DE1191789B - Method for drawing preferably single-crystal semiconductor rods - Google Patents
Method for drawing preferably single-crystal semiconductor rodsInfo
- Publication number
- DE1191789B DE1191789B DES70987A DES0070987A DE1191789B DE 1191789 B DE1191789 B DE 1191789B DE S70987 A DES70987 A DE S70987A DE S0070987 A DES0070987 A DE S0070987A DE 1191789 B DE1191789 B DE 1191789B
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- temperature gradient
- rod
- melt
- semiconductor
- pulling
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 title claims description 20
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 11
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 title claims description 9
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 8
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002019 doping agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium atom Chemical compound [Ge] GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C30B15/00—Single-crystal growth by pulling from a melt, e.g. Czochralski method
- C30B15/14—Heating of the melt or the crystallised materials
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Crystals, And After-Treatments Of Crystals (AREA)
Description
Verfahren zum Ziehen von vorzugsweise einkristallinen Halbleiterstäben Es hat sich gezeigt, daß die aus einer in einem Tiegel befindlichen Schmelze gezogenen Halbleiterstäbe eine große Zahl von Versetzungen aufweisen. Diese Gitterfehler wirken bei der Weiterverarbeitung des nach dem Tiegelziehverfahren hergestellten Halbleitermaterials in Halbleiteranordnungen, wie z. B. Transistoren oder Dioden, störend. Diese Versetzungen sind auf eine plastische Verformung des noch heißen aus der Schmelze gezogenen Halbleiterkristalls zurückzuführen. Ursache dieser Verformungen ist der radiale Temperaturgradient im Halbleiterstab, der sich durch Abstrahlung des aus dem Tiegel gezogenen Kristalls ausbildet.Method for pulling preferably single-crystal semiconductor rods It has been shown that the drawn from a melt in a crucible Semiconductor rods have a large number of dislocations. These lattice errors work in the further processing of the semiconductor material produced by the crucible pulling process in semiconductor devices, such as. B. transistors or diodes, disturbing. These dislocations are on a plastic deformation of the still hot semiconductor crystal pulled from the melt traced back. The cause of these deformations is the radial temperature gradient im Semiconductor rod, which is formed by radiation of the crystal pulled from the crucible trains.
Es ist bereits bekannt, sowohl über dem dem gezogenen Stab zugewandten Teil der Schmelze als auch kurz oberhalb der Schmelze einen z. B. als Ringscheibe ausgebildeten Wärmeschirm anzuordnen.It is already known both over the one facing the drawn rod Part of the melt and just above the melt a z. B. as an annular disc to arrange trained heat shield.
Weiter ist bereits bekannt, die Abstrahlung und damit den radialen Temperaturgradienten dadurch zu vermindern, daß man den Stab durch einen sich nach oben kegelförmig verjüngenden Schirm hindurchzieht. Diese Maßnahme zur Verringerung des radialen Temperaturgradienten reduziert aber auch den längs der Stabachse wirksamen Temperaturgradienten. Dieser axiale Temperaturgradient ist jedoch notwendig, um die bei der Erstarrung des Halbleitermaterials, also die bei der Bildung des Stabes frei werdende Schmelzwärme abzuführen. Durch Verringerung dieses axialen Temperaturgradienten wird also auch die abgeführte Menge der Schmelzwärme verringert. Dies hat eine Verminderung der maximal möglichen Ziehgeschwindigkeit zur Folge.Furthermore, the radiation and thus the radial radiation is already known To reduce temperature gradients by the fact that the rod by one after at the top pulls a cone-shaped tapering screen through it. This measure to reduce however, the radial temperature gradient also reduces the one that is effective along the rod axis Temperature gradient. However, this axial temperature gradient is necessary to those during the solidification of the semiconductor material, i.e. those during the formation of the rod dissipate released heat of fusion. By reducing this axial temperature gradient the amount of heat of fusion dissipated is also reduced. This has a diminution the maximum possible pulling speed result.
Nun werden Versetzungen im gezogenen Stab möglichst vermieden bzw. ihre Zahl wesentlich herabgesetzt und gleichzeitig die maximal mögliche Ziehgeschwindigkeit sehr groß, wenn zum Ziehen von vorzugsweise einkristallinen Halbleiterstäben aus einer in einem Tiegel befindlichen Schmelze der Halbleiterstab erfindungsgemäß zunächst durch die den radialen Temperaturgradienten vermindernde und nachfolgend durch eine den axialen Temperaturgradienten vergrößernde Zone gezogen wird. Mittels eines teilweise in die Spule ragenden Wärmeschirms eine besonders zweckmäßige Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens gemäß der Erfindung dadurch gegeben, daß der Wärmeschirm und über diesem ein zylindrischer Kühlmantel angeordnet ist.Dislocations in the drawn member are now avoided or their number is significantly reduced and at the same time the maximum possible pulling speed very large if used for pulling preferably single-crystal semiconductor rods a melt located in a crucible, the semiconductor rod according to the invention initially by reducing the radial temperature gradient and subsequently by a the axial temperature gradient enlarging zone is drawn. By means of a partial In the coil protruding heat shield a particularly useful device for implementation of the method according to the invention given that the heat shield and over this a cylindrical cooling jacket is arranged.
Zur näheren Erläuterung der Erfindung dient das in der Zeichnung dargestellte und im folgenden beschriebene Ausführungsbeispiel.For a more detailed explanation of the invention, the one shown in the drawing is used and the embodiment described below.
In einem z. B. aus Graphit bestehenden Tiegel 1 befindet sich die Schmelze 2 des Halbleitermaterials, also z. B. eine Germanium- oder Siliziumschmelze. Das Halbleitermaterial wird durch eine Hochfrequenzspule 5 aufgeheizt und auf der zum Ziehen notwendigen Temperatur gehalten. Auf dem Tiegel ist zur Verminderung des axialen Temperaturgradienten des gezogenen Stabes ein zylindrischer, als Strahlungsschutz dienender Schirm 3 angeordnet, der mit einem Sehschlitz 4 zur Beobachtung des Ziehvorgangs versehen ist. Der Schirm besteht z. B. aus Molybdän oder Tantal oder einem anderen die Wärmestrahlung reflektierenden Material. Durch diesen Schirm wird die Wärmeabstrahlung des während der Durchführung des Verfahrens durch den Schirm gezogenen Halbleiterstabes unterbunden. Oberhalb dieses Strahlungsschutzes 3 ist ein vorzugsweise zylindrischer Kühlmantel 7 und 9 angeordnet, der von einem Kühlmittel, z. B. Wasser, durchflossen wird. Der Keimhalter 8 dient zur Aufnahme des Einkristalls, der zu Beginn des Verfahrens in die Schmelze 2 eingetaucht wird und an den beim Herausziehen die Schmelze ankristallisiert, so daß ein einkristalliner Halbleiterstab entsteht. Die Ziehachse 10 kann während des Ziehens auch gedreht werden. Durch Zugabe von Dotierungsstoffen in die Schmelze während des Ziehens können in an sich bekannter Weise auch pn-Übergänge hergestellt werden.In a z. B. made of graphite crucible 1 is the melt 2 of the semiconductor material, so z. B. a germanium or silicon melt. The semiconductor material is heated by a high-frequency coil 5 and kept at the temperature necessary for drawing. To reduce the axial temperature gradient of the drawn rod, a cylindrical screen 3, which serves as a radiation protection and is provided with a viewing slit 4 for observing the drawing process, is arranged on the crucible. The screen consists z. B. of molybdenum or tantalum or another material reflecting the thermal radiation. This screen prevents the radiation of heat from the semiconductor rod pulled through the screen while the method is being carried out. Above this radiation protection 3, a preferably cylindrical cooling jacket 7 and 9 is arranged, which is of a coolant, for. B. water, is flowed through. The seed holder 8 serves to hold the single crystal, which is immersed in the melt 2 at the beginning of the process and on which the melt crystallizes when it is pulled out, so that a single crystal semiconductor rod is produced. The pull shaft 10 can also be rotated while pulling. By adding dopants to the melt during drawing, pn junctions can also be produced in a manner known per se.
In der Höhe des Kühlmantels 7 herrscht zwar ein großer radialer Temperaturgradient im Halbleiterstab, doch ist der Kristall, wenn er in die Kühlzone gelangt, bereits so weit abgekühlt, daß keine plastische Verformung und damit keine Bildung von Versetzungen mehr auftritt.At the height of the cooling jacket 7 there is a large radial temperature gradient in the semiconductor rod, but the crystal is already there when it gets into the cooling zone cooled so far that no plastic deformation and thus no formation of dislocations occurs more.
Die Verbesserung der physikalischen Eigenschaften des nach dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren hergestellten Halbleitermaterials ist aus den im folgenden gegebenen Vergleichswerten zu entnehmen. Es wurden Stäbe gezogen, bei denen weder der radiale Temperaturgradient vermindert noch der axiale erhöht wird. Die Anzahl der Versetzungen betrug 40000 pro Quadratzentimeter. Außerdem weist der so hergestellte Halbleiterstab Feinkorngrenzen auf. Verwendet man beim Ziehen nur einen Strahlungsschutz und vermindert so den radialen Temperaturgradienten, so ist zwar die Zahl der Versetzungen verringert, gleichzeitig wird jedoch auch, der axiale Temperaturgradient so verringert, daß die maximal mögliche Ziehgeschwindigkeit nur etwa 2 mm in. beträgt. Bei einem nach dem Verfahren gemäß der Erfindung gezogenen Stab beträgt die Anzahl der Versetzungen 3000 bis 5000 pro Quadratzentimeter. Er weist keine Feinkorngrenzen auf. Außerdem erhöht sich die maximale Ziehgeschwindigkeit auf etwa 3 mm/Min.The improvement in the physical properties of the semiconductor material produced by the method according to the invention can be seen from the comparison values given below. Rods were drawn in which the radial temperature gradient is neither reduced nor the axial one increased. The number of dislocations was 40,000 per square centimeter. In addition, the semiconductor rod produced in this way has fine grain boundaries. If only one radiation protection is used during drawing and thus the radial temperature gradient is reduced, the number of dislocations is reduced, but at the same time the axial temperature gradient is reduced so that the maximum possible drawing speed is only about 2 mm in. In a rod drawn by the method according to the invention, the number of dislocations is 3000 to 5000 per square centimeter. It has no fine grain boundaries. In addition, the maximum pulling speed increases to about 3 mm / min.
Claims (2)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DES70987A DE1191789B (en) | 1960-10-25 | 1960-10-25 | Method for drawing preferably single-crystal semiconductor rods |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DES70987A DE1191789B (en) | 1960-10-25 | 1960-10-25 | Method for drawing preferably single-crystal semiconductor rods |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| DE1191789B true DE1191789B (en) | 1965-04-29 |
Family
ID=7502165
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| DES70987A Pending DE1191789B (en) | 1960-10-25 | 1960-10-25 | Method for drawing preferably single-crystal semiconductor rods |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| DE (1) | DE1191789B (en) |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE1238450B (en) | 1964-06-04 | 1967-04-13 | Consortium Elektrochem Ind | Process for the production of stress-free and crack-free rods from high-purity boron from the melt |
| WO1998011280A1 (en) * | 1996-09-13 | 1998-03-19 | Seh America, Inc. | Apparatus and method for improving mechanical strength of the neck section of czochralski silicon crystal |
| DE10058329A1 (en) * | 2000-11-24 | 2002-05-29 | Georg Mueller | Process for growing single crystals, especially silicon single crystals comprises pulling the single crystals with rotation from a heated crucible containing a melt made from the crystal material, and cooling the crystals |
| DE112008003953B4 (en) | 2008-07-25 | 2020-06-18 | Sumco Techxiv Corp. | Single crystal manufacturing method, flow straightening cylinder and single crystal pull up device |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE944209C (en) * | 1950-06-15 | 1956-06-07 | Western Electric Co | Process for the manufacture of semiconductor bodies |
| DE1044768B (en) * | 1954-03-02 | 1958-11-27 | Siemens Ag | Method and device for pulling a rod-shaped crystalline body, preferably a semiconductor body |
| DE1051806B (en) * | 1956-11-28 | 1959-03-05 | Philips Nv | Method and device for pulling up single crystals from a melt |
-
1960
- 1960-10-25 DE DES70987A patent/DE1191789B/en active Pending
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE944209C (en) * | 1950-06-15 | 1956-06-07 | Western Electric Co | Process for the manufacture of semiconductor bodies |
| DE1044768B (en) * | 1954-03-02 | 1958-11-27 | Siemens Ag | Method and device for pulling a rod-shaped crystalline body, preferably a semiconductor body |
| DE1051806B (en) * | 1956-11-28 | 1959-03-05 | Philips Nv | Method and device for pulling up single crystals from a melt |
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE1238450B (en) | 1964-06-04 | 1967-04-13 | Consortium Elektrochem Ind | Process for the production of stress-free and crack-free rods from high-purity boron from the melt |
| WO1998011280A1 (en) * | 1996-09-13 | 1998-03-19 | Seh America, Inc. | Apparatus and method for improving mechanical strength of the neck section of czochralski silicon crystal |
| US5827367A (en) * | 1996-09-13 | 1998-10-27 | Seh America | Apparatus for improving mechanical strength of the neck section of czochralski silicon crystal |
| US5865887A (en) * | 1996-09-13 | 1999-02-02 | Seh America, Inc. | Method for improving mechanical strength of the neck section of czochralski silicon crystal |
| DE10058329A1 (en) * | 2000-11-24 | 2002-05-29 | Georg Mueller | Process for growing single crystals, especially silicon single crystals comprises pulling the single crystals with rotation from a heated crucible containing a melt made from the crystal material, and cooling the crystals |
| DE112008003953B4 (en) | 2008-07-25 | 2020-06-18 | Sumco Techxiv Corp. | Single crystal manufacturing method, flow straightening cylinder and single crystal pull up device |
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