 2002-05-22 Fremgangsmåde og apparat til drift af et dampkraftanlæg, især i dellastområdet
US10/440,410 US6915635B2 (en) 2002-05-22 2003-05-19 Method and device for operating a steam power plant, in particular in the part-load range

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP02011279A EP1365110B1 (fr) 2002-05-22 2002-05-22 Procédé et dispositif pour l'exploitation d'une centrale à vapeur, en particulier en charge partielle

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1365110A1 EP1365110A1 (fr) 2003-11-26
EP1365110B1 true EP1365110B1 (fr) 2009-01-07

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EP02011279A Expired - Lifetime EP1365110B1 (fr) 2002-05-22 2002-05-22 Procédé et dispositif pour l'exploitation d'une centrale à vapeur, en particulier en charge partielle

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Country Link
US (1) US6915635B2 (fr)
EP (1) EP1365110B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE420274T1 (fr)
DE (1) DE50213199D1 (fr)
DK (1) DK1365110T3 (fr)

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DE50213199D1 (de) 2009-02-26
EP1365110A1 (fr) 2003-11-26
US20030230088A1 (en) 2003-12-18
US6915635B2 (en) 2005-07-12
DK1365110T3 (da) 2009-04-20

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