DE1489082A1 - Liquid-cooled nuclear reactor with devices in the reactor vessel for separating a boiling vapor-liquid mixture - Google Patents

Description

LZCENTIA

Frankfurt / Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 1: ■ ·

H89082

Lineer / K * Lr 64 / lo2

22.6.64

Liquid-cooled nuclear reactor with in the reactor vessel located devices for separation

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The invention relates to a liquid-cooled nuclear reactor with devices for separating a vapor / liquid mixture, within the reactor fit of a power factor * from Boiling water type arranged with or without nuclear steam superheating are. ·

For nuclear steam generators, mechanical steam-water separators were prepared suggested. These devices essentially consist of a large number of cylindrical vessels in which the mixture flows in at the top, is in centrifugal force fields in the two phases are separated and the liquid flows downwards and the vapor flows upwards «In small power reactors, those with If the natural circulation of the coolant works, it is still possible to manage without separating devices, since there the flow velocities of the Mixtures are so small that natural gravity is sufficient to separate the phases. For larger boiling water «nuclear reactors, those who work with forced circulation of the coolant are helped with large vapor separation drums that are outside the pressure vessel are arranged. Such a solution, however, is extraordinary laborious. For these reasons, one endeavors to achieve the

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To arrange separating devices within the pressure vessel lake · So systems are known, for example, in which the separation devices either be arranged in the vapor space above the fuel assemblies or inserted in the coolant return flow space in such a way that that they close this at the bottom and only work with upstream gravity separation, i.e. the water level have upstream side. Both solutions have disadvantages. The the first require a high reactor pressure vessel and also provide a hindrance to the replacement of the fuel assembly. In the second known arrangement, the maximum throughput of the separating devices is limited by the water level and can therefore not be increased by more powerful circulation pumps; furthermore, there is a tendency for the coolant to circulate easier to instabilities «

The invention is based on the object of providing the pham «n of a flowing Qotaisches to be separated in such a way that the outflowing liquid Phase is as free of bubbles as possible. The outflowing vapor phase should in turn have a certain liquid droplet content do not exceed, the separation process should be carried out with the greatest possible ringen pressure losses and the dimensions of the device should be as small as possible for certain mixed throughput be. Pure installation in a liquid-cooled reactor from Boiling water type also has the further task of the separating device to be arranged in such a way that access to the fuel assemblies is facilitated in the core, so that during the fuel assembly process

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the separation devices do not have to be removed. Through this shielding basins and other safety measures in the reactor Buildings only required to a limited extent · In addition, that can The pressure vessel of the reactor is to be built kürser.

Eur avoidance of the disadvantages mentioned and to solve the posed Tasks are performed in a liquid-cooled nuclear reactor with gate directions located in the reactor vessel for separation a boiling vapor-liquid mixture, consisting of a A multitude of cylindrical gas vessels in which the mixture is essentially Flowing in tangentially from above, it is proposed that the cylindrical vessels be annular around the reactor core in the coolant return flow space are arranged. It is particularly advantageous to combine the inlet of all vessels in a common annular space in such a way that that the mixture enters essentially axially from above into the vessels embedded in the bottom of the annular space «. According to the invention, the cylindrical vessels are provided with openings in their walls, so that the inside * of the vessels liquid separated from the vapor by centrifugal forces can flow radially outwards. The lower ends of the sylin- | three vessels are conically tapered downwards, so that the outflowing Liquid in one vessel obstructs that of the other as little as possible «In the center of the lower end of each A stopper is arranged in the cylindrical vessel. During the steam collecting in the center of the vessel through the stopper

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is deflected upwards so that it can be discharged through the discharge pipes. can flow, the emerging «water accumulates due to the tapering shape of the stopper in the direction of the outlet Invention are »between the stopper and the vessel wall like a diffuser« - shaped baffles are arranged, which reinforce the damming effect of the central plug advantageous Wwise influences the pressure conditions in the cyclone. The speed energy of the rotating liquid phase becomes BU a part converted into pressure energy and a post-evaporation is thus largely suppressed · In a further development of the invention are in the lower end of each cylindrical QefSsses cylindrical rings with different decreasing towards the bottom Diameter nested in one another in such a way that the liquid is withdrawn axially from the vessel in stages so that the am Back pressure occurring at the top of the rings supports the movement of the steam towards the center of the vessel interior. Here is ^ the lowest or smallest of the cylindrical rings below in such a way concluded that the vortex sink of the swirl flow is reduced, P so that the steam cannot pull downwards out of the vessel. In a further embodiment of the invention is' in the lower At the end of each cylindrical vessel is a downwardly tapered tube with a vertically arranged longitudinal gap arranged in such a way that the flow circulating in the conical tube peeled out tangentially and the swirl of the flow in, the conical tube downwards due to the decreasing radius.

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is reinforced. According to the invention, the cylindrical vessels are arranged in the coolant return flow duct below the water level, so that there is a relatively high system pressure inside the lower end of the vessel, with only the vapor discharge pipes protruding above the liquid level into the reactor vapor space Reactor core has a removable cover in which baffles are arranged for the flow-favorable introduction of the two-phase mixture into the separating device. Here, the cover is so hinged designed from "g," are to relieve the separating device that the parts located under the cover are slightly xugünglich further in the cover openings sum steam "or vapor-liquid" mixture "passage available" Advantageously, the The cover is cone-shaped, with the kegolspitase facing the reactor core of the data passage openings is reduced as the amount of steam passage decreases widened like a diffuser upwards, so that part of the de The speed energy of the steam flow is converted into pressure energy,

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whereby the pressure conditions in the separating device are also advantageously influenced. According to the invention, the cylindrical Irish vessels can also be arranged next to one another and one below the other, so that all the vessels are connected to one another in such a way that they form a large, uniform jacket around the reactor core, tapering conically towards the core, on the inside of which the openings to the mixture inlet and to the outside of which the off "voltages for Wasserauetritt and the extraction steam pipes are arranged · the Dampfentnahmerobre all separators open into V a, is used in the Kühlmittelrückstroairaum hina mush counter Dampfsasosaelr & UFFL advantageously composed of the separators and / or Dampfsamme! space formed The jacket doubles as a thermal shield to protect the inner edge of the reactor vessel from the gamma and neutron radiation of the reactor core.

To explain the subject matter of the invention, this is shown in more detail in Figures 1 to 13 «

As Pig.l shows, is in the reactor pressure vessel 1 with the Pressure vessel cover 2 of the reactor core 3 with a according to the invention foldable cover consisting of a lid with the two parts Io and 11, the hinge 12 and the fixedly attached to the lid Internals 4, such as core low shells and emergency cooling grids, exist.

Fig.2 shows this cover in the unfolded state «on the outside According to the invention, the scope of the cover is the separating devices 5 attached. According to the invention, such a container consists of a cylindrical vessel into which the core 3

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rising vapor-liquid mixture flows in tangentially. At the bottom the vessel has openings 7 (Fig. 1) for the liquid to escape into the coolant return flow space 6, while a pipe 8 is used to extract steam to bring it above the liquid level Guide the ita pressure vessel into the steam room 9 & u

In the lid Io and 11 of the core cover are located after the er » Finding boreholes 13 in order to lead part of the mixture past the separating devices so that these are relieved the mixture passed by separates on the basis of a natural vow «· force separation (so-called natural separation) by using the ™ Exploited space above the core cover

To improve the functionality of the bores in the parallel natural separation, a core cover with adjustable passage openings 3o is arranged in a further development of the invention, as shown in FIG the interpretation of the passages according uncertain "with the help of the proposed core cover may throttling according to § completion of the reactor easily to the desired value ENTERED» 11t are · Second, we can adapt well to the proposed here cover various partial load cases, in order to have optimum operating conditions ; The latter is particularly important when the power control of the reactor is not carried out with control rods, but with circulation pumps (not shown) .In addition, the adjustable throttle opens up

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the possibility of using the reactor with two regulated liquids " operate vaults; instead of a mirror c (see Figo Ii) can be next to the 'level-regulated level a at a slightly higher level Core cover also below it a further river » sigkei te mirror b can be obtained by opening the openings 3o during adjusted accordingly during operation · Such a water level b has the effect that almost all liquid through the devices, but most of the steam does not pass through flows through the separation devices, but separates itself beforehand by natural separation and through the openings 3o upwards into the This leads to an improvement in the separation and a merliiichö lowering of the pressure loss in the separation devices achieved·

The proposed core cover (see Fig. Ii) consists of the invention geta & ss quo «three mutually rotatable parts; at the bottom Cover part 26 and in the upper cover part 27 there are sector-like openings 3o. Part 26 is firmly attached to part 19; Part 27 according to the invention can be pivoted around the center hub ** with the aid of the Pivoting device 29, to the extent that the openings 3o are completely or partially open or completely closed; Part 28 is a one that prevents the top lid part from lifting off. ■

3 shows an embodiment 14 of the core cover, the opposite the in Fig.l and 2 the advantage of a more streamlined and has better stiffened shape. According to the invention, it is designed in the manner of a cone at the bottom.

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Fig. 5 is the invention for particularly large reactor capacities. According to an embodiment of the separation vessel arrangement, the opposite which according to Fig. ^ has the advantage that more separation devices side by side la pressure vessel can be arranged so that their specific load, thereby reducing the pressure loss and thus the costs of the forced coolant circulation *

According to the invention, baffles IC are attached to the core cover Ik "ur flow-favorable introduction of the mixture into the separating devices" λ

While the pig · 1 to 5 separators with tange:; tialem Ge « show mixed inlet is in Fig "8" and 9 a variation with axial Inlet shown · This enables lower absolute mixture speeds and thus a reduction in pressure losses " The twist required for the separation effect is generated by inventions according to the guide vanes 2o. Another benefit of this Inlet variation is that the cylindrical vessels in one annular box 19 are inserted and related with the variations vegetables Fig. 6, 7, 8, Io (axial liquid outflow) enable better utilization of the coolant return flow area. The advantages mentioned arise already in the embodiment according to FIG. 8, which shows the section AA in Fig. 9 corresponds to the left. If you make the separators with many smaller instead of a few larger diameters (see Fig # 9) right half), then all the advantages mentioned are even more noticeable, since the cross-sectional area of the return flow space is even better

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is exploited and the necessary centrifugal force folder in the Devices reached with the smaller tangential gear speeds can be, the smaller the radius of the cylindrical Qefäese 5 is.

These variations of the separating device according to FIGS. 6 to Io relate to the outflow of the liquid from the separation device and suggest solutions, the liquid so in the Fallrautu to deduce that the separating devices are adjacent to each other » can be arranged without the liquid «flowing away from the neighboring devices is affected, as in the Execution according to Fig.l may be the case.

In the embodiment according to FIG. 6, the lower ends of the cylindrical barrel are conically tapered, the radial liquid »* leakage is retained, but the liquid can flow axially »

In the embodiment according to FIG. 3t 7 and? A, however, an axial one is used Liquid leakage causes o Here, according to the invention, the separating device consists of a stopper 15 and openings l6, the Metal sheets 17 of the holder of the plug 15 are bent in such a way that in conjunction with the tapering stoppers 15, they form diffuser-like outlet channels 16 in which part of the velocity energy implemented and thus the effect described in the description is achieved.

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In a further embodiment of the invention, an axial fluid outflow is proposed according to FIG In the case of unstable operating conditions, the steam, which is located in the center of the separating device and may still reach down to the rings, is pressed radially outwards and into the coolant * return flow space. Uh to avoid that a possibly still existing vertebral depression looks down steam, the innermost ring is closed at the bottom.

In the embodiment according to FIG. 10, a separating device becomes old proposed an axial fluid removal that invented appropriately, the liquid peels off tangentially. For this purpose, in the lower end of the separating device 5 is "in downwards conically ver" young tube 23 inserted at an angle that a surface line touches the inside of the cylindrical vessel 5 of the separating device · longitudinally The removal slot 24 is located on this surface line, which peels out the liquid tangentially · In the space below the pipe 19, the liquid is then downwards into the axial Direction deflected, which is caused by guide plates 25 (on the sections AA and BB not shown) nor can be favored. Separating devices with this outflow are built-in in FIG Condition to see

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According to Pig.6, there is a further exemplary embodiment of the steam extraction proposed from the separating device · According to the invention the extraction pipe 21 is expanded upward like a diffuser to the cross section of the separating device, whereby a part the steam extraction pressure loss is recovered

With regard to the lid construction described in Fig. 2 and 3 a further variant is proposed (see Pig.12) · invention According to this, the liquid level b is represented by the incline P arrangement of the bores 32 in the upwardly tapering Cover 31 itself in · Increases with increasing reactor output the steam generation of the core 32 then so many holes are free that the steam load of the separating « fixtures does not change "

The more separation devices are installed in a pressure vessel, the lower the specific load on the individual device. This leads to an advantageous reduction in pressure losses and. thus to increase economic efficiency. For these reasons, it is proposed according to the invention to arrange the crimping devices one below the other, as Pig'13 shows. According to the invention, all separating devices 3 ′ ^lying next to one another and one above the other are firmly connected to one another and form a large truncated cone. On the inside there are tangential β Qe = mixing inlet openings 35, on the other side the liquid outlet openings also formed on one side according to the invention.

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openings 39 · The one-of-a-kind separating devices are invented according to angled so that the mixture inflow cross-section of the coolant return flow space 6 is reduced downwards to the extent that it increases on the liquid outflow side, both of which serve to equalize the flow conditions contributes. The steam extraction pipes 36 are through the liquid outlet openings 39 of the separating device above out * »and to the openings 37 in the annular steam chamber 38 introduced ο

The entire separating device 34 to 39 is inserted into the return flow space 6 between the pressure vessel wall 1 and the core 3. DBr space above the core is closed by a lid 33 which may be formed in various ways, e.g., _o as shown in Fig.l, 2, 3, 11 or 12 enclosure.

The devices proposed for separating a boiling vapor-liquid mixture within a nuclear reactor can also be used in other areas of technology and for separating gas-liquid mixtures, in particular in process technology and in steam boiler plants.

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Claims (1)

Prankfurt / Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 1 Linser / Ks / T Lr 64/102 8/22/64 Claims 1. Liquid-cooled nuclear reactor with located in the reactor vessel Devices for separating a boiling vapor-liquid mixture, consisting of a large number of cylindrical vessels, in which the mixture is essentially flows in tangentially from above, characterized in that ρ the cylindrical vessels are arranged in a ring around the reactor core in the coolant return flow space. 2. Liquid-cooled nuclear reactor according to claim 1, characterized marked that the inlet of all vessels to one common annulus is summarized in such a way that the Mixture enters essentially axially from above into the vessels let into the bottom of the annular space. 3 · reactor according to claim 2, characterized in that the ^ lower ends of the cylindrical vessels are tapered conically downwards so that the outflowing liquid of the one vessel obstructs that of the other as little as possible, 4 · Reactor according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that in the center of the lower end of each cylindrical vessel. Stopper is arranged such that the liquid circulating on the walls of the vessel at the bottom of the stopper towards the outlet opening 9098 19/0548 U89082 Lr 6Vlo2 builds up, while the one in the center of the vessel accumulates Steam is deflected upwards through the stopper so that it can flow off through discharge pipes 5 · Reactor according to claim k _t, characterized in that »the stopper and the vessel wall are arranged in a diffuser-like shape, which reinforce the damming effect of the stopper. 6 »Reactor according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that cylindrical in the lower end of each cylindrical vessel. Rings with different, decreasing towards the bottom Diameter are nested in such a way that the liquid from the vessel gradually axially is taken in such a way that the dynamic pressure occurring at the top edge of the rings causes the steam to move to the center of the Supported inside of the vessels. 7 · Reactor according to claim 6, characterized in that the lowest or smallest of the cylindrical rings is closed at the bottom in such a way that the vortex sink of the swirl flow is broken down and so the steam does not go down from the vessel can pull out. 8. Reactor according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that in the lower end of each cylindrical ^G efäsees a downwardly conically tapered tube with a vertically arranged longitudinal gap is arranged such that the in the 909819/0548 Lr 64 / 1O2 conical pipe circulating liquid tangentially drawn out! » peels and the swirl of the flow in the conical tube is increased downwards as a result of the decreasing radius 9 · Reactor according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that dazs the cylindrical vessels in the coolant outlet space below of the water level are arranged so that a relative high system pressure inside the lower end of the vessel at the front and that only the steam discharge pipes over the river "^ fluid level protrude into the reactor vapor space. Io · reactor according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that Above the reactor core there is a removable cover in which the two-phase Sengemisches arranged in the separator baffles are. 11. Reactor according to claim Io, characterized in that the Cover can be opened in such a way that the parts under the cover are easily accessible. 12 · Reactor according to claim Io or 11, characterized in that that openings for steam or steam flow in the cover There is a possibility of a mixture passage to relieve the separating device. 13 · Reactor according to claim Io, 11 or 12, characterized ^ that the cover is designed like a cone, with the cone tip facing the reactor core. 909819 / QE48 BATH ORIGINAL Lr 64 / lo2 1% · reactor according to claim 12, characterized in that the Cover is designed like a cone and turned with the cone tip upwards, in such a way that with rising water level Below the lid, the number of steam passage openings is reduced to the same extent how the steam occurs ame iige decreases » 15 · Reactor according to claim 1 or 2 and 12, characterized in that part-load operation as well as to adapt to the reactor for compensation of the vapor Auslegungaungenauigkeiten ·% overall mischdurchtrittslScher or in the removable cover in their size are adjustable. 16. Reactor according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the vapor discharge pipes are widened like a diffuser towards the top in such a way that part of the velocity energy the steam flow is converted into pressure energy and thereby the pressure conditions in the separating device are also advantageous to be influenced· 17 · Reactor according to claim 1 or 9 «characterized in that the cylindrical vessels are arranged next to and one below the other are in such a way that all vessels together are so variegated with one another that they form a uniform, (rossen, conically tapering jacket form downwards, on the inside of which the openings for the mixture inlet and on the outside face the openings for the water outlet and 909819/0548 BATH Lr 64 / lo2 l8. Reactor according to claim 17 «characterized in that the steam extraction pipes ■ of all separation devices in one steam Samuel reaching down into the coolant return flow space open space 19 · Reactor according to claim 1 or 17 * characterized in that that the from the separators and / or steam sanupelraaai The jacket formed at the same time serves as a theno shield to protect the inner wall of the reactor vessel from gamma and neutron radiation to protect the reactor core. 909819/054 8 original inspected