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DE3201367A1 - Electrical resistance heater comprising PTC resistance elements - Google Patents

Electrical resistance heater comprising PTC resistance elements

Info

Publication number
DE3201367A1
DE3201367A1 DE19823201367 DE3201367A DE3201367A1 DE 3201367 A1 DE3201367 A1 DE 3201367A1 DE 19823201367 DE19823201367 DE 19823201367 DE 3201367 A DE3201367 A DE 3201367A DE 3201367 A1 DE3201367 A1 DE 3201367A1
Authority
DE
Germany
Prior art keywords
elements
ptc
electrical resistance
heat
heating elements
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
DE19823201367
Other languages
German (de)
Inventor
Erich 7200 Tuttlingen Hillinger
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Tuerk and Hillinger GmbH
Original Assignee
Tuerk and Hillinger GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Tuerk and Hillinger GmbH filed Critical Tuerk and Hillinger GmbH
Priority to DE19823201367 priority Critical patent/DE3201367A1/en
Publication of DE3201367A1 publication Critical patent/DE3201367A1/en
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • HELECTRICITY
    • H05ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05BELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/10Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
    • H05B3/12Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material
    • H05B3/14Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material the material being non-metallic
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H05ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05BELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/40Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes
    • H05B3/42Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes non-flexible
    • H05B3/48Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes non-flexible heating conductor embedded in insulating material

Landscapes

  • Resistance Heating (AREA)

Abstract

Electrical resistance heaters designed for lower powers or comparatively low temperature ranges are often fitted with heating elements made of PTC resistance materials. Such heating elements have the property that, as the temperature rises, their resistance increases and a self-regulating effect, which renders expensive regulating or limiting devices unnecessary, consequently sets in. The continued serviceability of such heaters, however, requires the heat generated by the heating elements to be removed as rapidly as possible to avoid any build-up of heat in the elements. Such a build-up of heat leads to a rapid rise in temperature, and this results in the self-regulating effect setting in too early. The present invention avoids such a build-up of heat by mounting the PTC resistance elements between two parallel extruded bars, made of aluminium or the like, which make contact with the elements, encasing the PTC resistance elements and the extruded bars with insulating material and surrounding this structure with a metal sheathing tube which compresses it.

Description

Elektrischer Widerstandsheizkörper mit Electric resistance heater with

Kaltleiter-Elementen Die Erfindung betrifft elektrische Widerstands-Heizkörper für k dSigb Temperaturbereiche, bzw. für niedrige thermische Oberflächenbelastungen, wie sie beispielsweise in Elerkochern, Kaffeemaschinen, oder auch in Ijockenwicklern od.dergl. eingebaut werden. In diesen Bereichen ist die Verwendung von Heizelementen aus Kaltleitermaterialien, d.h. von sogenannten PTC-Elementen vorteilhaft, da sie sich in ihrer elektrischen Leistungsaufnahme gewissermaßen selbst regeln und somit umfangreiche Xegel-oder Begrenzungseinrichtungen entfallen können. PTC thermistor elements The invention relates to electrical resistance heating elements for k dSigb temperature ranges or for low thermal surface loads, like they are in electric cookers, coffee machines, or in Ijockenwicklers or the like. to be built in. In these areas is the use of heating elements made of PTC thermistor materials, i.e. so-called PTC elements, because they regulate themselves to a certain extent in terms of their electrical power consumption and thus extensive Xegel or limiting devices can be dispensed with.

Die scheiben-oder quaderförmigen PTC-Elemente werden gewöhnlich mittels flächiger Elektroden an zwei gegenüberliegenden Seiten derselben kontaktiert und dieser Aufbau dann nach außen isoliert, wie dies beispielsweise die DU-OS 28 35 742 und die DU-OS 28 45 965 offenbaren.The disk-shaped or cuboid-shaped PTC elements are usually by means of flat electrodes on two opposite sides of the same and contacted this structure then insulates from the outside, as is the case with the DU-OS 28 35, for example 742 and the DU-OS 28 45 965 disclose.

Ein Nachteil dieser bekannten Heizkörper mit PTC-Elementen besteht darin, daß in den Heizelementen ein mehr oder weniger großer Wärmestau entsteht, der dazu führen kann, daß infolge der durch den Stau rasch ansteigenden Temperatur, die Leistungsaufnahme des Heizungselements entsprechend zurückgeht, noch bevor die Temperatur des Heizkörpers insgesamt die gewünschte Höhe erreicht. Der Anwendungsbereich solcher Heizkörper wird dadurch ziemlich eingeschränkt.There is a disadvantage of these known radiators with PTC elements in the fact that a more or less large amount of heat accumulates in the heating elements, which can lead to the fact that as a result of the rapidly increasing temperature due to the traffic jam, the The power consumption of the heating element decreases accordingly, even before the temperature of the radiator has reached the desired level. The area of application of such radiators is quite limited as a result.

Es ist der Zweck dieser Erfindung, diesen Nachteil weitgehend zu beheben und einen mit PTC-Elementen bestückten Heizkörper zu schaffen, bei dem der erwähnte Wärmestau vermieden wird und so die Selbstregelung der Elemente erst dann wirksam eintritt, wenn die gewünschte Temperatur des betreffenden Heizkörper erreicht wird.It is the purpose of this invention to largely remedy this disadvantage and to create a heater equipped with PTC elements, in which the aforementioned Heat build-up is avoided and so the self-regulation of the elements only then becomes effective occurs when the desired temperature of the radiator in question is reached.

Zu diesem Zweck sind bei dem erfindungsgemäßen Heizkörper die PTC-Elemente zwischen zwei parallelen, die Kontataktierung der Heizelemente bewirkenden Strangpreßschienen aus Aluminium od.dergl. eingelagert, die Heizelemente und die Schienen mit Isoliermaterial umgeben und dieser Aufbau mit einem Metallrohr umhüllt und mit diesem verpreßt.For this purpose, the PTC elements are in the heater according to the invention between two parallel extruded rails which bring the heating elements into contact made of aluminum or the like. stored, the heating elements and the rails with insulating material surrounded and this structure is covered with a metal tube and pressed with this.

Die verhältnismäßig massereichen, satt an den Flächen der PDO-Elemente anliegenden Aluminiumschienen sorgt für rasches Ableiten der in den Elementen erzeugten Wärme und für eine gute Weiterleitung derselben über das Isoliermaterial an die Außenflächen des Heizkörpers. Wird, gemäß einem weiteren Merkmal der Erfindung, MgO-Pulver als Isoliermaterial verwendet, so wird dieses beim Verpressen des Metallrohrs verdichtet und damit gut wärmeleitend, womit ein einwandfreier Wärmeübergang zwischen Heizelement, Strangpreßschie nen und Außenmantel des Heizkörpers sichergestellt ist.The relatively massive, full of the surfaces of the PDO elements adjacent aluminum rails ensure that the generated in the elements is quickly diverted Heat and for a good transfer of it via the insulating material to the External surfaces of the radiator. If, according to a further feature of the invention, If MgO powder is used as an insulating material, it is used when the metal pipe is pressed compacted and thus with good thermal conductivity, with which a perfect heat transfer between Heating element, extruded rails NEN and the outer jacket of the radiator ensured is.

Weitere vorteilhafte Merkmale des t;rfindungsgegenstandes sind in den Unteransprüchen beschrieben.Further advantageous features of the subject matter of the invention are given in the subclaims described.

Der Gegenstand der Erfindung ist in zwei Ausführungsbei- spielen in der Zeichnung dargestellt. Es zeigen die Figuren 1 und 2 einen Längs-und einen Querschnitt durch den Heizkörper, Figuren 3 und 4 eine der beiden Strangpreßschienen in der Seitenansicht und in der Vorderansicht, Figur 5 ein weiteres Ausführungsbeispiel des deizkörpers.The object of the invention is in two embodiments to play shown in the drawing. Figures 1 and 2 show a longitudinal and a Cross section through the radiator, Figures 3 and 4 one of the two extruded rails in the side view and in the front view, Figure 5 shows a further embodiment of the deciduous body.

Der in den Figuren 1 und 2 dargestellte Heizkörper besteht aus zwei parallel zueinander angeordneten Strangpreßschienen 1 aus Aluminium od.dergl. zwischen denen zwei oder mehrere Heizelemente aus Kaltleitermaterialien, sog. PTC-elemente 2 eingelagert sind, einem die Elemente 2 und die Schienen 1 umhüllenden Isoliermaterial 3, beisrieiwise MgO-Pulver und einem einseitig mit Metallboden 4 versehenen Metallrohr 5, das die vorgenannten Teile 1,2,3 umgibt. Dieser Aufbau 1 bis 5 ist unter hohem Druck verpreßt, so daß das MgO-Pulver entsprechend hoch verdichtet ist und damit eine gute Wärmeleitfähigkeit aufweist. Als Abschluß für das Mantelrohr 5 dient ein Keramikstopfen 6, durch den die elektrischen Anschlüsse 7 und 8 herausgeführt sind.The heater shown in Figures 1 and 2 consists of two Extruded rails 1 made of aluminum or the like arranged parallel to one another. between which have two or more heating elements made of PTC thermistor materials, so-called PTC elements 2, an insulating material enveloping the elements 2 and the rails 1 3, beisrieiwise MgO powder and a metal tube provided with a metal base 4 on one side 5, which surrounds the aforementioned parts 1,2,3. These structures 1 to 5 are under high Compressed pressure, so that the MgO powder is correspondingly highly compressed and thus has good thermal conductivity. As a conclusion for the jacket tube 5 is used Ceramic plug 6 through which the electrical connections 7 and 8 are led out.

Die im Querschnitt nahezu halbrunden Strangpreßschienen 1 weisen, wie die Figuren 3 und 4 zeigen, an ihrer Flachseite 9 ein breite Längsnut 10 auf, die in ihrem Querschnitt der Quaderform der Heizelemente 2 entspricht, so daß letztere formschlüssig in die Nut 10 passen. Diese Anordnung ergibt einen sehr guten und betriebssicheren Kontakt zwischen den Elementen und den Schienen. Die Strangpreßschienen sind außerdem mit einer Längsbohrung 11 versehen, in die die als Kontaktstecker ausgebildeten Anschlüsse 7 und 8 gesteckt werden können.The extruded rails 1, which are almost semicircular in cross section, have as FIGS. 3 and 4 show, a wide longitudinal groove 10 on its flat side 9, which corresponds in its cross-section to the cuboid shape of the heating elements 2, so that the latter fit positively into the groove 10. This arrangement gives a very good and reliable contact between the elements and the rails. The extrusion bars are also provided with a longitudinal bore 11, in which as a contact plug formed connections 7 and 8 can be plugged.

Die Figur 5 zeigt ein anderes Anwendungsbeispiel für die Erfindung. Hier ist anstelle des MgO-Pulvers ein Schrumpfschlauch 12 aus Kunststoff verwendet, der den wiederum aus zwei Strangpreßschienen 1 und mehreren PTOlementen 2 bestehenden Aufbau isolierend und gleichzeitig zusammenpressend umhüllt und ihm so den erforderlichen Zusammenhalt verleiht. Ein aufgepreßtes Metallmantelrohr 13 ergibt die notwendige mechanische Festigkeit für den Heizkörper, der jedoch in dieser offenen Form nicht für die Erwärmung flüssiger Medien gedacht ist. Die elektrischen Anschlüsse dieses Heizkörpers sind mit Steckzungen 14 versehen.FIG. 5 shows another application example for the invention. Instead of the MgO powder, a plastic shrink tube 12 is used here, which in turn consists of two extruded rails 1 and several PTO elements 2 Structure insulating and at the same time compressive enveloped and thus the necessary Gives cohesion. A pressed-on metal jacket tube 13 gives the necessary mechanical strength for the radiator, but not in this open form is intended for heating liquid media. The electrical connections of this Radiators are provided with tabs 14.

Die Praxis hat gezeigt, daß die beschriebenen neuartigen Heizkörper eine in ihrer Charakteristik erheblich verbesserte Leistungsabgabe aufweisen, d.h. der Selbstregelungseffekt setzt erst dann ein, wenn die erwünschte Temperatur des Heizkörpers insgesamt- erreicht wird.Practice has shown that the novel radiators described have a significantly improved power output in their characteristics, i. e. the self-regulation effect only sets in when the desired temperature of the Total radiator is achieved.

Zwischen den beiden Strangpreßschienen 1 können beliebig viele Heizelemente eingesetzt werden, so daß ohne umfangreiche Lagerhaltung jede gewünschte Heizkörperlänge herstellbar ist. Die verhältnismäßig massereichen Metallschienen bewirken eine sehr gleichmäßige Wärmeverteilung auch in der Längsrichtung zwischen den einzelnen Heizelementen und ergeben damit geringe Oberflächenbelastungen, so daß solche Heizkörper besonders gut auch für die unmittelbare Erwärmung flüssiger Medien geeignet sind- LeerseiteAny number of heating elements can be placed between the two extrusion rails 1 can be used, so that any desired radiator length without extensive storage can be produced. The relatively massive metal rails do a great job Even heat distribution in the longitudinal direction between the individual heating elements and thus result in low surface loads, so that such radiators are particularly are also well suited for the immediate heating of liquid media Blank page

Claims (5)

PATENTANSPRUCHE Elektrischer Wiierstandsheizkörper mit Heizelementen aus Kaltleitermaterialien, sog. PTC-Elementen, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die PTC-Elemente (2) zwischen zwei parallelen, die Kontaktierung der Elemente (2) bewirkenden Strangpreßschienen (1) aus Aluminium odviergl. PATENT CLAIMS Electric heating element with heating elements made of PTC materials, so-called PTC elements, characterized in that the PTC elements (2) between two parallel extruded rails which make contact with the elements (2) (1) made of aluminum or the like. eingelagertisinds die PTC-Elemente (2) und die Strangpreßschienen (1) mit Isoliermaterial (3) umhüllt sind und dieser Aufbau (1 bis 3) mit einem Mantelrohr (5) aus Metall umgeben und mit letzterem verpreßt ist. The PTC elements (2) and the extruded rails are incorporated (1) are encased with insulating material (3) and this structure (1 to 3) with a jacket tube (5) is surrounded by metal and pressed with the latter. 2.) Elektrischer Widerstandsheizkörper nach Anspruch 1 dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die im Querschnitt nahezu halbrunden trangpreßschienen (1) an ihrer Flachseite (9) mit einer Längsnut (10) versehen sind, deren Querschnitt der Form der PTC-Elemente (2) entspricht. 2.) Electrical resistance heater according to claim 1, characterized in that that the almost semicircular in cross-section trangpreßschienen (1) on their flat side (9) are provided with a longitudinal groove (10), the cross section of which has the shape of the PTC elements (2) corresponds. 3.) Elektrischer Widerstandsheizkörper nach den Ansprüchen 1 und 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Isoliermaterial (3) aus MgO-Pulver besteht. 3.) Electrical resistance heater according to claims 1 and 2, characterized in that the insulating material (3) consists of MgO powder. 4.) Elektrischer Widerstandsheizkörper nach den Ansprüchen 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Strangpreßschienen (1) je mit einer Längsbohrung (11) für Kontaktstecker (7,8) versehen sind. 4.) Electrical resistance heater according to claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the extruded rails (1) each with a longitudinal bore (11) are provided for contact plugs (7,8). 5.) Elektrischer Widerstandsheizkörper nach den Ansprüchen 1 und 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß als Isoliermaterial ein Schrumpfschlauch (12) aus Kunststoff verwendet ist, der auf die StrangpreBschxnen (1), in denen die Heizelemente (2) lagern, aufgeschrumpft ist. 5.) Electrical resistance heater according to claims 1 and 2, characterized in that a shrink tube (12) is used as the insulating material Plastic is used on the extrusions (1) in which the heating elements (2) store, is shrunk on.
DE19823201367 1982-01-19 1982-01-19 Electrical resistance heater comprising PTC resistance elements Ceased DE3201367A1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19823201367 DE3201367A1 (en) 1982-01-19 1982-01-19 Electrical resistance heater comprising PTC resistance elements

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DE3201367A1 true DE3201367A1 (en) 1983-07-28

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Cited By (20)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3506759C1 (en) * 1985-02-26 1986-09-18 Türk & Hillinger GmbH, 7200 Tuttlingen Self-regulating electrical heating body
DE3542646A1 (en) * 1985-12-03 1987-06-04 Tuerk & Hillinger Gmbh Method for producing highly compressed heating bodies using PTC thermistor heating elements
FR2597222A1 (en) * 1986-04-11 1987-10-16 Ciapem Apparatus equipped with an electrical heating resistance
DE3812210C1 (en) * 1988-04-13 1989-02-09 Tuerk & Hillinger Gmbh, 7200 Tuttlingen, De Resistance heater having PTC thermistor elements and method for its production
DE3815306A1 (en) * 1988-05-05 1989-11-16 Eichenauer Gmbh & Co Kg F ELECTRIC HEATING ELEMENT WITH PTC ELEMENT
DE3826660A1 (en) * 1988-08-05 1990-02-08 Tuerk & Hillinger Gmbh Electrical heating cartridge with self-regulation
FR2681496A1 (en) * 1991-09-17 1993-03-19 Vulcanic Shielded heating elements with electrical supply and method of manufacture of such elements
DE4445949A1 (en) * 1994-12-22 1996-06-27 Hofsaes Marcel Peter Electric heater for aquarium
DE19737241A1 (en) * 1997-08-27 1999-04-08 Tuerk & Hillinger Gmbh Electric heater with pressed insulating rings of a metal oxide and silicone mixture
DE19931102A1 (en) * 1999-07-06 2001-01-11 Bayerische Motoren Werke Ag Manufacturing method for light metal housing with embedded electromagnet coil e.g. for valve in IC engine, involves applying electrical insulating material resistant to high temperature before coil is cast in housing
DE29915886U1 (en) * 1999-09-09 2001-01-25 Weidmüller Interface GmbH & Co, 32760 Detmold Distributor for connecting actuators and / or sensors
DE20121116U1 (en) * 2001-12-21 2003-04-24 Fritz Eichenauer GmbH & Co. KG, 76870 Kandel Electric heating device for heating a liquid in a motor vehicle
EP1646055A1 (en) * 2004-10-07 2006-04-12 I.R.C.A. S.p.a. Industria Resistenze Corazzate e Affini PTC element emdedded in a heat conducting resin body
DE102004062604A1 (en) * 2004-12-24 2006-07-06 Eichenauer Heizelemente Gmbh & Co. Kg Electrical heater for heating e.g. windshield washing fluid, has heating unit arranged in housing which is designed in form of square tube, where housing is sealed at one end with short plug that is formed from plastic
JP2006190639A (en) * 2004-12-30 2006-07-20 Tom Richards Inc Self adjustment type heater assembly and its manufacturing method
US7313322B2 (en) 2004-12-24 2007-12-25 Roland Starck Electrical heating facility for the heating of liquid in a motor vehicle
EP3340258A1 (en) * 2016-12-21 2018-06-27 DBK David + Baader GmbH Discharge resistor
WO2019079302A1 (en) * 2017-10-19 2019-04-25 Tom Richards, Inc. Heat transfer assembly
EP3490335A1 (en) * 2017-11-27 2019-05-29 Mahle International GmbH Positive temperature coefficient (ptc) heater
US20230354482A1 (en) * 2019-03-25 2023-11-02 Bestway Inflatables & Material Corp. Ptc liquid heating device

Cited By (24)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3506759C1 (en) * 1985-02-26 1986-09-18 Türk & Hillinger GmbH, 7200 Tuttlingen Self-regulating electrical heating body
DE3542646A1 (en) * 1985-12-03 1987-06-04 Tuerk & Hillinger Gmbh Method for producing highly compressed heating bodies using PTC thermistor heating elements
FR2597222A1 (en) * 1986-04-11 1987-10-16 Ciapem Apparatus equipped with an electrical heating resistance
DE3812210C1 (en) * 1988-04-13 1989-02-09 Tuerk & Hillinger Gmbh, 7200 Tuttlingen, De Resistance heater having PTC thermistor elements and method for its production
DE3815306A1 (en) * 1988-05-05 1989-11-16 Eichenauer Gmbh & Co Kg F ELECTRIC HEATING ELEMENT WITH PTC ELEMENT
DE3826660A1 (en) * 1988-08-05 1990-02-08 Tuerk & Hillinger Gmbh Electrical heating cartridge with self-regulation
FR2681496A1 (en) * 1991-09-17 1993-03-19 Vulcanic Shielded heating elements with electrical supply and method of manufacture of such elements
DE4445949A1 (en) * 1994-12-22 1996-06-27 Hofsaes Marcel Peter Electric heater for aquarium
DE19737241A1 (en) * 1997-08-27 1999-04-08 Tuerk & Hillinger Gmbh Electric heater with pressed insulating rings of a metal oxide and silicone mixture
DE19737241C2 (en) * 1997-08-27 1999-09-30 Tuerk & Hillinger Gmbh Electrical, compressed radiator equipped with PTC elements
DE19931102A1 (en) * 1999-07-06 2001-01-11 Bayerische Motoren Werke Ag Manufacturing method for light metal housing with embedded electromagnet coil e.g. for valve in IC engine, involves applying electrical insulating material resistant to high temperature before coil is cast in housing
DE29915886U1 (en) * 1999-09-09 2001-01-25 Weidmüller Interface GmbH & Co, 32760 Detmold Distributor for connecting actuators and / or sensors
DE20121116U1 (en) * 2001-12-21 2003-04-24 Fritz Eichenauer GmbH & Co. KG, 76870 Kandel Electric heating device for heating a liquid in a motor vehicle
DE10258257B4 (en) * 2001-12-21 2016-12-01 Eichenauer Heizelemente Gmbh & Co. Kg Electric heating device for heating a liquid in a motor vehicle
EP1646055A1 (en) * 2004-10-07 2006-04-12 I.R.C.A. S.p.a. Industria Resistenze Corazzate e Affini PTC element emdedded in a heat conducting resin body
DE102004062604A1 (en) * 2004-12-24 2006-07-06 Eichenauer Heizelemente Gmbh & Co. Kg Electrical heater for heating e.g. windshield washing fluid, has heating unit arranged in housing which is designed in form of square tube, where housing is sealed at one end with short plug that is formed from plastic
US7313322B2 (en) 2004-12-24 2007-12-25 Roland Starck Electrical heating facility for the heating of liquid in a motor vehicle
JP2006190639A (en) * 2004-12-30 2006-07-20 Tom Richards Inc Self adjustment type heater assembly and its manufacturing method
EP1677577A3 (en) * 2004-12-30 2007-08-15 Tom Richards, Inc. Self-regulating heater assembly and method of manufacturing same
EP3340258A1 (en) * 2016-12-21 2018-06-27 DBK David + Baader GmbH Discharge resistor
WO2019079302A1 (en) * 2017-10-19 2019-04-25 Tom Richards, Inc. Heat transfer assembly
US11118810B2 (en) 2017-10-19 2021-09-14 Tom Richards, Inc. Heat transfer assembly
EP3490335A1 (en) * 2017-11-27 2019-05-29 Mahle International GmbH Positive temperature coefficient (ptc) heater
US20230354482A1 (en) * 2019-03-25 2023-11-02 Bestway Inflatables & Material Corp. Ptc liquid heating device

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