DE19619001A1 - Diapason for woodwind instrument with finger holes - Google Patents

Abstract

The diapason has a first enveloping surface (9) that encloses the geometric volume of the instrument. A second enveloping surface (14,20) encloses an acoustically active instrument-volume differing from the geometric volume. The diapason is tuned to the acoustically active instrument-volume. The first and or second enveloping surface(s) are rotationally symmetrical to the instrument's longitudinal axis (6) and is/are formed by the outer surfaces of a cone, truncated cone and or cylinder. The finger hole total volume consists of the volume (10) from at least one finger hole (7,8) and at most from all the finger-holes. The volume is enclosed between each finger-hole's stop (11) and the first enveloping surface.

Description

The invention relates to a scale for a tone holes Woodwind instrument according to the preamble of claim 1 and a Procedure for calculating such a scale according to the generic term of claim 35.

The orchestra of woodwind instruments has an envelope, which in clarinets and flutes are essentially cylindrical and in saxophones, oboes and bassoons, it is essentially conical continues. The ratio of length and width of the sound body pers is known as a scale for wind instruments.

In this envelope there are several tone holes with which the length of the column of air vibrating in the orchestra affects who can, so that by closing certain tone holes a tone is generated which is more or less the frequency of a tone is approximated on the chromatic scale. Since the sound holes, due to the wall thickness of the instrument also a be have the right height, this will make it sound vibrating air volume of the sound body compared to the air volume of a sound body without sound holes. Are against the octave or duo used to overblow certain notes decim openings no tone holes in this sense, since their dimensions gen, d. H. their cross section, are much smaller than that Tone holes and through them the vibrating air volume of the Sound body is not significantly enlarged. They serve  to double the frequency of a tone (octave) or to ver triple (duo decimation).

The vibrating air volume of the sound body without sound holes or parts of it is referred to below as geometric instruments volume, geometric body volume, etc., which of the first envelope surface is included. In contrast, is considered acoustic effective instrument volume, acoustically effective body volume etc., which is actually used in the body for the resonance generation Available air volume denotes which of a two is covered. This is generally acoustically effective same instrument volume that around the additional volumes of sound holes enlarged geometric instrument volume.

Proposals have become known with which the mood of a Woodwind instrument is to be improved. For example, U.S. Patent No. 5,208,411 for saxophones, in the area between the highest Tone hole and the mouthpiece an annular volume expansion to provide a more precise octave. It's over U.S. Patent 3,783,732 also known in the area between highest tone hole and the mouthpiece always closed Air chamber.

For clarinets is proposed in DE-OS-23 33 540 or DE-OS-29 52 329 hit by expanding the cross section above each Tonloches the pitch of the tones blown into the duodezime aims to influence and adjust more precisely. The same purpose is the scale of the top piece proposed in DE-AS-27 17 786  to serve a clarinet. In another embodiment, it strikes this document to change certain tones, the acu effective instrument volume through suitable choice of location and size of the tone holes on the geometric instrument volume vote.

A disadvantage of all these proposals is that they are complex and also not to a fully satisfactory octave or duo lead to decimation, which means that in the octave or duodezime Frequency of the overblown sound not in the ratio 2: 1 or 3: 1 stands for the assigned basic note, but audibly deviates from it.

The present invention is therefore based on the object Woodwind instrument and a method for creating which the Disadvantages of the known woodwind instruments no longer has or is improved over these. In particular, it should more balanced acoustic conditions can be achieved, that is improved sound, improved response with less Blowing resistance and improved mood of the tones, especially in the octave or duodezime.

This object is achieved according to claim 1 in that the scale is matched to the acoustically effective instrument volume. With such a tuning, the instrument properties, in contrast to the tuning of the scale to the geometric instrument volume known in the prior art, are greatly improved. The lateral surface of the instru ment is formed by the first envelope surface in the length section in which the tone holes lie. The second envelope surface there is an imaginary surface. In contrast, the outer surface in the remaining, pale-side instrument section (without tone holes) is formed by the second envelope surface. According to claim 36, the problem is solved by the measures: Determination of the total Tonlochge volume by adding the additional volumes of the considered tone holes and dimensioning the initial area such that its corrected initial area volume V _A * of the equation V _A * = (V _I - V _K ) × (V _K + V _T ) / V _K is sufficient, where V _{I is} the entire inner volume of the instrument without the tone holes and V _{K is} the geometric body volume without tone holes.

With the claims 2-7 embodiments of the envelope surfaces be wrote. The envelope surface radially delimit the geometrical and acoustically effective volumes, which does not rule out should be that this over the corresponding volume sections individual lengths of the instrument, e.g. B. Starting area, Cor pus, protrude. It is preferably proposed that the second envelope surface rotationally symmetrical to a longitudinal axis of the In strumentes should run. The additional ones are advantageous Tonhole volumes - seen in cross section - imaginary on a ge closed ring surface distributed around the first envelope surface. According to An saying 4, a steady course of the second envelope surface is featured hit, that is, a course along the longitudinal axis without a jump substantial cross-sectional expansion; is every point on the long axis assigned only one diameter of the second envelope surface.  

With claims 8-16 the acoustically effective instruments volume trained. The according to claim 10 for the Tonlochge all tone holes to be taken into account are preferably all Tone holes of the instrument; to determine the acoustically effective Volume, however, can be viewed from a portion of the tone holes, e.g. B. with the saxophone, those on the straight part are sufficient. This in Closure element described claim 12 can be a flap (at Saxophones and Bohm flutes) and / or a player's fingertip (with clarinets, oboes, bassoons).

The ratios for an instrument with a starting range a mouthpiece is plugged on the pale side and its other end with a body in which all tone holes of the In strumentes are provided, are in the claims 17-31. The starting range for a clarinet is formed by the pear and part of the top, at one Flute through the headpiece, with a saxophone through the bow, at a bassoon through the id and with an oboe from part of the Top piece. The scale according to the invention follows in the body area first, in the initial area of the second envelope surface.

Further embodiments of the invention are in claims 32-35 described.

Deviations in the range of up to 20% are from the ratio mentioned in this application to the change in the initial grade V _A * / V _A = V _K * / V _K , especially in claims 16, 21, 22, 25 and 26 ( advantageously, however, a maximum of 10%) possible upwards or downwards.

Further advantages, features and details of the invention result from the following description in connection with the An sayings and the drawing in which the invention, for example is shown.

The drawing shows:

Fig. 1 is an alto saxophone in perspective view;

FIG. 2a cut a conventional cylindrical woodwind in the longitudinal;

FIG. 2b shows the instrument according to Figure 2a in cross section.

FIG. 3a shows an inventive cylindrical woodwind instrument in longitudinal section;

FIG. 3b shows the instrument of Figure 3a in cross-section.

FIG. 4a section of a further embodiment of the invention in longitudinal;

FIG. 4b shows the further embodiment of Figure 4a in cross-section.

FIG. 5a is a common woodwind instrument having a conically-widening he sounding body in longitudinal section;

Fig. 5b, the instrument according to Figure 5a in cross-section.

FIG. 6a shows an inventive woodwind instrument with a conically widening sounding body in longitudinal section;

Fig. 6b, the instrument according to Figure 6a in cross-section.

Fig. 7a section of a further embodiment of the invention in longitudinal;

FIG. 7b shows a further embodiment of the invention in cross section;

Fig. 8 is another embodiment of a woodwind instrument with conically widening sounding body;

Fig. 9 shows a further embodiment of a woodwind instrument having a cylindrical body of sound;

Fig. 10 shows an embodiment for the connection between the beginning area and body in a saxophone in longitudinal section;

Fig. 11 shows a further embodiment for the connection between rule's initial area and body in a saxophone in longitudinal section.

In Fig. 1, a conventional saxophone is shown with a bow-forming starting area 1 , a body 5 with all Tonlö holes 7 , 8 and a bell. A mouthpiece is attached to the first end of the starting area on the pale side. The second end of the initial area is detachably connected to the body 5 , for example as shown in FIGS. 11 and 10. Whether the longitudinal axis 6 of the instrument is curved, as in the saxophone shown in Fig. 1, or straight, as in a clarinet or a soprano saxophone, is irrelevant for the following description. For the sake of simplicity, the invention is therefore explained using a straight longitudinal axis 6 .

The Holzblasinstru elements shown schematically in FIGS. 2-8 each have an initial area 1 on the left, in which no sound holes 7 , 8 are provided, and on the right a body 5 , in which the sound holes 7 , 8 are provided, only a few of which are shown. Actually ( Fig. 1), the instruments have a larger number of sound holes 7 , 8 . The position of the first and last tone hole 7 , 8 defines the beginning and end of the body length section, which is taken into account in the calculation described below.

Theoretically, the connection point between the beginning area and the body should be exactly half a tone hole distance above the first tone hole, i.e. shifted towards the pale end of the instrument. For practical reasons, the connection point can be shifted slightly to the left, whereby extending the body by up to three tone hole distances does not yet have a disruptive effect. The initial area 1 is therefore referred to as that part which extends from the pale end 2 to the connecting area 22 .

Figs. 2-4 show cylindrical woodwind instruments such. B. clarinets or Bohm flutes. Figs. 5-7 show Woodwind te with a conically widening sounding body such. B. Saxophone, oboes or bassoons.

In the clarinets or flutes shown in FIGS. 2-4, the acoustically effective body volume 16 , that is to say the air volume vibrating when the instrument is played, is composed of a geometric body volume 17 and a total tone hole volume. The geo metric body volume 17 is the volume which would be enclosed by the circular cylindrical instrument wall in the area of the body 5 if no tone holes 7 , 8 were provided, and is radially delimited by a first envelope surface 9 . This first enveloping surface 9 extends coaxially to the longitudinal axis 6 in FIG. 2 and has the shape of a straight circular cylinder, as is also indicated in FIG. 2 by the dotted line. The Tonlochgesamtvolumen is the sum of all the so-called Tonlochkaminen (since they, so to speak as a Ka min radially extending from the first envelope surface), between the flap 11 and the first enveloping surface 9 enclosed Tonlochvolumina 10, which increase the swinging volume of the body. 5

In Fig. 2a, the first envelope surface 9 is at the second end 4, 22 of the top portion 1 continuously into the body 5 on, that is, that the body wall in the direction of the longitudinal axis 6 is always the first envelope surface 9 is followed and that the diameter of the first envelope surface 9 remains the same in the direction of the longitudinal axis 6 . The intersection line, which results when a plane in which the longitudinal axis 6 runs intersects with the first envelope surface 9 , runs continuously along the longitudinal axis 6 if the tone holes themselves are disregarded. The cross-sectional area 13 of cuts through the first enveloping surface 9 ( FIG. 2b), apart from the tone hole section, is of the same size on the entire instrument.

In FIG. 3a, a second envelope surface 14 is shown in the body area by a dashed line, from which the acoustically effective body volume 16 is radially limited. The acoustically effective body volume 16 is determined in that the geometric body volume 17 , i.e. the circular cylindrical body volume, as if there were no tone holes 7 , 8 on the body 5 , the sum of all tone hole volumes 10 are added, so that the second envelope surface 14 runs parallel to the first in the area of the body 5 . As can be seen in FIG. 3 b, the additional tone hole volumes 10 are distributed on a closed ring surface 15 around the first envelope surface 9 . Is an instrument of FIGS. 2-4 transversely to the longitudinal axis of cut 6, so the intersection of the second envelope surface 14 are round and closed.

The body 5 shown in FIG. 3 essentially corresponds to the body 5 according to FIG. 2 with the geometrically and acoustically effective body volumes 17 , 16 , which are radially delimited by the first and second envelope surfaces 9 , 14 . The volumes 18 , 19 (FIGS . 2a and 3a) delimited by the instrument wall in the initial region 1 differ, however. In Fig. 2a, the geometric opening volume range 18 is shown, which is the geometric instrument volume 17 reduced by the geometric corpus volume 17 , that is, without taking into account the tone hole volumes 10 . In Fig. 3a, a corrected initial volume area 19 is shown, which is greater than the geometric area of the top volume 18. The corrected initial area volume 19 is selected in accordance with the equation V _A * = (V _I - V _K ) × (V _K + V _T ) / V _K , where V _A * is the corrected initial area volume 19 , V _{I is} the geometric instrument volume, V _K the geometric body volume 17 and V _T the total Tonlochvolvol men, that is, the sum of the individual Tonlochvolume 10 , is. The corrected initial area volume 19 is designed so that its envelope surface 20 continuously merges into the envelope surface 14 of the acoustically effective body volume 16 , that is to say it is enlarged in comparison to the geometric initial area volume 18 . The second envelope surface 14 , 20 runs continuously over the entire length of the instrument. Since the lengths of the initial area 1 and the body 5 are the same in FIGS . 2a and 3a, the diameter 21 of the circular cylindrical initial area 1 in FIG. 3a is enlarged compared to the corresponding diameter 12 in FIG. 2a. The intersection line, which results when a plane in which the longitudinal axis 6 intersects with the second enveloping surface 14 runs continuously over the entire length of the instrument, but in particular in the connection area 22 between the initial area 1 and the body 5 .

In Fig. 4 another solution is shown in which the diameter 23 of the initial area 1 remains the same as in Fig. 2. The initial area volume 18 , 24 is the same size in FIGS. 2a and 4a. The geometric body volume 25 is designed (= corrected geometric body volume) in such a way that its enveloping surface 14 continuously merges into the enveloping surface 20 of the initial region 1 , that is to say it is reduced in comparison to the geometrical body volume 17 ( FIG. 2a). The corrected geometric body volume 25 ( FIG. 4a, b: dash-dotted line) is calculated from the acoustically effective body volume 26 minus the total tone hole volume. Since the length of the initial area and the body 5 according to FIGS. 2a and 4a are the same, the diameter 27 of the corrected body volume in FIGS. 4a, b is reduced compared to the corresponding diameter 28 in FIG. 2a. The acoustically effective body volume 26 and the initial volume 24 is in turn radially limited by the common second, continuously extending envelope surface 14 , 20 . Otherwise, reference can be made to the explanations relating to FIGS. 2 and 3.

The ratios in the conical instruments shown in Figs. 5-8 are substantially the same as those in the cylindrical instruments. In addition, these instruments have the following special features:
In FIG. 5, the geometric volume of the first envelope surface 9 (dotted line in Fig. 5, 6) which substantially corresponds to the envelope surface of a straight truncated cone, radially limited. The geometrical instrument volume is composed of the geometrical initial area volume and the geometrical body volume 18 , 17 and does not take into account the additional volumes 10 of the tone hole chimneys. The tone hole chimneys protrude from this first envelope surface 9 . In Fig. 6 it can be seen that the second envelope surface 14 (dashed line in Fig. 6, 7) also runs like the lateral surface of a straight truncated cone, but with a larger opening angle α2 <α1. If, as shown in FIGS. 5b, 6b, 7b, cuts are made through the longitudinal axis 6 of the instrument, the cross-sectional areas within the first and second envelope surfaces behave according to the formula Q = k × l 2, where Q is the cross-sectional area, k is a constant and l is the distance from the imaginary cone tip 30 lying outside the instrument.

In the case of conical instruments according to FIGS . 5-8, the initial region 1 is somewhat shortened. The theoretical envelope surface would be conical. In practice, however, the initial area 1 is shortened so that it is frustoconical in shape like the body 5 . The enveloping surfaces 9 , 14 are each composed of Kegelstumpfman telflächen of the initial region 1 and the body 5 .

In Fig. 5a, the first enveloping surface 9 , which is shown in dotted lines, at the second end 4 , 22 of the initial region 1 continuously changes into the body 5 . The intersection line that results when a plane in which the longitudinal axis 6 runs intersects with the first envelope surface 9 runs continuously outside the tone hole sections and is inclined with respect to the longitudinal axis 6 .

In Fig. 6a, a second envelope surface 14 is shown in the body portion by a broken line from which the acoustically effective volume of the body is limited radially sixteenth As can be seen in FIG. 6 b, the additional tone hole volumes 10 are distributed on a closed ring surface 15 around the first envelope surface 9 .

In the embodiments shown in FIGS. 5-8, the acoustically effective body volume 16 , which is composed of the total tone hole volume and the geometric body volume 17 , can be calculated in several ways. Firstly, in such a way that the second envelope surface 14 of the acoustically effective body volume has an imaginary tip 30 which lies at the same point on the longitudinal axis 6 as the imaginary tip 30 of the truncated cone of the geometric body toluene 17th This variant is the most precise with regard to the task and leads to an increase in the opening angle (α2 <α1) of the truncated cone. It can be seen in FIGS. 6a and 7a. At the expense of a minor error, the volume 10 of the tone holes 7 , 8 can also be added to the geometric body volume evenly distributed over the length, so that the surface 14 of the acoustically effective body volume 16 runs parallel to the first envelope surface 9 of the geometric body volume 17 .

The body 5 shown in FIG. 6 essentially corresponds to the body 5 according to FIG. 5 with the geometrically and acoustically effective body volumes 17 , 16 , which are radially delimited by the first and second envelope surfaces 9 , 14 . The volumes delimited by the instrument wall in the initial area 1 according to FIGS . 5a and 6a differ, however. In Fig. 5a the geometric Initially volume area shown 18, that is, without consideration of the Tonlochvolumina, the body about the geometric volume decreased 17 instrument geometric volume. FIG. 6 a shows a corrected initial area volume 19 which is larger than the geometric initial area volume 18 . The corrected initial area volume 19 is selected according to the equation V _A * = (V _I - V _K ) × (V _K + V _T ) / V _K , where V _{I is} the geometric instrument volume, V _{K is} the geometric body volume and V _{T is} the tone hole total volume, that is the sum of the individual tone hole volumes 10 . The corrected initial area volume 19 is designed such that its envelope surface 20 continuously merges into the envelope surface 14 of the acoustically effective body volume 16 , that is to say it is enlarged in comparison with the geometric initial area volume 18 . The second envelope surface 14 , 20 thus runs continuously over the entire length of the instrument.

Since the length of the top portion 1 and the body 5 5a and 6a is the same in the FIG., The diameters 31, 32 of Anfangsbe Reich 1 in Fig. 6a which have the same distance from the imaginary cone tip as the diameter corresponding to 33, 34 in Fig. 5a, enlarged compared to the latter. The diameter enlargements at the first and second ends 2 , 4 of the initial region 1 can easily be determined from the known formulas for straight truncated cones.

The intersection line that results when a plane in which the longitudinal axis 6 intersects with the second enveloping surface 14 runs continuously over the entire length of the instrument, but in particular in the connection region 22 between the initial region 1 and the body 5 .

Another solution is shown in FIG. 7a, in which the shape of the initial region 1 remains the same compared to FIG. 5a. The initial volume 18 , 24 is the same size in FIGS . 5a and 7a. The geometric body volume 25 is designed (= corrected geometric body volume) in such a way that its enveloping surface 14 continuously merges into the enveloping surface 20 of the initial region 1 , that is to say it is reduced in comparison to the geometrical body volume 17 ( FIG. 2a). The corrected geometric body volume 25 ( FIG. 7a, b: dash-dotted line) is calculated from the acoustically effective body volume 26 minus the total volume of the tone hole. It is smaller than the geometrical body volume 17 in FIG. 5. Otherwise, the explanations for FIGS . 5 and 6 apply accordingly.

In contrast to the instruments shown in FIGS . 5a, 6a and 7a, the instrument can also make a diameter jump in the connection area, as shown in FIG. 8.

In contrast to the instruments shown in FIGS. 5a, 6a and 7a, the instrument can also make a diameter jump in the connection area, as shown in FIG. 8.

In contrast to the versions shown so far, the additional tone hole volumes can also not be added continuously to the geometric instrument volume according to FIG. 9, but for each tone hole ( 7 , 8 ); the limitation of the acoustic body volume is then not a cylinder or cone, but a rotating body with a longitudinally wavy cutting line ( 36 ). The belly of these imaginary waves lies around the tone hole axis ( 34 ). In the initial area ( 1 ) without tone holes, the scale then follows this waveform around imaginary tone hole axes ( 35 ) and thus forms a wavy initial area ( 37 ) with an enlarged volume as in the other embodiments.

The transition between the enveloping surface 9 of the body 5 and the enveloping surface 20 of the initial region 1 can be cylindrical in the connecting region 22 , as shown in FIG. 10, or, as shown in FIG. 11, increase suddenly in the direction of the mouthpiece 3 , so that the difference in diameter between the arch and body 5 is compensated in the connection area. The transition from the further curved to the narrower body frame can thus be designed as a step and / or cylindrical section.

Deviations from the above theoretically correct ratio V _A * / V _A = V _K * / V _K by up to 20% still lead to usable results. As is known per se, corrections have to be made to the arithmetically determined cone in order to stabilize the high positions at the first end 2 of the curve. The proportions shown in the figures are exaggerated in the schematic representation. In fact, the first and second enveloping surfaces are not so far apart.

Example 1 for dimensioning an alto saxophone

The usual dimensioning data for an alto saxophone are known. The geometric instrument volume V _I is approx. 525420 mm³, the geometric body volume V _K (straight part without cup and lower arch) is approx. 457660 mm³ and the geometric arch volume V _{B is} approx. 67760 mm³. The acoustically effective total volume of the body V _K * (478600 mm³) is calculated from the geometric body volume V _K by adding the roughly measured individual volumes of the tone hole chimneys (here 20940 mm³). If these values are inserted into the equation V _A * = V _A × V _K * / V _K , the corrected V _A * initial area volume is approx. 70860 mm³.

Since the length of the instrument is not affected by this type of calculation, the radius at the end of the arc can also be determined directly: r = [3 × V _A * / (l × π)] ^0.5 . With a length l (bend + tip) of 449 mm, the inside diameter is 24.5 mm at the end and 13.6 mm at the beginning of the bend (at l = 249 mm from the cone tip).

Example 2 for a woodwind instrument with a cylindrical Inner bore

First, the acoustically effective body volume from the geome tric body volume and the tone hole volumes calculated. Out of it an acoustically effective diameter results from the fact that the acoustically effective body volume divided by the length of the body becomes. The diameter of the initial area is then ge chooses to be the same size as the acoustically effective body diameter.

Claims (35)

1. scale for a tone holes ( 7 , 8 ) having woodwind instrument with a first envelope surface ( 9 ), which comprises a geometric volume tenstrumen, and with a second envelope surface ( 14 , 20 ), which is a different from the geometric instrument volume, acoustically effective instrument volume includes, characterized in that the scale is tuned to the acoustically effective instrument volume. 2. scale according to claim 1, characterized in that the first envelope surface ( 9 ) limits the geometric instrument volume and the second envelope surface ( 14 , 20 ) the acoustically effective instrument volume ra dial. 3. scale according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the first and / or second envelope surface ( 9 , 14 , 20 ) are rotationally symmetrical to a longitudinal axis ( 6 ) of the instrument. 4. scale according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that the second envelope surface ( 14 , 20 ) runs continuously over the longitudinal axis ( 6 ) of the instrument. 5. scale according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that the first and / or second envelope surface ( 9 , 14 , 20 ) are wholly or partly formed by the lateral surfaces of a cone, truncated cone, and / or cylinder. 6. scale according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that the first and second enveloping surface ( 9 , 14 , 20 ) extend over an equally long length section of the instrument tes. 7. scale according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that the longitudinal section is smaller than the Ge is the total length of the instrument. 8. scale according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that the acoustically effective Instrumentvo lumen is larger than the geometric volume of the instrument. 9. scale according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that the acoustically effective Instrumentvo lumens from the geometric volume of the instrument and a tone total hole volume. 10. scale according to claim 9, characterized in that the clay hole volume from the volume ( 10 ) of at least one tone hole ( 7 , 8 ) and a maximum of all tone holes. 11. scale according to claim 9, characterized in that the sound hole total volume from the volume ( 10 ) of the arranged in the straight part of the instrument tone holes ( 7 , 8 ). 12. scale according to one of claims 10 or 11, characterized in that the volume ( 10 ) each of a tone hole ( 7 , 8 ) between his closure element ( 11 ) and the first envelope surface ( 9 ) is included. 13. scale according to one or more of claims 9-12, thereby ge indicates that the total tone hole volume corresponds to the geometric In instrument volume along the entire length, preferably evenly is expected. 14. scale according to one or more of claims 9-12, thereby ge indicates that the total tone hole volume is only one length apart cut the instrument, which is smaller than its total length, is assigned to the geometric volume of the instrument. 15. scale according to one or more of claims 9-12, characterized in that the volume ( 10 ) of each individual tone hole ( 7 , 8 ) or of groups of tone holes ( 7 , 8 ) attributed only to those Längenab section of the geometric instrument volume is in which it lies. 16. scale according to one or more of claims 9-15, characterized in that the total tone hole volume is attributed to the geometric instrument volume in such a way that the length of the air column in each case at a tone hole ( 7 , 8 ) vibrating in the acoustically effective instrument volume in is approximately the same size as in the geometric instrument volume. 17. The scale according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that the instrument has a starting area ( 1 ) having a geometric initial area volume ( 18 ) and a body ( 5 ) comprising a geometric and an acoustically effective body volume ( 17 , 16 ), wherein the initial area ( 1 ) has a pale-side first end ( 2 ) and a second end ( 4 , 22 ), to which the body ( 5 ) adjoins, in which all tone holes ( 7 , 8 ) of the instrument are provided. 18. Scale according to claim 17, characterized in that the first envelope surface ( 9 ) comprises the geometric initial area volume ( 18 ) and the second envelope surface ( 14 ) comprises the acoustically effective body volume ( 16 ) in the area of the body ( 5 ). 19. Scale according to claim 17 or 18, characterized in that the initial region ( 1 ) is designed such that its envelope surface ( 20 ) continuously merges into the second envelope surface ( 14 ) of the acoustically effective body volume ( 16 ). 20. Scale according to claim 17 or 18, characterized in that the body is designed so that the envelope surface ( 14 ) of the acoustically effective body volume ( 16 ) continuously merges into the envelope surface ( 20 ) of the geometric initial area volume ( 18 ). 21. Scale according to one or more of claims 17-20, characterized in that the acoustically effective body volume ( 16 ) is larger than the geometric body volume ( 17 ). 22. Scale according to one or more of claims 17-19 or 21, characterized in that the initial area ( 1 ) comprises a corrected initial area volume ( 19 ) which is surrounded by the second envelope surface ( 14 ) and is larger than the geometric initial area volume ( 18 ), the geometric initial area volume ( 18 ) being approximately the geometric instrument volume reduced by the geometric body volume. 23. Scale according to claim 22, characterized in that the corrected initial area volume ( 19 ) is so large that the ratio V _A * / V _{A is} approximately the same as the ratio V _K * / V _K , where V _A * is the corrected initial area volume ( 19 ), V _{A is} the geometric initial area volume ( 18 ), V _{K is} the geometric body volume ( 17 ) and V _K * is the acoustically effective body volume ( 16 ). 24. Scale according to claim 18 or 20, characterized in that the acoustically effective body volume ( 16 ) is approximately the instrument volume by the geometric initial area volume ( 18 ) reduced. 25. Scale according to one or more of claims 17-24, characterized in that the acoustically effective body volume ( 16 ) is composed of the geometric body volume ( 17 ) and the overall tone hole volume. 26. scale according to one or more of claims 17-24, characterized in that the body ( 5 ) along the longitudinal axis ( 6 ) is divided into sections of equal length and the portion of the geometric body volume ( 17 ) lying in each section, the volume of the tone holes ( 7 , 8 ) located therein. 27. Scale according to one or more of claims 22-24, characterized in that the length sections of the geometric and acoustically effective body volume ( 16 , 17 ) are approximately the same length and the lengths of the geometric and the corrected initial volume area ( 18 , 19 ) are about the same length. 28. scale according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that the lengths of the geometric and acu effective instrument volume are about the same length. 29. Scale according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that the longitudinal axis ( 6 ) is straight and / or bo-shaped. 30. scale according to one or more of claims 9-29, characterized in that the tone-generating air column of the instrument in the length section in which the total tone hole volume is attributed to the geometrical instrument's volume is radially essentially limited by the first envelope surface ( 9 ) and in the remaining length section radially from the second envelope surface ( 14 , 20 ). 31. Scale according to one or more of claims 17-29, characterized in that the sound-generating air column of the instrument delimits radially in the initial region ( 1 ) from the second envelope surface ( 14 , 20 ) and in the body region essentially from the first envelope surface ( 9 ) is. 32. initial area ( 1 ) and / or body ( 5 ) of a woodwind instrument with a scale according to one or more of the preceding claims. 33. Woodwind instrument according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that the body ( 5 ) and the beginning area ( 1 ) are releasably connectable or firmly connected parts. 34. Scale according to claim 33, characterized in that the releasable connection comprises a cylindrical transition piece and that the cross section in the initial region ( 1 ) increases after the transition piece or already in the transition piece. 35. Method for calculating a scale according to one or more of the preceding claims with the following steps:
Determination of the geometric inner volume V _{I of} the entire instru ment without the tone holes ( 7 , 8 );
Determination of the geometric body volume V _K without tone holes ( 7 , 8 ), characterized by the steps
Determination of the total tone hole volume V _T by adding the individual NEN volumes ( 10 ) of the considered tone holes ( 7 , 8 ) and dimensioning of the initial area ( 1 ) such that its corrected initial area volume V _A * of the equation V _A * = (V _I - V _K ) × (V _K + V _T ) / V _K is sufficient.