DE1489082C - Boiling water power nuclear reactor with cyclone separators - Google Patents

Description

The invention relates to a boiling water power nuclear reactor with vertically arranged cyclone separators, which are located inside the pressure vessel receiving the reactor core at one above the Core formed, bounded by a core cover mixture space are connected and to Separation of the steam from the water-rich steam and water mixture generated in the reactor core serve by feeding the mixture to the separation chamber of the individual cyclones, the two Phases are separated in the separation space by means of a centrifugal field, the steam in one Steam extraction pipe to the top and the water from a bottom adjoining the separation space Water outflow part flows off.

In a boiling water power nuclear reactor, the core, which is located inside a pressure vessel is, a water-rich vapor-liquid mixture is generated. In the case of small power reactors that are

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work around the coolant (e.g. VAK), function as a vapor separator and not as water. The known arrangements can therefore, if of the mixture are so small that the natural at all, the water drainage problems only cope with gravity is sufficient for phase separation. At larger 5, if the mixture throughput, i. H. the performance ßeren boiling water power nuclear reactors, those with per cyclone and thus those of the reactor are relatively low Forced circulation of the coolant work, is-however is. Because of the high water content in the mixture a supportive separation is necessary. . This cyclone is prone to clogging It is known that for this purpose steam deposits and high pressure loss, especially when drumming to be provided outside the pressure vessel ι ο mixed in addition to the rotary movement also a downward (nuclear power plant Dresden I). One such solution is flow must be imposed; around the big but extremely complex. From this ßen water content quickly through the separator to-G round one endeavors to carry out the separating devices in-house. A certain adaptation of the known to arrange the pressure vessel. ten cyclones to the conditions of the boiling water re-es a boiling water reactor is already known IV of the book series "Directory of Nuclear. increase the size of the cyclone, per reactor ", Vienna 1962, p. 117, "Pathfinder"), but these are enlarged in the arrangement that in the return flow space between the core and the pressure of the cyclones in the pressure vessel quickly set limits, Vessel separating devices from the cyclone fall - because the pressure vessel is too large and there is a separator type are arranged. The return flow would also make it more expensive. The pressure vessel is in the know room is rotten down around the cyclones anyway closed, while the .mischraum above the maintenance of the hydrostatic conditions far ■ Core is open. There is a combination of protruding from the water and the water level in the ■ Natural and forced separation, since about 2/3 of the pressure vessel is relatively high for emergency cooling purposes Vapor through natural separation should be directly in the 25.

The vapor space of the pressure vessel flows off while the invention is based on the object the rest with all the water is fed to the cyclones to a boiling water power reactor according to the will. In this known circuit of the type mentioned last, vertically arranged cyclones clones is the maximum throughput of the cyclones designed to meet the specific Ge water level limited and can therefore not be increased by mixing conditions in the boiling water reactor Circulation pumps are increased; furthermore carry, d. That means that even with boiling water performance tends the coolant circulation easily leads to instabilities. reactors of today's high performance class There are still boiling water power nuclear reactors in compliance with reasonable dimensions and ren with vertically arranged cyclone separators with the lowest possible pressure loss the phases of the known, which are separated within the reactor core absorbing 35 mixture that the outflowing Menden pressure vessel in a (predominantly) liquid phase above the core, as free of bubbles as possible formed, is limited by a core cover. \ ■

Mixture space are connected and for separating This task is in the case of the aforementioned Dung of the steam from the boiling water power core reactor generated in the reactor core is solved in that th water-rich steam and water mixture are used, 4 ° according to the invention, the mixture of the separation space by adding the mixture to the separation space of the individual inside the cyclones in a manner known per se NEN cyclones is supplied, the two phases flowing in axially from above that at the outlet end of the the separation space by means of a centrifugal field, water outflow part, throttle devices separated that the steam is brought into a steam extractor and that the cyclones are also More upwards and the water from a known 45 way so below the water level At the bottom of the separation chamber are arranged that only the steam extraction pipes serabströmteil flows out. With one of the related protruding above the water level, its height Arrangements according to the German interpretation document on the dimensioning of the throttle devices 1031 899 are the cyclones above the core is tuned. '

cover arranged and connected via riser pipe to the 5 °. In the cyclone according to the invention, the mixture space is connected, while in another, the separation with axial inflow to the separator, according to the interpretation space inside the cyclone in the falling stream, see patent specification 1039 147 the cyclones on the side (fall cyclone). The vapor phase is connected to the trending mixture space. tion with the support of the increased internal pressure In both known cases, however, the throttling from 55 due to the higher outside water level and the conventional boiler technology for steam drying are deflected upwards by 180 °; while - in other words, in the case of low-water mixtures for separation, the water phase flows directly downwards. Experider still low residual moisture (erder has carried out water-separating and theoretical investigations) ^: - used known cyclones. The mixture is such that such a cyclone flows horizontally into the separation space of the 60 gates in a wide load range with good separation cyclones. The cyclones are only immersed in something that has low pressure drop properties and water in the reactor. Such a cyclone can be built relatively small. Basically for use at a boiling point, it is extremely unsuitable for cyclones in the manner of rising-cycle water core reactors, because in a known reactor (French patent 1262780), the mixture ratios are reversed 65 the cyclones are so below the water level; Here the water phase predominates, whereby from the assign that only the steam extraction pipes protrude from the mixture of the relatively low steam in part as far as possible the water level. Climbing cyclones must be completely removed, ie here the concept is completely different from the falling cyclones

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they tangentially peeled out the mixture in the ascending mixture flow and the swirl of the flow

Separate you have the disadvantage that there is practically mung in the conical tube downwards as a result

causes great difficulties, the once separated the decreasing radius is reinforced.

Steam through the steam extraction pipes and not with

to drain the separated water. 5 half of the reactor core a removable core cover

It is also known per se (Directory of Nuclear Action exists, in which for flow-favorable entry

Reactors, Vol. 4, 1962, p. 129 - BONUS Reactor), management of the two-phase mixture in the cyclones

that the baffles are arranged in a steam-water separation vessel. The cover is

Mixture flows in axially from above. In the known case kung designed such that the under

However, it is not a cyclone subscription to the cover easily accessible parts

separator (vapor separator), but around an impingement. It is by U.S. Patent 3,052,615

separator for steam drying (water separator). known per se, the cover of the reactor core

It is advisable to arrange the cyclones in the pressure vessel so that they can be removed. · '■. - \ ''. ■■ '
to be accommodated in such a way that the access to the To relieve the cyclones can also be facilitated in the fuel assemblies in the core, so that 15 cover openings for steam or steam during the fuel assembly process the Zyklonab-. Liquid mixture passage must be present. In Scheider do not have to be expanded. In addition, the cover is advantageously designed in the manner of a cone and the pressure vessel of the reactor can be made shorter, the cone tip becoming the reactor core. This succeeds in a manner known per se. It is also possible, however, to design the cover in that the cyclones are ring-shaped around the reactor ao kung and are arranged with the cone tip core in the coolant return flow space. to be arranged upside down, so that with rising-. It is structurally expedient to combine the water level below the cover of almost all cyclones into a common annular space, the number of steam passage openings, so that the mixture is reduced to the same extent as the amount of steam axially from above which assumes the amount of passage in the bottom of the 25. Cyclones recessed to adapt to the reac annulus. 'tor partial load operation and to compensate for

According to the invention, the cyclones in their design inaccuracies can steam or. Walls provided with openings so that the inside of the mixture can be removed from the through hole the cyclones can be adjusted in size by centrifugal forces from cover. The steam steam Separate liquid radially after 30 discharge pipes are outside like a diffuser towards the top can flow away. The lower ends of the cycle extend so that some of the velocity energy clones are conically tapered downwards, so that the steam flow is converted into pressure energy, Liquid flowing out of one of the cyclone's which also affects the pressure conditions in the cyclone hindered others as little as possible. At the center of being favorably influenced.

According to a further development of the invention, a lower end of each cyclone can also be used Plugs are arranged. While the in the center the cylindrical vessels also next to and below one center the cyclone collecting steam through the other be arranged so that all vessels together The stopper is deflected upwards so that it is connected to one another so that they are around the the steam extraction pipes can flow off, the reactor core backs up a uniformly large one the occurring water as a result of the tapering 40 below conically tapering jacket form on the shape of the plug in the direction of the outlet. sen inside the openings for the mixture inlet

According to a further development of the invention, the openings for the water are between and on the outside thereof

see plug, and .Zyklonwand diffuser-like water outlet and arranged the steam extraction pipes

formed baffles arranged, the, which are damming. The steam extraction pipes of all cyclones

Enhance the end effect of the central plug. 45 down into a coolant return flow space

By this measure are in more advantageous reaching Dampfsammeiraum. In advantageous

Way influences the pressure conditions in the cyclone. Way is used by the cyclones and / or steam

The velocity energy of the rotating liquid collecting space formed jacket at the same time as thermal

This phase is partially shielded in pressure energy to protect the inner wall of the reactor vessel

sets, and a re-evaporation is thus as far as possible - 5 ° gamma and neutron radiation of the reactor core

going suppressed. to protect. Λ

In a further development of the invention, in the lower exemplary embodiment of the invention, cylindrical rings are shown in the end of each cyclone with various FIGS. ... -; ,
As FIG. 1 shows, the reactor pressure gauge is nested in one another in such a way that the flow vessel 1 with the pressure vessel cover 2 of the reactor core is gradually removed from the cyclone 3 with a foldable cover that from men is that the at the top of the rings on a cover with the two parts 10 and 11, the dynamic pressure that occurs supports the movement of the steam to the hinge 12 and the center of the cyclone inside, which is firmly attached to the cover. Here internals 4, such as core hold-down and emergency cooling grids, the lowest or smallest of the cylindrical rings 60 ter exist. ■ ... ,,.: ... ■ _ ':.' .. ,, <; . ,,. ,! _: .,:. closed at the bottom in such a way that the vertebral depression of FIG. 2 shows this cover is dismantled in the opened swirl flow, so that the steam state. On the outer circumference of the cover are not pulled down from the vessel. the falling cyclones 5 according to the invention attached In

In a further embodiment of the invention. the cyclone flows out of the core 3 ascending

In the lower end of each cyclone, a vapor-liquid mixture is initially tangential to

downwards conically tapered tube with a vertically upwards one, so that at the entrance of the cylindrical part,

kai arranged longitudinal gap arranged such that d. H. the separation space, an axial component

the liquid of the mixture circulating in the conical tube is present. Below has the vessel

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five openings7 (Fig. 1) for the exit of the liquid are expediently 14 baffles on the core cover

speed in the coolant return flow space 6, while a flow-favorable introduction of the mixture in

Pipe 8 for steam extraction is used to attach this steam to the cyclones.

across the liquid level in the pressure vessel in while FIG. 1 to 5 cyclones with tangentia-

to lead the steam space 9. 5 learn to show the mixture inlet inclined to the horizontal,

In the lid 10 and 11 of the core cover is shown in FIG. 8 and 9 a variation with a purely axial

there are bores 13, shown around part of the inlet. This enables smaller absolute

mix past cyclones, so that these - loud mixture speeds and thus a Her-

be relieved. The mixture passed by separates the pressure losses. The one for the separating

In this case, the required twist is generated due to natural gravity separation

(so-called natural separation) by the space the guide vanes 20. In the first case (tangential input

exploited above the core cover. flow) is already determined by the tangential component

A certain twist is generated to improve the functionality of this pillar. Even with this stanchions 13 in the parallel nature execution, however, the mixture flows to the separation is in a further development of the invention a 15 paration space of the cyclone axially in the swirl field. A core cover with adjustable passage openings is another advantage of the purely axial inlet variation 30, as shown in FIG. 11. This according to Fig. 8,9 is that the cyclone in a ring-measure offers two advantages: First, the shaped box 19 are welded and in parallel natural separation mostly only in connection with the variations according to know and calculate the uncertainties Ausle- 20 Fig. 6,7,8,10 (axial liquid outflow) a flow of the passage openings correspondingly unsi-better utilization of the coolant return flow space. With the help of the proposed core cover enable cross-section. The above-mentioned advantages, the restriction after completion of the reaction already result in the execution of advertising set according tors easily to the desired value Figure 8, corresponding to the left in Figure 9 SchniUAA: the. And secondly, you can adapt the separator arrangement with many closed covers to various partial load operating conditions - small cyclones instead of a few cyclones in some cases with the one presented here in order to achieve optimal operating conditions - large diameters (see Fig. 9 right half), see above to have nits; The latter is especially important, because all the advantages mentioned are even more noticeable if the power control of the reactor is not noticeable, since the cross-sectional area of the return flow chamber is even better utilized via control rods, which is not shown, and the necessary centrifugal pumps are used. In addition, the relative force fields in the devices with the throttling that can be adjusted all the more opens up the possibility of operating the reactor ren tangential velocities with two regulated liquid levels; 'The smaller the radius of the cyclones.
Instead of a mirror c (see Fig. 11), in addition to this, the cyclone separator according to level-regulated levels at slightly higher levels relate to the outflow of the ordered core cover and a liquid below it from the cyclone and beat Solutions of further liquid level b can be obtained by prior to discharging the liquid into the fall space, the openings 30 during operation according to that the cyclones are arranged adjacent to one another. Such a water level b can, without the liquid outflow acting, so that almost all liquid is adversely affected by the separating fronts of the adjacent cyclones, as occurs in the directions, but a large part of the steam may be the case in the embodiment according to FIG does not flow through the separators, but could.

separates itself beforehand by natural separation and in the embodiment according to FIG. 6 are the bottom

tapered conically through the openings 30 upwards in the steam ends of the cyclones, the ra-

space arrives. Thereby an improvement of the 45 diale liquid outlet is maintained, the liquid-

Separation as well as a noticeable reduction in pressure can, however, flow axially.

Loss reached in the cyclones. In the embodiment according to FIG. 3.7 and 7 a will

On the other hand, the core cover (see Fig. 1.1) can also produce an axial fluid outlet from two. Here-

there are mutually rotatable parts; the water outlet part of the cyclone consists of

In the upper cover part 26 and in the upper cover part 27 there is a stopper 15 and openings 16. The metal sheets 17

are sector-like openings 30. Part 26 is fixed on the holder of the plug 15 are bent in such a way that

Part 19 put on; Part 27 is made with the help of the swivel that it connects to the tapered

device 29 pivotable about the central axis, and stoppers 15 form diffuser-like outlet channels 16,

. so far that the openings 30 wholly or partly in which part of the velocity energy is

are white open or fully closed; Part 28 55 replaces and thus the initially replaced in the description

is a ring that prevents the upper part of the lid from achieving the expected effect.

take off. In a further embodiment of the invention

3 shows an embodiment 14 of the core cover;

the opposite of the in F i g. 1 and 2 suggested the advantage of a mung that does not contain kinetic energy in A better flow and better stiffened form 60 wants to convert pressure energy back, but through

has exercise. It is designed like a cone at the bottom. nested cylindrical rings 22 the

'F i g. 5 shows, for particularly large reactor outputs, liquid outflow axially peeling out and at the same time

a favorable arrangement of the cyclones, which are prevented by the overlapping of the individual rings.

compared to that according to FIG. 4 has the advantage that more changes that in unstable operating conditions of the Cyclones arranged next to each other in the pressure vessel 65 steam, which is located in the center of the cyclone

can be so that their specific load, and possibly even down to the rings,

thereby the pressure ratio and thus the costs of the radially outward and in the coolant return flow

Forced coolant cooler should be lowered. - space is pressed. To avoid having a

9 10

possibly still existing vertebral depression downwards The more cyclones built into a pressure vessel

If steam pulls through, the innermost ring is at the bottom, the lower the specific load

closed. ^{: of} the single cyclone. This leads to an advantageous

In the embodiment according to FIG. 10, a th reduction in pressure losses and thus an increase

Separating device with an axial liquid dependency 5 of the economy. For this reason

Suggested flow, which tangles the liquid - it is suggested that the cyclones among each other so

tial peels off. For this purpose it is to be arranged in the lower eride of the cyclone 5, as FIG. 13 shows. All side by side

a downwardly conically tapering tube 23 so the and superimposed cyclones 34 are fixed

inserted obliquely that a surface line connects the cyclone 5 and form a large Ke-

touched inside. io gel blunt. On the inside there are tangled

Located along this surface line is the enteral mixture inlet opening 35, on the other receiving slot 24, which peels out the liquid tangentially from the liquid, which is also formed on one side. In the space below the tube 19 is keitsaustrittsöffnungen 39. The individual cyclones then the liquid down in 'the axial direction are inclined so that the mixture inflow is deflected, which is deflected by baffles 25 (on the 15 cross section of the coolant return flow space 6 according to Sections AA and BB not drawn in) nor reduced downwards to the extent that it can be favored. Cyclones with this water outflow side enlarged, both of which are outflow can be seen in FIG. 11 in the installed state in order to even out the flow conditions. contributes. The vapor extraction tubes 36 are through

According to FIG. 8, a further embodiment 20, the liquid outlet openings 39 of the overlying

play of steam extraction from the cyclone preceding cyclone and to the openings 37 in

hit. The extraction pipe 21 is upwardly diffused into the annular vapor collection space 38.

Sor-like expanded to the cross section of the cyclone, leads.

whereby part of the steam extraction pressure loss. The entire cyclone arrangement 34 to 39 is shown in FIG

is recovered. «5 the return flow space 6 between the pressure vessel wall 1

With regard to those described in FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 and core 3 used. The space above the core cover construction is a further variant is closed with a cover 33, which is closed in (see Fig. 12). The liquid level b represents can be designed in different ways, for example as shown by the inclined arrangement of the bores in FIG. 1,2,3, 11 or 12.

gen 32 in the upwardly tapering 30 die for separating a boiling steam lid 31 itself a. With increasing reactor power, a liquid mixture within a nuclear reactor the steam generation of the core increases. The thereby. proposed devices can also be based on sinking Liquid level & gives in the corresponding fields of technology and for the separation of the dimensioning of the bore 32 then as much gas-liquid mixtures are used in the bores It is clear that the steam load on the Zy- 35 is special in process engineering and in steam clones does not change. "boiler industry.

For this purpose 3 sheets of drawings

Claims (13)

Patent claims: 1. Boiling water power nuclear reactor with vertically arranged cyclone separators, which inside of the pressure vessel receiving the reactor core on one formed above the core, are connected by a core cover limited mixture space and for separation of the steam from the water-rich steam and water mixture generated in the reactor core, by feeding the mixture to the separation chamber of the individual cyclones, both of them Phases are separated in the separation space by means of a centrifugal field, the steam in a steam extraction pipe upwards and the water flows out of a water outflow part adjoining the separation space at the bottom, characterized in that the mixture is inside the separation space the cyclones (5, 34) flows axially from above in a manner known per se, that at the outlet end of the water outflow part throttle devices (7, 15, 16) are attached and that the cyclones in are also arranged in a manner known per se below the water level that only the steam extraction pipes (8) protrude above the water level, the height of which depends on the dimensioning the throttle devices is matched. 2. Boiling water power nuclear reactor according to claim 1, characterized in that the cyclone separator (5, 34) in a known manner in a ring around the reactor core (3) in the Coolant return flow space (6) are arranged. 3. Boiling water power nuclear reactor according to claim 2, characterized in that the mixture feed to the inlets of the cyclone separators (5, 34) axially via a mixture space which is open and enclosing it Coolant return flow space (6) protruding and all cyclones (5) common annular space takes place, which is a unit with a hinged or removable core cover (10, 11, 12) forms. 4. Boiling water power nuclear reactor according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the mixture flowing axially from above either through guide vanes (20) or through a tangential one Mixture feed component a swirl is imposed. 5. Boiling water power nuclear reactor according to claim 1 or one of the following, characterized in that that the throttle devices from the frustoconically tapered outlet ends the water outflow parts are made, which are closed at the bottom and have openings on the cone shell (7) are provided. ■ · "■ ^ 6. Boiling water power nuclear reactor according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that that the water outflow part has a cylindrical shape and throttle devices at the outlet end (15, 16) which cover the center of the downstream part. . 7. boiling water nuclear reactor according to claim 6, characterized in that each in the center of the lower, open end of the cyclone (5) at a distance from the wall of the cyclone upwards open stopper (15) is arranged. 8. boiling water nuclear reactor according to claim 7, characterized in that between the plug (15) and the wall of the outflow part diffuser-like shaped deflector plates (17) are arranged are. 9. boiling water nuclear reactor according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that im lower end of each cyclone (5) cylindrical rings (22) with different, downward decreasing diameter telescopic 'tig nested are arranged. 10. Boiling water nuclear reactor according to claim 1, or one of the following, characterized in that that in the core cover (26, 27) adjustable passage openings (30) for steam or Mixture passage are present. . 11. Boiling water nuclear reactor according to claim 1 or one of the following, characterized in that that the cyclones (5) special steam discharge pipes (21) are connected to the are widened like a diffuser at the top. 12. Boiling water nuclear reactor according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that in the lower end of each cyclone a downwardly tapered conical tube (23) with a vertical arranged removal slot (24) is arranged, the in the conical tube (23) circumferential Peeling out liquid tangentially. 13. Boiling water nuclear reactor according to claim 1, characterized in that the cyclones (34) are arranged side by side and stacked one below the other that all cyclones (34) together are connected to one another in such a way that they form a uniform, large, themselves around the reactor core form downwardly tapering jacket, on the inside of which the inflow openings (35) to the mixture inlet and on the outside of which the openings for the water outlet are arranged are, the steam extraction pipes of all cyclones (34) in a steam collecting jacket reaching down into the coolant return flow space (6) (38) open.