EP1261686A1 - Multiphase moulded detergent bodies with non-pressed parts - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to moulded detergent bodies comprising several non-pressed parts.

Description

 “Multi-phase detergent tablets with non-pressed

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The present invention relates to detergent tablets which have a plurality of non-pressed components.

Detergent tablets are broadly described in the prior art and, because of their advantages, have also become established in trade and among consumers.

The usual production of detergent tablets comprises the production of particulate premixes which are compressed into tablets by tabletting processes known to those skilled in the art. However, this method of production has significant disadvantages, since pressure-sensitive ingredients can be damaged during production. So far, these ingredients such as encapsulated enzymes etc. cannot be incorporated into tablets without loss of activity. In some cases, instability or total inactivity was expected.

In addition, the form in which the compressed tablet is offered means that the ingredients are in direct physical proximity to one another, which leads to undesirable reactions, instabilities, inactivity or loss of active substance in the case of incompatible substances.

In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, it has been proposed in the prior art to provide multiphase tablets in which several layers are pressed together. However, this has the disadvantage that the lower layers are multiple Are exposed to pressure, which leads to deteriorated solubility. In addition, the problems mentioned were not completely solved, since more than three-layer tablets cannot be produced with reasonable technical effort.

A further solution can be found in international patent applications WO99 / 06522, WO99 / 27063 and WO99 / 27067. It is proposed here to provide tablets from compressed and non-compressed components and to incorporate pressure-sensitive substances into the non-compressed components. However, here too the problem with simultaneous incorporation and separation of several pressure-sensitive ingredients is not solved.

There was therefore still a need to provide improved detergent tablets which combine maximum mechanical stability with good solubility and also allow the economical production and incorporation of pressure-sensitive ingredients in designs with more than three phases.

According to a first embodiment, the present invention therefore relates to detergent tablets which

(a) a first non-compressed part containing active substance

(b) comprise a further non-compressed part which contains active substance, the molded body containing enzymes.

Furthermore, detergent tablets are the

(a) a first non-compressed part containing active substance

(b) comprise a further non-compressed part which contains active substance, the molded body containing builders, an object of the present invention.

Also including detergent tablets, comprising

(a) a first non-compressed part containing active substance

(b) a further non-compressed part which contains active substance, wherein the second non-compressed part (b) is later dissolved under conditions of use than the first non-compressed part (a) are an object of the present invention.

Another object of the present invention are detergent tablets, which

(a) a first non-compressed part containing active substance

(b) comprise a further non-compressed part which contains active substance, the weight ratio of the first non-compressed part (a) to the second non-compressed part (b) being 50: 1 to 1: 1.

Last but not least are also laundry detergent or cleaning product tablets that

(a) a first non-compressed part containing active substance

(b) comprise a further non-compressed part which contains active substance, the first non-compressed part (a) comprising a cavity and the second non-compressed part (b) being at least partially contained in this cavity Invention.

The present invention is not restricted with regard to the configuration of the individual non-compressed parts. Nevertheless, for reasons of application technology, it has proven to be advantageous if the second non-pressed part (b) does not completely encase the first non-pressed part (a).

Of course, the present invention is not limited to two-phase molded articles. Detergent tablets which contain a first non-compressed portion (a), a second non-compressed portion (b) and additionally further non-compressed portions are preferred embodiments of the present invention. Three-, four-, five- and six-phase moldings from the corresponding number of non-pressed parts are to be mentioned explicitly.

Of course, the molded bodies according to the invention consisting of at least two non-pressed parts can also be designed in such a way that they contain further pressed parts, if this is desired for certain reasons. A combination tion of a two-part tablet according to the invention from two non-compressed portions with a single-phase or multi-phase, for example two-layer, conventionally pressed tablet is therefore also possible. In this way, the advantages of the present invention can also be used, for example, by adhering moldings according to the invention to moldings not according to the invention.

In the case of multi-phase moldings, embodiments are particularly preferred in which the first non-compressed part (a) has a large number of cavities and each further non-compressed part is at least partially contained in one cavity.

The non-compressed part (a) can take on any geometric shape, in particular concave, convex, biconcave, biconvex, cubic, tetragonal, orthorhombic, cylindrical, spherical, cylindrical segment-like, disk-shaped, tetrahedral, dodecahedral, octahedral, conical, pyramidal ellipsoidal, pentagonal, hexagonal and octagonal prismatic and rhombohedral shapes are preferred. Completely irregular base areas such as arrow or animal shapes, trees, clouds, etc. can also be realized. If the base molding has corners and edges, these are preferably rounded. As an additional optical differentiation, an embodiment with rounded corners and beveled (“chamfered”) edges is preferred.

The shape of the cavity (s) can also be chosen freely, preference being given to moldings in which at least one cavity is a concave, convex, cubic, tetragonal, orthorhombic, cylindrical, spherical, segment-like, disk-shaped, tetrahedral, dodecahedral, octahedral, conical, pyramidal, ellipsoid, pentagonal, pentagonal, octagonal, prismatic and rhombohedral. Completely irregular cavity shapes such as arrow or animal shapes, trees, clouds, etc. can also be realized. As with the non-compressed portions (a), cavities with rounded corners and edges or with rounded corners and chamfered edges are preferred.

The size of the cavity in comparison to the entire molded article depends on the intended use of the molded article. Depending on whether the second measured amount should contain a smaller or larger amount of active substance, the size of the cavity can vary. Regardless of the intended use, laundry detergent and cleaning product tablets are preferred in which the weight ratio of non-compressed part (a) to non-compressed part (b) is in the range from 1: 1 to 100: 1, preferably from 2: 1 to 80: 1 , particularly preferably from 3: 1 to 50: 1 and in particular from 4: 1 to 30: 1.

Similar statements can be made about the surface fractions that make up the first and second non-compressed fractions of the total surface of the molded body. Detergent and cleaning agent portions are preferred in which the surface of the second non-compressed part constitutes 1 to 25%, preferably 2 to 20%, particularly preferably 3 to 15% and in particular 4 to 10% of the total surface of the shaped body.

If, for example, the overall molded body has dimensions of 20 x 20 x 40 mm and thus a total surface area of 40 cm, second non-compressed parts (b) are preferred which have a surface area of 0.4 to 10 cm ² , preferably 0.8 to 8 cm ² , particularly preferably from 1.2 to 6 cm ² and in particular from 1.6 to 4 cm ² .

The second non-pressed part (b) and the “base molding” (a) are preferably colored to be optically distinguishable. In addition to the optical differentiation, this can result in application-related advantages.

The different phases of the moldings can be used to separate active ingredients. Here, detergent tablets according to the invention are particularly preferred, in which the first non-compressed part (a) and the second non-compressed part (b) contain at least one different active substance.

In particular, detergent tablets in which the first non-pressed part (a) or the second non-compressed part (b) contain bleaching agents, while the other part contains bleach activators, and detergent tablets in which the the first non-compressed part (a) or the second non-compressed part (b) contains bleach, while the other part contains enzymes, as well as detergent tablets, in which the first non-compressed part (a) or the second non-compressed part (b) contains bleach, while the other part contains anti-corrosion agents, preferred embodiments of the present invention.

Preference is also given to detergent tablets which are characterized in that the first non-compressed part (a) or the second non-compressed part (b) contains bleaching agents, while the other part contains surfactants, preferably nonionic surfactants, especially Preference for alkoxylated alcohols having 10 to 24 carbon atoms and 1 to 5 alkylene oxide units.

Detergent tablets according to one of claims 1 to 13, characterized in that the first non-pressed part (a) and the second non-pressed part (b) contain the same active ingredient in different amounts. Examples of ingredients in which the division into the different regions have advantages include disintegration aids, colorants and fragrances, optical brighteners, polymers, silver preservatives, surfactants and enzymes. The term “different amounts” characterizes the content of the individual shaped body area in the substance in question, based on the shaped body area, is therefore a percentage by weight which does not relate to the absolute amounts of the ingredient.

In the context of the present invention, particular preference is given to detergent tablets in which at least one non-pressed part, preferably the non-pressed part (b), is coated with a coating layer.

This coating layer can be used to control the release kinetics of the further non-pressed part, but it can also serve to fasten the further non-pressed part to another non-pressed part, for example by opening a non-pressed part (b) one or in the cavity of a non-pressed part (a) and fixed by applying a coating layer.

Corresponding detergent tablets in which the non-pressed part (b) is attached to or in the non-pressed part (a) by the coating layer are also preferred. If all of the moldings according to the invention or individual non-pressed parts are coated, preference is given to detergent tablets in which the coating layer contains one or more substances from the groups of fatty acids, fatty alcohols, diols, esters, ethers, carboxylic acids, dicarboxylic acids, polyvinyl acetate ( PVA), polyvinypyrrolidone (PVP), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA1), polyethylene glycol (PEG), polypropylene glycol (PPG) and mixtures thereof.

Polypropylene glycols (abbreviation PPG) which can be used according to the invention are polymers of propylene glycol which have the general formula I

H- (O-CH-CH ₂ ) _n -OH (I)

I CH ₃

are sufficient, where n can take values between 10 and 2000. Preferred PPGs have molar masses between 1000 and 10,000, corresponding to values of n between 17 and approximately 170.

Polyethylene glycols (abbreviation PEG) which can preferably be used according to the invention are polymers of ethylene glycol which have the general formula II

H- (O-CH ₂ -CH ₂ ) _n -OH (II)

are sufficient, where n can have values between 20 and approx. 1000. The preferred molecular weight ranges mentioned above correspond to preferred ranges of the value n in formula IV from approximately 30 to approximately 820 (exactly: from 34 to 818), particularly preferably from approximately 40 to approximately 150 (precisely: from 45 to 136) and in particular from about 70 to about 120 (exactly: from 68 to 113).

Carbon or dicarboxylic acids, preferably those with an even number of carbon atoms, can likewise preferably be used as coating materials. Particularly preferred carbon or dicarboxylic acids are those with at least 4, preferably with at least 6, particularly preferably with at least 8 and in particular those with 8 to 13 carbon atoms. Particularly preferred dicarboxylic acids are, for example, adipic acid, pimelic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, undecanoic acid, dodecanoic acid, brassylic acid and mixtures thereof. However, tetradecanoic acid, pentadecanoic acid and thapsic acid are also suitable coating materials. Particularly preferred carboxylic acids are those with 12 to 22 carbon atoms, those with 18 to 22 carbon atoms being particularly preferred.

Thus, detergent tablets in which the coating comprises carboxylic acids, those with 12 to 22, preferably with 18 to 22 carbon atoms being preferred, and among these the species with an even number of carbon atoms being particularly preferred, are a further preferred embodiment of the present invention. Another preferred embodiment are detergent tablets, which are characterized in that the coating comprises dicarboxylic acids, those with at least 4, preferably with at least 6, particularly preferably with at least 8 and in particular those with 8 to 13 carbon atoms, and among these the Species with an even number of carbon atoms are particularly preferred. With regard to the particularly preferred individual compounds from the groups of carboxylic and dicarboxylic acids mentioned, reference can be made to the above statements.

Other suitable coating materials are film-forming substances. Again preferred among these are polyalkylene glycols, especially polyethylene and polypropylene glycols, polymers and copolymers of (meth) acrylic acid, in particular copolymers of acrylic acid and maleic acid, and sugar.

Polyethylene and propylene glycols are described below. The polymers of (meth) acrylic acid, in particular the copolymers of acrylic acid and maleic acid, are known as cobuilders for detergents or cleaning agents. They are described below.

In the context of the present invention, the term “sugar” denotes single and multiple sugars, that is to say monosaccharides and oligosaccharides, in which 2 to 6 monosaccharides ride are linked together like acetals. In the context of the present invention, “sugars” are therefore monosaccharides, disaccharides, trisaccharides, tetra-, penta- and hexasaccharides.

Monosaccharides are linear polyhydroxy aldehydes (aldoses) or polyhydroxy ketones (ketoses). They usually have a chain length of five (pentoses) or six (hexoses) carbon atoms. Monosaccharides with more (heptoses, octoses, etc.) or fewer (tetroses) carbon atoms are relatively rare. Monosaccharides sometimes have a large number of asymmetric carbon atoms. For a hexose with four asymmetric carbon atoms, this results in a number of 24 stereoisomers. The orientation of the OH group on the highest numbered asymmetr. C atom in the Fischer projection divides the monosaccharides into D and L-configured rows. The D configuration is much more common in the naturally occurring monosaccharides. If possible, monosaccharides form intramolecular hemiacetals, so that ring-like structures of the pyran (pyranoses) and furan type (furanoses) result. Smaller rings are unstable, larger rings are only stable in aqueous solutions. The cyclization creates another asymmetric carbon atom (the so-called anomeric carbon atom), which doubles the number of possible stereoisomers. This is indicated by the prefixes α- u. ß- expressed. The formation of the hemiacetals is a dynamic process that depends on various factors such as temperature, solvent, pH, etc. Mixtures of both anomeric forms are usually present, sometimes also as mixtures of the furanose and pyranose forms.

Monosaccharides which can be used as sugar in the context of the present invention are, for example, the tetroses D (-) - erythrose and D (-) - threose and D (-) - erythrulose, the pentoses D (-) - ribose, D (-) - ribulose, D (-) - arabinose, D (+) - xylose, D (-) - xylulose as well as D (-) - lyxose and the hexoses D (+) - allose, D (+) - old rose, D (+) - glucose , D (+) - Mannose, D (-) - Gulose, D (-) - Idose, D (+) - Galactose, D (+) - Talose, D (+) - Psicose, D (-) - Fructose, D (+) - sorbose and D (-) - tagatose. The most important and most widespread monosaccharides are: D-glucose, D-galactose, D-mannose, D-fructose, L-arabinose, D-xylose, D-ribose and the like. 2-deoxy-D-ribose. Disaccharides are made up of two simple monosaccharide molecules linked by glycosidic bonds (D-glucose, D-fructose, etc.). If the glycosidic bond lies between the acetal carbon atoms (1 for aldoses and 2 for ketoses) of both monosaccharides, the ring shape is fixed in both; the sugars show no mutarotation, do not react with ketone reagents and no longer have a reducing effect (Fehling negative: trehalose or sucrose type). If, on the other hand, the glycosidic bond connects the acetal carbon atom of one monosaccharide with any of the second, this can still assume the open-chain form, and the sugar has a reducing effect (Fehling positive: maltose type).

The most important disaccharides are sucrose (cane sugar, sucrose), trehalose, lactose (milk sugar), lactulose, maltose (malt sugar), cellobiose (a breakdown product of cellulose), gentobiose, melibiose, turanose and others.

Trisaccharides are carbohydrates that are made up of 3 glycosidically linked monosaccharides and for which the incorrect name triosen is sometimes encountered. Trisaccharides occur relatively rarely in nature, examples are geneticose, kestose, maltotriose, melecitose, raffinose, and as an example of amino sugar-containing trisaccharides streptomycin and validamycin.

Tetrasaccharides are oligosaccharides with 4 monosaccharide units. Examples of this class of compounds are stachyose, lychnose (galactose-glucose-fructose-galactose) and secalose (from 4-fructose units).

In the context of the present invention, saccharides from the group consisting of glucose, fructose, sucrose, cellubiosis, maltose, lactose, lactulose, ribose and mixtures thereof are preferably used as sugars. Shaped or detergent tablets whose coatings contain glucose and / or sucrose are particularly preferred.

Preferred detergent tablets in the context of the present invention are characterized in that the coating comprises film-forming substances, in particular contains in particular from the groups of polyethylene and / or polypropylene glycols, the copolymers of acrylic acid and maleic acid or the sugar.

Polymers other than those mentioned so far can also be used with particular preference as coating materials. Here, detergent tablets according to the invention are preferred in which the coating comprises a polymer or polymer mixture which is selected from

a) water-soluble nonionic polymers from the group of

al) polyvinylpyrrolidones, a2) vinylpyrrolidone / vinyl ester copolymers, a3) cellulose ethers

b) water-soluble amphoteric polymers from the group of

b 1) alkyl acrylamide / acrylic acid copolymers b2) alkyl acrylamide / methacrylic acid copolymers b3) alkyl acrylamide / methyl methacrylic acid copolymers b4) alkyl acrylamide / acrylic acid / alkylaminoalkyl (meth) acrylic acid copolymers b5) alkyl acrylamide / methacrylic acid / alkylaminoalkyl (meth) acrylic acid -

Copolymers b6) alkyl acrylamide / methyl methacrylic acid / alkylaminoalkyl (meth) acrylic acid

Copolymers b7) alkyl acrylamide / alkymethacrylate / alkylaminoethyl methacrylate / alkyl methacrylate copolymers b8) copolymers from b8i) unsaturated carboxylic acids b8ii) cationically derivatized unsaturated carboxylic acids bδiii) optionally further ionic or nonionic monomers

c) water-soluble zwitterionic polymers from the group of cl) acrylamidoalkyltrialkylammonium chloride / acrylic acid copolymers and their alkali and ammonium salts c2) acrylamidoalkyltrialkylanrnionium chloride / methacrylic acid copolymers and their alkali and ammonium salts c3) methacroylethylbetaine / methacrylate copolymers

d) water-soluble anionic polymers from the group of

dl) vinyl acetate / crotonic acid copolymers d2) vinyl pyrroüdon / vinyl acrylate copolymers d3) acrylic acid / ethyl acrylate / N-tert-butyl acrylamide te olymers d4) graft polymers from vinyl esters, esters of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid, alone or in a mixture, copolymerized with crotonic acid or acrylic acid Polyalkylene oxides and / or polyalkylene glycols d5) grafted and crosslinked copolymers from the copolymerization of d5i) at least one monomer of the non-ionic type, d5ii) at least one monomer of the ionic type, d5iii) of polyethylene glycol and d5iv) a crosslinked d6) by copolymerization of at least one Copolymers obtained from monomers of each of the following three groups: dόi) esters of unsaturated alcohols and short-chain saturated carboxylic acids and / or esters of short-chain saturated alcohols and unsaturated carboxylic acids, dόii) unsaturated carboxylic acids, dόiii) esters of long-chain carboxylic acids and unsaturated alcohols and / or esters the carboxylic acids of group dόii) with saturated or unsaturated, straight-chain or branched C ₈ . ₁₈ - Alcohol d7) terpolymers of crotonic acid, vinyl acetate and an allyl or methallyl ester d8) tetra and pentapolymers d8i) crotonic acid or allyloxyacetic acid d8ii) vinyl acetate or vinyl propionate d8iii) branched allyl or methallyl esters d8iv) vinyl ethers, vinyl esters or straight-chain allyl or methallyl esters d9) crotonic acid copolymers with one or more vinyl ethers, acrylate, and their ethylenes, vinylamines, their ethylenes, vinylamines, their ethylenes, their ethylenes, their ethylenes, vinylamines, their ethylenes, vinylamines, their ethylenes, their ethylenes, vinylamines, their ethylenes, vinylamines, their ethylenes, their ethylenes, vinylamines, their ethylenes, vinylamines, their ethylenes, vinylamines, their ethylenes, vinylamines, their ethylenes, vinylamines, their ethylenes, vinylamines, their ethylenes, their ethylenes, vinylamines, their ethylenes, vinylamines, their ethylenes, their ethylenes, their ethylenes, their ethylenes, their ethers, their ethylenes, their ethylenes, their ethers, their ethers, their ethers water-soluble salts dlO) terpolymers of vinyl acetate, crotonic acid and vinyl esters of a saturated aliphatic monocarboxylic acid branched in the α-position

e) water-soluble cationic polymers from the group of

el) quaternized cellulose derivatives e2) polysiloxanes with quaternary groups e3) cationic guar derivatives e4) polymeric dimethyldiallylammonium salts and their copolymers with esters and amides of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid e5) copolymers of vinylpyrrolidone with quaternized derivatives of dialkylmethacrylate6) Vinylpyrrolidone-methoimidazolinium chloride copolymers e7) quaternized polyvinyl alcohol e8) polymers specified under the INCI names Polyquatemium 2, Polyquaternium 17, Polyquatemium 18 and Polyquatemium 27.

Water-soluble polymers in the sense of the invention are those polymers which are more than 2.5% by weight soluble in water at room temperature.

These preferred detergent tablets according to the invention are partially (only one or a few non-compressed parts) or completely coated with a polymer or polymer mixture, the polymer (and accordingly the entire coating or partial coating) or at least 50% by weight. -% of the polymer mixture (and with at least 50% of the coating / partial coating) is selected from certain polymers. The partial coating consists entirely or at least 50% of its weight of water-soluble polymers from the group of nonionic, amphoteric, zwitterionic, anionic and / or cationic polymers. These polymers are described in more detail below.

Water-soluble polymers preferred according to the invention are nonionic. Suitable non-ionic polymers are, for example:

Polyvinylpyrrolidones, as, for example, sold under the name Luviskol ^® (BASF). Polyvinylpyrrolidones are preferred nonionic polymers in the context of the invention.

Polyvinylpyrrolidone [Poly (l-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone)], abbreviation PVP, are polymers of the general formula below

which are prepared by free-radical polymerization of 1-vinylpyrrolidone by solution or suspension polymerization using free-radical formers (peroxides, azo compounds) as initiators. The ionic polymerization of the monomer only provides products with low molecular weights. Commercial polyvinylpyrrolidones have molar masses in the range from approx. 2500-750000 g / mol, which are characterized by the specification of the K values and, depending on the K value, have glass transition temperatures of 130-175 °. They are presented as white, hygroscopic powders or as aqueous ones. Solutions offered. Polyvinylpyrrolidones are readily soluble in water and a variety of organic solvents (alcohols, ketones, glacial acetic acid, chlorinated hydrocarbons, phenols, etc.). Vinylpyrrolidone / Vinylester copolymers, as are marketed, for example under the trademark Luviskol ^® (BASF). Luviskol ^® VA 64 and Luviskol ^® VA 73, both vinylpyrrolidone / vinyl acetate copolymers, are particularly preferred nonionic polymers.

The vinyl ester polymers are polymers accessible from vinyl esters with the grouping of the formula

as a characteristic basic building block of macromolecules. Of these, the vinyl acetate polymers (R = CH ₃ ) with polyvinyl acetates are by far the most important technical representatives.

The vinyl esters are polymerized by free radicals using various processes (solution polymerization, suspension polymerization, emulsion polymerization, bulk polymerization).

Cellulose ethers such as hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose and hydroxypropylcellulose Methylhy- as they are for example sold under the trademark Culminal® ^® and Benecel ^® (AQUALOΝ). Cellulose ethers can be described by the following general formula

in R represents H or an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl or alkylaryl radical. In preferred products, at least one R in the above formula represents -CH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₂ -OH or -CH ₂ CH ₂ -OH. Cellulose ethers are manufactured industrially by the addition of alkali cellulose (eg with ethylene oxide). Cellulose ethers are characterized by the average degree of substitution DS or the molar degree of substitution MS, which indicate how many hydroxyl groups of an anhydroglucose unit of the cellulose have reacted with the etherification reagent or how many moles of etherification reagent have been attached to an anhydroglucose unit on average , Hydroxyethyl celluloses are soluble in water from a DS of approx. 0.6 or an MS of approx. 1. Commercial hydroxyethyl or hydroxypropyl celluloses have degrees of substitution in the range of 0.85-1.35 (DS) or 1.5-3 (MS). Hydroxyethyl and propyl celluloses are marketed as yellowish white, odorless and tasteless powders in widely differing degrees of polymerization. Hydroxyethyl and propyl celluloses are soluble in cold and hot water and in some (water-containing) organic solvents, but insoluble in most (water-free) organic solvents; their aqueous solutions are relatively insensitive to changes in pH or electrolyte addition.

Other polymers suitable according to the invention are water-soluble amphopolymers. Ampho-polymers include amphoteric polymers, ie polymers that contain free amino groups as well as free -COOH or SO ₃ H groups in the molecule and are capable of forming internal salts, zwitterionic polymers that contain quaternary ammonium groups and - COO ^" - or -SO ₃ ^" groups, and summarized such polymers that contain -COOH or SO ₃ H groups and quaternary ammonium groups. An example of the present invention amphopolymer suitable is that available under the name Amphomer ^® acrylic resin which is a copolymer of tert-butylaminoethyl methacrylate, N- (1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl) -acrylamide and two or more monomers from the group of acrylic acid, Represents methacrylic acid and its simple esters. Likewise preferred amphopolymers are composed of unsaturated carboxylic acids (eg acrylic and methacrylic acid), cationically derivatized unsaturated carboxylic acids (eg acrylamidopropyl-trimethyl-ammonium chloride) and optionally further ionic or nonionic monomers. Terpolymers of acrylic acid, methyl acrylate and methacrylamidopropyltrimonium chloride, as described under the name Merquaf ^® 2001 N are commercially available, are inventively particularly preferred amphopolymers. Other suitable amphoteric polymers are for example those available under the names Amphomer ^® and Amphomer ^® LV-71 (DELFT NATIONAL) octylacrylamide / methyl methacrylate / tert-butylaminoethyl methacrylate / 2-hydroxypropyl pylmethacrylat copolymers.

Suitable zwitterionic polymers are, for example, the polymers disclosed in German patent applications DE 39 29 973, DE 21 50 557, DE 28 17 369 and DE 37 08 451. Acrylamidopropyltrimethylammonium chloride / acrylic acid or methacrylic acid copolymers and their alkali and ammonium salts are preferred zwitterionic polymers. Further suitable zwitterionic polymers are Methacroy- lethylbetain / methacrylate copolymers, which are available under the name Amersette® ^® (AMERCHOL).

Anionic polymers suitable according to the invention include a .:

Vinyl acetate / crotonic acid copolymers, such as are commercially available for example under the names Resyn ^® (National Starch), Luviset ^® (BASF) and Gafset ^® (GAF).

In addition to monomer units of the above formula, these polymers also have monomer units of the general formula below:

[-CH (CH ₃ ) -CH (COOH) -] _n

Vinylpyrrolidone / Ninylacrylat copolymers, for example available under the trade name Luviflex ^® (BASF). A preferred polymer is that available under the name Luviflex VBM-35 ^® (BASF) vinylpyrrolidone / acrylate terpolymers. Acrylic acid / ethyl acrylate / Ν-tert.Butylacrylamid Teφolymers, which are sold for example under the name Ultrahold ^® strict (BASF). Graft polymers of vinyl esters, esters of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid, alone or in a mixture, copolymerized with crotonic acid, acrylic acid or methacrylic acid with polyalkylene oxides and / or polyalkylene glycols

Such grafted polymers of vinyl esters, esters of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid, alone or in a mixture with other copolymerizable compounds on polyalkylene glycols, are obtained by polymerization in the heat in a homogeneous phase by converting the polyalkylene glycols into the monomers of the vinyl esters, esters of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid, in In the presence of radical formers. Suitable vinyl esters include, for example, vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, methyl butyrate, vinyl benzoate and as esters of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid, those which are used with low molecular weight aliphatic alcohols, in particular ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, 2-methyl l-propanol, 2-methyl-2-propanol, 1-pentanol, 2-pentanol, 3-pentanol, 2,2-dimethyl-1-propanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol; 3-methyl-2-butanol, 2-methyl-2-butanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, 1-hexanol, are available.

In particular, the vinyl acetate copolymers grafted onto polyethylene glycols and the polymers of vinyl acetate and crotonic acid grafted onto polyethylene glycols can be used. grafted and crosslinked copolymers from the copolymerization of i) at least one monomer of the nonionic type, ii) at least one monomer of the ionic type, iii) of polyethylene glycol and iv) a crosslinker

The polyethylene glycol used has a molecular weight between 200 and several million, preferably between 300 and 30,000. The non-ionic monomers can be of very different types and among these the following are preferred: vinyl acetate, vinyl stearate, vinyl laurate, vinyl propionate, allyl stearate, AUyl laurate, diethyl maleate, AU ethyl acetate, methyl methacrylate, cetyl vinyl ether, stearyl vinyl ether and 1-hexene.

The non-ionic monomers can likewise be of very different types, of which crotonic acid, allyloxyacetic acid, Vinyl acetic acid, maleic acid, acrylic acid and methacrylic acid are contained in the graft polymers.

Preferred crosslinkers are ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, diallyl phthalate, ortho-, meta- and para-divinylbenzene, tetraallyloxyethane and polyallylsucrose with 2 to 5 allyl groups per molecule of saccharin.

The grafted and crosslinked copolymers described above are preferably formed from: i) 5 to 85% by weight of at least one monomer of the nonionic type, ii) 3 to 80% by weight of at least one monomer of the ionic type, iii) 2 to 50% by weight, preferably 5 to 30% by weight of polyethylene glycol and iv) 0.1 to 8% by weight of a crosslinking agent, the percentage of the crosslinking agent being formed by the ratio of the total weights of i), ii) and iii) is. Copolymers obtained by copolymerizing at least one monomer of each of the following three groups: i) esters of unsaturated alcohols and short-chain saturated carboxylic acids and / or esters of short-chain saturated alcohols and unsaturated carboxylic acids, ii) unsaturated carboxylic acids, iii) esters of long-chain carboxylic acids and unsaturated alcohols and / or esters from the carboxylic acids of group ii) with saturated or unsaturated, geradket- term or branched C ₈ ι ₈ alcohol, short-chain carboxylic acids or alcohols are understood to mean those having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, wherein the carbon chains of said compounds optionally zweibmdige hetero groups how -O-, -NH-, -S- can be interrupted.

Terpolymers of Crotonic Acid, Vinyl Acetate and an Allyl or Methallyl Ester These terpolymers contain monomer units of the above general formulas for crotonic acid or vinyl acetate (see above) as well as monomer units of one or more allyl or methallyl esters of the formula R ¹ R 3 "

R ² -CC (O) -O-CH ₂ - C = CH ₂

CH ₃

wherein R ^{3 represents} -H or -CH ₃ , R ^{2 represents} -CH ₃ or -CH (CH ₃ ) ₂ and R ^{1 represents} -CH ₃ or a saturated straight-chain or branched C 6 alkyl residue and the sum of the carbon atoms in the radicals R ¹ and R ^{2 is} preferably 7, 6, 5, 4, 3 or 2. The above-mentioned terpolymers preferably result from the copolymerization of 7 to 12% by weight of crotonic acid, 65 to 86% by weight, preferably 71 to 83% by weight of vinyl acetate and 8 to 20% by weight, preferably 10 to 17% by weight .-% Allyl- or Methallyletsre of the above formula. Tetra- and pentapolymers from i) crotonic acid or allyloxyacetic acid ii) vinyl acetate or vinyl propionate iii) branched allyl or methallyl esters iv) vinyl ethers, vinyl esters or straight-chain allyl or methallyl esters crotonic acid copolymers with one or more monomers from the group ethylene, vinylbenzene ether Acrylamide and its water-soluble salts Terpolymers of vinyl acetate, crotonic acid and vinyl esters of a saturated aliphatic monocarboxylic acid branched in the α-position.

Other polymers which can preferably be used as part of the coating are cationic polymers. The permanent cationic polymers are preferred among the cationic polymers. According to the invention, polymers which have a cationic group irrespective of the pH of the composition (ie both the coating and the molded body) are referred to as “permanently cationic”. These are generally polymers which have a quaternary nitrogen atom, for example in the form of a Ammonium group. Preferred cationic polymers are, for example, quaternized cellulose derivatives, such as are available under the names of Celquat ^® and Polymer JR ^® commercially. The compounds Celquat ^® H 100, Celquat ^® L 200 and Polymer JR ^® 400 are preferred quaternized cellulose derivatives.

Polysiloxanes with quaternary groups, such as the commercially available products Q2-7224 (manufacturer: Dow Corning; a stabilized trimethyl silylamodimethicon), Dow Coming ^® 929 Emulsion (containing a hydroxylamino-modified silicone which is also known as amodimethicone) , SM-2059 (manufacturer: General Electric), SLM-55067 (manufacturer: Wacker) and Abil ^® -Quat 3270 and 3272 (manufacturer: Th. Goldschmidt; diquaternary polydimethylsiloxanes, Quaternium-80),

Cationic guar derivatives, such as, in particular, the products sold under the trade names Cosmedia ^® Guar and Jaguar ^® ,

Polymeric dimethyldiallylammonium salts and their copolymers with esters and amides of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid. Under the names Merquat ^® 100 (Poly (dimethyldiallylammonium chloride)) and Merquat ^® 550 (dimethyldiallylammonium chloride-acrylamide copolymer) commercially available products are examples of such cationic polymers.

Copolymers of vinylpyrrolidone with quaternized derivatives of dialkylarino acrylate and methacrylate, such as, for example, vinyl pyrrolidone-dimethylaminomethacrylate copolymers quaternized with diethyl sulfate. Such compounds are commercially available under the names Gafquat ^® 734 and Gafquat ^® 755.

Vinylpyrrolidone-methoimidazolinium chloride copolymers, as are offered under the name Luviquat ^® . quaternized polyvinyl alcohol and those under the names

Polyquatium 2,

Polyquatium 17,

Polyquaternium 18 and

Polyquatemium 27 known polymers with quaternary nitrogen atoms in the main polymer chain. The polymers mentioned are designated according to the so-called LNCI nomenclature, with detailed information in the CTFA International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook, 5 ^th Edition, The Cosmetic, Toiletry and Fragrance Association, Washington, 1997, to which express reference is made here becomes.

Cationic polymers preferred according to the invention are quaternized cellulose derivatives and polymeric dimethyldiallylammonium salts and their copolymers. Cationic cellulose derivatives, in particular the commercial product Polymer ^® JR 400, are very particularly preferred cationic polymers.

In order to make the coating even more resistant to mechanical stress, polyurethanes can be incorporated into the coating. These impart elasticity and stability to the coating and can make up to 50% by weight of the coating after the amount of water-soluble polymer indicated above.

For the purposes of the invention, polyurethanes are water-insoluble if they are less than 2.5% by weight soluble in water at room temperature.

The polyurethanes consist of at least two different types of monomers, a compound (A) with at least 2 active hydrogen atoms per molecule and a di- or polyisocyanate (B).

The compounds (A) can be, for example, diols, triols, diamines, triamines, polyetherols and polyesterols. The compounds with more than 2 active hydrogen atoms are usually used only in small amounts in combination with a large excess of compounds with 2 active hydrogen atoms.

Examples of compounds (A) are ethylene glycol, 1,2- and 1,3-propylene glycol, butylene glycols, di-, tri-, tetra- and poly-ethylene and propylene glycols, copolymers of lower alkylene oxides such as ethylene oxide, propylene oxide and Butylene oxide, ethylenediamine, Propylenediamine, 1,4-diaminobutane, hexamethylenediamine and α, ω-diamines based on long-chain alkanes or polyalkylene oxides.

Polyurethanes in which the compounds (A) are diols, triols and polyetherols can be preferred according to the invention. In particular, polyethylene glycols and polypropylene glycols with molecular weights between 200 and 3000, in particular between 1600 and 2500, have proven to be particularly suitable in individual cases. Polyesterols are usually obtained by modifying compound (A) with dicarboxylic acids such as phthalic acid, isophthalic acid and adipic acid.

The compounds (B) used are predominantly hexamethylene diisocyanate, 2,4- and 2,6-toluenediisocyanate, 4,4'-methylene di (phenyl isocyanate) and in particular isophorone diisocyanate. These compounds can be described by the following general formula:

O = C = NR ⁴ -N = C = O,

in which R ^{4 represents} a connecting group of carbon atoms, for example a methylene-ethylene-propylene, butylene, pentylene, hexylene, etc. group. In the above-mentioned, most widely used hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI), R ⁴ = (CH ₂ ) ₆ , in 2,4- or 2,6-toluenediisocyanate (TDI) R ⁴ stands for C ₆ H ₃ - CH ₃ ) , in 4,4'-methylenedi (phenyl isocyanate) (MDI) for C ₆ H ₄ -CH ₂ -C ₆ H ₄ ) and in isophorone diisocyanate R ^{4 represents} the isophorone residue (3,5,5-trimethyl-2-cyclohexenone) ,

Furthermore, the polyurethanes used according to the invention can also contain building blocks such as diamines as chain extenders and hydroxycarboxylic acids. Dialkylolcarboxylic acids such as dimethylolpropionic acid are particularly suitable hydroxycarboxylic acids. With regard to the other building blocks, there is no fundamental restriction as to whether the building blocks are nonionic, anionic or cationic. With regard to further information on the structure and manufacture of the polyurethanes, reference is expressly made to the articles in the relevant reference works such as Römpps Chemical Lexicon and Ullmanns Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry.

Polyurethanes, which can be characterized as follows, have proven particularly suitable according to the invention in many cases:

- only aliphatic groups in the molecule

- No free isocyanate groups in the molecule

- Polyether and polyester polyurethanes

- anionic groups in the molecule.

Furthermore, it has proven to be advantageous for the production of the coated detergent tablets according to the invention if the polyurethanes are not mixed directly with the other components of the partial coating, but instead are introduced in the form of aqueous dispersions. Such dispersions usually have a solids content of approximately 20-50%, in particular approximately 35-45%, and are also commercially available.

In addition to the coating materials, the coating can contain further ingredients which improve the physical properties of the coating or impart advantageous properties to the coated shaped body. For example, it is possible to incorporate so-called small components such as dyes or optical brighteners or foam inhibitors into the coating. If coating materials are used that are only poorly or slowly water-soluble, disintegration aids can be incorporated into the coating. Such shaped tablets according to the invention, in which the coating additionally contains a disintegration aid in amounts of 0.1 to 10% by weight, preferably 0.2 to 7.5% by weight and in particular 0.25 to 5% by weight , each based on the coating layer, are preferred in the context of the present invention.

The use of the disintegration aids described in detail below is particularly recommended for acid-coating layers, with usual use concentrations for the disintegration aids in the coating layers are 0.1 to 5% by weight, based on the coating layer.

In the context of the present invention, it is additionally preferred to provide the second non-pressed part with a coating, in order to protect them from dissolution during a washing or cleaning cycle that occurs earlier. The pH-dependent solubility of the coating is a particularly preferred control mechanism.

The principle of pH-dependent water solubility is usually based on protonation or deprotonation of functional side groups of the polymer molecules, which changes their charge state accordingly. The polymer must now be designed in such a way that it dissolves in water in the charged state which is stable at a certain pH value, but fails in the uncharged state at a different pH value. In the context of the present invention, it is preferred that the polymers used according to the invention have a lower water solubility at a higher pH than at lower pH values or even become water insoluble at higher pH values.

Polymers with pH-dependent solubility are known in particular from pharmacy. Here e.g. acid-insoluble polymers are used to give tablets an enteric coating which is soluble in the intestinal juice. Such acid-insoluble polymers are mostly based on derivatives of polyacrylic acid, which is present in the acidic range in undissociated and therefore insoluble form, but is neutralized in the alkaline range, but typically at pH 8 and dissolves as a polyanion.

Examples are also known in the prior art for the reverse case - soluble in the acidic range, insoluble in the alkaline range. These substances, in which the polymer molecules mostly carry amino-substituted side chains, are used, for example, to produce gastric juice-soluble tablet coatings. They usually dissolve at pH values below 5. Polymers in which the change in solubility from soluble to insoluble occurs at higher pH values are not known from pharmacy, since these pH values have no physiological meaning. Particularly preferred suitable substances are basic (co) polymers which have amino groups or aminoalkyl groups. Comonomers can be, for example, customary acrylates, methacrylates, maleinates or derivatives of these compounds. A particularly suitable aminoalkyl methacrylate copolymer is sold by Röhm (Eudragit ^® ).

Particularly preferred detergent tablets are characterized in that the second non-pressed part (b) is coated with an amino group-containing polymer, preferably a copolymer of basic monomers such as dialkylaminoalkyl (meth) acrylates with acrylic acid esters.

Also detergent tablets in which the second non-compressed part (b) is coated with an ampholytic polymer, preferably a copolymer of basic monomers such as dialkylaminoalkyl (meth) acrylates with substituted or unsubstituted acrylic acids and / or (meth) acrylic acids. , can be used according to the invention and are preferred.

In addition to the thermodynamic solubility, the kinetics of dissolution of a filmed substance or the decrease in its mechanical stability can also be important for the application. The solution kinetics of the switch substances used according to the invention are pH-dependent at room temperature up to the alkaline range, that is to say that the films are stable at pH 10 significantly longer than at pH 8.5, although they are thermodynamically soluble at both pH values are.

In a further embodiment of the present invention, therefore, polymers are used whose water solubility changes between pH 6 to 7 and which are less soluble at higher pH values than at lower ones. As already described above, suitable polymers contain basic groups, for example primary, secondary or tertiary amino groups, imino groups, amido groups or pyridine groups, generally those which have a quaternizable nitrogen atom. These are protonated at lower pH values, which makes the polymer soluble. At higher pH values, the molecule changes into the uncharged state and becomes insoluble. As a rule, the Transition - hereinafter referred to as "switching point", depending on the pK _β value of the basic groups and their density along the polymer chain, in the range of acidic pH values. The present invention therefore also relates to a polymer in which the switching point is in a range is between pH 6 and 7.

This shifting of the switching point works in principle in the following way: Depending on the pKß value, only a very small pH-dependent change in the charge state of the polymer in solution occurs in the range of higher pH values. It must therefore be possible to influence the solubility decisively through this slight change in the state of charge. The polymer must therefore have exactly such hydrophilicity that it becomes insoluble in a completely uncharged state, but becomes soluble when the charge is already low.

The following methods can be used to adjust the hydrophilicity:

• Copolymerization of a monomer with a basic function with a more hydrophilic monomer. The switching point is influenced by the installation ratio of the respective comonomers.

• Hydrophilization of the basic group-bearing polymer by a polymer-analogous reaction. The switching point is influenced by the degree of modification.

In addition to the simple hydrophilization, it is also possible to introduce basic functions of different pKβ values. The switching point can be influenced by the ratio of the two groups and the resulting hydrophilicity of the molecule.

A particularly preferred polymer of this class of substances is an N-oxidized polyvinyl pyridine.

The pH-shift-sensitive switches according to the invention and used according to the invention can be used for all applications, in particular in the detergent, dishwashing or cleaning agent sector, in which an active ingredient is to be released from the alkaline to the neutral when the pH is lowered. This can be the case both in the area of washing in the washing machine and in machine dishwashing. In particular, the application should be claimed, parts of a cleaning formulation for formulating automatic dishwashing (eg surfactants, perfume, soil repellant, acid, complexing agents, builder substances, etc., or preparations which contain these active ingredients) with the polymer according to the invention, so that they do not occur in the main wash cycle at a high pH are released, but are released in the subsequent rinse cycle with a lower pH.

The polymer according to the invention can be used both as a coating material and as a matrix material, binder or disintegrant. It is not necessary for the polymer to dissolve completely under the appropriate pH conditions to release the active ingredient. Rather, it is sufficient if, for example, the permeability of a polymer film changes and e.g. the penetration of water into the active ingredient formulation is made possible. This can result in a secondary effect, e.g. the activation of an effervescent system or the swelling of a water-swellable disintegrant, which are known in particular from pharmacy, ensure the complete release of the active ingredient.

In a further preferred embodiment of the invention, so-called pH shift boosters are used in addition to the switches mentioned above. This can at least largely prevent residues, which consist in particular of the pH-dependent soluble substance itself, from being found after the rinse cycle. Suitable pH shift boosters for the purposes of this invention are all substances and formulations which are able to determine the extent of the pH shift either locally, i.e. in the immediate vicinity of the pH shift sensitive substance used, or also generalized, i.e. in the entire wash liquor. These include all organic and / or inorganic water-soluble acids or acid-reacting salts, in particular at least one substance from the group consisting of alkylbenzenesulfonic acids, alkylsulfuric acids, citric acid, oxalic acid and / or alkali metal bisulfates.

The pH shift booster can be incorporated into the washing, rinsing or cleaning agent. In a further embodiment of the invention, however, it is also possible to supply the pH shift booster externally to the machine either after the end of the cleaning cycle or at the start of the rinse cycle, or by means of a special delivery system (by loading Layering with a slowly dissolving coating agent) or by diffusion from a matrix material.

The coated second metered amount may have another coating, e.g. to enable a release only in the last washing or cleaning cycle. In this way, for example, the first coating with pH-dependent solubility can be protected from environmental influences.

Detergent tablets in which the coated second non-pressed part (b) has a further coating, which is preferably selected from polyvinyl acetate and / or polyvinyl alcohol and the substances melting at> 50 ° C., preferably paraffins and / or polyethylene glycols. are preferred.

Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) can also be used.

Polyvinyl alcohols (PVAL for short) are polymers of the general structure

[-CH ₂ -CH (OH) -] "

those in small quantities also structural units of the type

[-CH ₂ -CH (OH) -CH (OH) -CH ₂ -] i contain. Since the corresponding monomer (vinyl alcohol) is not stable in free form, polyvinyl alcohols are obtained via polymer-analogous reactions by hydrolysis, technically in particular by alkaline-catalyzed transesterification of polyvinyl acetates with alcohols, preferably with methanol. These technical processes also make PVAL accessible which contain a predetermined residual proportion of acetate groups.

Commercial PVAL (eg Mowiol ^® types from Hoechst) are commercially available as white-yellow powders or granules with degrees of polymerization in the range from approx. 500 to 2500 (corresponding to molar masses from approx. 20,000 to 100,000 g / mol). ben different degrees of hydrolysis from 98 to 99 or 87 to 89 mol%. They are therefore partially saponified polyvinyl acetates with a residual acetyl group content of about 1 to 2 or 11 to 13 mol%.

The water solubility of PVAL can be reduced by aftertreatment with aldehydes (acetalization), by complexing with Ni or Cu salts or by treatment with dichromates, boric acid, borax and thus specifically adjusted to the desired values. PVAL foils are largely impenetrable for gases such as oxygen, nitrogen, helium, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, but allow water vapor to pass through.

Examples of suitable water-soluble PVAL films are the PVAL films available from Syntana Handelsgesellschaft E. Harke GmbH & Co. under the name "SOLUBLON ^® ". Their temperature-dependent solubility in water can be set precisely, and films of this product series are available which are soluble in the aqueous phase in all relevant temperature ranges.

Polyvinylpyrrolidones, abbreviated as PVP, can be described by the following general formula:

PVP are made by radical polymerization of 1-vinyl pyrrolidone. Commercial PVPs have molar masses in the range from approx. 2500 to 750,000 g / mol and are offered as white, hygroscopic powders or as aqueous solutions.

When adjusting the solubility kinetics of the second non-pressed part (b), detergent tablets are preferred, in which at least the second uncompressed part (b) is comprised of a water-soluble material at a pH below the pH of the previous washing or cleaning cycle.

Shaped or detergent tablets are particularly preferred in which the second non-pressed part (b) is coated with a material that the non-pressed part (b) at pH values above 11, preferably above 10 and in particular above of 9 protects against dissolution in the earlier washing or cleaning cycle, particularly preferred shaped tablets or detergents being characterized in that the coating comprises the second non-pressed part (b) at pH values below 6, preferably below 7 and especially below 8 does not protect against resolution.

The non-compressed molded body parts are produced by methods familiar to the person skilled in the art, in which it is not necessary to use high pressures. In the context of the present invention, “not compressed” means in particular “not produced by tableting”. According to the invention, pressure exertion of more than 5 kN / cm ² , preferably more than 2.5 kN / cm ² , particularly preferably more than 1 kN / cm ² and in particular more than 0.1 kN / cm ² should be avoided. The end products of processes in which particulate premixes are compressed to shaped articles by using pressures above 5 kN / cm ² by reducing the intra- and interparticle gaps are not to be referred to as “non-compressed part” according to the invention. For example, for shaping deformable masses or particle piles, without achieving a self-adhering composite (a tablet) can, however, be advantageous in individual cases.

Particularly preferred production variants for non-pressed molded parts are sintering, casting, hardening of deformable masses and the production of particles, e.g. through granulation, pelleting, extrusion, agglomeration, etc.

Preferred detergent tablets according to the invention are therefore characterized in that the non-compressed part (a) was produced by sintering. The sintering represents the provision of a possibly preformed particle pile, which is converted into a compact molded part under the influence of external conditions (temperature, radiation, reactive gases, liquids, etc.). Examples of sintering processes are the production of shaped bodies by microwaves known from the prior art, or radiation curing.

Another preferred sintering process for producing non-pressed molded body parts is reactive sintering. The starting components are brought into shape and subsequently solidified by reacting component A and component B with one another, components A and B being mixed with the starting components, applied thereto or added after the information has been brought about.

When this method is carried out, components A and B react with one another to solidify the individual ingredients. The reaction product formed from components A and B connects the individual starting components in such a way that a solid, relatively break-resistant molded body is obtained.

With this process, moldings with good decay are obtained. Since the binding of the individual ingredients takes place through reactive sintering and is not due to the "stickiness" of the granules of the premix, it is not necessary to adapt the formulation to the binding properties of the individual ingredients. These can be adapted as required depending on their effectiveness ,

In order to cause components A and B to react with one another, it has proven to be advantageous if the starting components are mixed with component A or coated with them before they are brought into shape. Examples of compounds of component A are the alkali metal hydroxides, in particular NaOH and KOH, alkaline earth metal hydroxides, in particular Ca (OH) ₂ , alkali metal silicates, organic or inorganic acids, such as citric acid, or acidic salts, such as hydrogen sulfate, anhydrous, hydratable salts or salts containing hydrate water, such as soda, acetates, sulfates, alkali metalates, where the abovementioned compounds can, if possible, also be used in the form of their aqueous solutions. Component B is selected such that it reacts with component A without the application of higher pressures or a substantial increase in temperature, with the formation of a solid, with solidification of the other starting components present. Examples of compounds of component B are CO, NH ₃ , water vapor or spray, salts of hydrate water which optionally react with the anhydrous salts present as component A by hydrate migration, hydrate-forming anhydrous salts which react with the salts of component A containing hydrate water react with hydrate migration, SO ₂ , SO ₃ , HC1, HBr, silicon halides such as SiCl ₄ or silicic acid ester S (OR) _x R ' _4-x .

The above-mentioned components A and B are interchangeable, provided two components are used which react with one another during sintering.

In a preferred embodiment of this production route, the starting components are mixed or coated with compounds of component A and then mixed with the compounds of component B. It has proven particularly suitable if the compounds of component B are gaseous. The molded components (hereinafter referred to as preforms) can then either be gassed in a simple form or introduced into a gas atmosphere. A particularly preferred combination of components A and B are concentrated solutions of the alkali metal hydroxides, in particular NaOH and KOH, and alkaline earth metal hydroxides, such as Ca (OH) ₂ , or alkali metal silicates as component A and CO ₂ as component B.

To carry out the process according to the invention, the starting components are first brought into shape, ie they are usually filled into a die which has the outer shape of the molded body to be produced. The starting components are preferably in powdery to granular form. First, they are mixed or coated with component A. After filling into the die or tablet form, it has proven to be preferred to lightly press on the starting components in the die, for example by hand or with a stamp when printing is below the values mentioned above, in particular below 100 N / cm '. It is also possible to compress the premix by vibration (knock compression).

If component A is not already in a mixture with the starting components, they are then coated with it and component B is added. After the reaction, a break-stable molded body is obtained without the action of pressure or temperature.

If one of the components A or B is a gas, a preform can e.g. be mixed with it so that the gas flows through it. This procedure enables the molded article to harden evenly within a short time.

In a further process variant, a preform is introduced into an atmosphere of the reactive gas. This variant is easy to carry out. It is possible to produce moldings which have a hardness gradient, i.e. Shaped bodies that only have a hardened surface up to shaped bodies that are fully hardened.

A preform or the premix can also be reacted with the reactive gas under excess pressure. This variant of the method has the advantage that the surface hardens rapidly to form a hard shell, the hardening process already being stopped here or, as described above, completely hardened moldings can also be produced via increasing hardening stages.

The above process variants can also be combined by first flowing reactive gas through the preform to displace air. The preform is then exposed to a gas atmosphere at normal pressure. The reaction between the gas and the second component automatically draws gas into the mold.

In a possible embodiment of the present invention, it is not the starting mixture but rather a preform which has already been shaped that is coated with component A and then reacted with component B. It hardens them layer on the surface of the preform, while the loose or slightly compressed structure is retained in the core. Such shaped bodies are distinguished by particularly good disintegration behavior.

The individual non-molded part of the molded body can also be produced by casting. This can be influenced either by the choice of the starting materials or by suspending the desired ingredients in a meltable matrix. Preferred washing or cleaning agent molded articles are characterized in that the non-pressed part (a) was produced by casting.

The solidification of solutions which have an ambient temperature is also a way of producing non-pressed parts. Aqueous solutions can be thickened according to the methods known in the prior art by adding thickeners to cut-resistant molded body areas. Examples of such thickeners which form solid jellies are alginates, pectins, gelatins, etc. Accordingly, detergent tablets are also preferred, which are characterized in that the non-pressed part (a) is prepared by solidifying solutions (“gelatinizing”) has been.

Polymeric thickeners are preferred for the production of gelatinous, dimensionally stable, non-compressed portions from aqueous or non-aqueous solutions. These organic high-molecular substances, also called swelling agents, which absorb liquids, swell up and finally change into viscous real or colloidal solutions, come from the groups of natural polymers, the modified natural polymers and the fully synthetic polymers.

Polymers derived from nature that are used as thickeners are, for example, agar agar, carrageenan, tragacanth, acacia, alginates, pectins, polyoses, guar flour, carob bean flour, starch, dextrins, gelatin and casein. Modified natural products come primarily from the group of modified starches and celluloses, examples include carboxymethyl cellulose and other cellulose ethers, hydroxyethyl and propyl cellulose and core meal ether. A large group of thickeners that are widely used in a wide variety of applications are the fully synthetic polymers such as polyacrylic and polymethacrylic compounds, vinyl polymers, polycarboxylic acids, polyethers, polyimines, polyamides and polyurethanes.

Thickeners from the classes of substances mentioned are widely available commercially and are sold, for example, under the trade names Acusol ^® -820 (methacrylic acid (stearyl alcohol-20-EO) ester-acrylic acid copolymer, 30% strength in water, Rohm & Haas), Dapral ^® -GT- 282-S (alkyl polyglycol ether, Akzo), Deuterol ^® polymer 11 (dicarboxylic acid copolymer, Schönes GmbH), Deuteron ^® -XG (anionic heteropolysaccharide based on ß-D-glucose, D-manose, D-glucuronic acid, Schönes GmbH ), Deuteron ^® -XN (non-ionic polysaccharide, Schönes GmbH), Dicrylan ^® thickener-O (ethylene oxide adduct, 50% in water / isopropanol, Pfersse Chemie), EMA ^® -81 and EMA ^® -91 (ethylene-maleic anhydride -Copolymer, Monsanto), thickener-QR-1001 (polyurethane emulsion, 19-21% in water / diglycol ether, Rohm & Haas), Mirox ^® -AM (anionic acrylic acid-acrylic ester copolymer dispersion, 25% in water, Stockhausen), SER-AD-FX-1100 (hydrophobic urethane polymer, Servo Delden), Shellflo ^® -S (high molecular weight ular polysaccharide, stabilized with formaldehyde, Shell) and Shellflo ^® -XA (xanthan biopolymer, stabilized with formaldehyde, Shell) are available.

Preferred non-pressed parts (a) contain 0.2 to 4% by weight, preferably 0.3 to 3% by weight and in particular 0.4 to 1.5% by weight, of a polysaccharide as thickening agent.

A preferred polymeric thickener is xanthan, a microbial anionic heteropolysaccharide produced by Xanthomonas campestris and some other species under aerobic conditions and having a molecular weight of 2 to 15 million daltons. Xanthan is formed from a chain with ß-1, 4-linked glucose (cellulose) with side chains. The structure of the subgroups consists of glucose, mannose, glucuronic acid, acetate and pyruvate, the number of pyruvate units determining the viscosity of the xanthan. Xanthan can be described by the following formula:

Basic unit of xanthan

Preferred non-compressed portions (a) each contain 0.2 to 4% by weight, preferably 0.3 to 3% by weight and in particular 0.4 to 1.5% by weight, based on the total composition, as thickeners. , Xanthan.

Other suitable thickeners are polyurethanes or modified polyacrylates, which are usually used in amounts of 0.2 to 5% by weight, based on the total amount not pressed.

Polyurethanes (PUR) are produced by polyaddition from dihydric and higher alcohols and isocyanates and can be described by the general formula III

II II

O O

in which R ^{1 is} a low molecular weight or polymeric diol radical, R ^{2 is} an aliphatic or aromatic group and n is a natural number. R ¹ is preferably a linear or branched C _2- ι ₂ -alk (en) yl group, but can also be a residue of a higher alcohol, whereby cross-linked polyurethanes are formed, which differ from the above formula III in that the radical R ¹ further -O- CO-NH groups are bound.

Technically important PUR are made from polyester and / or polyether diols and, for example, from 2,4- or 2,6-toluenediisocyanate (TDI, R ² = C ₆ H ₃ -CH ₃ ), 4,4'-methylene diisocyanate) ( MDI, R ² = C ₆ H ₄ -CH ₂ -C ₆ H ₄ ) or hexamethylene diisocyanate [HMDI, R ² = (CH ₂ ) ₆ ].

Commercial polyurethane-based thickeners are, for example, Acrysol ^® PM 12 V (mixture of 3-5% modified starch and 14-16% PUR resin in water, Rohm & Haas), Borchigel ^® L75-N (non-ionic PU dispersion, 50% in water, Borchers), Coatex ^® BR-100-P (PU dispersion, 50% in water / butylglycol, Dimed), Nopco ^® DSX-1514 (PUR dispersion, 40% in water / butyltrigylcol, Henkel-Nopco), thickener QR 1001 (20% PUR emulsion in water / digylcol ether, Rohm & Haas) and Rilanit ^® VPW-3116 (PUR dispersion, 43% in water, Henkel) available.

Preferred non-molded parts (a) contain 0.2 to 4% by weight, preferably 0.3 to 3% by weight and in particular 0.5 to 1.5% by weight of a polyurethane.

Modified polyacrylates which can be used in the context of the present invention are derived, for example, from acrylic acid or methacrylic acid and can be described by the general formula IV R ³

[-CH ₂ -C-] _n (IV),

CXR ⁴

O

in which R represents H or a branched or unbranched C ₄ alk (en) yl radical, X represents NR or O, R ^{4 represents} an optionally alkoxylated branched or unbranched, possibly substituted C ₈ alk (en) yl radical, R ^{5 is} H or R ⁴ and n is a natural number. Such modified polyacrylates are generally esters or amides of acrylic acid or an α-substituted acrylic acid. Preferred among these polymers are those in which R ^{3 represents} H or a methyl group. In the case of the polyacrylamides (X = NR ⁵ ), both single (R ⁵ = H) and double (R ⁵ = R ⁴ ) N-substituted amide structures are possible, the two hydrocarbon radicals attached to the N atom being independent of one another of optionally alkoxylated, branched or unbranched C _{8- 22} alk (en) ylresten can be selected. Among the polyacrylic esters (X = O), preference is given to those in which the alcohol has been obtained from natural or synthetic fats or oils and is additionally alkoxylated, preferably ethoxylated. Preferred degrees of alkoxicity are between 2 and 30, with alkoxy levels between 10 and 15 being particularly preferred.

Since the polymers that can be used are technical compounds, the designation of the radicals bound to X represents a statistical mean, which can vary in individual cases with regard to chain length or degree of alkoxylation. Formula II only provides formulas for idealized homopolymers. However, copolymers in which the proportion of monomer units which satisfy the formula II is at least 30% by weight can also be used in the context of the present invention. For example, it is also possible to use copolymers of modified polyacrylates and acrylic acid or salts thereof which still have acidic H atoms or basic -COO ^" groups. Modified polyacrylates to be preferably used in the context of the present invention are polyacrylate-polymethacrylate copolymers which satisfy the formula IVa

R ⁷

I [-CH ₂ -C-] _n (Iva),

I C- (O-CH-CH ₂ ) _a OR ⁴

OR ^ö

in which R ^{4 represents} a preferably unbranched, saturated or unsaturated C _8-22 alk (en) yl radical, R ⁶ and R ⁷ independently of one another are H or CH ₃ , the degree of polymerization n is a natural number and the degree of alkoxylation a is a natural number is between 2 and 30, preferably between 10 and 20. R ⁴ is preferably a fatty alcohol residue obtained from natural or synthetic sources, the fatty alcohol in turn preferably being ethoxylated (R ⁶ = H).

Products of the formula IVa are commercially strength, for example, under the name Acusol ^® 820 (Rohm & Haas) in the form of 30 wt .-% dispersions in water available. In the commercial product mentioned, R ^{4 is} a stearyl radical, R ⁶ is a hydrogen atom, R ⁷ is H or CH ₃ and the degree of ethoxylation a is 20.

Preferred non-compressed portions (a) contain 0.2 to 4% by weight, preferably 0.3 to 3% by weight and in particular 0.5 to 1.5% by weight, of a modified polyacrylate, based on the total composition of the formula IV.

In a further preferred embodiment of the present invention, the non-molded part (a) is produced by curing deformable materials which have previously been brought into the desired shape by molding processes. Detergent tablets, in which non-pressed part (a) was produced by curing, are therefore also preferred. The deformable mass (es) can be cured by various mechanisms, the time-delayed water binding, cooling below the melting point, evaporation of solvents, crystallization, by chemical reaction (s), in particular polymerization, and the change in the rheological Properties, for example due to changed shear of the mass (es), are the most important hardening mechanisms in addition to the radiation hardening already mentioned by UV, alpha beta or gamma rays or microwaves.

In this preferred embodiment, a deformable, preferably plastic, mass is produced which can be shaped without great pressures. After the shaping processing, the hardening then takes place by suitable initiation or waiting for a certain period of time. If masses are processed that have self-curing properties without further initiation, this must be taken into account during processing in order to avoid hardening during the shaping processing and thus blockages and disruptions in the process sequences.

In the detergent tablets preferred in the context of the present invention, the non-pressed part (a) was cured by time-delayed water binding.

The time-delayed water binding in the masses can be realized in different ways. There are, for example, compositions which contain hydratable, water-free raw materials or raw materials in low hydration levels, which can be converted into stable, higher hydrates, and water. The formation of the hydrates, which does not occur spontaneously, then leads to the binding of free water, which in turn leads to a hardening of the masses. A shaping processing with low pressures is then no longer possible, and there are shaped bodies which are stable in handling and which, if appropriate, can be further processed and / or packed.

The time-delayed water binding can also take place, for example, by incorporating hydrate-containing salts, which dissolve in their own crystal water when the temperature rises, into the masses. If the temperature drops later, the crystal water This is bound again, which leads to a loss of formability with simple means and to a solidification of the masses.

The swelling of natural or synthetic polymers as a time-delayed water binding mechanism can also be used in the process according to the invention. Mixtures of unswollen polymer and suitable swelling agent, e.g. Water, diols, glycerin, etc., are incorporated into the masses, swelling and hardening taking place after shaping.

The most important mechanism of hardening through time-delayed water binding is the use of a combination of water and water-free or low-water raw materials that slowly hydrate. For this purpose, there are in particular substances which contribute to the cleaning performance in the washing or cleaning process. In the process according to the invention, preferred ingredients of the deformable compositions are, for example, phosphates, carbonates, silicates and zeolites.

It is particularly preferred if the hydrate forms formed have low melting points, since in this way a combination of the curing mechanisms is achieved by internal drying and cooling. Preferred processes are characterized in that the deformable mass (es) 10 to 95% by weight, preferably 15 to 90% by weight, particularly preferably 20 to 85% by weight and in particular 25 to 80% by weight. % contain anhydrous substances which, by hydration, change into a hydrate form with a melting point below 120 ° C., preferably below 100 ° C. and in particular below 80 ° C.

The deformable properties of the compositions can be influenced by adding plasticizing aids such as polyethylene glycols, polypropylene glycols, waxes, paraffins, nonionic surfactants etc. Further information on the substance classes mentioned can be found below.

Another mechanism for curing the masses processed in the process according to the invention is the cooling during processing of the masses above theirs Softening point. Methods in which the deformable mass (s) are cured by cooling below the melting point are therefore preferred.

Masses softenable under the influence of temperature can be easily assembled by mixing the desired further ingredients with a meltable or softenable substance and heating the mixture to temperatures in the softening range of this substance and shaping it at these temperatures. Waxes, paraffins, polyalkylene glycols, etc., are particularly preferably used as meltable or softenable substances. These are described below.

The meltable or softenable substances should have a melting range (solidification range) in such a temperature range in which the other ingredients of the masses to be processed are not exposed to excessive thermal stress. On the other hand, however, the melting range must be sufficiently high to still provide a manageable molded body at at least a slightly elevated temperature. In preferred compositions according to the invention, the meltable or softenable substances have a melting point above 30 ° C.

It has proven to be advantageous if the meltable or softenable substances do not have a sharply defined melting point, as is usually the case with pure, crystalline substances, but instead have a melting range that may include several degrees Celsius. The meltable or softenable substances preferably have a melting range which is between approximately 45 ° C. and approximately 75 ° C. In the present case, this means that the melting range occurs within the specified temperature interval and does not indicate the width of the melting range. The width of the melting range is preferably at least 1 ° C., preferably about 2 to about 3 ° C.

The properties mentioned above are usually fulfilled by so-called waxes. "Waxing" is understood to mean a number of natural or artificially obtained substances that usually melt above 40 ° C without decomposition and a little above that Melting point are relatively low viscosity and not stringy. They have a strongly temperature-dependent consistency and solubility.

The waxes are divided into three groups according to their origin, natural waxes, chemically modified waxes and synthetic waxes.

Natural waxes include, for example, vegetable waxes such as candelilla wax, carnauba wax, japan wax, esparto grass wax, cork wax, guaruma wax, rice germ oil wax, sugar cane wax, ouricury wax, or montan wax, animal waxes such as beeswax, shellac wax, walnut, lanolin (wool wax), or broom wax, mineral wax or ozokerite (earth wax), or petrochemical waxes such as petrolatum, paraffin waxes or micro waxes.

The chemically modified waxes include hard waxes such as montan ester waxes, Sassol waxes or hydrogenated jojoba waxes.

Synthetic waxes are generally understood to mean polyalkylene waxes or polyalkylene glycol waxes. Compounds from other classes of material which meet the stated softening point requirements can also be used as meltable or softenable substances for the masses hardening by cooling. As suitable synthetic compounds have, for example, higher esters of phthalic acid, in particular dicyclohexyl, which is commercially available under the name Unimoll 66 ^® (Bayer AG), proved. Are also suitable Synthetic waxes of lower carboxylic acids and fatty alcohols, such as dimyristyl tartrate, sold under the name Cosmacol ^® ETLP (Condea). Conversely, synthetic or partially synthetic esters from lower alcohols with fatty acids from native sources can also be used. Tegin ^® 90 (Goldschmidt), a glycerol monostearate palmitate, falls into this class of materials. Shellac, for example Shellac-KPS-Dreiring-SP (Kalkhoff GmbH), can also be used according to the invention as meltable or softenable substances. The so-called wax alcohols are also included in the waxes in the context of the present invention, for example. Wax alcohols are higher molecular weight, water-insoluble fatty alcohols with usually about 22 to 40 carbon atoms. The wax alcohols are found, for example, in the form of wax esters of higher molecular fatty acids (wax acids) as the main constituent of many natural waxes. Examples of wax alcohols are lignoceryl alcohol (1-tetracosanol), cetyl alcohol, myristyl alcohol or methyl alcohol. The sheath according to the invention coated Feststofipartikel may optionally also contain wool wax alcohols which are understood to Triteφenoid- and steroid alcohols, for example lanolin understood, which is obtainable for example under the trade name Argowax ^® (Pamentier & Co). In the context of the present invention, fatty acid glycerol esters or fatty acid alkanolamides but also, if appropriate, water-insoluble or only slightly water-soluble polyalkylene glycol compounds can likewise be used at least in part as a constituent of the meltable or softenable substances.

Particularly preferred meltable or softenable substances in the compositions to be processed are those from the group of polyethylene glycols (PEG) and / or polypropylene glycols (PPG), polyethylene glycols with molecular weights between 1500 and 36,000 being preferred, those with molecular weights from 2000 to 6000 being particularly preferred and those with molecular weights of 3000 to 5000 are particularly preferred. Corresponding processes which are characterized in that the plastically deformable mass (s) contain / contain at least one substance from the group of polyethylene glycols (PEG) and / or polypropylene glycols (PPG) are preferred. Here, compositions to be processed according to the invention are particularly preferred which contain propylene glycols (PPG) and / or polyethylene glycols (PEG) as the only meltable or softenable substances. These substances have been described in detail above.

In a further preferred embodiment, the masses to be processed according to the invention predominantly contain paraffin wax. This means that at least 50% by weight of the total meltable or softenable substances contained, preferably more, consist of paraffin wax. Paraffin wax contents (based on the total amount of meltable or softenable substances) of approximately 60% by weight, approximately 70, are particularly suitable % By weight or about 80% by weight, with even higher proportions of, for example, more than 90% by weight being particularly preferred. In a special embodiment of the invention, the total amount of meltable or softenable substances used consists of at least one mass exclusively of paraffin wax.

In the context of the present invention, paraffin waxes have the advantage over the other natural waxes mentioned that there is no hydrolysis of the waxes in an alkaline cleaning agent environment (as is to be expected, for example, from the wax esters), since paraffin wax contains no hydrolyzable groups.

Paraffin waxes consist mainly of alkanes and low levels of iso- and cycloalkanes. The paraffin to be used according to the invention preferably has essentially no constituents with a melting point of more than 70 ° C., particularly preferably of more than 60 ° C. Portions of high-melting alkanes in the paraffin can leave undesired wax residues on the surfaces to be cleaned or the goods to be cleaned if the melting temperature in the detergent solution drops below this. Such wax residues usually lead to an unsightly appearance on the cleaned surface and should therefore be avoided.

Preferred compositions to be processed contain at least one paraffin wax with a melting range of 50 ° C to 60 ° C as meltable or softenable substances, preferred processes being characterized in that the deformable composition (s) is a paraffin wax with a melting range of 50 ° C to 55 ° C contains.

Preferably, the paraffin wax content of alkanes, isoalkanes and cycloalkanes which are solid at ambient temperature (generally about 10 to about 30 ° C.) is as high as possible. The more solid wax components present in a wax at room temperature, the more useful it is within the scope of the present invention. With increasing proportion of solid wax components, the process end products' resistance to impacts or friction on other surfaces increases, which leads to longer-lasting protection leads. High proportions of oils or liquid wax components can lead to a weakening of the molded body or for body areas, whereby pores are opened and the active substances are exposed to the environmental influences mentioned at the beginning.

In addition to paraffin, the meltable or softenable substances can also contain one or more of the above-mentioned waxes or wax-like substances as the main constituent. In a further preferred embodiment of the present invention, the mixture forming the meltable or softenable substances should be such that the mass and the molded body or molded body component formed therefrom are at least largely water-insoluble. The solubility in water should not exceed about 10 mg / 1 at a temperature of about 30 ° C and preferably below 5 mg / 1 hegen.

In such cases, however, the meltable or softenable substances should have the lowest possible solubility in water, even in water at an elevated temperature, in order to largely avoid a temperature-independent release of the active substances.

The principle described above is used to delay the release of ingredients at a certain point in the cleaning cycle and can be used particularly advantageously when washing in the main rinse cycle at a lower temperature (for example 55 ° C.), so that the active substance from the rinse aid particles only in the rinse cycle at a higher level Temperatures (approx. 70 ° C) is released.

Preferred compositions to be processed according to the invention are characterized in that, as meltable or softenable substances, they contain one or more substances with a melting range from 40 ° C to 75 ° C in amounts of 6 to 30% by weight, preferably 7.5 to 25% Wt .-% and in particular from 10 to 20 wt .-%, each based on the weight of the mass.

Another mechanism by which the compositions can be cured is the evaporation of solvents. For this purpose, solutions or dispersions of the desired ingredients in one or more suitable, volatile solvents tel are produced, which release these (s) solvents after the shaping processing step and thereby harden. Examples of suitable solvents are lower alkanols, aldehydes, ethers, esters, etc., the selection of which is made depending on the further composition of the masses to be processed. Particularly suitable solvents for processes in which the deformable mass (s) are cured by evaporation of solvents are ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 2-methyl 2-propanol, 1-pentanol, 2-pentanol, 3-pentanol, 2,2-dimethyl-1-propanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol; 3-methyl-2-butanol, 2-methyl-2-butanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, 1-hexanol and the acetic acid esters of the above-mentioned alcohols, especially ethyl acetate.

The evaporation of the solvents mentioned can be accelerated by heating following the shaping or by air movement. Combinations of the measures mentioned are also suitable for this purpose, for example blowing the cut-to-length molded body with warm or hot air.

Another mechanism which can be the basis for the hardening of the masses processed to give molded parts (a) is crystallization. Methods in which the deformable mass (s) are cured by crystallization are also preferred.

Crystallization as the mechanism on which the hardening is based can be used, for example, by melting melted crystalline substances as the basis for one or more moldable masses. After processing, such systems go into a higher order state, which in turn leads to curing of the entire molded body formed. However, crystallization can also be carried out by crystallization from supersaturated solution. In the context of the present invention, supersaturation is the term for a metastable state in which more of a substance is present in a closed system than is required for saturation. A supersaturated solution obtained, for example, by hypothermia therefore contains more solute than it should contain in thermal equilibrium. The excess of dissolved substance can be inoculated with germs or dust particles or by shaking the system for instantaneous crystallization. In the context of the present invention, the term “oversaturated” always refers to a temperature of 20 ° C. If a substance dissolves x gram per liter in a certain solvent at a temperature of 20 ° C, the solution in the context of the present invention can be described as "supersaturated" if it contains (x + y) gram of the substance per liter , where y> 0 applies. Thus, in the context of the present invention, solutions are also to be referred to as "oversaturated", which serve as the basis of a mass to be processed at an elevated temperature and are processed at this temperature at which there is more of a solute in the solution than in Would dissolve 20 ° C in the same amount of solvent.

The term "solubility" in the present invention means the maximum amount of a substance that the solvent can absorb at a certain temperature, i.e. the proportion of the solute in a solution saturated at the temperature in question. If a solution contains more solute than it should contain in the thermodynamic equilibrium at a given temperature (e.g. with hypothermia), it is called supersaturated. Vaccinating with germs can cause the excess to fail as the bottom body of the now only saturated solution. However, a solution saturated with one substance can also dissolve other substances (e.g. you can still dissolve sugar in a saturated saline solution).

As described above, the state of supersaturation can be achieved by slow cooling or by subcooling a solution as long as the solute is more soluble in the solvent at higher temperatures. Other ways of achieving supersaturated solutions are, for example, combining two solutions, the ingredients of which react to form another substance that does not immediately fail (prevented or delayed precipitation reactions). The latter mechanism is particularly suitable as the basis for the formation of masses to be processed according to the invention.

In principle, the state of supersaturation can be achieved with any type of solution, although, as already mentioned, the principle described in the present application is used in the production of detergents and cleaning agents. Accordingly, some systems that tend to form supersaturated solutions in principle are less suitable according to the invention, since the underlying substance systems cannot be used ecologically, toxicologically or for economic reasons. In addition to nonionic surfactants or common non-aqueous solvents, methods according to the invention with the last-mentioned curing mechanism are therefore particularly preferred, in which an oversaturated aqueous solution is used as the basis for at least one mass to be processed.

As already mentioned above, the state of supersaturation in the context of the present invention relates to the saturated solution at 20 ° C. By using solutions with a temperature above 20 ° C, the state of supersaturation can easily be reached. Processes according to the invention, in which the mass hardening by crystallization during processing has a temperature between 35 and 120 ° C., preferably between 40 and 110 ° C., particularly preferably between 45 and 90 ° C. and in particular between 50 and 80 ° C. preferred in the context of the present invention.

Since the laundry detergent and cleaning product tablets are generally neither stored at elevated temperatures nor used later at these elevated temperatures, the cooling of the mixture leads to the precipitation of the proportion of solute from the supersaturated solution, which exceeds the saturation limit at 20 ° C was in the solution. The supersaturated solution can thus be divided into a saturated solution and a bottom body when it cools down. However, it is also possible that recrystallization and hydration phenomena cause the supersaturated solution to solidify to a solid on cooling. This is the case, for example, when certain hydrated salts dissolve in their crystal water when heated. When cooling, supersaturated solutions are often formed here, which solidify through mechanical action or the addition of germs to a solid - the salt containing water of crystallization as the state that is thermodynamically stable at room temperature. This phenomenon is known, for example, of sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate and sodium acetate trihydrate, the latter salt in the form of the supersaturated solution, in particular, being advantageously used in the process according to the invention. Also special detergent and cleaning agent ingredients, such as phosphonates show this phenomenon and are ideal as granulation aids in the form of solutions. For this purpose, the corresponding phosphonic acids (see below) are neutralized with concentrated alkali water, whereby the solution heats up due to the heat of neutralization. On cooling, solids of the corresponding alkali metal phosphonates are formed from these solutions. By incorporating further detergent and cleaning agent ingredients into the still warm solutions, masses of different composition that can be processed according to the invention can be produced. Particularly preferred methods according to the invention are characterized in that the supersaturated solution serving as the basis for the hardening mass solidifies to a solid at room temperature. It is preferred here that the previously supersaturated solution, after solidification to a solid by heating to the temperature at which the supersaturated solution was formed, cannot be converted back into a supersaturated solution. This is the case, for example, with the phosphonates mentioned.

The supersaturated solution serving as the main layer of the hardening mass can - as mentioned above - be obtained in several ways and then processed according to the invention after optional addition of further ingredients. A simple way is, for example, that the supersaturated solution serving as the basis of the hardening mass is prepared by dissolving the solute in heated solvent. If higher amounts of the dissolved substance are dissolved in this way in the heated solvent than would dissolve at 20 ° C., then a solution is supersaturated within the meaning of the present invention, which is either hot (see above) or cooled and in the metastable state in the Mixer can be given.

It is also possible to dehydrate salts containing hydrate water by "dry" heating and to dissolve them in your own crystal water (see above). This is also a method of producing supersaturated solutions that can be used in the context of the present invention.

Another way is to add a gas or another liquid or solution to a non-supersaturated solution so that the solute reacts in the solution to a poorly soluble substance or dissolves poorly in the mixture of solvents. The combination of two solutions, each containing two substances, which Reacting together to form a poorly soluble substance is also a method for producing supersaturated solutions as long as the poorly soluble substance does not immediately fail. Processes which are likewise preferred in the context of the present invention are characterized in that the supersaturated solution which serves as the basis for the hardening composition is prepared by combining two or more solutions. Examples of such ways to make supersaturated solutions are discussed below.

Preferred processes according to the invention are characterized in that the supersaturated aqueous solution by combining an aqueous solution of one or more acidic ingredients of detergents and cleaning agents, preferably from the group of surfactic acids, builder acids and complexing acids, and an aqueous alkali solution, preferably one aqueous alkali hydroxide solution, in particular an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, is obtained.

Among the representatives of the compound classes mentioned above, the phosphonates in particular have an outstanding position in the context of the present invention. In preferred processes according to the invention, therefore, the supersaturated aqueous solution is combined by combining an aqueous phosphonic acid solution with concentrations above 45% by weight, preferably above 50% by weight and in particular above 55% by weight, based in each case on the phosphonic acid solution and an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution Concentrations above 35 wt .-%, preferably above 40 wt .-% and in particular above 45 wt .-%, each based on the sodium hydroxide solution.

According to the invention, the deformable mass (es) can also be cured by chemical reaction (s), in particular polymerization. In principle, all chemical reactions are suitable which, starting from one or more liquid to pasty substances, lead to solids by reaction with (a) other substance (s). Chemical reactions that do not suddenly lead to the state change mentioned are particularly suitable. From the variety of chemical reactions that lead to the solidification phenomenon, reactions are particularly suitable in which larger molecules are made up of smaller molecules. Again, this preferably includes reactions in which many small molecules react to (one) larger molecule (s). These are so-called polyreactions (polymerization, polyaddition, polycondensation) and polymer-analogous reactions. The corresponding polymers, polyadducts (polyadducts) or polycondensates (polycondensation products) then give the shaped body which has been cut to length its strength.

With regard to the intended use of the products produced according to the invention, it is preferred to use the formation of such solid substances from liquid or pasty starting materials as the curing mechanism, which in the washing and cleaning agent are anyway present as ingredients, for example cobuilders, soil repellents or soil release Polymers are to be used. Such cobuilders can originate, for example, from the groups of polycarboxylates / polycarboxylic acids, polymeric polycarboxylates, aspartic acid, polyacetal, dextrins, etc. These classes of substances are described below.

Another mechanism by which the deformable mass (s) can be cured in the process according to the invention is the curing which takes place by changing the theological properties.

This takes advantage of the property that certain substances can drastically change their rheological properties under the influence of shear forces. Examples of such systems which are known to the person skilled in the art are, for example, layered silicates which have a strong thickening effect under shear in suitable matrices and can lead to cut-resistant masses.

Of course, two or more curing mechanisms can also be combined or used simultaneously in one mass. Here, for example, crystallization with simultaneous solvent evaporation, cooling with simultaneous crystallization, water binding ("internal drying") with simultaneous external drying etc. are appropriate.

Analogously to the production of the non-pressed part (a), the non-pressed part (b) can also be produced. So here are detergent or shaped body preferred, at to which the non-pressed part (b) was produced by sintering, as are preferred detergent tablets, in which the non-pressed part (b) was produced by casting.

Also laundry or cleaning agent shaped bodies, which are characterized in that the non-pressed part (b) was produced by solidifying solutions ("gelatinizing"), or washing or cleaning agent shaped bodies, in which the non-pressed part (b) by hardening are preferred embodiments of the present invention.

Last but not least, it is also possible to produce detergent or shaped articles in which the non-pressed part (b) is particulate. Details can be found below.

For two-phase molded bodies, there are thus various possibilities according to the invention, depending on whether parts (a) and (b) are produced in different or the same way. The following table shows an overview of the genesis of the non-pressed molded body parts (a) and (b) for a molded body according to the invention from two areas / components, which can also be extended to three-phase, multi-phase, five-phase, etc. molded bodies.

The following is a description of the most important ingredients of the detergent tablets according to the invention, and after a general description of the ingredients, the distribution of these substances over individual areas of the tablets according to the invention is discussed.

Preferred detergent tablets according to the invention contain one or more surfactant (s). Accordingly, it is preferred that at least one of the non-compressed parts contains surfactant (s) as the active substance. In the washing machines according to the invention and shaped detergent bodies, anionic, nonionic, cationic and / or amphoteric surfactants or mixtures of these can be used. Mixtures of anionic and nonionic surfactants are preferred from an application point of view. The total surfactant content of the molded articles in the case of detergent tablets is 5 to 60% by weight, based on the weight of the molded article, with surfactant contents above 15% by weight being preferred, while detergent tablets for automatic dishwashing are preferably below 5% by weight surfactant (e ) contain.

Anionic surfactants used are, for example, those of the sulfonate and sulfate type. The surfactants of the sulfonate type are preferably C- ₁₃ -alkylbenzenesulfonates, olefin sulfonates, ie mixtures of alkene and hydroxyalkanesulfonates and disulfonates such as are obtained, for example, from Cπ-is monoolefins with a terminal or internal double bond by sulfonating with gaseous sulfur trioxide and subsequently receiving alkaline or acidic hydrolysis of the sulfonium products. Alkanesulfonates made from for example by sulfochlorination or sulfoxidation with subsequent hydrolysis or neutralization. The esters of α-sulfofatty acids (ester sulfonates), for example the α-sulfonated methyl esters of hydrogenated coconut, palm kernel or tallow fatty acids, are also suitable.

Other suitable anionic surfactants are sulfonated fatty acid glycerol esters. Fatty acid glycerol esters are to be understood as meaning the mono-, di- and triesters and their mixtures as obtained in the production by esterification of a monoglycerol with 1 to 3 moles of fatty acid or in the transesterification of triglycerides with 0.3 to 2 moles of glycerol become. Preferred sulfated fatty acid glycerol esters are the sulfate products of saturated fatty acids having 6 to 22 carbon atoms, for example caproic acid, caprylic acid, capric acid, myristic acid, lauric acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid or behenic acid.

As alk (en) yl sulfates are the alkali and in particular the sodium salts of the sulfuric acid semiesters of the C ₂ -C ₈ fatty alcohols, for example from coconut oil alcohol, tallow fatty alcohol, lauryl, myristyl, cetyl or stearyl alcohol or the C ₀ -C ₂₀ oxo alcohols and those half-esters of secondary alcohols of this chain length are preferred. Also preferred are alk (en) yl sulfates of the chain length mentioned which contain a synthetic, straight-chain alkyl radical prepared on a petrochemical basis and which have a degradation behavior analogous to that of the adequate compounds based on oleochemical raw materials. For reasons of washing technology, the C ₂ -C ₆ alkyl sulfates and ₂ - C ₅ alkyl sulfates and C ₄ -Ci ₅ alkyl sulfates are preferred. In addition, 2,3-alkyl sulfates, which are produced for example in accordance with US Patent No. 3,234,258 or 5,075,041 and can be obtained as commercial products from Shell Oil Company under the name DAN ^®, are suitable anionic surfactants.

The sulfuric acid monoesters of the straight-chain or branched C _7-2 ι alcohols ethoxylated with 1 to 6 moles of ethylene oxide, such as 2 -methyl-branched C -π alcohols with an average of 3.5 moles of ethylene oxide (EO) or Cι -ι ₈ - Fatty alcohols with 1 to 4 EO are suitable. Because of their high foaming behavior, they are used in cleaning agents only in relatively small amounts, for example in amounts of 1 to 5% by weight.

Other suitable anionic surfactants are also the salts of alkylsulfosuccinic acid, which are also referred to as sulfosuccinates or as sulfosuccinic acid esters and which are monoesters and / or diesters of sulfosuccinic acid with alcohols, preferably fatty alcohols and especially ethoxylated fatty alcohols. Preferred sulfosuccinates contain C _8- ι ₈ fatty alcohol residues or mixtures thereof. Particularly preferred sulfosuccinates contain a fatty alcohol residue which is derived from ethoxylated fatty alcohols, which in themselves are nonionic surfactants (description see below). Again, sulfosuccinates whose fatty alcohol residues are derived from ethoxylated fatty alcohols with a narrow homolog distribution are particularly preferred. It is also possible to use alk (en) ylsuccinic acid with preferably 8 to 18 carbon atoms in the alk (en) yl chain or salts thereof.

Soaps are particularly suitable as further anionic surfactants. Saturated fatty acid soaps are suitable, such as the salts of lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, hydrogenated erucic acid and behenic acid, and in particular soap mixtures derived from natural fatty acids, for example coconut, palm kernel or tallow fatty acids. The anionic surfactants, including the soaps, can be in the form of their sodium, potassium or ammonium salts and also as soluble salts of organic bases, such as mono-, di- or triethanolamine. The anionic surfactants are preferably in the form of their sodium or potassium salts, in particular in the form of the sodium salts.

The nonionic surfactants used are preferably alkoxylated, advantageously ethoxylated, in particular primary alcohols having preferably 8 to 18 carbon atoms and an average of 1 to 12 moles of ethylene oxide (EO) per mole of alcohol in which the alcohol radical has a methyl or linear branching in the 2-position may be or may contain linear and methyl-branched radicals in the mixture, as are usually present in oxo alcohol radicals. However, alcohol ethoxylates with linear residues of alcohols of native origin with 12 to 18 carbon atoms, for example from coconut, palm, tallow fat or oleyl alcohol, and an average of 2 to 8 EO per mole of alcohol are particularly preferred. Preferred ethoxylated alcohols include, for example, Cι ι _{2- 4} alcohols containing 3 EO or 4 EO, C ₉ -ιr alcohol with 7 EO, C13-15- alcohols containing 3 EO, 5 EO, 7 EO or 8 EO, C _{J2 -} ι ₈ alcohols with 3 EO, 5 EO or 7 EO and mixtures of these, such as mixtures of Ci 2-14 alcohol with 3 EO and C] ₂ .ι ₈ alcohol with 5 EO. The degrees of ethoxylation given represent statistical averages, which can be an integer or a fraction for a specific product. Preferred alcohol ethoxylates have a narrow homolog distribution (narrow range ethoxylates, NRE). In addition to these nonionic surfactants, fatty alcohols with more than 12 EO can also be used. Examples of this are tallow fatty alcohol with 14 EO, 25 EO, 30 EO or 40 EO.

In addition, alkyl glycosides of the general formula RO (G) _x can also be used as further nonionic surfactants, in which R denotes a primary straight-chain or methyl-branched, in particular methyl-branched aliphatic radical having 8 to 22, preferably 12 to 18, C atoms and G is the symbol which stands for a glycose unit with 5 or 6 carbon atoms, preferably for glucose. The degree of oligomerization x, which indicates the distribution of monoglycosides and oligoglycosides, is any number between 1 and 10; x is preferably 1.2 to 1.4. Another class of preferably used nonionic surfactants, which are used either as the sole nonionic surfactant or in combination with other nonionic surfactants, are alkoxylated, preferably ethoxylated or ethoxylated and propoxylated fatty acid alkyl esters, preferably with 1 to 4 carbon atoms in the alkyl chain, in particular fatty acid methyl ester.

Nonionic surfactants of the amine oxide type, for example N-coconut alkyl-N, N-dimethylamine oxide and N-tallow alkyl-N, N-dihydroxyethylamine oxide, and the fatty acid alkanolamides can also be suitable. The amount of these nonionic surfactants is preferably not more than that of the ethoxylated fatty alcohols, in particular not more than half of them.

Other suitable surfactants are polyhydroxy fatty acid amides of the formula V,

R ¹

R-CO-N- [Z] (V)

in which RCO stands for an aliphatic acyl radical with 6 to 22 carbon atoms, R for hydrogen, an alkyl or hydroxyalkyl radical with 1 to 4 carbon atoms and [Z] for a linear or branched polyhydroxyalkyl radical with 3 to 10 carbon atoms and 3 to 10 hydroxyl groups. The polyhydroxy fatty acid amides are known substances which can usually be obtained by reductive amine rank of a reducing sugar with ammonia, an alkylamine or an alkanolamine and subsequent acyl rank with a fatty acid, a fatty acid alkyl ester or a fatty acid chloride.

The group of polyhydroxy fatty acid ^amides also includes compounds of the formula VI, R ^Ϊ -OR ²

R-CO-N- [Z] (VI) in which R represents a linear or branched alkyl or alkenyl radical having 7 to 12 carbon atoms, R ^{1 represents} a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl radical or an aryl radical having 2 to 8 carbon atoms and R ^{2 represents} a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl radical or an aryl radical or an oxyalkyl radical having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, where or phenyl radicals are preferred and [Z] represents a linear polyhydroxyalkyl radical, the alkyl chain of which is substituted by at least two hydroxyl groups, or alkoxylated, preferably ethoxylated or propoxylated, derivatives of this radical.

[Z] is preferably obtained by reductive amination of a reduced sugar, for example glucose, fructose, maltose, lactose, galactose, mannose or xylose. The N-alkoxy- or N-aryloxy-substituted compounds can then be converted into the desired polyhydroxy fatty acid amides by reaction with fatty acid methyl esters in the presence of an alkoxide as catalyst.

For the purposes of the present invention, detergent tablets are preferred which contain anionic (s) and nonionic (s) surfactant (s), with application technology advantages being able to result from certain quantitative ratios in which the individual classes of surfactants are used.

For example, detergent tablets are particularly preferred in which the ratio of anionic surfactant (s) to nonionic surfactant (s) is between 10: 1 and 1:10, preferably between 7.5: 1 and 1: 5 and in particular between 5: 1 and 1: 2. Preference is also given to detergent tablets which contain surfactant (s), preferably anionic (s) and / or nonionic (s) surfactant (s), in amounts of 5 to 40% by weight, preferably 7.5 to 35% by weight .-%, particularly preferably from 10 to 30 wt .-% and in particular from 12.5 to 25 wt .-%, each based on the molded body weight.

From an application point of view, it can be advantageous if certain classes of surfactant are not included in some phases of the detergent tablets or in the entire molded article, ie in all phases. Another important embodiment The present invention therefore provides that at least one phase of the molded article is free from nonionic surfactants.

Conversely, the content of individual phases or the entire molded body, i.e. all phases, a positive effect can be achieved on certain surfactants. The introduction of the alkyl polyglycosides described above has proven to be advantageous, so that detergent tablets are preferred in which at least one phase of the tablets contains alkyl polyglycosides.

Similar to the nonionic surfactants, the omission of anionic surfactants from individual or all phases can result in detergent tablets which are more suitable for certain areas of application. It is therefore also conceivable within the scope of the present invention for detergent tablets to be made in which at least one phase of the tablet is free from anionic surfactants.

As already mentioned, the use of surfactants in detergent tablets for machine dishwashing is preferably limited to the use of nonionic surfactants in small amounts. In the context of the present invention, detergent tablets preferably to be used as detergent tablets are characterized in that they have total surfactant contents below 5% by weight, preferably below 4% by weight, particularly preferably below 3% by weight and in particular below 2% by weight, based on their total weight. Only weakly foaming nonionic surfactants are usually used as surfactants in automatic dishwashing detergents. By contrast, representatives from the groups of anionic, cationic or amphoteric surfactants are of lesser importance. The detergent tablets according to the invention for machine dishwashing particularly preferably contain nonionic surfactants, in particular nonionic surfactants from the group of the alkoxylated alcohols. The nonionic surfactants used are preferably alkoxylated, advantageously ethoxylated, in particular primary alcohols having preferably 8 to 18 carbon atoms and an average of 1 to 12 moles of ethylene oxide (EO) per mole of alcohol, in which the alcohol radical can be linear or preferably methyl-branched in the 2-position or may contain linear and methyl-branched radicals in the mixture, as is usually the case in Oxo alcohol residues are present. However, alcohol ethoxylates with linear residues of alcohols of native origin with 12 to 18 carbon atoms, for example from coconut, palm, tallow or oleyl alcohol, and an average of 2 to 8 EO per mole of alcohol are particularly preferred. The preferred ethoxylated alcohols include, for example, -C ₂ -C ₄ alcohols with 3 EO or 4 EO, C ₉ -π alcohol with 7 EO, C ₁₃ . ₁₅ - alcohols with 3 EO, 5 EO, 7 EO or 8 EO, Ci ₂ - ₁₈ - alcohols with 3 EO, 5 EO or 7 EO and mixtures of these, such as mixtures of Ci _2- ι - alcohol with 3 EO and Cι _2- ι _. -Alcohol with 5 EO. The degrees of ethoxylation given represent statistical averages, which can be an integer or a fraction for a specific product. Preferred alcohol ethoxylates have a narrow homolog distribution (narrow range ethoxylates, NRE). In addition to these nonionic surfactants, fatty alcohols with more than 12 EO can also be used. Examples of this are tallow fatty alcohol with 14 EO, 25 EO, 30 EO or 40 EO.

In particular in the case of detergent tablets according to the invention or detergent tablets for automatic dishwashing, it is preferred that the detergent tablets contain a nonionic surfactant which has a melting point above room temperature. Accordingly, at least one of the deformable compositions in the process according to the invention preferably contains a nonionic surfactant with a melting point above 20 ° C. Nonionic surfactants to be used preferably have melting points above 25 ° C., particularly preferred nonionic surfactants have melting points between 25 and 60 ° C., in particular between 26.6 and 43.3 ° C.

Suitable nonionic surfactants which have melting or softening points in the temperature range mentioned are, for example, low-foaming nonionic surfactants which can be solid or highly viscous at room temperature. If nonionic surfactants which are highly viscous at room temperature are used, it is preferred that they have a viscosity above 20 Pas, preferably above 35 Pas and in particular above 40 Pas. Nonionic surfactants that have a waxy consistency at room temperature are also preferred. Preferred nonionic surfactants to be used at room temperature originate from the groups of the alkoxylated nonionic surfactants, in particular the ethoxylated primary alcohols, and mixtures of these surfactants with structurally more complicated surfactants such as polyoxypropylene, polyoxyethylene / polyoxypropylene (PO / EO / PO) surfactants. Such

(PO / EO / PO) nonionic surfactants are also characterized by good foam control.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the nonionic surfactant with a melting point above room temperature is an efhoxylated nonionic surfactant which results from the reaction of a monohydroxyalkanol or alkylphenol having 6 to 20 carbon atoms with preferably at least 12 mol, particularly preferably at least 15 mol, in particular at least 20 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of alcohol or alkylphenol has resulted.

A particularly preferred solid at room temperature, non-ionic surfactant is selected from a straight chain fatty alcohol having 16 to 20 carbon atoms (Ci 6- ₂ 0- alcohol), preferably a C] ₈ alcohol and at least 12 mole, preferably at least 15 mol and in particular at least 20 mole Ethylene oxide obtained. Among these, the so-called "narrow ranks ethoxylates" (see above) are particularly preferred.

The nonionic surfactant, which is solid at room temperature, preferably has additional propylene oxide units in the molecule. Such PO units preferably make up up to 25% by weight, particularly preferably up to 20% by weight and in particular up to 15% by weight of the total molar mass of the nonionic surfactant. Particularly preferred nonionic surfactants are ethoxylated monohydroxyalkanols or alkylphenols which additionally have polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block copolymer units. The alcohol or alkylphenol portion of such nonionic surfactant molecules preferably makes up more than 30% by weight, particularly preferably more than 50% by weight and in particular more than 70% by weight of the total molecular weight of such nonionic surfactants.

Further nonionic surfactants with melting points above room temperature which are particularly preferably used contain 40 to 70% of a polyoxypropylene / polyoxyethylene / polyoxypropylene block polymer blend which comprises 75% by weight of a returned block copolymers of polyoxyethylene and polyoxypropylene with 17 moles of ethylene oxide and 44 moles of propylene oxide and 25% by weight of a block copolymer of polyoxyethylene and polyoxypropylene initiated with trimethylol propane and containing 24 moles of ethylene oxide and 99 moles of propylene oxide per mole of trimethylol propane.

Nonionic surfactants that may be used with particular Vorzu, are obtainable for example under the name Poly Tergent ^® SLF-18 from Olin Chemicals.

Another preferred surfactant can be represented by the formula

R ¹ O [CH ₂ CH (CH ₃ ) O] _x [CH ₂ CH ₂ θ] _y [CH ₂ CH (OH) R ² ]

describe in the R ^! represents a linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon radical with 4 to 18 carbon atoms or mixtures thereof, R ² denotes a linear or branched hydrocarbon radical with 2 to 26 carbon atoms or mixtures thereof and x for values between 0.5 and 1.5 and y for a value of at least 15.

Further preferred nonionic surfactants are the end-capped poly (oxyalkylated) nonionic surfactants of the formula

R ¹ O [CH ₂ CH (R ³ ) O] _x [CH ₂ ] _k CH (OH) [CH ₂ ] _j OR ²

1 9 in which R and R represent linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radicals having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, R ^{3 represents} H or a methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n- Butyl, 2-butyl or 2-methyl-2-butyl radical, x stands for values between 1 and 30, k and j stand for values between 1 and 12, preferably between 1 and 5. If the value x> 2, each R ³ in the above formula can be different. R ¹ and R ² are preferably linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radicals having 6 to 22 carbon atoms, radicals having 8 to 18 carbon atoms being particularly preferred. For the R ³ , H, -CH ₃ or -CH ₂ CH _{3 are} particularly preferred. Particularly preferred values for x are in the range from 1 to 20, in particular from 6 to 15.

As described above, each R ³ in the above formula can be different if x> 2. This allows the alkylene oxide unit in the square brackets to be varied. For example, if x is 3, the radical R ³ can be selected to form ethylene oxide (R ³ = H) or propylene oxide (R ³ = CH ₃ ) units which can be joined together in any order, for example (EO) ( PO) (EO), (EO) (EO) (PO), (EO) (EO) (EO), (PO) (EO) (PO), (PO) (PO) (EO) and (PO) ( PO) (PO). The value 3 for x has been chosen here by way of example and may well be larger, the range of variation increasing with increasing x values and including, for example, a large number (EO) grapples combined with a small number (PO) groups, or vice versa ,

Particularly preferred end-capped poly (oxyalkylated) alcohols of the above formula have values of k = 1 and j = 1, so that the above formula ^; -

R ¹ O [CH ₂ CH (R ³ ) O] _x CH ₂ CH (OH) CH ₂ OR ²

simplified. In the last-mentioned formula, R ¹ , R ² and R ^{3 are} as defined above and x stands for numbers from 1 to 30, preferably from 1 to 20 and in particular from 6 to 18. Particularly preferred are surfactants in which the radicals R ¹ and R ^{2 has} 9 to 14 carbon atoms,

R ³ stands for H and x assumes values from 6 to 15.

The above information related in part to the entire molded body, which - as mentioned above - also three? or vieφhasig can be designed. Based on the individual non-pressed part containing surfactant (s), detergent tablets for automatic dishwashing are preferred, the total surfactant contents below 5% by weight, preferably below 4% by weight, particularly preferably below 3% by weight. -% and in particular below 2 wt .-%, each based on the uncompressed part. The detergent tablets according to the invention preferably contain builders, which in turn preferably originate from the groups of zeolites, silicates, carbonates, bicarbonates, phosphates and polymers. Particularly in the case of the non-pressed molded parts produced by curing, preferred ingredients come from the group of the phosphates, with alkali metal phosphates being particularly preferred. These substances are used in the production of the masses in anhydrous or low-water form and the desired plastic properties of the masses are set with water and optional plating aids. After the shaping processing, the shaped and cut strands are then cured by hydration of the phosphates. Of course, phosphates can also be contained in non-pressed parts which have been produced in other ways, for example by sintering.

Alkali metal phosphates is the general term for the alkali metal (especially sodium and potassium) salts of the various phosphoric acids, in which one can distinguish between metaphosphoric acids (HPO ₃ ) _n and orthophosphoric acid H ₃ PO _{4 in} addition to higher molecular weight representatives. The phosphates combine several advantages: They act as alkali carriers, prevent limescale deposits on machine parts or limescale deposits in tissues and also contribute to cleaning performance.

Sodium dihydrogen phosphate, NaH ₂ PO, exists as a dihydrate (density 1.91 like ^"3 , melting point 60 °) and as a monohydrate (density 2.04 like ^{" 3} ). Both salts are white, water-soluble powders that lose water of crystallization when heated and into the weakly acidic diphosphate (disodium hydrogen diphosphate, Na ₂ H ₂ P ₂ θ) at 200 ° C, and at higher temperature in sodium trimetaphosphate (Na ₃ P ₃ O ₉ ) and Maddrell's salt (see below). NaH2PO _{4 is} acidic; it occurs when phosphoric acid is adjusted to pH 4.5 with sodium hydroxide solution and the mash is sprayed. Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (primary or monobasic potassium phosphate, potassium biphosphate, KDP), KH ₂ PO ₄ , is a white salt with a density of 2.33 ^"3 , has a melting point of 253 ° [decomposition to form potassium polyphosphate (KPO ₃ ) _x ] and is easily soluble in water. Disodium hydrogen phosphate (secondary sodium phosphate), Na ₂ HPO ₄ , is a colorless, very easily water-soluble crystalline salt. It exists anhydrous and with 2 mol. (Density 2.066 gladly ^"3 , water loss at 95 °), mol. (Density 1.68 gladly ^'3 , melting point 48 ° with loss of 5 H ₂ O) and 12 mol. Water (density 1.52 gladly ^"3 , melting point 35 ° with loss of 5 H ₂ O), becomes anhydrous at 100 ° and changes to diphosphate Na ₄ P ₂ O when heated to a greater extent. Disodium hydrogen phosphate is prepared by neutralizing phosphoric acid with soda solution using phenolphthalein as an indicator. Dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (secondary or dibasic potassium phosphate), K ₂ HPO ₄ , is an amorphous, white salt that is easily soluble in water.

Trisodium phosphate, tertiary sodium phosphate, Na ₃ PO ₄ , are colorless crystals, which like dodecahydrate have a density of 1.62 ^"3 and a melting point of 73-76 ° C (decomposition), as decahydrate (corresponding to 19-20% P2θ ₅ ) have a melting point of 100 ° C and in anhydrous form (corresponding to 39-40% P ₂ O ₅ ) a density of 2.536 ^"3 . Trisodium phosphate is readily soluble in water with an alkaline reaction and is produced by evaporating a solution of exactly 1 mol of disodium phosphate and 1 mol of NaOH. Tripotassium phosphate (tertiary or triphase potassium phosphate), K ₃ PO, is a white, deliquescent, granular powder with a density of 2.56 ^"3 , has a melting point of 1340 ° and is readily soluble in water with an alkaline reaction. It occurs, for example, when heated of Thomas slag with coal and potassium sulfate Despite the higher price, the more soluble, therefore highly effective, potassium phosphates are often preferred over corresponding sodium compounds in the cleaning agent industry.

Tetrasodium diphosphate (sodium pyrophosphate), Na P ₂ O ₇ , exists in anhydrous form (density 2.534 like ^"3 , melting point 988 °, also given 880 °) and as decahydrate (density 1.815-1.836 like ^{" 3} , melting point 94 ° with loss of water). Substances are colorless crystals that are soluble in water with an alkaline reaction. Na P ₂ θ is formed by heating disodium phosphate to> 200 ° or by reacting phosphoric acid with soda in a stoichiometric ratio and dehydrating the solution by spraying. The decahydrate complexes heavy metal salts and hardness formers and therefore reduces the hardness of the water. KaHum diphosphate (potassium pyrophosphate), K4P ₂ O, exists in form of the trihydrate and represents a colorless, hygroscopic powder with a density of 2.33 ^"3 , which is soluble in water, the pH of the 1% solution at 25 ° being 10.4.

Condensation of the NaH ₂ PO ₄ or the KH2PO ₄ produces higher moles. Sodium and potassium phosphates, in which one can differentiate cyclic representatives, the sodium or potassium metaphosphates and chain-like types, the sodium or potassium polyphosphates. A large number of terms are used in particular for the latter: melt or glow phosphates, Graham's salt, Kurrol's and Maddrell's salt. All higher sodium and potassium phosphates are collectively referred to as condensed phosphates.

The technically important pentasodium triphosphate, Na ₅ P Oιo (sodium tripolyphosphate), is an anhydrous or non-hygroscopic, water-soluble salt of the general formula NaO- [P (O) (ONa) -O] _n -Na that crystallizes with 6 H ₂ O. with n = 3. Approx. 17 g of the salt free from water of crystallization dissolve in 100 g of water at room temperature, approx. 20 g at 60 ° and around 32 g at 100 °; After heating the solution at 100 ° for two hours, hydrolysis produces about 8% orthophosphate and 15% diphosphate. In the production of pentasodium triphosphate, phosphoric acid is reacted with sodium carbonate solution or sodium hydroxide solution in a stoichiometric ratio and the solution is dewatered by spraying. Similar to Graham's salt and sodium diphosphate, pentasodium triphosphate dissolves many insoluble metal compounds (including lime soaps, etc.). Pentapotassium triphosphate, K ₅ PO ₁₀ (potassium tripolyphosphate), is commercially available, for example, in the form of a 50% strength by weight solution (> 23% P ₂ O ₅ , 25% K ₂ O). The potassium polyphosphates are widely used in the detergent and cleaning agent industry. There are also sodium potassium tripolyphosphates which can also be used in the context of the present invention. These occur, for example, when hydrolyzing sodium trimetaphosphate with KOH:

(NaPO ₃ ) ₃ + 2 KOH -> Na ₃ K ₂ P ₃ Oι ₀ + H ₂ O

According to the invention, these phosphates can be used just like sodium tripolyphosphate, potassium tripolyphosphate or mixtures of these two; also mixtures of sodium tri- Polyphosphate and sodium potassium tripolyphosphate or mixtures of potassium tripolyphosphate and sodium potassium tripolyphosphate or mixtures of sodium tripolyphosphate and potassium tripolyphosphate and sodium potassium tripolyphosphate can be used according to the invention.

In preferred shaped detergents or cleaning agents, at least one non-compressed portion contains phosphate (s), preferably alkali metal phosphate (s), particularly preferably pentasodium or pentapotassium triphosphate (sodium or potassium tripolyphosphate), in amounts of 20 to 80% by weight, preferably from 25 to 75% by weight and in particular from 30 to 70% by weight, in each case based on the non-compressed portion.

If phosphates are used as the only hydratable substances in curing compositions, the amount of water added should not exceed their water-binding capacity in order to keep the content of free water in the moldings low. In total, methods have been found to be preferred for complying with the limit values mentioned above, in which the weight ratio of phosphate (s) to water in the deformable mass is less than 1: 0.3, preferably less than 1: 0.25 and in particular less than 1: 0, 2 is.

Further ingredients which may be contained in the washing or cleaning agent shaped bodies instead of or in addition to phosphates are carbonates and / or hydrogen carbonates, the alkali metal salts and, in particular, the potassium and or sodium salts being preferred. Preferred detergent tablets contain carbonate (s) and / or hydrogen carbonate (s), preferably alkali carbonates, particularly preferably sodium carbonate, in amounts of 5 to 50% by weight, preferably 7.5 to 40% by weight and in particular of 10 to 30 wt .-%, each based on a non-pressed portion.

Here, too, the above applies in the case of production via curing with regard to the water content of the compositions. In particular, processes have been found to be preferred in which the weight ratio of carbonate (s) and / or hydrogen carbonate (s) to water in the deformable mass is less than 1: 0.2, preferably less than 1: 0.15 and in particular is less than 1: 0.1. Further ingredients which may be contained in the detergent or cleaning agent moldings according to the invention instead of or in addition to the phosphates and or carbonates mentioned are bicarbonates, silicates, the alkali metal silicates and in particular the amorphous and / or crystalline potassium and or sodium umdisilikate are preferred.

Suitable crystalline, layered sodium silicates have the general formula NaMSi _x O _{2x +} ι 'H ₂ O, where M is sodium or hydrogen, x is a number from 1.9 to 4 and y is a number from 0 to 20 and preferred values for x 2 , 3 or 4 are. Preferred crystalline layered silicates of the formula given are those in which M represents sodium and x assumes the values 2 or 3. In particular, both β- and δ-sodium disilicates Na ₂ Si ₂ O ₅ 'yH ₂ O are preferred.

Amorphous sodium silicates with a module Na ₂ O: SiO ₂ of 1: 2 to 1: 3.3, preferably from 1: 2 to 1: 2.8 and in particular from 1: 2 to 1: 2.6, can also be used are delayed in dissolving and have secondary washing properties. The release delay compared to conventional amorphous sodium silicates can be caused in various ways, for example by surface treatment, compounding, compacting / compression or by overdrying. In the context of this invention, the term "amoφh" is also understood to mean "roentgenamoφh". This means that the silicates in X-ray diffraction experiments do not provide sharp X-ray reflections, as are typical for crystalline substances, but at most one or more maxima of the scattered X-rays, which have a width of several degree units of the diffraction angle. However, it can very well lead to particularly good builder properties if the silicate particles deliver washed-out or even sharp diffraction maxima in electron diffraction experiments. This is to be integrated in such a way that the products have microcrystalline areas of size 10 to a few hundred .mu.m, values up to max. 50 nm and in particular up to max. 20 nm are preferred. Particularly preferred are compressed / compacted amorphous silicates, compounded amorphous silicates and over-dried X-ray silicates. Preferred detergent tablets in the context of the present invention contain silicate (s), preferably alkali silicates, particularly preferably crystalline or amorphous alkali disilicates, in amounts of 10 to 60% by weight, preferably 15 to 50% by weight and in particular 20 up to 40 wt .-%, each based on the entire molded body.

Here, too, the above applies to the production via curing with regard to the water content of the compositions. In particular, processes have been found to be preferred in which the weight ratio of silicate (s) to water in the deformable mass is less than 1: 0.25, preferably less than 1: 0.2 and in particular less than 1: 0.15.

Substances from the group of the zeolites are also suitable as an important component in the detergent tablets according to the invention. In the case of detergent tablets in particular, these substances are preferred builders. Zeolites have the general formula

M ₂ / _n O ^• Al ₂ O ₃ 'x SiO ₂ ^• y H ₂ O

where M is a cation of valence n, x stands for values that are greater than or equal to 2 and y can assume values between 0 and 20. The zeolite fractures are formed by linking AlO tetrahedra with SiO tetrahedra, this network being occupied by cations and water molecules. The cations in these structures are relatively mobile and can be exchanged for other cations in different degrees. Depending on the type of zeolite, the intercrystalline “zeolitic” water can be released continuously and reversibly, while for some types of zeolite structural changes are also associated with the water release or uptake.

In the structural subunits, the “primary binding units” (AlO ₄ tetrahedra and SiO tetrahedra) form so-called “secondary binding units”, which have the form of one or more rings. For example, 4-, 6- and 8-membered rings appear in various zeolites (referred to as S4R, S6R and S8R), other types become connected via four- and six-membered double ring prisms (most common types: D4R as a square prism or D6R as a hexagonal prism). These "secondary subunits" connect different polyhedra, which are denoted by Greek letters. The most common is a polyhedra, which is composed of six squares and eight equilateral hexagons and which is referred to as "ß". A variety of different zeolites can be realized with these units. To date, 34 natural zeolite minerals and around 100 synthetic zeolites are known.

The best known zeolite, zeolite 4 A, is a cubic combination of ß-cages that are linked by D4R subunits. It belongs to the zeolite structure group 3 and its three-dimensional network has pores of 2.2 Ä and 4.2 Ä size, the formula unit in the unit cell can be with Nai ₂ [(Alθ ₂ ) ι ₂ (SiO ₂ ) ι ₂ ] '27 H ₂ O describe.

Zeolites of the faujasite type are preferably used in the detergent tablets according to the invention. Together with the zeolites X and Y, the mineral faujasite belongs to the faujasite types within the zeolite structure group 4, which is characterized by the double six-ring subunit D6R (compare Donald W. Breck: "Zeolite Molecular Sieves", John Wiley & Sons, New York, London, Sydney, Toronto, 1974, page 92. In addition to the faujasite types mentioned, the minerals chabazite and gmelinite as well as the synthetic zeolites R (chabazite type), S (gmelinite type) belong to the zeolite structure class 4. , L and ZK-5. The latter two synthetic zeolites have no mineral analogues.

Faujasite-type zeolites are made up of ß-cages which are tetrahedral linked by D6R subunits, the ß-cages being arranged similar to the carbon atoms in the diamond. The three-dimensional network of the faujasite-type zeolites used in the process according to the invention has pores of 2.2 and 7.4 Å, the unit cell also contains 8 cavities with a diameter of approximately 13 Å and can be determined using the formula Na ₈₆ [(AlO ₂ ) 8 ₆ (SiO ₂ ) ιo ₆ ] '264 H ₂ O describe. The network of zeolite X contains a void volume of approximately 50%, based on the dehydrated crystal, which represents the largest empty space of all known zeolites (zeolite Y: approx. 48% void volume, faujasite: approx. 47% void volume). (All data from: Donald W. Breck: "Zeolite Molecular Sieves", John Wiley & Sons, New York, London, Sydney, Toronto, 1974, pages 145, 176, 177).

In the context of the present invention, the term “zeolite of the faujasite type” denotes all three zeolites which form the faujasite sub-group of the zeolite structure group 4. In addition to the zeolite X, zeolite Y and faujasite and mixtures of these compounds can also be used according to the invention, the pure zeolite X is preferred.

Mixtures or cocrystallizates of faujasite-type zeolites with other zeolites, which do not necessarily have to belong to zeolite structure group 4, can also be used according to the invention, the advantages of the process according to the invention being particularly evident when at least 50% by weight of the powdering agent consists of a zeolite of the faujasite type. It is also conceivable, for example, that the minimum amount of a faujasite-type zeolite (0.5% by weight, based on the weight of the molded body formed) is used and conventional zeolite A is used as the remaining powdering agent. In any case, however, it is preferred that the powdering agent consists exclusively of one or more zeolites of the faujasite type, zeolite X again being preferred.

The aluminum silicates, which are preferably used in the detergent tablets according to the invention, are commercially available, and the methods for their representation are described in standard monographs.

Examples of commercially available X-type zeolites can be described by the following formulas:

Na ₈₆ [(AlO ₂ ) ₈₆ (SiO ₂ ) ₁₀₆ ] ^• x H ₂ O,

K ₈₆ [(AlO ₂ ) ₈₆ (SiO ₂ ) ₁₀₆ ] - χ H ₂ O, Ca ₄₀ Na ₆ [(AlO ₂ ) ₈₆ (SiO ₂ ) ιo6] ^' x H ₂ O,

Sr ₂₁ Ba22 [(AlO ₂ ) ₈₆ (SiO ₂ ) ιo6] ^" x H ₂ O,

in which x can have values between 0 and 276 and the pore sizes range from 8.0 to 8.4 Å.

Preferably commercially available and within the scope of the inventive method is used, for example, a co-crystallizate of zeolite X and zeolite A (ca. 80 wt .-% zeolite X) which is marketed by CONDEA Augusta SpA under the trade name VEGOBOND AX ^® and through the formula

nNa ₂ O ^• (ln) K ₂ O 'Al ₂ O ₃ ^■ (2 - 2.5) SiO ₂ ' (3.5 - 5.5) H ₂ O

can be described.

Y-type zeolites are also commercially available and can be expressed, for example, by the formulas

Na ₅₆ [(AlO ₂ ) ₅₆ (SiO ₂ ) ₁₃₆ j - χ H ₂ O,

K ₅₆ [(AlO ₂ ) ₅ 6 (SiO ₂ ) ₁₃₆ ] - χ H ₂ O,

in which x stands for numbers between 0 and 276 and have a pore size of 8.0 Å.

Preferred detergent tablets are characterized in that they contain zeolite (s), preferably zeolite A, zeolite P, zeolite X and mixtures thereof, in amounts of 10 to 60% by weight, preferably 15 to 50% by weight and in particular from 20 to 40% by weight. The particle sizes of the faujasite-type zeolites used are preferably in the range from 0.1 to 100 μm, preferably between 0.5 and 50 μm and in particular between 1 and 30 μm, each measured using standard particle size determination methods.

It is generally preferred to use finely divided solids, irrespective of whether these are the zeolites mentioned or other builders or bleaching agents, bleach activators or other solids. In general, process variants in which the mean particle size of the solids used is less than 400 μm, preferably less than 300 μm and in particular less than 200 μm are preferred for processing by curing.

The mean particle size represents the arithmetic mean of the individual particle sizes, which can still fluctuate. Particularly preferred processes are characterized in that less than 10% by weight, preferably less than 5% by weight and in particular less than 1% by weight of the solids used in the deformable mass (s) have particle sizes above 1000 μm , The upper particle size range can be narrowed even further, so that particularly preferred processes are characterized in that less than 15% by weight, preferably less than 10% by weight and in particular less than 5% by weight, of the materials which can be deformed Mass (s) solids used have particle sizes above 800 microns.

In general, however, even narrower particle size distributions are preferred, in which the range of fluctuation around the average particle size is at most 50%, preferably at most 40% and in particular at most 30% of the average particle size, that is to say the particle sizes are at least 0.7 and at most 1.3 - make up several times the average particle size.

In the foregoing, the weight ratio of water to certain ingredients in the masses to be preferably processed according to the invention was specified for the production of the non-pressed portions by curing. After processing, this water is preferably bound in the form of water of hydration, so that the end products of the process preferably have a significantly lower free water content. Preferred end products of the process according to the invention are essentially water-free, ie in a state in which the content of liquid water, ie water not present in the form of hydrate water and / or constitutional water, is below 2% by weight, preferably below 1% by weight and in particular even less than 0.5% by weight, based in each case on the shaped body. Accordingly, detergent tablets according to the invention are preferred which contain less than 1% by weight, preferably less than 5% by weight, particularly preferably less than 1% by weight and in particular less than 0.5% by weight of free water contain. Accordingly, water can essentially only be present in chemically and / or physically bound form or as a constituent of the raw materials or compounds present as a solid, but not as a liquid, solution or dispersion in the end products. At the end of the manufacturing process, the molded articles advantageously have a total water content of not more than 15% by weight, this water not being in liquid, free form, but being chemically and / or physically bound, and it is particularly preferred that the content of water not bound to zeolite and / or silicates in the solid premix is not more than 10% by weight and in particular not more than 7% by weight.

In the context of the present invention, particularly preferred detergent tablets not only have an extremely low proportion of free water, but are preferably also able to bind further free water themselves. In preferred detergent tablets, the water content of the tablets is 50 to 100% of the calculated water binding capacity.

The water-binding capacity is the ability of a substance (here: the detergent or cleaning agent shaped body) to absorb water in a chemically stable form and ultimately indicates how much water can be bound in the form of stable hydrates by a substance or a shaped body. The dimensionless value of the water binding capacity (WBV) is calculated from:

f - 18

WBV =

M ^' where n is the number of water molecules in the corresponding hydrate of the substance and M is the molar mass of the non-hydrated substance. This results, for example, in the water binding capacity of anhydrous sodium carbonate (formation of sodium carbonate monohydrate)

1-18

WBV = - = 0.17 2 - 23 + 12 + 3 -16

The value WBV can be calculated for all hydrate-forming substances that are used in the masses to be processed according to the invention. The total water-binding capacity of the formulation then results from the percentage of these substances. In preferred end products of the process, the water content is then between 50 and 100% of this calculated value.

In addition to the water content of the laundry detergent or cleaning product and the ratio of water to certain raw materials, in the case of the production of the non-molded part by curing, information can also be given about the absolute water content of the compositions to be processed according to the invention. In particularly preferred processes, the deformable mass (es) have / have a water content of 2.5 to 30% by weight, preferably 5 to 25% by weight and in particular 7.5 to 20% by weight during processing .-%, each based on the mass.

In addition to the constituents mentioned, builder and surfactant, the detergent tablets according to the invention can contain further ingredients from the group of bleaches, bleach activators, disintegration aids, dyes, fragrances, optical brighteners, enzymes, foam inhibitors, silicone oils, anti-redeposition agents, graying inhibitors, which are common in detergents and cleaning agents. Color transfer inhibitors and corrosion inhibitors included. In order to facilitate the disintegration of highly compressed moldings, it is possible to incorporate disintegration aids, so-called tablet disintegrants, in order to shorten the disintegration times. These substances are suitable, for example, to accelerate the release of individual molded body areas compared to other areas. According to Römpp (9th edition, vol. 6, p. 4440) and Voigt "Textbook of pharmaceutical technology '^''(6th edition, 1987, p. 182-184), tablet disintegrants or accelerators of decay are understood as auxiliary substances which ensure the rapid disintegration of tablets in water or gastric juice and the release of pharmaceuticals in resorbable form.

These substances, which are also referred to as "explosives" due to their effect, increase their volume when water enters, whereby on the one hand the intrinsic volume increases (swelling) and on the other hand a pressure can be generated by the release of gases, which breaks the tablet into smaller particles disintegrates. Well-known disintegration aids are, for example, carbonate / citric acid systems, although other organic acids can also be used. Swelling disintegration aids are, for example, synthetic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) or natural polymers or modified natural products such as cellulose and starch and their derivatives, alginates or casein derivatives.

Preferred detergent tablets contain 0.5 to 10% by weight, preferably 3 to 7% by weight and in particular 4 to 6% by weight of one or more disintegration auxiliaries, in each case based on the molded article weight. If only a non-compressed portion contains disintegration aids, the information given only refers to the weight of this non-compressed portion.

Disintegrants based on cellulose are used as preferred disintegrants in the context of the present invention, so that preferred washing and cleaning agent shaped bodies such a disintegrant based on cellulose in amounts of 0.5 to 10% by weight, preferably 3 to 7% by weight and contain in particular 4 to 6 wt .-%. Pure cellulose has the formal bratto composition (C ₆ HιoOs) _n and formally considered a ß-1,4-polyacetal of cellobiose, which in turn is made up of two molecules of glucose. Suitable celluloses consist of approx. 500 to 5000 glucose units and therefore have average molecular weights of 50,000 to 500,000. Cellulose-based disintegrants which can be used in the context of the present invention are also cellulose derivatives which can be obtained from cellulose by polymer-analogous reactions. Such chemically modified celluloses include, for example, products from esterifications or etherified oranges in which hydroxy hydrogen atoms have been substituted. However, celluloses in which the hydroxyl groups have been replaced by functional groups which are not bound via an oxygen atom can also be used as cellulose derivatives. The group of cellulose derivatives includes, for example, alkali celluloses, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), cellulose esters and ethers and aminocelluloses. The cellulose derivatives mentioned are preferably not used alone as a cellulose-based disintegrant, but are used in a mixture with cellulose. The content of cellulose derivatives in these mixtures is preferably below 50% by weight, particularly preferably below 20% by weight, based on the cellulose-based disintegrant. Pure cellulose which is free of cellulose derivatives is particularly preferably used as the cellulose-based disintegrant.

The cellulose used as disintegration aid is preferably not used in finely divided form, but is converted into a coarser form, for example granulated or compacted, before being added to the premixes to be treated. Detergent tablets, which contain disintegrants in granular or optionally granulated form, are described in German patent applications DE 197 09 991 (Stefan Herzog) and DE 197 10 254 (Henkel) and in international patent application WO98 / 40463 (Henkel). These documents can also be found in more detail on the production of granulated, compacted or cogranulated cellulose disintegrants. The particle sizes of such disintegrants are usually above 200 μm, preferably at least 90% by weight between 300 and 1600 μm and in particular at least 90% by weight between 400 and 1200 μm. The above and described in more detail in the documents cited coarser disintegration aids, are preferred as disintegration aids and are commercially available, for example under the name of Arbocel ^® TF-30-HG from Rettenmaier available in the present invention. Microcrystalline cellulose can be used as a further cellulose-based disintegrant or as a component of this component. This microcrystalline cellulose is obtained by partial hydrolysis of celluloses under conditions which only attack and completely dissolve the amorphous areas (approx. 30% of the total cellulose mass) of the celluloses, but leave the crystalline areas (approx. 70%) undamaged. A subsequent disaggregation of the microfine celluloses produced by the hydrolysis provides the microcrystalline celluloses, which have primary particle sizes of approximately 5 μm and can be compacted, for example, to granules with an average particle size of 200 μm.

Detergent tablets preferred in the context of the present invention additionally contain a disintegration aid, preferably a cellulose-based disintegration aid, preferably in granular, cogranulated or compacted form, in amounts of 0.5 to 10% by weight, preferably 3 to 7 % By weight and in particular from 4 to 6% by weight, in each case based on the molded body weight.

The detergent tablets according to the invention can moreover contain a gas-developing shower system which is incoφorated in one or more of the masses to be processed. The gas-developing shower system can consist of a single substance that releases a gas when it comes into contact with water. Among these compounds, magnesium peroxide should be mentioned in particular, which releases oxygen on contact with water. Usually, however, the gas-releasing sprinkler system itself consists of at least two components that react with one another to form gas. While a large number of systems are conceivable and executable here, which release nitrogen, oxygen or hydrogen, for example, the sprinkler system used in the detergent shaped body according to the invention can be selected on the basis of both economic and ecological aspects. Preferred effervescent systems consist of alkali metal carbonate and / or hydrogen carbonate and an acidifying agent which is suitable for releasing carbon dioxide from the alkali metal salts in aqueous solution. In the case of the alkali metal carbonates or bicarbonates, the sodium and potassium salts are clearly preferred over the other salts for reasons of cost. Of course, the pure alkali metal carbonates or bicarbonates in question do not have to be used; rather, mixtures of different carbonates and bicarbonates may be preferred for reasons of washing technology.

In preferred detergent tablets, the shower system is 2 to 20% by weight, preferably 3 to 15% by weight and in particular 5 to 10% by weight of an alkali metal carbonate or bicarbonate and 1 to 15, preferably 2 to 12 and in particular 3 to 10% by weight of an acidifying agent, based in each case on the entire molded body. The content of individual substances in the substances mentioned may well be higher.

Acidifying agents which release carbon dioxide from the alkali salts in aqueous solution are, for example, boric acid and alkali metal bisulfates, alkali metal dihydrogen phosphates and other inorganic salts. However, organic acidifying agents are preferably used, citric acid being a particularly preferred acidifying agent. However, the other solid mono-, oligo- and polycarboxylic acids can also be used in particular. Tartaric acid, succinic acid, malonic acid, adipic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, oxalic acid and polyacrylic acid are preferred from this group. Organic sulfonic acids such as amidosulfonic acid can also be used. Sokalan ^® DCS (trademark of BASF), a mixture of succinic acid (max. 31% by weight), glutaric acid (max. 50% by weight) and adipic acid (commercially available and also preferably used as an acidifying agent in the context of the present invention) max. 33% by weight).

In the context of the present invention, preference is given to shaped detergents and cleaners in which a substance from the group of the organic di-, tri- and oligocarboxylic acids or mixtures thereof are used as acidifying agents in the effervescent system. Sodium percarbonate is of particular importance among the compounds which serve as bleaching agents and produce H ₂ O ₂ in water. "Sodium percarbonate" is a non-specific term for sodium carbonate peroxohydrates, which strictly speaking are not "percarbonates" (ie salts of percarbonic acid) but hydrogen peroxide adducts with sodium carbonate. The merchandise has the average composition 2 Na CO ₃ -3 H ₂ O ₂ and is therefore not peroxy carbonate. Sodium percarbonate often forms a white, water-soluble powder with a density of 2.14 ^"3 , which easily breaks down into sodium carbonate and bleaching or oxidizing oxygen.

Sodium arbonate peroxohydrate was first obtained in 1899 by ethanol precipitation from a solution of sodium carbonate in hydrogen peroxide, but was mistakenly regarded as peroxy carbonate. It was not until 1909 that the compound was recognized as a hydrogen peroxide plant compound, but the historical name "sodium percarbonate" has become established in practice.

The industrial production of sodium percarbonate is mainly produced by precipitation from an aqueous solution (so-called wet process). Here, aqueous solutions of sodium carbonate and hydrogen peroxide are combined and the sodium percarbonate is precipitated by salting-out agents (predominantly sodium chloride), crystallization aids (for example polyphosphates, polyacrylates) and stabilizers (for example Mg ²⁺ ions). The precipitated salt, which still contains 5 to 12% by weight of mother liquor, is then filtered off and dried in fluidized bed dryers at 90.degree. The bulk density of the finished product can vary between 800 and 1200 g / 1 depending on the manufacturing process. As a rule, the percarbonate is stabilized by an additional coating. Coating processes and materials used for coating are widely described in the patent literature. In principle, according to the invention, all commercially available percarbonate types can be used, such as those offered by the companies Solvay Interox, Degussa, Kemira or Akzo.

Further bleaching agents which can be used are, for example, sodium perborate tetrahydrate and sodium perborate monohydrate, peroxypyrophosphates, citrate perhydrates and H ₂ O-providing peracid salts or peracids, such as perbenzoates, peroxophthalates, diperazelaic acid, Phthaloiminoperic acid or diperdodecanedioic acid. Even when using the bleaching agents, it is possible to dispense with the use of surfactants and / or builders, so that pure bleach tablets can be produced. If such bleach tablets are to be used for textile washing, a combination of sodium percarbonate with sodium sesquicarbonate is preferred, irrespective of which other ingredients are contained in the molded articles. If cleaning tablets or bleach tablets for machine dishwashing are manufactured, bleaching agents from the group of organic bleaching agents can also be used. Typical organic bleaching agents are the diacyl peroxides, such as dibenzoyl peroxide. Other typical organic bleaching agents are peroxy acids, examples of which include alkyl peroxy acids and aryl peroxy acids. Preferred representatives are (a) the peroxybenzoic acid and its ring-substituted derivatives, such as alkylperoxybenzoic acids, but also peroxy-α-naphthoic acid and magnesium monophthalate, (b) the aliphatic or substituted aliphatic peroxyacids, such as peroxylauric acid, peroxystearic acid, ε-phoperoxymoxyhexanoic acid [ε-phoperoxymoxythanoic acid], ε-phoperoximoxyhexanoic acid [ε-phoperoximidoxamic acid] (PAP)], o-carboxybenzamidoperoxycaproic acid, N-nonenylamidoperadipic acid and N-nonenylamidopersuccinate, and (c) aliphatic and araliphatic peroxydicarboxylic acids, such as 1,12-diperoxycarboxylic acid, 1,9-diperoxyazelaic acid, diperocysebacassyl acid, diperoxy acid, diperoxy acid, diperoxy acid, diperoxy acid Decyldiperoxybutane-1,4-diacid, N, N-terephthaloyl-di (6-aminopercapronic acid) can be used.

Chlorine or bromine-releasing substances can also be used as bleaching agents in molded articles for automatic dishwashing. Suitable materials which release chlorine or bromine include, for example, heterocyclic N-bromo- and N-chloramides, for example trichloroisocyanuric acid, tribromoisocyanuric acid,

Dibromo isocyanuric acid and / or dichloroisocyanuric acid (DICA) and / or their salts with cations such as potassium and sodium are considered. Hydantoin compounds such as 1,3-dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydanthoin are also suitable.

In order to achieve an improved bleaching effect when washing or cleaning at temperatures of 60 ° C and below, bleach activators can be incorporated. Pale- Activators that support the action of the bleaching agents are, for example, compounds which contain one or more N- or O-acyl groups, such as substances from the class of anhydrides, esters, imides and acylated imidazoles or oximes. Examples are tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED), tetraacetylmethylenediamine (TAMD) and tetraacetylhexylenediamine (TAHD), but also pentaacetylglucose (PAG), 1,5-diacetyl-2,2-dioxo-hexahydro-l, 3,5-triazine (DADHT) and isatoic acid anhydride (ISA).

Bleach activators which can be used are compounds which, under perhydrolysis conditions, give aliphatic peroxocarboxylic acids having preferably 1 to 10 C atoms, in particular 2 to 4 C atoms, and / or optionally substituted perbenzoic acid. Suitable substances are those which carry O- and / or N-acyl groups of the stated number of carbon atoms and or optionally substituted benzoyl groups. Preferred are multiply acylated alkylenediamines, in particular tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED), acylated triazine derivatives, in particular 1,5-diacetyl-2,4-dioxohexahydro-1,3,5-triazine (DADHT), acylated glycolurils, in particular tetraacetylglycoluril (TAGU), N- Acylimides, especially N-nonanoylsuccinimide (NOSI), acylated phenolsulfonates, especially n-nonanoyl- or isononanoyloxybenzenesulfonate (n- or iso-NOBS), carboxylic acid anhydrides, especially phthalic anhydride, acylated polyhydric alcohols, especially triacetyloxy, 2,5-acetiacetyl, ethylene glycol 2,5-dihydrofuran, n-methyl-Moφholinium acetonitrile-methyl sulfate (MMA), and the enol esters known from German patent applications DE 196 16 693 and DE 196 16 767 as well as acetylated sorbitol and mannitol or their mixtures (SORMAN), acylated sugar derivatives , in particular pentaacetylglucose (PAG), pentaacetylfractose, tetraacetylxylose and octaacetyllactose as well as acetylated, optionally N-alkylated glu camin and gluconolactone, and / or N-acylated lactams, for example N-benzoylcaprolactam. Hydrophilically substituted acylacetals and acyllactams are also preferably used. Combinations of conventional bleach activators can also be used.

In addition to the conventional bleach activators or in their place, so-called bleach catalysts can also be incorporated. These substances are bleach-enhancing transition metal salts or transition metal complexes such as for example Mn, Fe, Co, Ru or Mo salt complexes or carbonyl complexes. Mn, Fe, Co, Ru, Mo, Ti, V and Cu complexes with N-containing tripod ligands as well as Co, Fe, Cu and Ru amine complexes can also be used as bleaching catalysts.

Bleach activators from the group of multiply acylated alkylenediamines, in particular tetraacetylethylene diamine (TAED), N-acylimides, in particular N-nonanoylsuccinimide (NOSI), acylated phenolsulfonates, in particular n-nonanoyl- or isononanoyloxybenzenesulfonate (N-) or iso-NOBs iso , n-Methyl-Moφholinium-Acetonitril-Methylsulfat (MMA), preferably in amounts up to 10 wt .-%, in particular 0.1 wt .-% to 8 wt .-%, particularly 2 to 8 wt .-% and particularly preferred 2 to 6 wt .-% based on the total agent used.

Bleach-enhancing transition metal complexes, in particular with the central atoms Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Mo, V, Ti and / or Ru, preferably selected from the group consisting of manganese and / or cobalt salts and / or complexes, particularly preferably cobalt (ammin) - Complexes, the cobalt (acetate) complexes, the cobalt (carbonyl) complexes, the chlorides of cobalt or manganese, of manganese sulfate are used in conventional amounts, preferably in an amount of up to 5% by weight, in particular 0.0025% by weight .-% to 1 wt .-% and particularly preferably from 0.01 wt .-% to 0.25 wt .-%, each based on the total agent used. But in special cases, more bleach activator can be used.

Further preferred shaped detergents or cleaning agents are characterized in that at least one of the non-compressed portions of silver protection agent from the group of the triazoles, the benzotriazoles, the bisbenzotriazoles, the aminotriazoles, the alkylaminotriazoles and the transition metal salts or complexes, particularly preferably benzotriazole and / or alkylaminotriazole, in amounts of from 0.01 to 5% by weight, preferably from 0.05 to 4% by weight and in particular from 0.5 to 3% by weight, in each case based on the mass.

The corrosion inhibitors mentioned can also be incorporated into the masses to be processed to protect the items to be washed or the machine, silver protection agents being of particular importance in the field of automatic dishwashing. The known substances of the prior art can be used. In general, silver protection agents selected from the group of triazoles, benzotriazoles, bisbenzotriazoles, ammotriazoles, alkylaminotriazoles and the transition metal salts or complexes can be used. Benzotriazole and / or alkylaminotriazole are particularly preferably to be used. In addition, active chlorine-containing agents can often be found in cleaner formulations, which can significantly reduce the corrosion of the silver surface. In chlorine-free cleaners, especially oxygen- and nitrogen-containing organic redox-active compounds, such as di- and trihydric phenols, e.g. As hydroquinone, pyrocatechol, hydroxyhydroquinone, gallic acid, phloroglucin, pyrogallol or derivatives of these classes of compounds. Salt-like and complex-like inorganic compounds, such as salts of the metals Mn, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Co and Ce, are also frequently used. Preferred here are the transition metal salts which are selected from the group of manganese and / or cobalt salts and / or complexes, particularly preferably the cobalt (ammine) complexes, the cobalt (acetate) complexes, the cobalt (carbonyl) complexes , the chlorides of cobalt or manganese and manganese sulfate. Zinc compounds can also be used to prevent corrosion on the wash ware.

If anticorrosive agents are used in multi-phase molded articles, it is preferred to separate them from the bleaching agents. Detergent or shaped articles in which one of the non-pressed parts contains bleaching agent while another contains anti-corrosion agents are therefore preferred.

The separation of the bleaching agents from other ingredients can also be advantageous. Detergent tablets according to the invention, in which one non-compressed portion contains bleach, while another contains enzymes, are also preferred. Enzymes in particular include those from the classes of hydrolases such as proteases, esterases, lipases or lipolytically active enzymes, amylases, cellulases or other glycosyl hydrolases and mixtures of the enzymes mentioned. All these hydrolases help to remove stains such as protein, fat or starchy stains and graying in the laundry. Cellulases and other glycosyl hydrolases can also help to retain color and increase the softness of the textile by removing pilling and microfibrils. Oxidoreductases can also be used to bleach or inhibit color transfer. Particularly suitable are bacterial strains or fungi such as BaciUus subtilis, BaciUus Hcheniformis, Streptomyceus griseus, Coprinus Cinereus and Humicola insolens as well as enzymatic active ingredients obtained from their genetically modified variants. Proteases of the subtilisin type and in particular proteases which are obtained from BaciUus lentus are preferably used. Enzyme mixtures, for example, from protease and amylase or protease and lipase or lipolytically active enzymes or protease and cellulase or from cellulase and lipase or lipolytically active enzymes or from protease, amylase and lipase or lipolytically active enzymes or protease, lipase or lipolytically active enzymes and cellulase, but especially protease and or lipase-containing mixtures or mixtures with lipolytically active enzymes of particular interest. Known cutinases are examples of such lipolytically active enzymes. Peroxidases or oxides have also proven to be suitable in some cases. Suitable amylases include in particular alpha-amylases, iso-amylases, pullulanases and pectinases. Cellobiohydrolases, endoglucanases and glucosidases, which are also called cellobiases, or mixtures thereof, are preferably used as cellulases. Since different types of cellulase differ in their CMCase and avicelase activities, the desired activities can be set by targeted mixtures of the cellulases.

Other enzymes are naturally used in detergent tablets for machine dishwashing in order to take account of the different substrates and contaminations treated. In particular, those from the classes of hydrolases such as proteases, esterases, lipases or lipolytically active enzymes, amylases, glycosyl hydrolases and mixtures of the enzymes mentioned are suitable. All of these hydrolases help to remove stains such as stains that contain protein, fat or starch. Oxidoreductases can also be used for bleaching. Particularly suitable are bacterial strains or fungi such as BaciUus subtilis, BaciUus Hcheniformis, Streptomyceus griseus, Coprinus Cinereus and Humicola insolens as well as enzymatic active ingredients obtained from their genetically modified variants. Proteases of the subtilisin type and in particular proteases derived from Ba- cillus lentus are used. Here are enzyme mixtures, for example of protease and amylase or protease and lipase or lipolytically active enzymes or of protease, amylase and lipase or lipolytically active enzymes or protease, lipase or lipolytically active enzymes, but especially protease and / or lipase-containing mixtures or mixtures with lipolytically active enzymes of particular interest. Known cutinases are examples of such lipolytically active enzymes. Peroxidases or oxidases have also proven to be suitable in some cases. Suitable amylases include in particular alpha-amylases, iso-amylases, pullulanases and pectinases.

The enzymes can be adsorbed on carriers or embedded in coating substances to protect them against premature decomposition. The proportion of the enzymes, enzyme mixtures or enzyme granules can be, for example, about 0.1 to 5% by weight, preferably 0.5 to about 4.5% by weight, based in each case on the part not pressed.

Other ingredients that can be part of one or more non-compressed portions / portions in the process according to the invention are, for example, cobuilders, dyes, optical brighteners, fragrances, soil-release compounds, soil repellents, antioxidants, fluorescent agents, foam inhibitors, Silicone and / or paraffin oils, color transfer inhibitors, graying inhibitors, detergency boosters, etc. These substances are described below.

Usable organic builders are, for example, the polycarboxylic acids which can be used in the form of their sodium salts, polycarboxylic acids being understood to mean those carboxylic acids which carry more than one acid function. For example, these are citric acid, adipic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, sugar acids, ammocarboxylic acids, nitrootrieslacetic acid (NTA), provided such use is not objectionable for ecological reasons, and mixtures of these. Preferred salts are the salts of polycarboxylic acids such as citric acid, adipic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, tartaric acid, sugar acids and mixtures of these. The acids themselves can also be used. In addition to their builder effect, the acids typically also have the property of an acidifying component and thus also serve to set a lower and milder pH of detergents or cleaning agents. Citric acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, gluconic acid and any mixtures thereof can be mentioned in particular.

Polymeric polycarboxylates are also suitable as builders, for example the alkali metal salts of polyacrylic acid or polymethacrylic acid, for example those with a relative molecular weight of 500 to 70,000 g / mol.

In the context of this document, the molecular weights given for polymeric polycarboxylates are weight-average molecular weights M _{w of} the particular acid form, which were determined in principle by means of gel permeation chromatography (GPC), a UV detector being used. The measurement was carried out against an external polyacrylic acid standard, which provides realistic molecular weight values due to its structural relationship with the investigated polymers. This information differs significantly from the molecular weight information for which polystyrene sulfonic acids are used as standard. The molecular weights measured against polystyrene sulfonic acids are generally significantly higher than the molecular weights given in this document.

Suitable polymers are, in particular, polyacrylates, which preferably have a molecular weight of 2,000 to 20,000 g / mol. Because of their superior solubility, the short-chain polyacrylates which have molar masses from 2000 to 10000 g / mol, and particularly preferably from 3000 to 5000 g / mol, can in turn be preferred from this group.

Also suitable are copolymeric polycarboxylates, in particular those of acrylic acid with methacrylic acid and of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid with maleic acid. Copolymers of acrylic acid with maleic acid which contain 50 to 90% by weight of acrylic acid and 50 to 10% by weight of maleic acid have proven to be particularly suitable. Their relative molecular weight, based on free acids, is generally 2,000 to 70,000 g / mol, preferably 20,000 to 50,000 g / mol and in particular 30,000 to 40,000 g / mol. The (co) polymeric polycarboxylates can be used either as a powder or as an aqueous solution. The content of (co) polymeric polycarboxylates in the agents is preferably 0.5 to 20% by weight, in particular 3 to 10% by weight.

To improve water solubility, the polymers can also contain AUylsulfonic acids, such as, for example, allyloxybenzenesulfonic acid and methallylsulfonic acid, as monomers.

Also particularly preferred are biodegradable polymers composed of more than two different monomer units, for example those which contain salts of acrylic acid and maleic acid as well as vinyl alcohol or vinyl alcohol derivatives as monomers or those which contain salts of acrylic acid and 2-alkylallylsulfonic acid and sugar derivatives as monomers ,

Further preferred copolymers are those which preferably have acrolein and acrylic acid / acrylic acid salts or acrolein and vinyl acetate as monomers.

Also to be mentioned as further preferred builder substances are polymeric aminodicarboxylic acids, their salts or their precursor substances. Polyaspartic acids or their salts and derivatives are particularly preferred which, in addition to cobuilder properties, also have a bleach-stabilizing effect.

Other suitable builder substances are polyacetals, which can be obtained by reacting dialdehydes with polyolcarboxylic acids which have 5 to 7 carbon atoms and at least 3 hydroxyl groups. Preferred polyacetals are obtained from dialdehydes such as glyoxal, glutaraldehyde, terephthalaldehyde and their mixtures and from polyol carboxylic acids such as gluconic acid and / or glucoheptonic acid.

Other suitable organic builder substances are dextrins, for example oligomers or polymers of carbohydrates, which can be obtained by partial hydrolysis of starches. The hydrolysis can be carried out by customary, for example acid or enzyme-catalyzed, methods. It is preferably hydrolysis pro- Products with average molecular weights in the range of 400 to 500,000 g / mol. A polysaccharide with a dextrose equivalent (DE) in the range from 0.5 to 40, in particular from 2 to 30, is preferred, DE being a customary measure of the reducing action of a polysaccharide compared to dextrose, which has a DE of 100 , is. Both maltodextrins with a DE between 3 and 20 and dry glucose sirape with a DE between 20 and 37 as well as so-called yellow dextrins and white dextrins with higher molar masses in the range from 2000 to 30000 g / mol can be used.

The oxidized derivatives of such dextrins are their reaction products with oxidizing agents which are capable of oxidizing at least one alcohol function of the saccharide ring to the carboxylic acid function. A product oxidized at C _{6 of} the saccharide ring can be particularly advantageous.

Oxydisuccinates and other derivatives of disuccinates, preferably ethylenediaminisisuccinate, are further suitable cobuilders. Ethylene diamine N, N'-disuccinate (EDDS) is preferably used in the form of its sodium or magnesium salts. Glycerol disuccinates and glycerol trisuccinates are also preferred in this context. Suitable amounts are 3 to 15% by weight in formulations containing zeolite and / or silicate.

Other useful organic cobuilders are, for example, acetylated hydroxycarboxylic acids or their salts, which may also be in lactone form and which contain at least 4 carbon atoms and at least one hydroxy group and a maximum of two acid groups.

Another class of substances with cobuilder properties are the phosphonates. These are, in particular, hydroxyalkane or aminoalkane phosphonates. Among the hydroxyalkane phosphonates, l-hydroxyethane-l, l-diphosphonate (HEDP) is of particular importance as a cobuilder. It is preferably used as the sodium salt, the disodium salt reacting neutrally and the tetrasodium salt in an alkaline manner (pH 9). Preferred aminoalkane phosphonates are ethylenediaminetetramethylenephosphonate (EDTMP), diethylenetriaminepentamethylenephosphonate (DTPMP) and their higher levels of mologist in question. They are preferably in the form of the neutral sodium salts, e.g. B. as the hexasodium salt of EDTMP or as the hepta and octa sodium salt of DTPMP. HEDP is preferably used as the builder from the class of the phosphonates. The aminoalkanephosphonates also have a pronounced ability to bind heavy metals. Accordingly, it may be preferred, particularly if the agents also contain bleach, to use aminoalkanephosphonates, in particular DTPMP, or to use mixtures of the phosphonates mentioned.

In addition, all compounds that are able to form complexes with alkaline earth metal ions can be used as cobuilders.

In order to improve the aesthetic impression of the detergent tablets according to the invention, they can be colored in whole or in part with suitable dyes. Special optical effects can be achieved if the masses to be processed are colored differently in the case of the production of moldings from several masses. Preferred dyes, the selection of which does not pose any difficulty to the person skilled in the art, have a high storage stability and insensitivity to the other ingredients of the compositions and to light, and no pronounced substance to the treated substrates, such as textile fibers or tableware, in order not to stain them.

Preferred for use in detergent tablets according to the invention are all colorants which can be oxidatively destroyed in the washing process, and also mixtures thereof with suitable blue dyes, so-called blue toners. It has proven to be advantageous to use colorants which are soluble in water or at room temperature in liquid organic substances. For example, anionic colorants, for example anionic nitroso dyes, are suitable. A possible colorant is, for example, naphthol green (Color Index (CI) Part 1: Acid Green 1; Part 2: 10020), which is available as a commercial product, for example as Basacid Green 970 from BASF, Ludwigshafen, and mixtures of these with suitable blue dyes. Other colorants are Pigmosol ^® Blue 6900 (CI 74160), Pigmosol ^® Green 8730 (CI 74260), Basonyl ^® Red 545 FL (CI 45170), Sandolan ^® Rhodamine EB400 (CI 45100), Basacid ^® Yellow 094 (CI 47005), Sicovit ^® Patent Blue 85 E 131 (CI 42051), Acid Blue 183 (CAS 12217-22-0, CI Acidblue 183) , pigment Blue 15 (CI 74160), Supranol Blue ^® GLW (CAS 12219-32-8, CI Acidblue 221)), Nylosan Yellow ^® N-7GL SGR (CAS 61814-57-1, CI Acidyellow 218) and / or Sandolan ^® Blue (CI Acid Blue 182, CAS "12219-26-0).

When choosing the colorant, care must be taken to ensure that the colorants do not have too strong an affinity for the textile surfaces and especially for synthetic fibers. At the same time, when choosing suitable colorants, it must also be taken into account that colorants have different stabilities against oxidation. In general, water-insoluble colorants are more stable to oxidation than water-soluble colorants. Depending on the solubility and thus also on the sensitivity to oxidation, the concentration of the colorant in the washing or cleaning agents varies. With colorants that are readily water-soluble, e.g. the basacid above)

Green or the above-mentioned Sandolan blue, colorant concentrations are typically chosen in the range from a few 10 ^"2 to 10 ^{" 3} wt .-%. The ones that are particularly preferred on Grand for their brilliance, but less water-soluble

Pigment dyes, e.g. the Pigmosol dyes mentioned above, is the most suitable

Concentration of the colorant in washing or cleaning agents, however, typically a few 10 ^'3 to 10 ^"4 wt .-%.

The detergent tablets according to the invention can contain one or more optical brighteners. These fabrics, which are also called "whiteners", are used in modern laundry detergents because even freshly washed and bleached white laundry has a slight yellow tinge. Optical brighteners are organic dyes that convert part of the invisible UV radiation from sunlight into longer-wave blue light. The emission of this blue light complements the "gap" in the light reflected by the textile, so that a textile treated with an optical brightener appears whiter and brighter to the eye. Since the mechanism of action of brighteners presupposes that they are drawn onto the fibers, a distinction is made depending on the "dyed" fibers. for example brighteners for cotton, polyamide or polyester fibers. The commercially available brighteners suitable for incoφoration in detergents essentially comprise five structural groups of the stilbene, the diphenylstilbene, the coumarin-quinoline, the diphenylpyrazoline group and the group of the combination of benzoxazole or benzimidazole with conjugated systems. An overview of common brighteners can be found, for example, in G. Jakobi, A. Löhr "Detergents and Textile Washing", VCH-Verlag, Weinheim, 1987, pages 94 to 100. Suitable are, for example, salts of 4,4'-bis [(4-anilino-6-moφholino-s-triazin-2-yl) amino] -stilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid or compounds of similar structure which instead of the Moφholino- Grappe carry a diethanolamino group, a methylamino group, an anilino group or a 2-methoxyethylamino group. Brighteners of the substituted diphenylstyryl type may also be present, for example the alkali salts of 4,4'-bis (2-sulfostyryl) diphenyl, 4,4'-bis (4-chloro-3-sulfostyryl) diphenyl, or 4- (4-chlorostyryl) -4 '- (2-sulfostyryl). Mixtures of the aforementioned brighteners can also be used.

Fragrances are added to the agents according to the invention in order to improve the aesthetic impression of the products and, in addition to the performance of the product, to provide the consumer with a visually and sensorially "typical and distinctive" product. Individual fragrance compounds, for example the synthetic products of the ester, ether, aldehyde, ketone, alcohol and hydrocarbon type, can be used as perfume oils or fragrances. Fragrance compounds of the ester type are, for example, benzyl acetate, phenoxyethyl isobutyrate, p-tert-butylcyclohexyl acetate, linalyl acetate, dimethylbenzylcarbyl acetate, phenylethyl acetate, linalylbenzoate, benzylformate, ethylmethyl-phenylglycylate, benzylate, benzylate, benzylate, benzylate, benzylate, benzylate, benzylate, benzylate, benzylate, benzylate. The ethers include, for example, benzylethyl ether, the aldehydes include, for example, the linear alkanals with 8-18 C atoms, citral, citronellal, citronellyloxyacetaldehyde, cyclamenaldehyde, hydroxycitronellal, lilial and bourgeonal, and the ketones include, for example, the jonones, oc-isomethylionone and methyl cedryl ketone , the alcohols anethole, citronellol, eugenol, geraniol, linalool, phenylethyl alcohol and teφineol, the hydrocarbons mainly include the teφenes such as limonene and pinene. However, preference is given to using mixtures of different fragrances which together produce an appealing fragrance. Such perfume oils can also contain natural fragrance mixtures. such as are available from plant sources, eg pine, citrus, jasmine, patchouli, rose or ylang-ylang oil. Also suitable are muscatel, sage oil, chamomile oil, clove oil, lemon balm oil, mint oil, cinnamon leaf oil, linden blossom oil, juniper berry oil, vetiver oil, olibanum oil, galbanum oil and labdanum oil as well as orange blossom oil, neroliol, orange peel oil and sandalwood oil.

The fragrance content of the detergent tablets according to the invention is usually up to 2% by weight of the total formulation. The fragrances can be incorporated directly into the agents according to the invention, but it can also be advantageous to apply the fragrances to carriers which increase the adhesion of the perfume to the laundry and ensure a long-lasting fragrance of the textiles due to a slower fragrance release. Cyclodextrins, for example, have proven useful as such carrier materials, and the cyclodextrin-perfume complexes can additionally be coated with further auxiliaries.

In addition, the detergent tablets can also contain components that positively influence the oil and fat washability from textiles (so-called soil repellents). This effect becomes particularly clear when a textile is soiled that has already been washed several times beforehand with a detergent according to the invention which contains this oil and fat-dissolving component. The preferred oil- and fat-dissolving components include, for example, nonionic cellulose ethers such as methyl cellulose and methyl hydroxypropyl cellulose with a proportion of methoxyl groups of 15 to 30% by weight and hydroxypropoxyl groups of 1 to 15% by weight, in each case based on the nonionic cellulose ether, and the polymers of phthalic acid and / or terephthalic acid or their derivatives known from the prior art, in particular polymers of ethylene terephthalates and / or polyethylene glycol terephthalates or anionically and / or nonionically modified derivatives thereof. Of these, the sulfonated derivatives of phthalic acid and terephthalic acid polymers are particularly preferred. Foam inhibitors that can be used in the agents produced according to the invention are, for example, soaps, paraffins or silicone oils, which can optionally be applied to carrier materials.

Graying inhibitors have the task of keeping the dirt detached from the fiber suspended in the liquor and thus preventing the dirt from being re-absorbed. Water-soluble colloids of mostly organic nature are suitable for this, for example the water-soluble salts of polymeric carboxylic acids, glue, gelatin, salts of ether sulfonic acids of starch or cellulose or salts of acidic sulfuric acid esters of cellulose or starch. Water-soluble polyamides containing acidic groups are also suitable for this purpose. Soluble starch preparations and starch products other than those mentioned above can also be used, e.g. degraded starch, aldehyde starches, etc. Polyvinylpyrrolidone can also be used. However, cellulose ethers such as carboxymethyl cellulose (sodium salt), methyl cellulose, hydroxyalkyl cellulose and mixed ethers such as methyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, methyl hydroxypropyl cellulose, methyl carboxymethyl cellulose and mixtures thereof are preferably used in amounts of 0.1 to 5% by weight, based on the detergent

Since textile fabrics, in particular rayon, rayon, cotton and their mixtures, can be wrinkled because the individual fibers prevent bending and kinking. If pressing and squeezing across the grain are sensitive, the agents produced according to the invention can contain synthetic anti-crease agents. These include, for example, synthetic products based on fatty acids, fatty acid esters. Fatty acid amides, alkylol esters, alkylolamides or fatty alcohols, which are mostly reacted with ethylene oxide, or products based on lecithin or modified phosphoric acid esters.

To combat microorganisms, the agents produced according to the invention can contain antimicrobial agents. Depending on the antimicrobial spectrum and the mechanism of action, a distinction is made between bacteriostatics and bactericides, funiostatics and fungicides etc. Important substances from these groups are, for example Benzalkonium chlorides, alkyl arlyl sulfonates, halophenols and phenol mercuric acetate, although these compounds can also be dispensed with entirely.

In order to prevent undesirable changes in the agents and / or the treated textiles caused by the action of oxygen and other oxidative processes, the agents can contain antioxidants. This class of compounds includes, for example, substituted phenols, hydroquinones, pyrocatechols and aromatic amines as well as organic sulfides, polysulfides, dithiocarbamates, phosphites and phosphonates.

Increased wearing comfort can result from the additional use of antistatic agents, which are additionally added to the agents produced according to the invention. Antistatic agents increase the surface conductivity and thus enable the flow of charges that have formed to improve. External antistatic agents are generally substances with at least one hydrophilic molecular ligand and give a more or less hygroscopic film on the surfaces. These mostly surface-active antistatic agents can be divided into nitrogen-containing (amines, amides, quaternary ammonium compounds), phosphorus-containing (phosphoric acid esters) and sulfur-containing (alkyl sulfonates, alkyl sulfates) antistatic agents. External antistatic agents are described, for example, in patent applications FR 1,156,513, GB 873 214 and GB 839 407. The lauryl (or stearyl) dimethylbenzylammonium chlorides disclosed here are suitable as antistatic agents for textiles or as an additive to detergents, an additional finishing effect being achieved.

To improve the water absorption capacity, the rewettability of the treated textiles and to facilitate the ironing of the treated textiles, for example silicone derivatives can be used in the agents produced according to the invention. These additionally improve the rinsing behavior of the agents due to their foam-inhibiting properties. Preferred silicone derivatives are, for example, polydialkyl or alkylarylsiloxanes, in which the alkyl groups have one to five carbon atoms and are partially or completely fluorinated. Preferred silicones are polydimethylsiloxanes, which can optionally be derivatized and are then amino-functional or quaternized or have Si-OH, Si-H and / or Si-Cl bonds. The viscosities of the preferred silicones are in the range between 100 and 100,000 centistokes at 25 ° C., the silicone ne in amounts between 0.2 and 5 wt .-%, based on the total agent can be used.

Finally, the agents produced according to the invention can also contain UV absorbers, which absorb onto the treated textiles and improve the light resistance of the fibers. Compounds which have these desired properties are, for example, the compounds and derivatives of benzophenone which are active by radiationless deactivation and have substituents in the 2- and or 4-position. Substituted benzotriazoles, phenyl-substituted acrylates (cinnamic acid derivatives), optionally with cyano groups in the 2-position, salicylates, organic Ni complexes and natural products such as umbelliferone and the body's own urocanoic acid are also suitable.

With all of the above-mentioned ingredients, advantageous properties can result from separating them from other ingredients or assembling them together with certain other ingredients. In the case of multi-phase moldings, the individual phases can also have a different content of the same ingredient, as a result of which advantages can be achieved.

In particular, detergent tablets according to the invention are preferred in which the non-pressed part (a) builders in amounts of 1 to 100% by weight, preferably 5 to 95% by weight, particularly preferably 10 to 90% by weight. -% and in particular from 20 to 85 wt .-%, each based on the weight of the non-pressed part (a).

Preference is also given to detergent tablets in which the non-pressed part (a) phosphate (s), preferably alkali metal phosphate (s), particularly preferably pentasodium or pentapotassium triphosphate (sodium or potassium tripolyphosphate), in amounts of 20 to 80% by weight, preferably from 25 to 75% by weight and in particular from 30 to 70% by weight, based in each case on the weight of the non-pressed part (a). Also preferred are detergent or shaped articles which are characterized in that the non-pressed part (a) carbonate (s) and / or hydrogen carbonate (s), preferably alkali carbonates, particularly preferably sodium carbonate, in amounts of 5 to 50% by weight. %, preferably from 7.5 to 40% by weight and in particular from 10 to 30% by weight, in each case based on the weight of the non-compressed part (a).

Also detergent tablets, in which the non-pressed part (a) silicate (s), preferably alkali silicates, particularly preferably crystalline or amorphous alkali disilicates, in amounts of 10 to 60% by weight, preferably 15 to 50% by weight .-% and in particular from 20 to 40 wt .-%, each based on the weight of the non-pressed part (a), are preferred embodiments of the present invention.

Likewise, detergent or shaped articles are characterized in that the non-pressed part (a) total surfactant contents are below 5% by weight, preferably below 4% by weight, particularly preferably below 3% by weight and in particular below 2% by weight, based in each case on the weight of the non-molded part (a), is preferred.

Further preferred washing or cleaning agent shaped articles are characterized in that the non-compressed part (a) bleaching agent from the group of oxygen or halogen bleaching agents, in particular chlorine bleaching agents, with particular preference for sodium perborate and sodium percarbonate, in amounts of 2 to 25% by weight .-%, preferably from 5 to 20 wt .-% and in particular from 10 to 15 wt .-%, each based on the weight of the non-pressed part (a).

Furthermore, detergent tablets are preferred in which the non-pressed part (a) bleach activators from the groups of the polyacylated alkylenediamines, in particular tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED), the N-acylimides, in particular N-nonanoylsuccinimide (NOSI), the acylated Phenolsulfonates, in particular n-nonanoyl- or isononanoyloxybenzenesulfonate (n- or iso-NOBS) and n-methyl-Moφholinium-acetonitrile-methylsulfate (MMA), in amounts of 0.25 to 15 wt .-%, preferably from 0.5 to 10% by weight and in particular from 1 to 5% by weight, based in each case on the weight of the non-pressed part (a).

Also shaped detergents or cleaning agents, in which the non-pressed part (a) silver protection agent from the grappa of triazoles, benzotriazoles, bisbenzotriazoles, aminotriazoles, alkylaminorriazoles and transition metal salts or complexes, particularly preferably benzotriazole and / or alkylaminotriazole, in Quantities from 0.01 to 5% by weight, preferably from 0.05 to 4% by weight and in particular from 0.5 to 3% by weight, in each case based on the weight of the non-pressed part (a), contains, represent preferred embodiments of the present invention.

Another preferred embodiment of the present invention are detergent tablets, which are characterized in that the non-compressed part (a) further comprises one or more substances from the groups of enzymes, corrosion inhibitors, scale inhibitors, cobuilders, dyes and / or fragrances in total amounts from 6 to 30% by weight, preferably from 7.5 to 25% by weight and in particular from 10 to 20% by weight, in each case based on the weight of the non-pressed part (a).

Last but not least, detergent molded articles are also particularly preferred, in which the second non-molded part (b) is a coated, preferably multiply coated molded article which is glued into the cavity of the non-molded part (a).

The detergent form according to the invention dissolve in the washing or Cleaning cycle completely, whereby - as mentioned above - it can be advantageous if the different regions have different dissolving speeds. Due to the different dissolution rates, in addition to the release of certain ingredients, the properties of the washing or cleaning liquor can also be changed in a targeted manner. For example, detergent tablets are preferred in which the pH of a 1% by weight solution of the base tablet in water is in the range from 8 to 12, preferably from 9 to 11 and in particular from 9.5 to 10 , In addition to this, detergent tablets are preferred in which the pH of a 1% by weight solution of the entire tablet in water is in the range from 7 to 11, preferably from 7.5 to 10 and in particular from 8 to 9, 5, lies.

The washing or cleaning agent shaped articles according to the invention can be provided in a wide variety of geometric shapes. For example, they can be manufactured in a predetermined spatial shape and a predetermined size, whereby practically all practical configurations can be considered as the spatial shape, for example, the design as a board, the bar or bar shape, cubes, cuboids and corresponding spatial elements with flat side surfaces and in particular cylindrical designs with circular or oval cross-section. This last embodiment covers the presentation form from the tablet to compact cylinder pieces with a ratio of height to diameter above 1.

The detergent tablets according to the invention can each be designed as separate individual elements which correspond to the predetermined dosage of detergents and / or cleaning agents. It is also possible, however, to design the individual non-pressed portions in such a way that a plurality of such mass units are connected in a compact, the portioned smaller units being easy to separate, in particular by predetermined predetermined breaking points. For the use of textile detergents in machines of the type customary in Europe with horizontally arranged mechanics, the formation as tablets, in cylinder or cuboid form can be expedient, with a diameter / height ratio in the range from approximately 0.5: 2 to 2: 0 , 5 is preferred.

The spatial shape of another embodiment of the molded body is adapted in its dimensions to the detergent dispenser of standard household washing machines, so that the molded body can be dispensed directly into the dispenser without metering aid, where it dissolves during the dispensing process. However, it is of course also possible to use the detergent form without problems via a metering aid and is preferred in the context of the present invention. Another preferred molded body that can be produced has a plate-like or plate-like structure with alternating thick long and thin short segments, so that individual segments of this "bolt" at the predetermined breaking points, which represent the short thin segments, broken off and into the Machine can be entered. This principle of the "bar-shaped" shaped body detergent can also be realized in other geometric shapes, for example vertically standing triangles, which are connected to one another only on one of their sides along the side.

Such “bar-shaped” strand sections can be produced by a post-treatment step after cutting to length, which consists in pressing a second knife or a second set of knives into the cut strand sections without dividing them. A superficial shaping or production can also have positive or negative lettering Accordingly, preferred processes are characterized in that the shaped bodies cut to length are subjected to an aftertreatment step.

In addition to embossing lettering, the post-treatment step can also include embossing patterns, shapes, etc. In this way, for example, universal detergents produced according to the invention can be identified by a T-shirt symbol, color detergents manufactured according to the invention by a wool symbol, detergent molded articles for machine dishwashing produced according to the invention by symbols such as glasses, plates, pots, pans, etc. There are no limits to the creativity of product managers. Preferred methods according to the invention therefore include an additional shaping step, in particular embossing, as a post-treatment step.

Subsequent coating of the cut-to-length molded bodies is also possible if the application of an additional coating should be desired. In this case, methods are preferred in which the aftertreatment step comprises coating the molded body with a pourable material, preferably a pourable material with a viscosity <5000 mPas. Regardless of the number of phases and the type of aftertreatment, detergent tablets are generally preferred, which are characterized in that they have a density above 800 kgdm ^"3 , preferably above 900 kgdm ^{" 3} , particularly preferably above 1000 kgdm ^{" 3} and in particular above 1100 kgdm ^"3 . In such molded articles, the advantages of offering a compact washing or cleaning agent are particularly evident.

Another object of the present invention is a method for producing detergent tablets, comprising the steps

(a) production of a first non-pressed part (a) which contains active substance,

(b) production of a second non-pressed part (b) which contains active substance,

(c) connecting the two molded body parts by joining or joining them together to form the molded body.

The joining together can be a "gluing" known to the person skilled in the art, but it is also possible that the molded body parts only stick together on the basis of their geometry. Processes according to the invention in which the adhesion between the molded body parts (a) and (b) is supported by adhesion promoters prefers.

Substances can be used as adhesion promoters that give the molded body surfaces to which they are applied sufficient adhesive properties ("stickiness") so that the non-pressed parts applied in the subsequent process step adhere permanently to the surface. In principle, the relevant ones in the relevant adhesive literature are available here and in particular in the monographs mentioned for this purpose, in the context of the present invention the application of melts which have an adhesion-promoting effect at elevated temperature but are no longer sticky after cooling but are solid, are of particular importance.

Processes according to the invention in which one or more substances with a melting range from 40 ° C. to 75 ° C. melt onto one or more surfaces as adhesion promoters of the molded body part (a), after which (the) molded body part (e) (b) is / are glued, are therefore preferred.

Various requirements are imposed on the adhesion promoter, which are optionally applied, on the one hand the melting or solidification behavior, but on the other hand also the material properties of the "glue point" in the solidified area at ambient temperature. Since the layer of the adhesion promoter applied to the molded body If "glued" non-pressed parts are to hold permanently during transport or storage, they must have a high stability against, for example, shock loads occurring during packaging or transport. The adhesion promoters should therefore either have at least partially elastic or at least plastic properties in order to react to an impact load that occurs due to elastic or plastic deformation and not to break. The adhesion promoters should have a melting range in such a temperature range in which the non-pressed parts to be applied are not exposed to excessive thermal stress. On the other hand, however, the melting range must be sufficiently high to still offer effective adhesion of the applied non-pressed parts at at least a slightly elevated temperature. According to the invention, the coating substances preferably have a melting point above 30 ° C. The width of the melting range of the adhesion promoters also has a direct impact on the execution of the process: the molded body provided with the adhesion promoter must be brought into contact with the non-molded parts to be applied in the subsequent process step - in the meantime, the adhesiveness must not be lost. After the active substances have been absorbed, the adhesive strength should be reduced as quickly as possible in order to avoid unnecessary loss of time or to prevent caking and congestion in subsequent process steps or handling and packaging. In the case of the use of melts, the reduction in adhesion can be supported by cooling (for example blowing with cold air).

It has proven to be advantageous if the adhesion promoters do not have a sharply defined melting point, as is usually the case with pure, crystalline substances, but instead have a melting range that may include several degrees Celsius. The adhesion promoters preferably have a melting range which is between approximately 45 ° C. and approximately 75 ° C. In the present case, this means that the melting range occurs within the specified temperature interval and does not indicate the width of the melting range. The width of the melting range is preferably at least 1 ° C., preferably about 2 to about 3 ° C.

The properties mentioned above are generally fulfilled by so-called waxes, which have already been described in detail above.

The adhesion promoters to be applied can be pure substances or substance mixtures. In the latter case, the melt can contain varying amounts of adhesion promoter and auxiliary substances.

The principle described above serves to delay the detachment of the "glued" non-pressed portions at a certain point in time, for example in the cleaning cycle of a dishwasher, and can be used particularly advantageously when washing in the main wash cycle at a lower temperature (for example 55 ° C.), so that the active substance is only released from the adhesive layer in the rinse cycle at higher temperatures (approx. 70 ° C).

However, the principle mentioned can also be reversed to the effect that the non-pressed part (s) are not delayed by the adhesive layer, but are released faster. This can be achieved in a simple manner in the process according to the invention by using release accelerators rather than release retarders as adhesion promoters, so that the glued on non-pressed parts do not detach from the molded body more slowly, but faster. In contrast to the poorly water-soluble adhesion promoters described above, preferred adhesion promoters are readily water-soluble for rapid detachment. The water solubility of the adhesion promoter can be significantly increased by certain additives, for example by inco-formation of easily soluble salts or effervescent systems. Such accelerated adhesion promoters (with or without additives from other solubility enhancers) lead to a rapid detachment and release of the active substances at the beginning of the cleaning cycle.

The release acceleration can also be achieved or supported by certain geometric factors. Detailed explanations can be found below.

In addition to melting, other substances can also be applied as adhesion promoters in the process according to the invention. For this purpose, concentrated salt solutions are suitable, for example, which after application of the active substances are converted into an adhesion-promoting salt crust by crystallization or evaporation / vapor deposition. It is of course also possible to use supersaturated solutions or solutions of salts in solvent mixtures.

Solutions or suspensions of water-soluble or water-dispersible polymers, preferably polycarboxylates, can also be used as adhesion promoters. The substances mentioned have already been described above because of their cobuilder properties.

Other particularly suitable adhesion promoters are solutions of water-soluble substances from the group (acetalized) polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, gelatin and mixtures thereof. These substances have also been described in detail.

Preferred adhesion promoters which can be used as an aqueous solution in the process according to the invention consist of a polymer with a molecular weight between 5000 and 500,000 daltons, preferably between 7500 and 250,000 daltons and in particular between 10,000 and 100,000 daltons. The layer of the adhesion promoter present between the individual molded body regions after the adhesion promoter has dried preferably has a thickness of 1 to 150 μm, preferably 2 to 100 μm, particularly preferably 5 to 75 μm and in particular 10 to 50 μm.

Another object of the present invention are both a process for the production of detergent or cleaning tablets, which comprises the steps (a) production of a first non-pressed part (a) which contains active substance and has at least one cavity,

(b) production of a second non-pressed part (b) which contains active substance,

(c) connecting the two molded body parts by at least partially inserting the molded body part (b) into the cavity of the molded body part (a). includes, as well as a method for the production of detergent or cleaning tablets, which by the steps

(a) production of a first non-pressed part (a) which contains active substance and has at least one cavity,

(b) inserting active substance into the cavity (s) of the molded body part (a) to form a molded body part (b),

(c) fixing the molded body part (b) in the cavity of the molded body part (a). is marked.

For non-molded parts with one or more cavities, reference can be made to the above explanations (see above). Preferred processes are characterized in that the active substance in step (b) is carried out by pouring in liquid to pasty media, by sprinkling in particulate media or by inserting previously produced, non-pressed molded parts.

As already described in detail above, methods are preferred in which the fixation in step (c) is carried out by coating the entire molded body or the molded body surfaces in which there are cavities.

Processes which are characterized in that the fixing in step (c) by curing, spraying with adhesion promoters, sintering, gelatinizing or gluing on further molded body components are preferred according to the invention.

In detail, these are steps which have already been described in detail above, which is why reference is made to the above explanations. Preferred processes are processes on the one hand in which process step (a) comprises sintering, on the other hand processes in which process step (a) comprises casting. Processes in which process step (a) comprises solidifying solutions (“gelatinizing”) and processes in which process step (a) comprises curing are preferred according to the invention.

Completely analogous statements can again be made for the production of the non-compressed portions (b). Here too, methods are preferred which are either characterized in that process step (b) comprises sintering, or are characterized in that process step (b) comprises casting, or are characterized in that process step (b) solidifies solutions ( "Gelatinizing") includes.

Last but not least, processes are also preferred in which process step (b) comprises curing.

A special feature is possible if the non-pressed part (a) has one or more cavities, since methods are then possible in which the non-pressed part (b) is particulate.

These particles can then e.g. are introduced into the cavity (s) and are fixed there with the aid of a coating layer or by spraying with adhesion promoters in the manner described above.

Another object of the present invention is a process for the production of detergent tablets with controlled release of active ingredients, in which a non-pressed molded article made of detergent- or cleaning-active preparation is coated with a polymer and placed on or in an unpressed molded article made of or cleaning-active preparation sticks.

Here too, processes are preferred which are characterized in that polymers containing amino groups, preferably copolymers of basic monomers such as dialkylaminoalkyl (meth) acrylates with acrylic acid esters, are used as the coating material. These polymers have been described in detail above. Completely analogous to the explanations found above, methods are preferred in this process variant in which ampholytic polymers, preferably copolymers of basic monomers such as dialkylaminoalkyl (meth) acrylates with substituted or unsubstituted acrylic acids and / or (meth) acrylic acids, are used as coating material. be used.

The detergent tablets according to the invention can be packed after manufacture, the use of certain packaging systems having proven particularly useful since these packaging systems on the one hand increase the storage stability of the ingredients, but on the other hand surprisingly also significantly improve the long-term adhesion of the trough filling. Another object of the present invention is therefore a combination of (a) detergent shaped body (s) according to the invention and a packaging system containing the washing and cleaning agent shaped body (s), the packaging system having a moisture vapor permeability rate of 0.1 g / m / Day to less than 20 g / m / day if the packaging system is stored at 23 ° C and a relative equilibrium humidity of 85%.

According to the invention, the packaging system of the combination of detergent shaped body (s) and packaging system has a moisture vapor permeability rate of 0.1 g / m ² / day to less than 20 g / m ² / day when the packaging system is at 23 ° C. and a relative equilibrium humidity of 85% is stored. The specified temperature and humidity conditions are the test conditions that are specified in DIN standard 53122, whereby according to DLN 53122 minimal deviations are permitted (23 ± 1 ° C, 85 ± 2% relative humidity). The moisture vapor permeability rate of a given packaging system or material can be determined by further standard methods and is, for example, also in the ASTM standard E-96-53T ("Test for measuring Water Vapor transmission of Materials in Sheet form") and in the TAPPI standard T464 m- 45 ("Water Vapor Permeability of Sheet Materials at high temperature an Humidity"). The measuring principle of current methods is based on the water absorption of anhydrous calcium chloride, which is stored in a container in the appropriate atmosphere. re stored, with the container on the top closed with the material to be tested. The moisture vapor permeability rate can be determined from the surface of the container which is sealed with the material to be tested (permeation surface), the weight increase in calcium chloride and the exposure time

calculate, where A is the area of the material to be tested in cm ² , x is the weight gain of calcium chloride in g and y is the exposure time in h.

The relative equilibrium humidity, often referred to as “relative air humidity”, is 85% at 23 ° C. when measuring the moisture vapor permeability rate within the scope of the present invention. The capacity of air for water vapor increases with temperature up to a respective maximum content, the so-called saturation content, and is given in g / m ^3. For example, 1 m ^{3 of} air at 17 ° is saturated with 14.4 g of water vapor, at a temperature of 11 ° there is already saturation with 10 g of water vapor Percentage expressed ratio of the actually present water vapor content to the saturation content corresponding to the prevailing temperature. For example, if air contains 17 ° 12 g / m ³ water vapor, then the relative air humidity = (12 / 14.4) T00 = 83%. If you cool this air, then the saturation (100% RH) is reached at the so-called dew point (in the example: 14 °), that is, at white After cooling, a precipitate is formed in the form of fog (dew). Hygrometers and psychometers are used for the quantitative determination of moisture.

The relative equilibrium humidity of 85% at 23 ° C can be set to +/- 2% RH, for example in laboratory chambers with moisture control, depending on the device type. Even over saturated solutions of certain salts, constant and well-defined relative air humidities form in closed systems at a given temperature, which are based on the phase equilibrium between the partial pressure of the water, the saturated solution and the soil. The combinations of detergent tablets and packaging system according to the invention can of course in turn be packaged in secondary packaging, for example cardboard boxes or trays, with no further requirements being placed on the secondary packaging. The secondary packaging is therefore possible, but not necessary.

Packaging systems preferred in the context of the present invention have a moisture vapor permeability rate of 0.5 g / m ² / day to less than 15 g / m ² / day.

The packaging system of the combination according to the invention, depending on the embodiment of the invention, includes one or more detergent tablets. It is preferred according to the invention either to design a shaped body in such a way that it comprises an application unit of the detergent and cleaning agent, and to individually package this shaped body, or to pack the number of shaped bodies in a packaging unit, which in total comprises one application unit. With a nominal dosage of 80 g of detergent and cleaning agent, it is therefore possible according to the invention to produce and individually pack an 80 g heavy detergent and cleaning agent shaped article, but it is also possible according to the invention to pack two 40 g heavy detergent and cleaning agent shaped articles in one packaging to arrive at a combination according to the invention. This principle can of course be expanded, so that combinations according to the invention can also contain three, four, five or even more detergent tablets in one packaging unit. Of course, two or more molded bodies in a packaging can have different compositions. In this way it is possible to spatially separate certain components from one another, for example to avoid stability problems.

The packaging system of the combination according to the invention can consist of a wide variety of materials and can take on any external shape. For economic reasons and for reasons of easier processing, packaging systems are preferred in which the packaging material is light in weight, easy to process and inexpensive. In combinations preferred according to the invention the packaging system from a sack or bag made of single-layer or laminated paper and / or plastic film.

The detergent tablets can be unsorted, i.e. as a loose fill, be filled into a bag made of the materials mentioned. However, for aesthetic reasons and for sorting the combinations in secondary packaging, it is preferred to fill the detergent and cleaning product tablets individually or in groups in sacks or bags. For individual application units of the detergent tablets that are in a sack or bag, the term "flow pack" has become common in technology. Such "flow packs" can then - again preferably sorted - be optionally packed in repackaging, which the compact offer form of the molded body underlines.

The sacks or bags made of single-layer or laminated paper or plastic film, which are preferably to be used as a packaging system, can be designed in a wide variety of ways, for example as a blown-up bag without a central seam or as a bag with a central seam, which is sealed by heat (hot fusion), adhesives or adhesive tapes become. Single-layer bag or sack materials are the known papers, which may or may not be impregnated, and plastic films, which may or may not be co-extruded. Plastic films which can be used as a packaging system in the context of the present invention are given, for example, in Hans Domininghaus "The plastics and their properties", 3rd edition, VDI Verlag, Düsseldorf, 1988, page 193. Figure 111 shown there gives at the same time Indications of the water vapor permeability of the materials mentioned.

Combinations which are particularly preferred in the context of the present invention contain, as a packaging system, a sack or bag made of single-layer or laminated plastic film with a thickness of 10 to 200 μm, preferably 20 to 100 μm and in particular 25 to 50 μm.

Although it is possible, in addition to the films or papers mentioned, wax-coated papers in the form of cardboard boxes as packaging systems for washing and cleaning To use medium-shaped bodies, it is preferred in the context of the present invention if the packaging system does not comprise boxes made of wax-coated paper. In the context of the present invention, the term “packaging system” always characterizes the primary packaging of the molded articles, ie the packaging that is in direct contact with the inside of the molded article surface. No requirements are placed on an optional secondary vacuum, so that all common materials and systems can be used here.

As already mentioned above, the detergent tablets of the combination according to the invention contain further ingredients of detergents in varying amounts, depending on their intended use. Regardless of the intended use of the molded article, it is preferred according to the invention that the washing and cleaning agent molded article or articles has a relative equilibrium moisture content of less than 30% at 35 ° C.

The relative equilibrium moisture content of the detergent tablets can be determined using standard methods, with the following procedure being chosen within the scope of the present investigations: A water-tight 1 liter vessel with a lid, which has a closable opening for introducing samples, was used filled with a total of 300 g detergent tablets and kept at a constant 23 ° C for 24 hours to ensure a uniform temperature of the container and substance. The water vapor in the room above the molded body can then be determined with a hygrometer (Hygrotest 6100, Testoterm Ltd., England). The water vapor track is now measured every 10 minutes until two successive values show no deviation (equilibrium moisture). The above Hygrometer allows a direct display of the recorded values in% relative humidity.

Also preferred are embodiments of the combination according to the invention in which the packaging system is designed to be resealable. Combinations in which the packaging system has a microperforation can also be preferably implemented according to the invention.

Claims

claims:

1. Detergent or cleaning form body, comprising

(a) a first non-molded part containing active substance

(b) a further non-pressed part which contains active substance, the molded body containing enzymes.

2. Detergent or cleaning form body, comprising

(a) a first non-molded part containing active substance

(b) a further non-pressed part which contains active substance, the molded body containing builders.

3. Detergent or cleaning form body, comprising

(a) a first non-molded part containing active substance

(b) a further non-pressed part which contains active substance, the second non-pressed part (b) being dissolved later under application conditions than the first non-pressed part (a).

4. Detergent or cleaning form body, comprising

(a) a first non-molded part containing active substance

(b) a further non-molded part containing active substance, the weight ratio of the first non-molded part (a) to the second non-molded part (b) being 50: 1 to 1: 1.

5. washing or cleaning agent shaped body, comprising

(a) a first non-molded part containing active substance

(b) a further non-pressed part which contains active substance, the first non-pressed part (a) comprising a cavity and the second non-pressed part (b) being at least partially contained in this cavity.

6. washing or cleaning agent molded article according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the second non-veφreßte part (b) does not completely envelop the first non-veφreßte part (a).

7. washing or cleaning agent shaped body according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that it contains a first non-veφreßten portion (a), a second non-veφreßten portion (b) and in addition further non-veφreßten portions.

8. washing or cleaning agent molded article according to spoke 7, characterized in that the first non-veφreßte portion (a) has a plurality of cavities and each further non-veφreßte part is at least partially contained in a cavity.

9. washing or cleaning agent shaped body according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the first non-veφreßte part (a) and the second non-veφreßte part (b) contain at least one different active substance.

10. washing or cleaning agent shaped body according to one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the first non-veφreßte part (a) or the second non-veφreßte part (b) contains bleach, while the other part contains bleach activators.

11. Detergent and molded article according to one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that the first non-veφreßte part (a) or the second non-veφreßte part (b) contains bleach, while the other part contains enzymes.

12. Detergent and molded article according to one of claims 1 to 11, characterized in that the first non-veφreßte part (a) or the second non-veφreßte part (b) contains bleach, while the other part contains anti-corrosion agents.

13. Detergent and molded article according to one of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that the first non-veφreßte part (a) or the second non-veφreßte part (b) contains bleach, while the other part surfactants, preferably non-ionic see surfactants, with particular preference for alkoxylated alcohols having 10 to 24 carbon atoms and 1 to 5 alkylene oxide units.

14. washing and cleaning agent shaped body according to one of claims 1 to 13, characterized in that the first non-veφreßte part (a) and the second non-veφreßte part (b) contain the same active ingredient in different amounts.

15. washing or cleaning agent molded article according to one of claims 1 to 14, characterized in that at least one non-veφreßte part, preferably the non-veφreßte part (b), is coated with a coating layer.

16. washing or cleaning agent molded article according to claim 15, characterized in that the non-veφreßte part (b) is fixed by the coating layer on or in the non-veφreßten part (a).

17. washing or cleaning agent molded article according to one of claims 15 or 16, characterized in that the coating layer one or more substances from the groups of fatty acids, fatty alcohols, diols, esters, ethers, carboxylic acids, dicarboxylic acids, polyvinyl acetate (PVA), polyvinypyrrolidone (PVP ), Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA1), polyethylene glycol (PEG), polypropylene glycol (PPG) and mixtures thereof.

18. Washing or cleaning agent molded article according to one of claims 15 to 17, characterized in that the second non-veφreßte part (b) with an aminograph-containing polymer, preferably a copolymer of basic monomers such as dialkylaminoalkyl (meth) acrylates with acrylic acid esters , is coated.

19. Detergent or shaped article according to one of claims 15 to 17, characterized in that the second non-veφreßte part (b) with an ampholytic polymer, preferably a copolymer of basic monomers such as dialkylaminoalkyl (meth) acrylates with substituted or unsubstituted acrylic acids and / or (meth) acrylic acids.

20. Detergent or Reimgmittelformköφer according to one of claims 18 or 19, characterized in that the coated second non-veφreßte part (b) has a further coating, which is preferably selected from polyvinyl acetate and / or polyvinyl alcohol and at> 50 ° C. melting substances, preferably paraffins and / or polyethylene glycols.

21. Washing or cleaning agent shaped body according to one of claims 1 to 20, characterized in that at least the second non-veφreßte part (b) of one at a pH below the pH of the previous washing or cleaning cycle

, water-soluble material is included.

22. Washing or cleaning agent molded article according to one of claims 1 to 21, characterized in that the second non-pressed part (b) is coated with a material which the non-pressed part (b) at pH values above 11, protects above 10 and in particular above 9 against dissolution in the earlier washing or cleaning cycle.

23. Washing or cleaning agent shaped body according to claim 22, characterized in that the coating does not protect the second non-veφreßten part (b) at pH values below 6, preferably below 7 and in particular below 8 against dissolution.

24. washing or cleaning agent molded article according to one of claims 1 to 23, characterized in that the non-veφreßte part (a) was produced by sintering.

25. washing or cleaning agent molded article according to one of claims 1 to 23, characterized in that the non-veφreßte part (a) was produced by casting.

26. Detergent or shaped body according to one of claims 1 to 23, characterized in that the non-veφreßte part (a) was prepared by solidifying solutions ("gelatinizing").

27. washing or cleaning agent molded article according to one of claims 1 to 23, characterized in that the non-veφreßte part (a) was produced by curing.

28. Detergent or shaped body according to one of claims 1 to 27, characterized in that the non-veφreßte part (b) was produced by sintering.

29. Detergent or Reimgmittelformköφer according to one of claims 1 to 27, characterized in that the non-veφreßte part (b) was produced by casting.

30. Detergent or shaped body according to one of claims 1 to 27, characterized in that the non-veφreßte part (b) was prepared by solidifying solutions ("gelatinizing").

31. washing or cleaning agent molded article according to one of claims 1 to 27, characterized in that the non-veφreßte part (b) was produced by curing.

32. Detergent or cleaning article according to one of claims 1 to 27, characterized in that the non-molded part (b) is particulate.

33. Detergent or molded article according to one of claims 1 to 32, characterized in that the non-veφreßte part (a) builders in amounts of 1 to 100 wt .-%, preferably from 5 to 95 wt .-%, particularly preferably from 10 to 90% by weight and in particular from 20 to 85% by weight, based in each case on the weight of the non-compressed part (a).

34. shaped detergent or cleaning product according to one of claims 1 to 33, characterized in that the non-veφreßte part (a) phosphate (s), preferably alkali metal phosphate (s), particularly preferably pentasodium or pentapotassium triphosphate (sodium or Potassium tripolyphosphate), in amounts of 20 to 80 wt .-%, preferably from 25 to 75 wt .-% and in particular from 30 to 70 wt .-%, each based on the weight of the non-pressed part (a) ,

35. Detergent or shaped article according to one of claims 1 to 34, characterized in that the non-veφreßte part (a) carbonate (s) and / or hydrogen carbonates), preferably alkali carbonates, particularly preferably sodium carbonate, in amounts of 5 to 50 wt .-%, preferably from 7.5 to 40 wt .-% and in particular from 10 to 30 wt .-%, each based on the weight of the non-pressed part (a).

36. Detergent or molded article according to one of claims 1 to 35, characterized in that the non-pressed part (a) silicate (s), preferably alkali silicates, particularly preferably crystalline or amorphous alkali disilicates, in amounts of 10 to 60% by weight. %, preferably from 15 to 50% by weight and in particular from 20 to 40% by weight, in each case based on the weight of the non-compressed part (a).

37. shaped detergent or cleaning product according to one of claims 1 to 36, characterized in that the non-veφreßte part (a) total surfactant contents below 5 wt .-%, preferably below 4 wt .-%, particularly preferably below 3 wt .-% and in particular below 2 wt .-%, each based on the weight of the non-molded part (a).

38. Detergent or molded article according to one of claims 1 to 37, characterized in that the non-veφreßte part (a) bleach from the Grappe of oxygen or halogen bleach, in particular the chlorine bleach, with particular preference for sodium perborate and sodium percarbonate, in amounts of from 2 to 25% by weight, preferably from 5 to 20% by weight and in particular from 10 to 15% by weight, in each case based on the weight of the non-molded part (a).

39. Detergent or cleaning agent body according to one of claims 1 to 38, characterized in that the non-veφreßte part (a) bleach activators from the groups of polyacylated alkylenediamines, especially tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED), the N-acylimides, especially N-nonanoylsuccinimide (NOSI), the acylated phenolsulfonates, especially n-nonanoyl- or isononanoyloxybenzenesulfonate (n- or iso-NOBS) and n-methyl-Moφholinium-acetonitrile-methyl sulfate (MMA), in Quantities from 0.25 to 15 wt .-%, preferably from 0.5 to 10 wt .-% and in particular from 1 to 5 wt .-%, each based on the weight of the non-pressed part (a).

40. Detergent or shaped body according to one of claims 1 to 39, characterized in that the non-veφreßte part (a) silver protection agent from the Grappe of triazoles, benzotriazoles, bisbenzotriazoles, aminotriazoles, alkylamino notriazoles and transition metal salts or complexes, particularly preferably benzotriazole and or alkylaminotriazole, in amounts of 0.01 to 5% by weight, preferably 0.05 to 4% by weight and in particular 0.5 to 3% by weight, in each case based on the weight of the non-molded part (a).

41. Form of detergent or cleaning agent according to one of claims 1 to 40, characterized in that the non-veφreßte part (a) further one or more substances from the groups of enzymes, corrosion inhibitors, scale inhibitors, cobuilders, dyes and / or fragrances in Contains total amounts of 6 to 30 wt .-%, preferably from 7.5 to 25 wt .-% and in particular from 10 to 20 wt .-%, each based on the weight of the non-pressed part (a).

42. Detergent or molded article according to one of claims 1 to 41, characterized in that the second non-molded part (b) is a coated, preferably multi-coated molded article which is glued into the cavity of the non-molded part (a) ,

43. A method for producing detergent tablets, comprising the steps

(a) production of a first non-pressed part (a) which contains active substance,

(b) production of a second non-pressed part (b) which contains active substance,

(c) connecting the two molded body parts by joining or joining them together to form the molded body.

44. The method according spoke 43, characterized in that the adhesion between the molded body parts (a) and (b) is supported by adhesion promoters.

45. The method according to claim 44, characterized in that in step (c) as an adhesion promoter melting one or more substances with a melting range of 40 ° C to 75 ° C are applied to one or more surfaces of the molded part (a), after which ( the) molded part (e) (b) is glued.

46. The method according spoke 44, characterized in that in step (c) as an adhesion promoter one or more substances from the groups of paraffin waxes, preferably with a melting range from 50 ° C to 55 ° C, and / or the polyethylene glycols (PEG) and / or polypropylene glycols (PPG) and / or natural waxes and / or fatty alcohols.

47. The method according spoke 44, characterized in that in step (c) concentrated salt solutions are applied as an adhesion promoter on one or more surfaces of the molded part (a).

48. The method according spoke 44, characterized in that in step (c) solutions or suspensions of water-soluble or -dispersible polymers, preferably polycarboxylates, are applied to one or more surfaces of the molded part (a) as adhesion promoters.

49. A method for producing detergent tablets, comprising the steps

(a) production of a first non-pressed part (a) which contains active substance and has at least one cavity,

(b) production of a second non-pressed part (b) which contains active substance,

(c) connecting the two molded body parts by at least partially inserting the molded body part (b) into the cavity of the molded body part (a).

50. A process for the production of detergent or cleaning product tablets, comprising the steps

(a) production of a first non-pressed part (a) which contains active substance and has at least one cavity,

(b) inserting active substance into the cavity (s) of the molded body part (a) to form a molded body part (b),

(c) fixing the molded body part (b) in the cavity of the molded body part (a).

51. The method according spoke 50, characterized in that the active substance in step (b) is carried out by pouring in liquid to pasty media, by sprinkling in particulate media or by inserting previously produced non-molded parts.

52. The method according to any one of claims 50 or 51, characterized in that the fixation in step (c) is carried out by coating the whole molded body or the molded body surfaces in which there are cavities.

53. The method according to any one of claims 50 or 51, characterized in that the fixation in step (c) is carried out by curing, spraying with adhesion promoters, sintering, gelatinization or gluing further molded body components.

54. The method according to any one of claims 43 to 53, characterized in that process step (a) comprises sintering.

55. The method according to any one of claims 43 to 53, characterized in that step (a) comprises the casting.

56. The method according to any one of claims 43 to 53, characterized in that process step (a) comprises solidifying solutions ("gelatinizing").

57. The method according to any one of claims 43 to 53, characterized in that process step (a) comprises curing.

58. The method according to any one of claims 43 to 57, characterized in that process step (b) comprises sintering.

59. The method according to any one of claims 43 to 57, characterized in that step (b) comprises the casting.

60. The method according to any one of claims 43 to 57, characterized in that process step (b) comprises solidifying solutions ("gelatinizing").

61. The method according to any one of claims 43 to 57, characterized in that process step (b) comprises curing.

62. The method according to any one of claims 43 to 57, characterized in that the non-molded part (b) is particulate.

63. Process for the production of detergent tablets with controlled release of active substance, characterized in that a non-pressed molded article made of detergent-active or cleaning-active preparation is coated with a polymer and on or in a non-pressed molded article made of detergent- or detergent-active Preparation sticks.

64. The method according to claim 63, characterized in that amino group-containing polymers, preferably copolymers of basic monomers such as dialkylaminoalkyl (meth) acrylates with acrylic acid esters are used as coating material.

65. The method according to any one of claims 63 or 64, characterized in that ampholytic polymers, preferably copolymers of basic monomers such as dialkylaminoalkyl (meth) acrylates with substituted or unsubstituted acrylic acids and / or (math) acrylic acids, are used as the coating material.

66. Combination of (a) washing or cleaning agent shaped body according to one of claims 1 to 42 and a packaging system containing the washing or cleaning agent shaped body, characterized in that the packaging system has a moisture vapor transmission rate of 0.1 g / m ² / day to less than 20 g / m ² / day if the packaging system is stored at 23 ° C and a relative equilibrium humidity of 85%.

67. Combination according to claim 66, characterized in that the packaging system

• y has a moisture vapor transmission rate from 0.5 g / m / day to less than 15 g / m ² / day.

68. Combination according to one of claims 66 or 67, characterized in that the packaging system consists of a sack or bag made of single-layer or laminated paper and / or plastic film.

69. Combination according to spoke 68, characterized in that the packaging system consists of a sack or pouch made of single-layer or laminated plastic film with a thickness of 10 to 200 μm, preferably 20 to 100 μm and in particular 25 to 50 μm.

70. Combination according to one of claims 66 to 69, characterized in that the packaging system does not comprise boxes made of wax-coated paper.