DE2365568A1 - ELECTRONIC CALCULATOR - Google Patents

Description

The invention relates to an electronic computer with an input keypad for alphanumeric characters existing instructions, with a memory for instructions entered into the computer, with a processing unit for executing those entered into the computer or instructions stored in memory, as well as with an output unit.

The invention is based on the object of such Further develop computers in such a way that extensive and differentiated external storage of data and program steps is possible. This object is achieved according to the invention in that the computer has an information recording and an external magnetic tape reproducing device and logic circuitry which when executed an entered or saved marking instruction divides the external magnetic tape into one or more files, before or while the information is being put on the magnetic tape, and that the divided files are individually dated Keypad or can be selected from a program in memory. "The length of the file is preferably represented by a - File length specification associated with the marking instruction

Volksbank Boeblingen AG. Account 8458 (BLZ 60390 220) Post check: Stuttgart 996 55-709

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determinable.

This enables the computer user to divide up the storage space available on the external magnetic tape completely free, so it is not tied to a specific allocation scheme. Since no specific file lengths are specified only as much memory space is used for each file as is actually needed. the The existing storage capacity of the magnetic tape can thus be optimally used. The individual files are like this marked so that they can be easily found on request from the computer.

The computer preferably has a means for detecting the tape end and a locking device which prevents the creation of a file, the specified length exceeds the remaining tape length. This ensures that only complete files are recorded on a magnetic tape.

It can be provided that a special file is stored on the magnetic tape either for storing program steps or is set up to store data, which can be achieved by appropriate markings. Included it is expediently provided that an error signal is emitted if an attempt is made to extract data from a data Load file program instructions into memory or vice versa.

An identification code, e.g. a number, can be stored in each file to make it easy to find a particular file be.

If the output unit is a printer, it is preferred , in each file a title with identification information stored, and a facility is provided

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the instruction from the keypad when entering a tape list or the identification information associated with each file from the memory reads and returns to the printer for output. The user can thus obtain a complete Obtain a list of all files on the magnetic tape,

For easy expansion or supplementation of items contained in the memory Programs can be provided that each stored line is assigned a line number and that a device is provided which, when a merge instruction is executed, after a specified line of a in the program stored in the memory one or more lines previously stored on the external magnetic tape in the Memory enters without affecting the information in memory is deleted. Even if the lines recorded on or reproduced from the external magnetic tape a line number is assigned, the device numbers the lines from the magnetic tape in when the merge command is executed the program contained in the memory transferred lines expediently in such a way that the new numbers of the Correspond to the number sequence of the program. In addition, all reference numbers are expediently referred to line numbers modified in the transmitted lines in such a way that they correspond to the sequence of numbers of the program after renumbering the transmitted Lines correspond.

using the line numbers of the stored lines it is also possible to execute a save command to execute a selected part of the program stored in the memory to the external magnetic tape.

According to a further development of the invention, the computer contains a large number of definable keys, each of which has one or multiple lines of alphanumeric characters can be assigned. According to the invention it is provided that in Memory a main program can be saved, which from

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lines entered, as well as the definable Lines assigned to keys can be stored, and that a device is provided which, upon actuation of a

Control key and a selected definable key sets the computer in such a way that subsequent computer commands appear on the lines assigned to the definable key work. This enables programs and subroutines to be easily linked.

The computer may have a device that, when executing a data storage command, all in an im • Memory contained program defined common data on a specified file on the external magnetic tape transfers without the need to specify special variables. This increases the flexibility in the Chaining of programs increased even further.

According to another development of the invention, the processing unit for the execution of machine language instructions for the execution of those entered into the computer or set up instructions contained in the memory, the computer has a memory loader for the Loading of instruction tables into memory along with associated machine language instructions for execution these commands on, and a logic circuit is provided, which is entered in the computer or in an im Memory contained program encountered a request to execute a character string, this character string as a recognizes one of the table commands in the memory and executes the machine language instructions assigned to this command initiated by the processing unit. The memory loading device preferably works with the Recording and playback device for an external magnetic tape together, so that the tables and machine language instructions can be transferred from the external magnetic tape to the memory for the execution of the commands. The application

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area of the computer is made possible by the addition of the machine language instructions greatly expanded.

According to a preferred exemplary embodiment of the present invention (shown in the drawing): a keyboard input unit, a reading and receiving unit for magnetic tape cartridges, a solid-state output reproducing unit, an optional external output pressure unit, an input / output control unit, a memory unit and a central processing unit to provide a customizable, programmable computer, which can be operated manually and automatically, in which a program can be entered, which reads magnetic tapes and with which an alphanumeric display and an alphanumeric print is possible. The keypad input unit contains a group of data keys for entering numeric data into the calculator, a group of Control buttons for controlling the various operating modes and work processes of the computer as well as the format of the Home screen, a group of alpha-numeric keys, arranged as a typewriter keyboard for entering instructions, and finally a group of keys, which can be defined by the user. All of the data and alphanumeric keys, as well as some of the control keys, can can also be used for programming the computer.

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Pie reading and recording unit for the magnetic tape cassette contains a reading and recording head, a drive to feed a magnetic tape past the reading and recording head, as well as control circuits for reading and recording, which are connected to the reading and recording head in order to switch between the magnetic tape and to transfer JLnfoxm.atio = nan to the computer in both directions _f as defined by key commands or commands that are part of a stored program.

The input / output control unit contains a 16-bit universal shift register, which serves as an input / output register and into which information serially from the central processor unit or in parallel from the keypad input and from the reading and receiving units for the magnetic tape cassette can and from the information serially to the central processing unit or in parallel to the solid-state output display, the

the

Reading and receiving unit for magnetic tape cassette and on output printing units can be passed. It also contains a control logic that is dependent on the central processor unit controls the transfer of information between these units. The input / output control unit can also be used to perform the same functions between the central processing unit and peripheral units, which z. B. an external printing unit, an analog-to-digital converter, a punch card reader, an X-Y plotter, an external magnetic tape unit, a magnetic disk, a typewriter or a modem. The input / output control unit can a plurality of peripheral units can be connected at the same time simply by the fact that the selected peripheral Connection modules assigned to units are plugged into receiving devices provided for this purpose in the rear wall of the computer housing will.

The memory unit contains a modular read / write register

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for direct access with an area assigned to the system and a separate user area for storing program instructions and / or data. The user part of the read / write register can be expanded without increasing the overall dimensions of the computer by adding a program memory module of the read / write register has been exceeded .

The storage unit also contains a modular read-only memory, in which routines and subroutines of instructions in assembly languages for performing the various functions of the computer are saved. These routines and subroutines of the read-only memory can be extended and adapted by the user in order to carry out additional functions oriented towards the specific problems of the user. This happens ! by simply plugging additional read-only memory modules into receptacles for this purpose are provided in a side wall of the computer housing. Added read-only memory modules are automatically processed by the computer and are available for the computer to access via a series of mnemonic tables. These tables contain Mnemonic expressions, which are additions to the programming language of the computer.

Plug-in read-only memory modules include ζ. B. a Matrix module, a STRING variable module, a plotter module, an extended input / output module and a terminal module. The matrix module makes matrix functions available to the user in standard BASIC language plus an additional function, which is the determinant of a previously defined square matrix returns. The STRING variable module makes ÖTRING variable operations available to the user in standard BASIC language. The plotter module enables the user to conveniently draw and label curves on an external X-Y plotter. The extended input / output module allows the calculator

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with a wide variety of peripheral input / output units to use »The Endgeiiit module enables the To connect the computer with a modem for communication, e.g. with remote participant (time-sharing) computer systems still allows free text editing and storage. ·.

JSpaichexe.lnheit still contains a pair of wraparound serial ^ 6-bit shift registers. "One of these registers is used as a memory address register for the serial recording of information by an arithmetic-logic unit contained in the central processor unit for parallel addressing each memory location determined by the received information back to the arithmetic-logical unit. The other of these Register serves as a memory access register for the serial ' Receipt of information from the arithmetic and logic unit, for writing information in parallel in each addressed Storage space, for reading information in parallel from each addressed storage space and for the serial transfer of Information on the arithmetic-logical unit. It also serves as a parallel 4-bit shift register for the transfer of 4 bits of binary coded decimal information in parallel in an arithmetic-logical unit.

The central processing unit contains 4 "rotating serial 16-bit shift register, a 4-bit serial shift register, the arithmetic-logic unit, a programmable timer and a microprocessor «Two of these 16-bit serial shift registers serve as accumulator registers for serial reception of information from and the serial transfer of information to the arithmetic-logic unit. This uses the accumulator register is indicated by a control flip-flop. One of the accumulator registers also serves as a 4-bit parallel shift register for receiving 4 bits of binary coded decimal information in parallel from and for transferring 4 bits such information parallel to the arithmetic-logic unit. The two remaining 1G bit serial shift registers

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serve as a program counter register and a qualification register, respectively. They are also used for the serial reception of information from and the serial transfer of information to the arithmetic-logical unit. The serial 4-bit shift register serves as an expansion register for serially receiving information from either the memory access register or the arithmetic-logic unit and for the serial transfer of information to the arithmetic-logic unit.

• The arithmetic-logic unit is used to carry out serial T-bit arithmetic, 4 ~ bit paraller. binary coded ■, decimal arithmetic and logical operations. It can also be controlled by the microprocessor to perform direct and indirect arithmetic in both directions between each of a plurality of the operating registers and each of the registers of the read / write register.

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• The programmable timer v / ird is used to set a variable number of shift pulses to the arithmetic-logic unit and to the serial shift register of the input / output unit, the storage unit and the central processing unit. It is also used to send timing control signals to the Input / output control logic and output to the microprocessor.

The microprocessor contains read-only memory in which a variety of microinstructions and codes are stored. These microinstructions and codes are used to carry out the basic instructions of the calculator. They contain a large number of coded and non-coded microinstructions for the transfer control to the input / output control logic _# for controlling the addressing and access to the memory unit and for controlling the operation of the two accumulator registers, the program counter Register, the extension register and the arithmetic-logical unit. They also contain a multitude of timing codes for controlling the operation of the programmable timer, a multitude of qualifiers

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Selection codes used to select the qualifiers and the ^ as primary address codes for addressing the read-only memory of the microprocessor as well as a variety of secondary address codes for addressing the read-only memory of the microprocessor. Depending on a control signal from one for the Computer provided power supply part, of control signals for the programmable timer and qualifier control signals from the central processor unit and the input / output control unit the microprocessor outputs the macro instructions and codes stored in its read-only memory, according to how they are needed to process either binary or binary coded decimal information that has been entered into the calculator or is stored in it.

In key mode, the computer is controlled by key codes, the successively into the computer by the user from the keypad input unit can be entered. The solid-state output display unit gives either the alphanumeric representation of the keys, as well they are pressed, again or a numeric representation of output data or alphanumeric user instructions or program results. An external output printer can be controlled by the user to selectively display a numerical representation of all numerical. Prints data entered into the calculator from the keypad that it prints a numerical representation of each result calculated by the computer or that it has a program list on a line-by-line basis of the instructions you entered.

In key mode, the computer can also work in "print all mode". The output printer then prints out every program line, if it has been entered by the user.

In the program sequence mode, the computer is controlled in that automatically an internal representation of the stored program instructions in the user memory area of the read / write memory is obtained. During the automatic operation of the computer, data can be obtained from the storage unit as indicated by the program from the keypad input unit, the operation of the computer being stopped either for data from the program or from the user, or, obtained from

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the magnetic tape cassette unit as identified by the program.

When the computer is in the program run mode, the user can cuch selectively use a tracking operation to determine the execution of the

Check program line by line to determine whether the program, • as it has been entered into the computer, actually executes the desired sequence of instructions.

In the program input mode, the user receives instructions one after the other jn the computer entered from the keyboard and stored in an internally ■ Format implemented that consists of a series of operation codes and operand names and are then stored as program instructions in the user memory area of the read / write memory.

The reading and recording unit for magnetic tape cassettes can be used by the user can be used - to transfer data, programs in BASIC language, programs in iBsembler language or sets of user-definable key definitions to load separately into the computer from an external magnetic tape cassette.

The reading and receiving unit for magnetic tape cassettes can also be used by the user can be used to transfer data, programs in BASIC language or sets of Raiutzer-definable key definitions, which are in the user area of the reading / Write memory are stored separately on an external magnetic tape cassette to record. Programs or parts of them can be coded by the user, so that they are safe when they are recorded on an external magnetic tape cassette will. The computer records such programs when they are loaded into the computer again, and prevents the user from recording them again or any listing or other identification of the individual Progranmsteps can get that in the secured parts of such programs are included.

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Figure 1 is a front perspective view of a customizable, programmable computer according to the preferred one Embodiment of the present invention;

Figures 3 A-B are a simplified block diagram of the customizable, programmable computer of Figures 1 and 2;

Figures 4 A-F are a memory map of the customizable, programmable Computer according to Figures 1 to 3 used memory unit;

Fig. 8 is a plan view of the keypad input unit included in the customizable, programmable computer according to Figures 1 to 3 are used;

21 shows a block diagram of the reading and recording unit for magnetic tape cassettes as used in the computer of FIGS. 1 to 3;

Figure 22 is a detailed schematic diagram of the connection block of Figure 21;

Figures 23A-B are a detailed schematic diagram of the control logic block of Figure 21;

24 A-B is a detailed schematic diagram of the Read-write blocks of Figure 21;

Figures 25A-B are a detailed schematic diagram of the engine control block of Figure 21;

Figure 26 is a detailed schematic diagram of the terminal block from Fig. 21;

Fig. 27 is a detailed schematic diagram of the head control and preamplifier blocks of Fig. 21;

Fig. 28 is a block diagram illustrating how the reading and receiving unit for magnetic tape cassettes according to FIGS. 21 to 27 cooperate with the computer according to FIGS. 1 to 3;

Fig. 51 is a flow chart for the load execution routine according to Fig. 4 D; "

Fig. 52 is a flow diagram of the memory execution routine of Fig. 4D;

Fig. 53 is a flow chart for the merge execution routine of Fig. 4D;

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Fig. 54 is a flowchart showing the routine for connection execution according to Fig. 4 D;

Fig. 55 is a flowchart of the routine for discovery execution according to Fig. 4 D;

56 A-D Flow Diagrams of FIG. 4 through the Execution Routines the subroutines called Figs. 51 to 54;

Fig. 57 is a flow chart showing the routine for executing the data load of Fig. 4D;

Fig. 58 is a flowchart showing the routine for executing data storage of Fig. 4D;

Fig. 60 is a flow chart showing the routine for executing the Key loading according to Fig. 4 D;

Fig. 61 is a flow chart showing the routine for executing the Key storage according to FIG. 4 D;

Fig. 63 is a flowchart showing the routine for executing the Marking according to Figure 4D;

Fig. 65A is a flow diagram of the routine for executing the listing of Fig. 4D;

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general description

In 'Figures 1 and 2 there is an adaptable, programmable one Computer 10 shown, which has both a keypad input unit 12 for entering information into the computer and to control its operation as well as a reading and recording unit 14 for magnetic tape cartridges to access information stored within the computer to one or more to accommodate external tape cartridges 16, and then to record on these and similar magnetic tape cartridges Reload information back into the computer. The computer also includes a solid-state output display unit 18 for displaying alphanumeric information stored in the computer. All of these input and output units are mounted within a single computer housing 24, which

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./ connects to its curved front panel.

As shown in Fig. 2, a plurality of peripheral input and output units can be connected to the computer at the same time. can be connected, for example a line printer, an analog-to-digital converter, a punch card reader, an X-Y plotter, a typewriter, a teleprinter, an extended read-write storage unit, a reading and recording unit for magnetic disks and a modem for connecting the computer to a remote computer via telephone lines. Of the Connection is done simply by the fact that the selected peripheral units associated connection modules 30 in any of four receiving devices 32 are plugged into this Purpose are provided in a rear wall 34 of the computer housing. If each connection module 30 is in one of these receptacles is introduced, swings a spring-loaded flap 38 at the entrance of the receiving device down and allows the Passage of the connection module. As soon as the connection module is fully inserted, a terminal board 40 protrudes with a printed Circuit contained in the connection module into a fitting strip coupling which is mounted inside the computer

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_ 15. .

is. If any of the selected peripheral units require AC line power, their power supply cords be plugged into one of two AC voltage energy outputs 42, which for this purpose the rear wall of the computer housing 24 are provided.

From the simplified block diagram shown in Figures 3A-B, it can be seen that the computer also includes an input-output controller 44 (hereinafter referred to as the I / O control unit) in order to transfer information to and to control of the input and output units, a storage unit 46 contains to the information entered into the computer. tion to store and manipulate and to routines and subroutines of basic instructions executed by the computer to store, as well as a central processing unit 48 (hereinafter referred to as CPU) contains to the execution of the To control routines and subroutines of basic instructions stored in the storage unit, provided they are used for processing for the information entered or stored in the computer. The calculator contains also a busbar system that includes an S-busbar 50, a T-busbar 5 2 and an R-busbar 54 for the Transfer of information from the memory and the I / O control unit to the CPU, from the CPU to the memory and the 1/0 control unit and between different parts of the CPU. It still has a. Energy supply for the supply of the Computer and the peripheral units used with it with direct voltage energy and for the output of a control signal POP on when power is supplied to the computer.

The memory unit 46 contains a modular read-write memory 78 (hereinafter referred to as RWM) for direct access, a modular read-only memory 80 (hereinafter referred to as ROM), a memory address register 82 (hereinafter referred to as M register), a memory access register 84 (hereinafter referred to as T register) and a control

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Circuit 85 for these memories and registers. The RWM 78 and the ROM 80 contain MOS type semiconductor memories. Like in As shown in the memory diagram of Figures 4A-F, the base RWM 78 contains a dedicated system memory portion of FIG 256 sixteen-bit words, which extends from address 1400 to address 1777 / as well as a separate program and / or Data storage section for the user with 179 2 sixteen-bit words, which extends from address 40400 to address 43 777. All addresses in the memory image are shown in octal form.

An optional part of the RWM with 2048 sixteen-bit words can. be made available to the user at addresses 44000-47777. This is achieved in that a cover plate 90 of the computer housing shown in Fig. 1 is removed and an additional printed circuit board is inserted which contains the optional memory. The additional RWM is automatic fitted by the computer.

As in the more detailed memory images of Figures 5A-B As shown, the allocated system memory section of the RWM has 52 words (addresses 1400-1463, the information in Contain the form of mnemonic variables which are used by the firmware routines according to FIG. A more detailed one Description of these mnemonic variables is given on page 21 of the listed basic system firmware, the is contained elsewhere in this description. The addresses 1466-1477 and 1701-1737 are used as buffers for the various routines shown in FIG. Addresses 1500-1550 contain a 41 word buffer that is used to hold the input characters during the parsing. The addresses 1551-1621 contain a 41-word memory, that is used by the routine shown in Fig. 8 to renew a single line. For these 41 words plus 4 2 additional ones Words (addresses 1622-1673) are used as syntax buffer V7 during the syntax analysis. Four of these words

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(Addresses 1622-1625) are used as temporary storage registers by various routines for instruction execution shown in FIG. Eight words (addresses 1630-1637) are used as two floating point number temporary storage registers by the formula evaluation routines according to FIG. The addresses 1640-1677 contain 32 words which are used by the routines for the instruction execution according to FIG. Eight words (addresses 1744-1747 and 1754-1757) are used as working registers ¹¹ ARI "and" AR2 "with four words each to perform binary coded decimal arithmetic. An additional eight words (addresses 1740-1743 and 1750-1753) are used as Working data register ¹¹ X "and" Y - "on

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set to activate the trigonometric functions. These sixteen words (addresses 1740-1757) are called Latch registers used by all routines of FIG. 8, with the exception of instruction execution routines and to the Forme! evaluation. A "system subroutine stack" of variable length (addresses 1760-1772) is used to store return addresses required by programs which are stored in the ROM 80. Four words (addresses 1773-1776) are used to express the result of the last keypad calculation save. The last word in the system RWM (address 1777) is used to store a marker, which is the next available placement for the return address of the next subroutine call within the base system indicates. A complete assembly language description of the system RWM is on pages 21-24 of the list of the basic system firmware included in the calculator.

As in the memory map of Figures 4A-F and the more detailed one 6 contains the user section for program and / or data storage of the RWM 78 1760 words available to the user (user addresses. 40440-43777) for the storage of programs and / or data, 20 for use by the characters' interrupt routine 8 and 67 A-B specific words and 12 for use

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insertable ROM modules available words. An additional 2048 sixteen-bit words can be made available to the user (as user address 44000-47777).

As shown in the memory map of Figures 4A-B the base ROM 80 also has 7680 sixteen-bit words that range from address 0000 to address 1377, from address 2000 to Address 16777 and extend from address 40000 to address 40377. In these parts of the ROM 80 are routines and subroutines of basic instructions for carrying out the basic ones Functions of the computer and the constants used by these routines and subroutines are stored. Additional 8192 sixteen-bit words of ROM can also be added at addresses 20000-37777 in 512 and 1024 word increments will. This is achieved simply in that plug-in ROM modules 92 in receiving devices provided for this purpose in the computer are inserted, which are accessible via a flap in the left side wall of the computer housing, as in Fig. 1 is shown. When a plug-in ROM module 92 is plugged into one of these pick-up devices, one protrudes with a printed circuit end plate 96, which is located in the plug-in ROM module, in a Contact strip, which is attached inside the computer. One pivotable at the top of each plug-in ROM module The attached handle makes it easier to remove the plug-in ROM module after it has been fully inserted into one of the receptacles has been inserted.

Routines and subroutines of basic instructions (and all required constants) are stored in each plug-in ROM module 92, to enable the computer to perform many additional functions. The user himself can therefore quickly and simply adapt the computer in such a way that it has many additional functions tailored to the specific requirements of the user can perform by simply having ROM modules of your choice

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plugged into the computer. Added plug-in ROM modules are automatically adjusted by the computer.

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KEYPAD OPERATIONS

All operations carried out by the computer can be carried out through the keypad input unit and / or through key codes are controlled and started, which in the computer by the keypad input unit, the reading and recording unit for magnetic tape cassettes or from peripheral units such as the card reader and entered as program steps have been stored in the program memory section of the RWM. Therefore, a description of the operation will now be given given the keypad input unit, with particular reference to the perspective view of the computer in FIG. 1 and the Reference is made to the plan view of the keypad in Fig. 8 unless otherwise indicated.

Net holder

An on-off power switch 182, which is part of the. Keypad input unit can be viewed, controls the energy supply to the computer and thus the activation of the control signal POP from the power supply.

As shown in Fig. 2, the computer can be operated at 240, 220, 120 or 100 volts + 5%, -10%, which can be set by a pair of mains voltage selection switches mounted on the rear wall 34 of the computer housing . The computer can be operated at a line frequency between 48 and 66 Hz. The computer has a 6 amp fuse and either a 1 amp fuse for operation on a mains voltage of 220 or 240 volts + 5%, -10% or a 2 amp fuse for operation on a mains voltage of 100 or 12G) volts + 5%, -10% provided. It is also provided with a three-wire "power cord 184", which, when plugged into a suitable AC socket, grounds the computer housing. The maximum power consumption of the computer is 150 VA

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AC power sockets 42 intended for peripheral units no more than 610 VA can be drawn.

EXECUTE

The EXECUTE key (in the following also often referred to as EXEC), when pressed, executes the previously keyed-in indicated operations, if any, and shows the result of all arithmetic instructions on the 32-character display. (Although the display is only for 32 characters an 80-character line can be keyed in, using one for both programs and keypad operations automatic run takes place). Most keys, when pressed, cause their mnemonic to be displayed will. However, when certain keys are pressed, for example PRT ALL (this key will be discussed later), a special operating mode is activated until this operating mode is overtaken.

FIXED N, FLOAT N (fixed N, sliding N)

Immediately either after switching on or after SCRATCH EXEC (delete execute) the user area of the ROM is deleted; Numeric calculations in progress are shown in "Moving Nine Quotation". The values 2 and 12 appear in "Moving Nine Notation" as 2.OOOOOOOOOE + OO and 1.200000000E + O1, respectively. "Moving nine" refers to the 9 digits following the decimal point (,); E means χ 1O raised to the power of the two digits following the E.

Please note

In this text, the individual key operations are identified by underlining; for example 3_ + 2 EXEC . (5.OOOOOOOOOE + 00 appears on the display).

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The desired notation can be specified by. Press FIXED M or I ¹ LOAT 'N followed by the appropriate number from zero to eleven. The selected "N" indicates the number of digits to be displayed to the right of the decimal point after execution.

Example:
FIXED N 2 EXEC,

then 123456 ^ 7 EXEC , will be displayed 123456.7000000 or 1 2 3 4 S £ 7 S 9_ i 1 2 ^: J 4 5 6 T & J EXEC , will be displayed 123456789.1230000+)

FLOAT N 5 EXEC

then J. 2 ^ 3; λ. i. EXEC , displayed is 1 .234OOE + O2 or ^ χ 2 3 4. S § ■ 7 EXEC , displayed is 1.23457E-O1 ++)

+) The machine calculates on 12 essential digits, regardless on the length of the ad.

++) Since only five digits can be displayed to the right of the decimal point, the fifth digit is rounded.

In fixed-n notation, a maximum of 12 digits is displayed to the left of the decimal point; the calculator goes above this word to float-n notation over, being the number to the right of the decimal point displayed digits is fixed by the special fixed-n.

The FIXED N and FLOAT N keys are not programmable; the means that they can only be used in keypad operations. Output formatting under program control is done by accomplishes a format instruction, which is discussed below will.

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The computing range of the calculator is from

DO QQ- · -99

-9.99999999999 χ 10 over -10; O; and 10

QQ

up to 9.99999999999 χ 10.

CLEAR, DELETE LINE '(delete, remove line)

-Pressing CLEAR or-DELETE LINE deletes-everything, -what-before while keypad operations was displayed. By pressing one of these keys a | -— (lying T) appears on the far left of the display, indicating that the calculator is ready for new entries. is available. The difference between The two buttons come to light when a saved program line is displayed; DELETE LINE deletes the line from the stored program, while CLEAR only clears the display without attacking the program itself. (One line of program can also be deleted by this, sat the line number, followed by END OF LINE is keyed in.)

RECALL

Pressing RECALL during keypad operations recalls the last executed line for display. Pressing RECJ vLL during program entry operations returns the last entered program line to the display. If an error message appears on the display when an attempt is made to "either run a line in keypad mode or enter a program line into memory, pressing RECALL allows the original line to be made visible for editing purposes."" ^: ~" ~

RESULT.

Pressing CLEAR RESULT EXEC displays the numeric value of the last arithmetic instruction that was executed.

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The RESULT key not only allows you to look back at the • result of the previously executed statement, but can also as an "accumulator" during arithmetic operations work, for example by pressing?

.2 + 1 EXEC (in FIXED 2 notation) Play 6.00 by then printing -. . . . . _ ..

Ä + RESULT EXEC Play 9.00 by pressing i + RESULT + RESULT EXEC Play 22.00.

Keying in R E _S or R E J3 U L T has the same effect, than when the RESULT button is pressed. "

PRINT ALL

By pressing PRINT ALL you can determine whether the computer is in "print all" mode or not. When ON appears, both the printout and the result of every calculation carried out are "printed out, on any printing device that is plugged into the calculator; when OFF appears, the information only appears on the display. Will If the PRINT ALL key is pressed a second time, the alternative operating mode takes effect. In "Print all" mode, every program instruction is printed when END OF LINE is pressed. All error messages are also printed.

BACK, FORWARD, INSERT (back, forward, insert)

"and FORWARD keys can be used to edit expressions on the display. Successive depressions of the BACK key move a flashing position indicator to the desired position within the display. Editing can then be carried out at this position. The FORWARD - Button. Performs the same functions as the BACK button, but in the opposite direction.

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At the position of the flashing position indicator mark, you can the following preparations are carried out:

1, A character can be inserted by printing INSERT . (This opens a free space to the left of the position indicator mark, whereupon the position indicator mark; ._ goes to the. "Place of the"space; pressing the INSERT key further opens further spaces, whereby the position indicator mark automatically moves to the furthest The space on the left is moved. In this way, more than one character can be inserted between them.}. "

.2. A character can be changed by overwriting it with another character.

3. A character can be removed from ground by pressing either the space key or SHIFT INSERT, the only difference being that pressing SHIFT · INSERT closes the space created by the removed character. .

Will be BACK or FORWARD for about 1.5 see. held down, the cursor moves in rapid succession in the selected direction. . . ·

As soon as a line has been appropriately prepared, it can be immediately without moving the cursor to the end of the line. '

If a line with more than 32 characters (maximum 80 characters) is entered, the character on the left of the display is pushed out of the display area to make room for

6 09829/0750

to create additional characters ". To begin typing To make it visible, press the arrow pointing to the right; this operation moves the characters in the display To the right. Pressing the arrow pointing to the left does the opposite operation. Each arrow key repeats their surgery in quick succession - if they are for about 1.5. lake. held down

ARITHMETICS

There are five basic numeric operators: add (·! -), subtract (-), multiply ($ -) / divide (/) and raise Cf to the power). The order of precedence of execution, known as the hierarchy, is identical to the BASIC hierarchy described below. The BASIC functions described below are available on the calculator by simply keying in "the appropriate mnemonics. In addition, the value" TT can be obtained> by keying in _{, P - I.}

When calculating with trigonometric functions, the calculator assumes the angle in radians, unless otherwise specified. To express an angle either in degrees or in grads (right angle 3.00), the display is first cleared and then either DEG EXEC or GRAD EXEC is printed. Then the expression is keyed in. To convert back to radians ", ~" clear the display "and then press" ~ "RAD EXEC. Radians, degrees, and grads are also programmable commands.

VARIABLE

The simple "scalar ^ ¹ variables are A to Z and AO to Z9 (a total of 286). Simple variables can be used in keypad operations; for example, if A ^ 3 = J EXEC is pressed, A3 is assigned the fourth 7. If then the value of A3 is not changed or deleted from memory is after

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2365S68

Pressing 4. $ · A _3 EXEC displays the number 28. If a variable is undefined, any attempt to use this variable in an expression will result in an error message. (Different if it is assigned a value.)

A field is an ordered collection of numeric data. ..A _lin3icated) .JFeIävariaüle Can either e / inis or two Dimensions have as indicated by the indices represented as numbers in parentheses. A (m) is a one-dimensional field (or column vector) v / o at m indicates the row of the element; A (m, n) is a two-way aiorial field, where m denotes the row and η the column of the element.

The maximum size of a field is limited by the available memory of the computer. Usually twelve digits Accuracy is approximate due to the effective memory limit a (30, 3O) field is possible.

Fields should be referenced in either a common statement or a dimension statement before using them be used in a program; otherwise the program cuts a single-indexed field onto a 10-element field or a double indexed field on a (10 to 10) field

TAPE CASSETTES

The present calculator can be operated with ten tape cartridges; a cassette is available via the built-in (internal) Cassette drive. Four peripheral cassette drives can via the four I / O slots in the rear panel directly to the Computer to be connected.

Another five peripheral cartridge drives can be added if the user has an input-output expansion box owns. (A total of 11 additional peripheral devices can be connected with the help of an extension box).

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The tape cassette commands have general syntactic rules that will be briefly described. The general command form is with small variations:.
COMMAND [UNIT] [fILe] or · __ Command [UNITJ [FILE] or

COMMAND CuNIt] (file) [lNX. [lNXJJ command [UNIT]

^Γ Γ Π

-YY

"| LNX

Square brackets mean that the enclosed information is optional ; round brackets mean that the enclosed information is required with the special command,

COMMAND - The various commands are discussed in detail will.

- Individual units are indicated by the number sign, § ■ , followed by the selection code; the internal cassette is denoted by tf 10 (if no selection code is given, the internal cassette is accepted) } the new peripheral cassettes are denoted by f 1

. to V 9 identified.
- Files within the individual cassettes are identified by file numbers; if no file is identified by a number, the notepad file (unsatisfied file), file 0, is accepted. .

- means the starting line number to be attacked by the command.

- means either to the line number at which to begin execution following a Befchlswir- the kung, or Endzeilennummer should · be taken to that in the instruction access. In every command whose syntax .LNX ₁ and LNX "allows,

'LNX ₁ must have been specified in order to be able to assign _{LNX 0.}

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All input information following the command must be entered through Ground commas separated. . '

In keypad mode, EXEC is pressed after the syntax requirements of a special command have been met in order to execute the command Wirkxing kOütmeri ^ = Z = U

■ PREPARING A NEW CASSETTE

To prepare a new cassette (one that has no marking), first open the cassette door by pressing the button on the far right of the keypad. Then the cassette (print side up) is inserted into the. slot built into the flap. Make sure that the tape is wound on the left spindle. If; If this is not the case, but you definitely want to prepare this side of the cassette, simply close the flap and press REWIND .

In order to store information in the cassette, the files to be used must first be marked.

PROGRAMMABLE COMMANDS

The following tape cartridge commands are programmable: mark, save, load, shuffle, save button, button Load, save data, load data, load binary numbers, rewind, find and tape list. These commands can also be used in the Keypad operation can be used. On the other hand, the save command can only be used in keypad operation.

MARK "■

The marking command generates the desired number of

2i lengths (durc

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and defines the file - ■ lengths, Jby the number of 16-bit words per file).

Syntax: MASK [ϋΝΙτ] (No. of FILES) (LENGTH) MARK [UNIT] (FILE NUMBER) (LENGTH) Example: 'MARK ^ jO; ^ 5 _x T 0_ O 0 EXEC - since the unit character 4 ^ 10 defines the internal cassette, there is no need to include it; the "5" indicates the number of files to be made available; the - "1000" denotes the number of 16-bit words per file.

A ^- Uf sequential files on the tape can be marked with different word lengths, as shown in the following example: MARK 3j. ^1Q0Q EXEG then MARK J _x 2000 EXEC marks files. 0, 1, 2 of the internal cartridge with lengths of 1000 words and marks files 3, 4 of the same cartridge with lengths of 200 words.

The length of a file can be changed; however, changing them will attack all subsequent files by distorting their contents. To change the length of a particular file, the cartridge is first placed on that file using FIND (FIND will be discussed in detail below), then the file is marked with the desired length. Example: To mark file 12 of the internal cassette with 1000 words, press FIND U, EXEC and then

MARK J_j_ 1000 EXEC .

In order to mark files that were not previously marked (virgin files), TLIST is carried out first; TLIST will be discussed in detail later; At first it is sufficient to know that TLIST J UNIT I EXEC lists all marked files. To mark virgin files, it is first necessary to mark the last file listed in TLIST +).

+) The number of the file referenced in TLIST, is always one more than the number marked by the user.

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As discussed earlier, this file is created by the FIND- • Command localized. Starting with this file can be consecutive virgin file can be marked using the methods discussed earlier. "-.

In order to mark the beginning of the tape, make sure that the Tape is completely rewound.

STORE

The save command takes the program line numbers in the RWM and gives them - at the given location - on the tape where they are saved will. . ■

Syntax: STORE [UNIT] C ^FIL ^ ^or STORE (UNIT) fo _a tp £ i STORE QJNITJ (FILE) "TLNX ₁ (LNXp]

-. ■ 'SAVE [UNIT] (file)

Example: ' , · .

STORE j £ 2 j_ 3 EXEC: selection code £ 2 specifies which cassette is to be accessed; the program is then saved in file number 3 on this cassette. · ■,

In the store instructions, LNX, and LNX ~ are used to store part of the program: LNX ₁ specifies the starting line number to be stored; LNXp specifies the end line number to be saved. If LNX "is not specified, it is assumed that the last line to be stored is the line of the program with the highest number of lines.

So that LNX ₂ can be given, os is always necessary, LNX-, zu ihabcn; this applies to every cartridge command. In addition, if LNX- is to be given, the file that is exposed to access must always be given. be identified; .

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Example:

STORE 3 ^ 6O _x 150 EXEC: File 3 of the internal cassette is placed; Program lines 60 to 150 in memory are then saved in file 3. . ■

Please note:

Once a cartridge has been marked / can be accessed to any marked file by giving its associated file number in a "command; for example, if five files are marked, information can be stored in file 4, even if file 3 is a virgin ( empty) file by pressing STORE 4_ EXEC.

LOAD, LINK (load, connect)

The load command takes a program stored in a cassette and puts it in the memory area.

Syntax: LOAD "[unit] [pILeJ or LADEN [UNIT]

LOAD [UNIT] (PILE) [LNX ₁ [lNxJj LADEN [einIIEIt]

Example: r- - - -

LOAD EXEC assumes that the neglect file (file 0) of the internal cassette is to be loaded into the computer; everyone; The program previously in the 983OA memory will be deleted.

LOAD 5 ^ 40 j. 10 EXEC places file 5 on the internal cartridge; the entire program on this file is renumbered, starting at line number 40, and then the program is loaded into memory; the program execution is started with line number. All programs beginning at line 40?: Number of lines (n _f

- ■ 509829/0750

that were previously in memory are deleted and replaced by the Replaces program that is being loaded; If the memory previously had line numbers 10, 20, 30, it keeps them.

_{The use of LNX and LNX 2 in} both the Load and Mix commands can have different results. Rules for predicting the results are given at the end of the discussion of the mix command. '

If LOAD is replaced by LINK in the above syntax, the user can activate the connection command. This instruction works in exactly the same way as the load instruction, with one exception: if a load instruction is encountered during program execution, the computer functions as if RUN EXEC had been pressed, i.e. the old symbol table is destroyed and a new symbol table is created built up; on the other hand, if a connect command is encountered, the computer operates as if CONT EXEC had been pressed, ie all variables retain their previous values.

MERGE (merge)

The mix command tries to get program line numbers from the Fetch the cassette and put it in read / write memory before the program currently located there, between successive Line numbers in the program currently located there or after the program currently located there. However, if any line number of the program to be entered If a line number that is currently in the program matches, an error occurs. Additionally occurs Error occurs when the line numbers of two programs are related are interlaced, for example if the program currently in memory is line numbers 10, 20, 30, 40 and the program to be mixed with it, line numbers 15, 25, 35 Has. The mix command then generates an error message that too

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then · occurs when no two line numbers match.

Syntax: MERGE [unit] [fil £ | or MERGE [UNI ¹ O (FILE)

MIX [UNIT) Jj) ATEl MIX [EINIfDITi (D ⁷ VTEI

Example:

MERGE # 2

200, 100 EXEC - file 1 of the cassette with selection code i-2 is placed; the entire program on this detail is renumbered starting with line number 200 (LNX-,) and is then combined with the program currently in memory. After the command has become effective, program execution begins at line number 100 (LNX ₂ ). ·. ; '

Both the mix and the load command can be used, to stack programs in the read / write register. The main difference between the two commands is: LOAD deletes the line numbers previously in memory, starting with the assigned LNX .; on the other hand, MERGE holds everyone line numbers previously in the 983OA memory.

Both the load and shuffle commands are LNX ₁ and predictable. Regardless of the operating mode, LHX-j renumbers the program line numbers of the file that is being accessed so that they start at LNX,; the spacing between successive line numbers remains the same; all GQ TO statements, etc. are appropriately modified to refer to the new line numbers; this program is then loaded into the user memory.

In program mode:

If LNX, is given, the program execution is bo.i "« 2 ^^ iifeag / ₀₇ bo

2. If LNX _{3 is} not available, the program will be

Execution either with the next higher line number of the original program or with LNX, continued, depending after which comes first.

.... In the '". Key field operation t

1. "If LNX" is given, program execution begins .at

2. If LNX "is not given, the computer stops after the program has been loaded.

STORE KEY, LOAD KEY (store key, load key)

The "save button" command takes all user-definable ones Keys (upper left area on the keypad) that have been defined and outputs them to a cassette file as a Key file can be designated.

The "load button" command takes the user definable information of the cassette and puts it into memory so that each user definable key performs the same operation as the ran it beforehand before it was stored on the tape.

Syntax: STORE KEY [UNIT] (FILE) STORE KEY [UNIT? (File) LOAD KEY jüNITJ (FILE) "LOAD KEY fclNHElii (file)

Between the words STORE and KEY and the words LOJvD and KEY a distance can be left arbitrarily. In general, the BASIC language of the applicant ignores empty spaces (Except of course in a quota field, where every character and every space is doubled).

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STORE DATA, LOAD DATA (save data, load data)

The "save data" command takes a block of data from the
Memory and puts it on a cassette. Normally = when using this command rmr, FieldT -stored v / earth; However, if no field is specified in the instruction, all data can be stored in the program's memory block instruction. The calculator allows the use of both simple variables and fields in the memory block instruction; In fact, the storage block connection can be simple
Variables, field variables, integer fields v.nä -variables as well as split fields and variables aimcbmen-lj.

■ i) The memory block instruction acts like a Diniension instruction with the additional feature that the common data is preserved from program to program,. .

The "Load Data" command takes the data that was previously stored in a cartridge file and loads it into main memory. If a field has been stored, LOAD DATA must specify a field; if LOAD DATA does not specify a field, an error occurs. On the other hand, if the common area is found again by the "load data" command, in
in this case no special field specified in the command '

v / ground, so that no error occurs.

Syntax: STORE DATA [UNIT) (FILE) [ARRAY]

SAVE DATA [UNIT] (file) [FELIdJ LOAD DATA LUNIl] (FILE) jARRAYJ

LOAD DATA [UNIT] (file) (FIELD

Example·. . .

STORE DATA J5 ^ B EXEC places file 6 on the internal
Cassette; then the B-field is saved in this file in the running program. (A simple variable can be used in this way.

• 509829/075 0 '

cannot be saved.)

LOA DDATA _6 j_ B EXEC can then find the B field again and load it into memory whenever it is needed; the following command could also be given:

LOA-DDATA j> _Λ C EXEC: this would find the B-field again and load it into memory in the location of the C-field, provided that B and C have the same dimensions and are of the same type.

Ms .sei .angenommen that the JSpeicherblockanweisung Xn looks like this one program: 1 COM A (8), B (5,5), D3,

Pressing STORE DATA 2 EXEC stores all variables of the memory block instruction in file 2 of the internal cartridge. Both the field variables and the simple variables can be found again by pressing LOAD DATA _2 EXEC .

Pressing LOAD DATA 2 _x A EXEC is not permitted and causes an error because no special field can be found from a file if it was saved together. · -. · ". ·

For all "save data" and "load data" commands, the Identify the file to be accessed, even if it is the neglected file (file 0).

LOAD BIN (load binary) "" '. ·

The "Load binary" command transfers binary information - assembler language program - from the cassette to the user memory. Daa assembly language program may be a diagnostic system, an input Ausgabc subroutine or a simulated "Wcihlblock" the _lste provided for performing a specific function 509829/0750

- • 38 - ....

The assembly language program cannot be listed or displayed will.

Syntax: LOAD BIN [UNIT] (FILE) LOAD BINARY [UNIT] (FILE) Please note: · .

Files on cartridges are referred to as: program files, key files, data files, or binary files. If an attempt is made to load from a particular file and the load command incorrectly identifies the file name, an error occurs; for example, if file 1 is a program file, pressing LOAD KEY 1_ EXEC causes an error message to appear.

REWIND (rewind)

By pressing the rewind button on the right side of the; The internal tape cassette is immediately rewound to the clear leader.

To rewind another cassette, R E_ W I_ N I) must be keyed in followed by the selection code of the particular cassette. (The internal cassette can also be rewound, by keying in REWTND EXEC.)

R E W JI N D must be keyed in when the command is in program mode should be used.

Syntax: REWIND [unit] BACKWASHING [einIIEItJ

Example:

REWIND # 2 EXEC rewinds the cassette with the selection code f 2 .

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FIND

■ -3 Y-

The find command (already mentioned in connection with the marking command) is used to locate a special file locate. While the cassette is searching for the file number, a T appears on the display. During this The cassette searches at intervals under interrupted control - / - ■ whereby control of the calculator keypad returns to the user. This feature allows a part to be executed of a large program while another part is just being found will. This improves the access time.

When the specified file is found, hold the cartridge at. . ··.

Syntax: FIND [UNIT] (FILE) .. FIND JUNITJ (Datej) Example:

FIND t Ά j. Ά EXEC causes the cassette with selection code = Jf3 to search until file number 2 has been located.

TLIST '

Starting with the current tape position, this program reads all consecutive file identifiers and prints each Information related to the file.

Syntax: TLIST UNIT TLIST UNIT

The information for each file on the specified cassette is printed on one line. There are no column headings zitr Identification of the information on each line intended; the headings adopted are:

509829/0750.

File No. File type Absolute actual program lines No Mixed area (Code No) File size File size (start) (end) (in words • (in words) (in words) (LNX ₁ ) (LNX ₂ )

The code numbers identifying file types are as follows:

1 binary .-. ·. '

2 dates

3 program (source)

4 button

Additionally appears / if the file. is secured, the number 2 in front of the code number (only applies to binary, source and key files) ; for example "24" appears in the second column, " so the detail is a secured button detail.

If a file is a data file, LNX- is redundant; in this case the data in cUcsar mean column;

0 full accuracy

1 split accuracy
2 'integer precision

3 together

If the file is not a program file, the two contain last columns no information.

NON-PROGRM IMPLEMENTABLE COMMANDS SECURE

This command makes it possible to keep program sections secret from potential users; This means that the program can be given to someone else and that this person can load it and run it, but has no way of calling up certain lines of the program for the purpose of visualization, and not the program on any other Kasnettcn-Dutci

60982 9/0750.

can save.

An "attempt to call up a saved program line results in the display showing the line number followed by a» - appears; Attempts to list the program will result in that the numbers of the saved lines appear, followed by a *. "· '- - - - ....._... ....

If there are any lines in a program, considers the entire program to be secured; that means, that even if certain program instructions are visible, not " can be reproduced by the program on another cassette file. · ·

Syntax: SEC [LNX ₁ JLNX ^ or SECURE

It is therefore possible to save special lines within a program; for example, pressing SEC _30, __ jK> EXEC followed by STORE 2 EXEC saves lines 30 through 80 "of the program in memory and then stores both the secured and unsecured portions of the program in file 2 of the internal cartridge.

When a program is initially backed up, it can still be reproduced on as many files as necessary; as soon as However, the program has been deleted from the memory, it can no longer be reproduced on any cassette (although it has been returned can be loaded into memory).

When program lines are saved, the entire computer works in safe mode. Therefore, after the saved program has been saved, press SCRATCH Λ before entering other programs to avoid errors relating to Avoid secured programs.

User-definable keys (if they are not used as a printer

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.2365563

can also be saved. Simply press FETCH (special key) SEC EXEC and the selected key is secured.

Please note:

To protect the information on a particular cartridge, one of the tabs on the top of the cassette is broken off; this frees the cassette for further storage inaccessible.

5 09829/0750

-93- .. ■■ -

Magnetic tape cassette ■. '9 * 3 R ^ RR # reading and recording unit

The reading and receiving unit for magnetic tape cassettes is in the Block diagram of Figure 21 and in the detailed schematic Diagram shown in Figures 22-26. The reading and receiving unit for magnetic tape cassettes works largely automatically. It is only necessary to specify the type of operation to be performed and the desired limits. The commands for this can either directly from the keypad input unit or entered as part of a program. The computer then defines the necessary commands needed to cause that the reading and receiving unit for magnetic tape cartridges performs the desired operation.

Different modes of operation are possible. Secured and unsecured programs, data and sets of user-definable cn key definitions can be recorded on the magnetic tape and then loaded back into the computer.

In Figs. 21 and 22, the operation of the connector is as shown in FIG Reading and recording unit of magnetic tape cassettes described.

I. Address decoder

IC 6 and IC 7 are used to determine a selection code of 10 when accessing the cassette Selection code of 10 has been determined and the control line CEO is "true", the cartridge is released.

II. Enabling input data bits '

The open collector NAND gates in IC 2 and IC 3 enable the input data bits (ID 0 to ID 7) to the input busbar des'Computer to be switched through when the card through the Address and control line is selected as described in Section I. is described.

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III. Enabling input c status bits .236556'8 '

The open collector NAND gates in IC1 allow the input status bits (IS 0 to IS 3) to be placed on the input bus of the computer when a selection code of 10 is given and the control line is "true".

IV. Brand

The D-type flip-flop 10 is the branded flip-flop. ■ It will be deleted except when the input / output card is selected as described in Section I. If - the input / output card is selected, the flip-flop is set by the trailing edge of the marker pulse from the cassette. In addition, that will Branded flip-flop held in front (at pin 5) when the cassette flap is open, a clear leader is determined becomes boring when an interrupting character is read. Simultaneous forwarding and deletion leads to a "true" Output signal of the flip-flop. The branded flip-flop signal is only sent to the computer (GIF, Sift 2-m) through the NAND gate open collector switched through when the input / output Kcirte is selected.

V » Interrupt ·.

The D-type flip-flop 13 is the interrupt flip-flop. It is held clear whenever the input / output card is selected as described in Section I. The interruption is only permitted when the cassette is in control mode (Pen 2-3). An interrupt signal always comes when the cassette encounters a clear leader, the cassette door is open, or a disruptive character is being read. An interrupting one Character is a character in which data bits 2, 3, and 5 are all ones and that is read when the cartridge is located is in control mode. When the "service interruption inhibition" signal is "wrong" (SIH = I, pins 2-1), the interrupt signal is sent to the computer via IC 4, pins 6 and 8. The data bit SI 1, (pins 1-4) is decreased by the Computer notify the address of the peripheral device that interrupted Has. 509829/07 5 0

The operation of the control logic part of the reading and receiving unit for magnetic tape cassettes is described in FIGS. 21 and 23A-B. · ■

I. 1 preset to the A TIC d he Ene rgiezufuhr

Transistor Q1 and diodes CR1 and CR2 are part of the circuit to switch on the energy supply, which ensures that the Cassette is properly powered.

I. 2 control signal

The control signal (YCNT on pin 11) comes from the connection card • as a positive "true" signal and tells the logic card, that it should process the command on the output lines. .The edge of the control signal going in positive direction ignites the one-pulse IC? which emits a 300-second control pulse, which is used for scanning memory elements.

I. 3 Decoding and storage of commands . .

The 1-out-of-10 decoder with open collector (IC 19) is installed on his D input keyed by the control pulse cjb. (See section 1.2). There are output status bits OSO to 0S2 at the A, B and C inputs of the decoder. These output status bits contain commands for transport as follows: -

OS 2
(To write)

.0
0

. 0
1 .
1
1

0S1

(Backward) 0

1 1 0 0 1

OSO
(Fast)

1 0 1 0

Command l

read-slow-forward · read-fast-forward

read slowly backwards, read quickly backwards write slowly forward, stop

continue the present command

continue the present command

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The output status bit 3 (0S3) indicates whether the cassette should be in control / operation or in data operation. The control operation is explained in section I. 12.

'I.

If the command on the output status lines is other than "stop" or "continue", the outputs are during the width of the control pulse 0 to 4 of the decoder with open collector and hardwired "or" low. This output pulse of the hardwired "or" probes the command on the output status bits in the quad latch ^ IC 20 and introduces the run flip-flop 15-2. • The commands on the run lines are transferred from the logic card to the The motor control card is switched on and the cassette begins to move. ·

• If the .command. Is "stop", the output signal 5 (pin 6) of the Decoder low, clearing both the run flip-flop (15-2) and the quad latch (IC 20), is the command "continue", the quad latch and run flip-flop remain unchanged. . . . . ·

The barrel flip-flop and quad latch also v / ground through Presetting of the power supply activation deleted.

I. 4 run flip-flop .

The run flip-flop (1502) is preset by issuing a command as described in section 6.3. It is activated by an interrupt signal from the input / output card, a stop command, a power on preset or canceled by a cartridge out of place. The run flip-flop is also cleared by the head information signal deleted at its clock input as often as · the cassette runs into a clear leader tape. Because the clock input of the flip-flop is edge-sensitive, the transport is only stopped when it first goes to a clear leader, and the tape movement is stopped by issuing a new command made possible, even with a clear preamble. ■

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The Schmitt-triggered gates 1-1 and 1-2 are used to ' To filter out disturbances on the lines for "interruption", "clear leader" and "cassette in place".

1. "5 .. Rewind mode

The D-type flip-flop 15-1 is the rewind flip-flop ... It is kept preset as long as the rewind button is pressed. It is cleared in that a clear leader is detected, the cassette is not in place, the power supply is preset, a stop command has been given or the input / output card has been interrupted. The rewind flip-flop is also cleared via its clock input whenever a new command is issued. A simultaneous presetting ui ₄ d clearing means that the Q output of the flip-flop is "true". When the transport is stopped (flip-flop 15-2 cleared) and the rewind flip-flop is set, the output signal ö'ns gate 16-3 is "true", which means that the NOR gates 17-1 , 17-2 and 17-3 have the output signals O. These output signals cause the bob to be rewound at high speed in the reverse direction to the clear leader, unless the rewind flip-flop is cleared as described above.

I. 6 Transport status ·. .

The input status bits YIS3 (pin F), YIS2 (pin 6), YIS1 (Pin E) and YISO (Pin 5) indicate the status of the transport as follows again:

YIS3 - negative "true" , cassette in place YIS2 - positive "true", clear leader tape YIS1 - negative "true", writing on the cassette

permitted

YISO - positive "true", open-close duty

509829/0750, BAD ORiGiMAL

I. 7 Inner clock signal ''

The internal clock signal, which is used for writing data, is generated by the two monostable circuits IC 6 and "IC13. The clock is not symmetrical, but IC6 is" true "for 133 ysec, while IC13 is" true "for 220 ysec is "true". The balancing resistor R10 is then used to adjust the total time of 333 ysec for a clock frequency of 3 kHz. The internal clock signal is only enabled when the cassette command is "write", as determined at pin 5 IC13 will.

I. 8 9-blt shift registers

A 9-bit shift register is formed from IC3 , IC4 and O.em flip-flop 5-2 . During write operations, this register is loaded in parallel by pulses from gate 16-1 and then shifts the data serially to IC3, pin 10, in order to write them onto the tape. In read mode, the data are clocked serially from the tape to ICd, pin 12, where they are serially in the register;: r yellow , they are read from the shift register at the mark by the computer as parallel data. .

I. 9 Data, clock and mark sequence

During the write operation, a write clock, write data and a write mark signal are sent out by the logic card. During the read operations, the logic card receives a read clock, read data and a read marking signal. The data lines are NRZ, clocked by the pctssender clock. If clock pulses and marker pulses follow one another correctly, they form a symbol. The sequence is 9 data L) it.s per character, separated by marks.

Mark - 9 data bits - mark - 9 data bits - mark.

509829/07 5 0

'BAD ORiGiNAL

- 49 -
Bit mark sequence code • brand • xir 2.365568 ι • I. Three types of information S] A. Il 1 Il B. Γ L. A. "0". . B. A. B. Γ

10-bit characters. . . ,. . . .- "

^{Μ D} 7. ^D 6 ^D 5 ^D 4 ^CD 3 ^D 2 ^D 1 ^D 0 ^M

8 data bits

1 mark "·.

1 control bit ''

I. 10 tenths counters while writing

The tenth counter (IC14) is used to measure the clock and marker pulses to be arranged sequentially while writing (for a description of a sequence, see Section 6.9). When the counter turns is at counts 0 through 8, the internal clock pulses generated by IC6 and IC13 are passed through gate 18-4 where they leave the card as a write clock and are also passed through gate 18-2 to shift the shift register. If the tenth counter is at count 9, the inner clock pulse is inhibited at gate 18-4, but released at gate 10-2, from where it leaves the circuit as a write marking pulse. Since the counter is "wrapped around" from count 9 to count 0 the repetition sequence marking - 9 bits - marking is obtained.

Every time the counter goes to 9, a character is completed and the write marking pulse is in addition to the fact that it leaves the circuit, passed through the gate 12-3 to form a mark which tells the computer that the character has been written. The computer then sends another

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Parallel characters to the shift register / and the sequence is repeated themselves.

Special conditions take precedence for writing the first character of a character string. When the transport changes from read to write operation, flip-flops 8- * 1 and 8- "2 are set in their edge-sensitive clock inputs. Flip-flop 8-2 advances the counter to count 9, ensuring that the Sequence begins with a marking pulse. The same flip-flop 8-2 is cleared by this first marking pulse, after which the counter continues its "wrapping" sequence. The set flip-flop 8-2 prevents this first "leading ". '' Write mark pulse to go through gate 12-3 and become a mark. The flip-flop .8-2 is cleared by the first write pulse, after which the write sequence is continued normally. . . - '"....

I. 11 tenths counter while reading

During reading, only a sequence of 9 data bits followed by a mark is recognized as a character. The tenth counter is used to determine this sequence.

Every time "the transport is stopped, the flip-flop becomes 5-1 held by default. The output of the flip-flop 5-1 sets the counter to zero. The flip-flop 5-1 becomes by the rising edge of the data read clock, and the counter counts on the falling edge. The data read pulses are are counted by the counter and also go through gate 18-2 to shift the shift register. When the counter reads 9 pulses has read, its count 9 gives a "true" signal on pin 13 of gate 19-1. If next a read marker pulse comes, pin 1 of gate 19-1 is "true" for the width of the read marker pulse. These two signals form part of the marking signal - which tells the computer that there is a valid character in the shift register. the The trailing edge of the read marking pulse sets the flip-flop 5-rl, that advances the counter to 0, and the sequence is ready to repeat. . 509829/0750

If a mark is read when the counter is at a a count other than 9, no mark is given, the flip-flop 5-1 is set and the counter is advanced to 0. If 10 Read pulses come in a row, the counter revolves to 0 and no mark is given. Therefore don't create anything else as 9 read clock pulses, followed by a read marker pulse, a brand and are recognized as a sign. . · .. · ·

I. 12 Tax company and brands -

* Each character contains 8 data bits. The middle bit of each 9-bit character is a control bit. When the middle bit is a 1, is the character a control character. If the middle bit is a 0, the character is a data character. If the transport is during When writing is in control mode, the center bit is loaded as a 1 at IC4, pin 5, and the character is used as the control character written. In data mode, the middle bit of each character written is 0. · ■

When the transport reads in control mode, labels are only sent to the computer if there is a control character in the shift register is located. When the transport is in control mode and there are data characters in the shift register, the read mark is inhibited at IC9--1, pin 2. This pin 2 of IC9-1 is always "true", except when the. Cassette is in control mode and the middle bit of the shift register is 0. In data mode marks are sent to the computer for both data and control characters.

The tag circuit on the connection card is sensitive to the trailing edge, this ensures that the character is fully written or fully read before the • Computer is highlighted. '

In the following, with reference to Figures 64, 67A-B and 67 'the Operation of the read / write part of the read and record input, called füi>: * agnetbandkassetten described.

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I. General Description """" V <? - »*"' ^Λ · .2 3 6 O OD b.

The read / write area has two main functions. In writing (WRITE) it encodes serial bit data in 2-channel bit • jtfarken-sequence data (BMS), the. the write head control can be pulled and written to the tape.

In READ mode, it decodes analog 2-channel BMS data from the head preamplifier in clock, mark and serial bit data pulses from the tape signals.

II. Write operation (WRITE) ·. ■

When "write allowed" is "true" (YWPT = D and "write command" is "true" (YWTC = D ₁ ISt "write enable""true" (YWEN = I; Q7 on)), and writing on the tape is allowed . The 3-input NAND gates of the IC2 · are used to encode the serial bit data (YWDT) in BMS. Logical ones (YWDT = D v / earth are written on channel A. Logical zeros (YWDT = O) are written written on channel B. A mark is written when "Write mark" is "true" (YWMK = D * The data and marks are clocked in using the write clock (YWCL).

III. Read mode (READ) . ■

The two amplifiers of the IC6 and their associated circuitry included two threshold detectors that convert the analog signal from the head (ARA, ARB) into digital signals. The amplifiers switch between their positive and negative saturated state. The thresholds are set so that the amplifiers change their states toggle when the analog signal is about 30% of its peak value measuring in the forward direction near BOT. . ·

The amplitude of the head signal is proportional to the tape speed. Therefore the thresholds for fast tape movement are set high and for slow tape movement low by Q1 and Q2 connected to the "Fast" command line (NFTC) will. The positive and the negative reference signal for the

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Thresholds are taken from the 1.2 volt power supply.

The two digital data channels are via. IC1 on the decoder circuit switched. The decoder consists of IC3, IC5, IC8 and IC9. · · '"

IC8 is a 0.5 ys monostable circuit which is supplied by the threshold detectors for each data bit or for each marker. This monostable pulse contains a read clock signal which is passed on via IC5 to NRCL ■ if the bit assigned to the pulse is not a mark.

IC9-1 is a flip-flop that serves three purposes. Once it provides a read mark impulse (YRMK) whenever a mark has been read from the tape. For the second time it controls IC5 to control dom Allow inonostable pulse to appear as read clock (NRCL). Third, it controls IC3 and IC5 to allow the data to pass through the data output flip-flop IC9-2 ^ s ~ • give to ground. .

In Figures 64, 68A-B and 68 ″, the operation of the engine is an expensive part s of the reading and receiving unit for magnetic tape cassette! *.

I ¹ , speed reference signal

Resistors R1, R2 and R3 are used to make any of the desired Motor speed proportional reference voltage to generate. The voltage, tapped at the positive input U3, is about 3.0V for low speed and 8.0V for high Speed. ·

II '. Comparison amplifier

The operational amplifier Ü3 compares the speed reference signal with a signal that sets the actual speed of the motor d; .r. (See below under IV). The difference signal is amplified and fed to the control circuit, which increases or decreases the operating voltage available for the motor.

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A resistor stood R8 and a capacitor C1 b? .Iden a negative Feedback around U1 resulting in a DC boost of 26db and 'leads to a singular point at 100 Hz. This becomes the frequency response function of the servo loop ■ '' tailor-made "to ensure stable operation with very fast Generate error correction. · · '

III ¹ . Motor control

The diode D1 shifts the DC drive level "by about 7 V. Transistors Q1 and Q2 as well as the motor pass transistor (arranged in the controller area) provide the current gain for the motor drive. A resistor R7 ensures that the motor pass transistor is switched off. A transistor Q3 is used to dynamically brake the motor if its speed larger than desired.

A diode D3 reduces the maximum voltage on the motor at 'clear leader. This voltage limitation effectively reduces the motor torque, which can damage the motor, Friction wheel drive or tape cassette is avoided if the tape is pulled against the axle. The diode D2 prevents during this state of reduced torque will damage Q1-

IV. Gegeri EMF amplifiers r ■ "· '·.''

The terminal voltage of the motor is composed of two parts, namely the "IR" voltage drop at the "armature resistance of the motor and the voltage generated by the motor or back EMF. The back EMF is directly proportional to the motor speed and is used as a feedback signal for the engine speed used. the measuring resistor R9 generates the armature of the motor and thus to the "" IR "-Spannungsabfall voltage proportional to current. an operational amplifier U4, and resistors R10 to R14 subtract the" IR "-Spannungsabfall from the motor terminal voltage, resulting in the This signal is approximately 3.0 V for low speed and 8.0 V for high speed. It is fed back and compared with the reference voltage, as described above under II ¹ .

S09829 / 0 75a '

The procedure for measuring the ¹ IR "voltage drop described above is only accurate for a single winding temperature. Since lower armature resistances (caused by lower temperatures) could cause instabilities in the regulation, this point is used for" perfect compensation " set to the lower limit of the working range - in this case 0 ⁰ C. Rising temperature results in reduced load control (higher motor current generates reduced speed), but the control remains stable. '■ ·

• V '. Motor and electromagnet selector

The selector activates the correct motor and electromagnet. In pre-run mode, Q4, Q5 and Q8 are saturated "a"; Q6, Q7 and Q9 are saturated in return mode. With ".Stop" all devices are switched off.

The mode of operation of the connecting part of the reading and receiving unit for magnetic tape cassettes is described in FIGS. 64 and 69. . . .

I · Connection from the transport to the mother area

The main task of the connection board is to electrically connect the transport mechanism to the nut area. It are 4 groups of wires coming from the transport mechanism: The motor wires, the electromagnet and switch wires, the Header wires and the photosensor wires. Each wire group ends in a connector strip that protrudes into the connection panel; this division facilitates arrangement and service.

II. Leader signal

Most of the circuitry on the connection board is used to generate the leader signal. The photosensor assembly on the transport mechanism contains an incandescent lamp and a 'fot ;; v / iderstand. When the magnetic tape is over the photo sensor there is no optical coupling, which leads to a high impedance of the photoresistor. If over the photoscnsor If a clear leader is in place, the light comes from

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the light-colored plastic of the cassette on the photo resistor

reflects, resulting in a low impedance of the photoresistor leads. '.

The integrated circuit U1 and the resistors R4, 5 and 6 form a comparator which switches over when the impedance of the photoresistor is approximately 25 kSl . A capacitor C5 filters the output signal from U1 in order to eliminate false signals of less than 5 ms duration; transistor Q1 amplifies this signal.

If the tape stops or changes direction, it can go under forming a belt loop over the photosensor under certain conditions; this can result in a reflection that is the same Photoresistor impedance created, like a clear leader tape. To prevent a ribbon loop from displaying an incorrect leader results, the integrated circuits U2, 3 and 4 are used. The flip-flop U 4 stores the leader signal; this flip-flop can be "switched on" if the cassette is used for the duration of the monostable circuit U2 (& 5 ms) ran on leader tape. This delay period ensures that each tape loop has been smoothed out, thereby Reflection problems are avoided.

A magnetic tape display (leader tape not) is always correct; therefore it immediately resets flip-flop U4. The on The gates connected to the preset U4 turn the flip-flop "on" while the power supply is switched on and when the cassette loader is open; if the tape is actually a magnetic tape, this signal will persist after the Preset has been removed and resets U4.

III. Electromagnet circuit

The diodes D1 and D2 and the resistor R1 limit the peak of the 'return voltage of the electromagnet during switch-off to about 24 V. In addition, for a very rapid drop in the Electromagnet by applying up to -12 V to the electromagnet during shutdown.

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IV. Motor balancing would contradict ·. '

Resistors R2 and R3 are selected to give a given motor an effective armature resistance between 10.30 and 10.60 Ohms. To match. Capacitors. Ci and C2 are used to identify from to suppress interference signals from the brushes of the motor.

V. Cassette Sensor Switch . .

Resistors R11 and R12 are holding resistors for the mechanical ones Cassette sensor switch. The generated signals are "cassette inserted", (positive, "true") and, "writing, allowed" (positive "true").

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Claims (18)

.2385568 Hewlett-Packard Comp. ^ * January 22, 1975 Case 747 / Tr.A.IV. Claims 1.) Electronic computer with an input keypad for instructions consisting of alpha-numeric characters, with a memory for instructions entered into the computer, with a processing unit for executing instructions entered into the computer or stored in the memory, and with an output unit , characterized in that it has an information recording and reproducing device (14) for an external magnetic tape and a logic circuit which divides the external magnetic tape into one or more files when an entered or stored marking instruction is executed, before or during information on the Magnetic tape is given / and that 'the' divided files can be selected individually from the keypad (26) or from a program in the memory (46). 2. Computer according to claim 1, characterized in that that the length of the files is indicated by one of the instruction assigned file length specification can be determined. 3. Computer according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the logic circuit upon specification a file length in the form of an arithmetic expression evaluates this and the result to determine the length of the file in question. 4. Computer according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that it has a device for recognition of the end of the tape and a locking device that the Setting up a file prevents its specified Length exceeds the remaining length of the tape. 509829/0750 S3 5. Computer according to claim 1, characterized in that that its input keypad (26) has separate programs. and data sections comprises means for the transmission of program instructions and data between the memory (46) and the recording and reproducing device (12) for the external magnetic tape, and that a second logic circuit is provided which, when executing a program storage instruction, program instructions from the program section of memory to a specified file on the external magnetic tape and stores the notice there that program instructions are stored and that when a data storage instruction is actuated Inputs data from the data portion of the memory to a specified file on the external magnetic tape, and there the information is stored, that data are stored. 6. Computer according to claim 5, characterized in that the second logic circuit when executing a program load instruction Program instructions from a specified file on the external magnetic tape into the program section of the memory (46), and upon actuation of a data load instruction, data from a specified File on the external magnetic tape is transferred to the data section of the memory, and that the second logic circuit when executing the program and data loading instructions, the stored information regarding the content of the specific polled file and emits an error signal if an attempt is made to extract program instructions from a file containing data to load into memory or vice versa. 7. Computer according to claim 1, characterized in that that he set up a cure storing a Has file identification codes in each file and that when a file locator is executed, this facility one specification of a file identification code that locates the specified file. S09829 / 0750 8. Computer according to claim 7, characterized / that the file identification code is a number. 9. Computer according to claim 7 or 8, characterized in that the device for storage . of the file identification code when specifying a File identification code in the form of an arithmetic expression evaluates this and the result as a file identification code used. 10. Computer according to claim 1, characterized marked t that the output unit is a printer that a title with identification information in each file is stored and - that a device is provided, the one assigned to each file when a tape list instruction is entered from the keypad (26) or from the memory (46) Reads identification information and sends it to the printer for output. 11. Computer according to claim 1, characterized in that that a line number is assigned to each stored line and that a device is provided, those stored in memory (46) after a specified line when a merge instruction is executed Program enters one or more lines previously stored on the external magnetic tape into the memory without that the information in the memory is deleted. 12. Computer according to claim 11, characterized in that that all lines recorded on or reproduced from the external magnetic tape have a line number is assigned and that when the merging command is executed, the device transfers the data from the magnetic tape to the one in the memory The lines transferred to the program have been renumbered in such a way that the new numbers correspond to the number sequence of the program, and that the facility when carrying out the S09829 / 0750 add all references to line numbers in the modifies transmitted lines in such a way that they follow the sequence of numbers of the program after renumbering the transferred lines. 13. Computer according to claim 1, characterized in that that a line number is assigned to each stored line and that a device is provided, the one selected in the execution of a save command 'Transfer part of the program stored in the memory (46) to the external magnetic tape transfers. 14. Computer according to claim 13, characterized in that that the store command specifies the numbers of the start and end lines for the destination of the part of the program contained in the memory (46) and that the device is in execution of the memory instruction transfers the specific part of the program to the external magnetic tape. 15. Computer according to claim 1, characterized in that that it contains a large number of definable keys, each of which has one or more lines of alphanumeric Characters can be assigned that a main program can be stored in the memory (46), which consists of entered lines, as well as the definable Lines associated with keys can be stored, and that a device is provided which, upon actuation of a control key and a selected definable key sets the computer so that subsequent computer commands are based on the definable Lines assigned to the key. 16. Computer according to claim 1, characterized in that that it has a facility that, when executed . . a data store command all in one in memory (46) contained program defined common data on a 509829/0750 transfers the specified file on the external magnetic tape, without the need to specify special variables. 17. Computer according to claim 1, characterized in that ze i c h - n e t that the processing unit (48) is responsible for the execution machine language instructions for the execution of those entered into the computer or contained in memory (46) Commands is set up that the computer has a memory loader for loading command tables into the Memory together with associated machine language instructions for the execution of these commands, and that a logic circuit is provided, which is entered into the computer or contained in a memory Program · encountered request for the execution of a character string, this character string as one of the table commands in memory and recognizes the execution of the machine language instructions assigned to this command by the Processing unit initiates. 18. Computer according to claim 17, characterized in that that the memory loader with the exception and playback device (12) for an external magnetic tape cooperates so that the tables and machine language instructions can be transferred from the external magnetic tape to the memory for the execution of the commands. 609829/07 Empty soap