DE29710235U1 - Device for plasticizing plastic material - Google Patents
Device for plasticizing plastic materialInfo
- Publication number
- DE29710235U1 DE29710235U1 DE29710235U DE29710235U DE29710235U1 DE 29710235 U1 DE29710235 U1 DE 29710235U1 DE 29710235 U DE29710235 U DE 29710235U DE 29710235 U DE29710235 U DE 29710235U DE 29710235 U1 DE29710235 U1 DE 29710235U1
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- melt
- planetary roller
- discharge stage
- extruders
- plastic material
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C48/36—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die
- B29C48/50—Details of extruders
- B29C48/76—Venting, drying means; Degassing means
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C48/36—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die
- B29C48/365—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using pumps, e.g. piston pumps
- B29C48/37—Gear pumps
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C48/36—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die
- B29C48/375—Plasticisers, homogenisers or feeders comprising two or more stages
- B29C48/38—Plasticisers, homogenisers or feeders comprising two or more stages using two or more serially arranged screws in the same barrel
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C48/36—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die
- B29C48/375—Plasticisers, homogenisers or feeders comprising two or more stages
- B29C48/387—Plasticisers, homogenisers or feeders comprising two or more stages using a screw extruder and a gear pump
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C48/36—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die
- B29C48/395—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders
- B29C48/397—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders using a single screw
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C48/36—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die
- B29C48/395—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders
- B29C48/40—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders using two or more parallel screws or at least two parallel non-intermeshing screws, e.g. twin screw extruders
- B29C48/435—Sub-screws
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C48/36—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die
- B29C48/395—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders
- B29C48/40—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders using two or more parallel screws or at least two parallel non-intermeshing screws, e.g. twin screw extruders
- B29C48/435—Sub-screws
- B29C48/44—Planetary screws
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/03—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor characterised by the shape of the extruded material at extrusion
- B29C48/12—Articles with an irregular circumference when viewed in cross-section, e.g. window profiles
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Materials For Medical Uses (AREA)
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft eine Vorrichtung zum Plastifizieren von Kunststofimaterial.The invention relates to a device for plasticizing plastic material.
Für die Herstellung von Kunststoffschmelze, vorzugsweise für die Extrusion von Endlosprofilen, werden mitunter Planetwalzenextruder eingesetzt. Bei dieser sind mehrere Planetspindeln zwischen einem Walzenzylinder und einer Hauptspindel angeordnet. Beim Antrieb der Hauptspindel wälzen die in Walzenzylinder, Planetspindeln und Hauptspindel eingearbeiteten Verzahnungen aufeinander ab, so daß das zu plastiflzierende Kunststoffinaterial einer intensiven Knetwirkung unterworfen wird. Die so hergestellte Kunststoffschmelze hat eine hohe Güte.Planetary roller extruders are sometimes used to produce plastic melts, preferably for the extrusion of continuous profiles. In these, several planetary spindles are arranged between a roller cylinder and a main spindle. When the main spindle is driven, the gears incorporated in the roller cylinder, planetary spindles and main spindle roll against each other, so that the plastic material to be plasticized is subjected to an intensive kneading effect. The plastic melt produced in this way is of high quality.
In jüngster Zeit ist die Forderung aufgetreten, die vom Extruder hergestellte Schmelzemenge pro Zeit zu steigern. Während übliche Planetwalzenextruder Schmelzemengen im Bereich bis zu 2,5 Tonnen/Stunde produzieren, ist es nunmehr das Ziel, deutlich höhere Werte zu erreichen.Recently, there has been a demand to increase the amount of melt produced by the extruder per unit of time. While conventional planetary roller extruders produce melt quantities in the range of up to 2.5 tons/hour, the aim now is to achieve significantly higher values.
Bekannte Ansätze zum Erreichen dieses Ziels gehen in folgende Richtung: Insbesondere wegen der erforderlichen Logistik (bei der Notwendigkeit zum Auswechseln verschlissener Spindeln) und wegen der Ersatzteilproblematik (Lagerhaltung) wird bislang die Baugröße der Planetwalzenextruder dadurch erhöht, daß größere Durchmesser für Hauptspindel und Walzenzylinder vorgesehen werden. Die zum Einsatz kommenden Planetspindeln werden jedoch für alle Baugrößen gleich groß (also mit demselben Kopfkreisdurchmesser und demselben Modul) ausgeführt. Damit wird die Logistik und die Lagerhaltung für dieses Verschleißteil recht einfach. Desweiteren wird die Länge der Extrudereinheit vergrößert, wobei mehrere Walzenzylinder aneinandergeschweißt werden.Known approaches to achieving this goal are as follows: In particular because of the required logistics (when worn spindles need to be replaced) and because of the spare parts problem (storage), the size of the planetary roller extruder has so far been increased by providing larger diameters for the main spindle and roller cylinder. However, the planetary spindles used are the same size for all sizes (i.e. with the same tip diameter and the same module). This makes the logistics and storage for this wearing part quite simple. Furthermore, the length of the extruder unit is increased, with several roller cylinders being welded together.
Der vorliegenden Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, eine Vorrichtung der eingangs genannten Art so auszubilden, daß eine deutlich höhere Ausstoßmenge pro Zeit möglich wird. Weiterhin soll es möglich sein, eine breite Bandbreite von Austragsleistungen zu realisieren, ohne die optimalen Betriebspunkte der Extruder zu verlassen.The object of the present invention is to design a device of the type mentioned at the beginning in such a way that a significantly higher output quantity per unit time is possible. Furthermore, it should be possible to achieve a wide range of output capacities without leaving the optimal operating points of the extruder.
Die Lösung dieser Aufgabe durch die Erfindung ist gekennzeichnet durch mindestens zwei Planetwalzenextruder (1) in paralleler Anordnung, die eine gemeinsame Austragstufe (2) speisen.The solution to this problem by the invention is characterized by at least two planetary roller extruders (1) in a parallel arrangement, which feed a common discharge stage (2).
Die Austragstufe (2) ist dabei vorzugsweise ein Einschneckenextruder, ein Zwischenschneckenextruder oder eine Zahnradpumpe.The discharge stage (2) is preferably a single-screw extruder, an intermediate-screw extruder or a gear pump.
Zwecks Aufbereitung der zu verarbeitenden Schmelze kann vorgesehen werden, daß im Bereich der Materialübergabe von den Planetwalzenextrudem (1) zur Austragstufe (2) Mittel (3) zur Entgasung der Schmelze angeordnet sind. Hierbei ist insbesondere an einen mit einem Vakuum (V) beaufschlagten Fallschacht gedacht, bei dem die Wirkung der Schwerkraft genutzt wird.For the purpose of preparing the melt to be processed, it can be provided that means (3) for degassing the melt are arranged in the area of the material transfer from the planetary roller extruders (1) to the discharge stage (2). In this case, a drop shaft with a vacuum (V) is particularly intended, in which the effect of gravity is used.
Alternativ zu der Entgasungseinrichtung kann vorgesehen sein, daß die Materialübergabe von den Planetwalzenextrudem (1) zur Austragstufe (2) über eine geschlossene Leitung erfolgt.As an alternative to the degassing device, it can be provided that the material transfer from the planetary roller extruders (1) to the discharge stage (2) takes place via a closed line.
Die vorgeschlagene Lösung verläßt den bisher für die Auslegung größerer Plastifiziermengen pro Zeiteinheit verwendeten Ansatz: Statt den einzelnen Planetwalzenextruder zu vergrößern, werden mehrere dieser Extruder parallelgeschaltet, die ihre jeweiligen Schmelzeströme in eine in der Größe angepaßte Austragstufe emspeisen. Dabei ergibt sich der besondere Vorteil, daß der optimale Betriebspunkt des Plastifizierextruders nicht verlassen werden muß, wenn einmal signifikant weniger Kunststoffschmelze pro Zeiteinheit hergestellt werden soll. Dann wird lediglich einer oder mehrere der parallelgeschalteten Extruder abgeschaltet.The proposed solution departs from the approach previously used for designing larger plasticizing quantities per unit of time: Instead of enlarging the individual planetary roller extruder, several of these extruders are connected in parallel, feeding their respective melt streams into a discharge stage of the appropriate size. This has the particular advantage that the optimal operating point of the plasticizing extruder does not have to be left if significantly less plastic melt is to be produced per unit of time. In this case, only one or more of the parallel-connected extruders are switched off.
In der Zeichnung ist ein Ausfuhrungsbeispiel der erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung dargestellt. Die Figur zeigt schematisch eine Anordnung mit drei parallelgeschalteten Planetwalzenextrudem.The drawing shows an embodiment of the device according to the invention. The figure schematically shows an arrangement with three planetary roller extruders connected in parallel.
Die drei Planetwalzenextruder 1 sind nebeneinander angeordnet und werden jeweils isoliert mit Kunststofrrnaterial und Energie (nicht dargestellt) versorgt.The three planetary roller extruders 1 are arranged next to each other and are each supplied with plastic material and energy (not shown) in isolation.
Die hergestellte Schmelze wird am Ausgang der Extruder 1 einer Leitung 4 zugeführt, die sämtliche Schmelze, die von den drei Extrudern 1 stammt, in eine Austragstufe 2 einspeist. Bei dieser Einheit handelt es sich beispielsweise um einen weiteren Extruder, der jedoch im wesentlichen nur die Aufgabe des Förderns der Schmelze hat.The melt produced is fed to a line 4 at the outlet of the extruder 1, which feeds all the melt coming from the three extruders 1 into a discharge stage 2. This unit is, for example, another extruder, which essentially only has the task of conveying the melt.
Zwischen den Planetwalzenextrudern 1 und der Austragstufe 2 ist eine Entgasungseinheit 3 für die hergestellte Schmelze geschaltet. Durch Absaugen von Gas aus dem Inneren der Entgasungseinheit (Druck p) wird ein Vakuum V aufgebaut, das veranlaßt, daß Gasblasen aus der Schmelze abgesaugt werden. Dadurch wird die Qualität der Schmelze verbessert. Die so aufbereitete Schmelze wird einem Werkzeug (Nachfolgeeinnchtung) 5 zugeführt, das das gewünschte Profil erzeugt.A degassing unit 3 for the melt produced is connected between the planetary roller extruders 1 and the discharge stage 2. By sucking gas out of the interior of the degassing unit (pressure p), a vacuum V is built up, which causes gas bubbles to be sucked out of the melt. This improves the quality of the melt. The melt prepared in this way is fed to a tool (downstream device) 5, which produces the desired profile.
Mit dem erfindungsgemäßen Vorschlag können - abhängig von der Anzahl der parallelgeschalteten Planetwalzenextruder - beliebig hohe Schmelzemengen pro Zeiteinheit hergestellt werden. Wenn einmal der Bedarf an Schmelze pro Zeit geringer ist, beispielsweise weil die Nachfolgeeinrichtung einen geringeren Matenalbedarf erfordert, kann ein Extruder 1 abgeschaltet werden, so daß sich im dargestellten Beispiel die Schmelzemenge pro Zeit auf ca. 2/3 verringert. Die beiden aktiven Extruder 1 arbeiten dann aber trotzdem auf ihrem optimalen Betriebspunkt.With the proposal according to the invention, any desired amount of melt can be produced per unit of time - depending on the number of planetary roller extruders connected in parallel. If the amount of melt required per unit of time is lower, for example because the downstream device requires less material, an extruder 1 can be switched off, so that in the example shown the amount of melt per unit of time is reduced to approx. 2/3. The two active extruders 1 then still work at their optimal operating point.
Claims (5)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE29710235U DE29710235U1 (en) | 1997-06-12 | 1997-06-12 | Device for plasticizing plastic material |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE29710235U DE29710235U1 (en) | 1997-06-12 | 1997-06-12 | Device for plasticizing plastic material |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| DE29710235U1 true DE29710235U1 (en) | 1997-08-14 |
Family
ID=8041515
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE29710235U Expired - Lifetime DE29710235U1 (en) | 1997-06-12 | 1997-06-12 | Device for plasticizing plastic material |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| DE (1) | DE29710235U1 (en) |
Cited By (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE19806609A1 (en) * | 1998-02-18 | 1999-08-19 | Beiersdorf Ag | Process for the continuous, solvent and mastication free production of non-thermoplastic elastomers based self-adhesive compositions |
| DE20003297U1 (en) * | 2000-02-23 | 2000-07-06 | Battenfeld Extrusionstechnik Gmbh, 32547 Bad Oeynhausen | Device for plasticizing plastic material |
| US6506447B1 (en) | 1999-08-18 | 2003-01-14 | Tesa Ag | Process for the continuous, solvent- and mastication-free production of pressure-sensitive self-adhesive compositions based on non-thermoplastic elastomers and coating thereof to produce self-adhesive articles |
| WO2003053646A1 (en) * | 2001-12-07 | 2003-07-03 | Berstorff Gmbh | Multiple extruder configuration |
| WO2004082913A1 (en) * | 2003-03-20 | 2004-09-30 | Polymera Sa | Extrusion facility for producing plastic granules |
| US7279535B2 (en) | 2003-05-19 | 2007-10-09 | Tesa Ag | Method for the continuous production of polymers made of vinyl compounds by substance and/or solvent polymerization |
| CN102039655A (en) * | 2009-10-26 | 2011-05-04 | 青岛科技大学 | Multi-product extrusion molding device |
| EP2607049A1 (en) * | 2011-12-22 | 2013-06-26 | The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company | Apparatus and process for mixing rubber compounds |
| CN107877820A (en) * | 2017-11-07 | 2018-04-06 | 苏州顺创新能源科技有限公司 | A kind of extrusion device of solar energy backboard film |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE3119569C2 (en) * | 1981-05-16 | 1984-09-13 | Hermann Berstorff Maschinenbau Gmbh, 3000 Hannover | Device for the preparation of plastic molding compounds |
| DE3133647C2 (en) * | 1981-08-26 | 1987-02-12 | Hermann Berstorff Maschinenbau Gmbh, 3000 Hannover | Device for processing and extruding thermoplastics |
| US5213737A (en) * | 1991-12-02 | 1993-05-25 | Corning Incorporated | Extrusion method and apparatus for producing a body from powder material |
-
1997
- 1997-06-12 DE DE29710235U patent/DE29710235U1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE3119569C2 (en) * | 1981-05-16 | 1984-09-13 | Hermann Berstorff Maschinenbau Gmbh, 3000 Hannover | Device for the preparation of plastic molding compounds |
| DE3133647C2 (en) * | 1981-08-26 | 1987-02-12 | Hermann Berstorff Maschinenbau Gmbh, 3000 Hannover | Device for processing and extruding thermoplastics |
| US5213737A (en) * | 1991-12-02 | 1993-05-25 | Corning Incorporated | Extrusion method and apparatus for producing a body from powder material |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| SCHLICKER,Bernd: Planetwalzen-Extrusionssysteme für anspruchsvolle Kunststoffverarbeitung. In: Kuntstoffberater 10/1983, S.41-43 * |
Cited By (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE19806609A1 (en) * | 1998-02-18 | 1999-08-19 | Beiersdorf Ag | Process for the continuous, solvent and mastication free production of non-thermoplastic elastomers based self-adhesive compositions |
| US6506447B1 (en) | 1999-08-18 | 2003-01-14 | Tesa Ag | Process for the continuous, solvent- and mastication-free production of pressure-sensitive self-adhesive compositions based on non-thermoplastic elastomers and coating thereof to produce self-adhesive articles |
| DE20003297U1 (en) * | 2000-02-23 | 2000-07-06 | Battenfeld Extrusionstechnik Gmbh, 32547 Bad Oeynhausen | Device for plasticizing plastic material |
| WO2003053646A1 (en) * | 2001-12-07 | 2003-07-03 | Berstorff Gmbh | Multiple extruder configuration |
| US7017732B2 (en) * | 2001-12-07 | 2006-03-28 | Berstorff Gmbh | Multiple extruder configuration |
| RU2312014C2 (en) * | 2001-12-07 | 2007-12-10 | Бершторфф Гмбх | Multiextrusive device |
| WO2004082913A1 (en) * | 2003-03-20 | 2004-09-30 | Polymera Sa | Extrusion facility for producing plastic granules |
| US7279535B2 (en) | 2003-05-19 | 2007-10-09 | Tesa Ag | Method for the continuous production of polymers made of vinyl compounds by substance and/or solvent polymerization |
| CN102039655A (en) * | 2009-10-26 | 2011-05-04 | 青岛科技大学 | Multi-product extrusion molding device |
| EP2607049A1 (en) * | 2011-12-22 | 2013-06-26 | The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company | Apparatus and process for mixing rubber compounds |
| CN107877820A (en) * | 2017-11-07 | 2018-04-06 | 苏州顺创新能源科技有限公司 | A kind of extrusion device of solar energy backboard film |
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Legal Events
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| R207 | Utility model specification |
Effective date: 19970925 |
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| R163 | Identified publications notified |
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| R150 | Utility model maintained after payment of first maintenance fee after three years |
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| R151 | Utility model maintained after payment of second maintenance fee after six years |
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| R152 | Utility model maintained after payment of third maintenance fee after eight years |
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| R071 | Expiry of right |