DE10318983A1 - Actuator system in motor vehicle, e.g. for adjusting seat, has actuator in form of pneumatic motor and actuating element in form of pneumatic cylinder connected to actuator via hose - Google Patents
Actuator system in motor vehicle, e.g. for adjusting seat, has actuator in form of pneumatic motor and actuating element in form of pneumatic cylinder connected to actuator via hose Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- DE10318983A1 DE10318983A1 DE10318983A DE10318983A DE10318983A1 DE 10318983 A1 DE10318983 A1 DE 10318983A1 DE 10318983 A DE10318983 A DE 10318983A DE 10318983 A DE10318983 A DE 10318983A DE 10318983 A1 DE10318983 A1 DE 10318983A1
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- actuator
- actuating element
- pneumatic
- motor
- piston rod
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 238000009423 ventilation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000003111 delayed effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002996 emotional effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002688 persistence Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013022 venting Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60N—SEATS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLES; VEHICLE PASSENGER ACCOMMODATION NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B60N2/00—Seats specially adapted for vehicles; Arrangement or mounting of seats in vehicles
- B60N2/02—Seats specially adapted for vehicles; Arrangement or mounting of seats in vehicles the seat or part thereof being movable, e.g. adjustable
- B60N2/0224—Non-manual adjustments, e.g. with electrical operation
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B11/00—Servomotor systems without provision for follow-up action; Circuits therefor
- F15B11/02—Systems essentially incorporating special features for controlling the speed or actuating force of an output member
- F15B11/04—Systems essentially incorporating special features for controlling the speed or actuating force of an output member for controlling the speed
- F15B11/0413—Systems essentially incorporating special features for controlling the speed or actuating force of an output member for controlling the speed in one direction only, with no control in the reverse direction, e.g. check valve in parallel with a throttle valve
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B7/00—Systems in which the movement produced is definitely related to the output of a volumetric pump; Telemotors
- F15B7/06—Details
- F15B7/10—Compensation of the liquid content in a system
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E05—LOCKS; KEYS; WINDOW OR DOOR FITTINGS; SAFES
- E05Y—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES E05D AND E05F, RELATING TO CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS, ELECTRIC CONTROL, POWER SUPPLY, POWER SIGNAL OR TRANSMISSION, USER INTERFACES, MOUNTING OR COUPLING, DETAILS, ACCESSORIES, AUXILIARY OPERATIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR, APPLICATION THEREOF
- E05Y2900/00—Application of doors, windows, wings or fittings thereof
- E05Y2900/50—Application of doors, windows, wings or fittings thereof for vehicles
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E05—LOCKS; KEYS; WINDOW OR DOOR FITTINGS; SAFES
- E05Y—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES E05D AND E05F, RELATING TO CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS, ELECTRIC CONTROL, POWER SUPPLY, POWER SIGNAL OR TRANSMISSION, USER INTERFACES, MOUNTING OR COUPLING, DETAILS, ACCESSORIES, AUXILIARY OPERATIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR, APPLICATION THEREOF
- E05Y2900/00—Application of doors, windows, wings or fittings thereof
- E05Y2900/50—Application of doors, windows, wings or fittings thereof for vehicles
- E05Y2900/53—Type of wing
- E05Y2900/548—Trunk lids
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
- F15B2211/40—Flow control
- F15B2211/405—Flow control characterised by the type of flow control means or valve
- F15B2211/40507—Flow control characterised by the type of flow control means or valve with constant throttles or orifices
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
- F15B2211/40—Flow control
- F15B2211/42—Flow control characterised by the type of actuation
- F15B2211/421—Flow control characterised by the type of actuation mechanically
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
- F15B2211/40—Flow control
- F15B2211/45—Control of bleed-off flow, e.g. control of bypass flow to the return line
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
- F15B2211/40—Flow control
- F15B2211/455—Control of flow in the feed line, i.e. meter-in control
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
- F15B2211/40—Flow control
- F15B2211/47—Flow control in one direction only
- F15B2211/473—Flow control in one direction only without restriction in the reverse direction
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
- F15B2211/70—Output members, e.g. hydraulic motors or cylinders or control therefor
- F15B2211/705—Output members, e.g. hydraulic motors or cylinders or control therefor characterised by the type of output members or actuators
- F15B2211/7051—Linear output members
- F15B2211/7052—Single-acting output members
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
- F15B2211/70—Output members, e.g. hydraulic motors or cylinders or control therefor
- F15B2211/75—Control of speed of the output member
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B2211/00—Circuits for servomotor systems
- F15B2211/70—Output members, e.g. hydraulic motors or cylinders or control therefor
- F15B2211/77—Control of direction of movement of the output member
- F15B2211/7708—Control of direction of movement of the output member in one direction only
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
- Transportation (AREA)
- Actuator (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Aktuatorsystem in einem Kraftfahrzeug. Solche Systeme umfassen wenigstens einen Aktuator bzw. Stellmotor und ein Betätigungselement. Sie werden beispielsweise verwendet für Einstellungen im Sitzbereich, zum Öffnen der Tankklappe oder des Kofferraumdeckels, zur Fernentriegelung von Kopfstützenverrastungen etc.. Herkömmlicherweise werden elektrische oder mechanische Systeme eingesetzt. Bei ersteren dienen als Betätigungselemente elektrische Schalter oder Schaltkontakte, die einen Elektromagneten oder Elektromotor direkt oder über Steuergeräte aktivieren. Elektrische Systeme erfordern elektrische Leitungen und Schnittstellen zur Kontaktierung, welche empfindlich gegen Feuchtigkeit, Oxidation und die Bildung von Lichtbögen, speziell bei den künftigen 42V-Bordnetzen, sind. Nachteilig ist weiterhin, dass elektrische Systeme abhängig vom Bordnetz sind, bei dessen Ausfall somit nicht mehr aktivierbar sind, außer es werden konstruktive Maßnahmen zur Notbetätigung getroffen. Da in heutigen Fahrzeugen eine große Anzahl von Aktuatoren bzw. Aktuatorsystemen vorhanden ist, sind Bordnetze mit entsprechend hohen elektrischen Leitungen erforderlich.The invention relates to an actuator system in a motor vehicle. Such systems include at least one Actuator or actuator and an actuator. you will be used for example for Settings in the seating area, for opening the fuel filler flap or the Trunk lid, for remote unlocking of headrest latches etc. Traditionally electrical or mechanical systems are used. With the former serve as actuators electrical switches or switch contacts that are an electromagnet or electric motor directly or via ECUs activate. Electrical systems require electrical cables and interfaces for contacting, which are sensitive to moisture, Oxidation and the formation of arcs, especially in the future 42V electrical systems, are. Another disadvantage is that electrical systems depend on Are on-board electrical system, in the event of which they can no longer be activated unless they become constructive measures for emergency operation met. Since in today's vehicles a large number of actuators or Actuator systems are available, are on-board networks with corresponding high electrical lines required.
Mechanische Systeme, also in der Regel Bowdenzüge, nutzen zwar keine Fremdenergie, weisen aber den Nachteil auf, dass sie auf Grund von Reibung um so schwerer zu bedienen sind, je länger sie sind und je mehr Krümmungen sie aufweisen. Außerdem sollten sie in einem Stück durchgängig verbaubar sein, da eine Trennung technisch aufwendig ist. So ist beispielsweise eine Verlegung eines Bowdenzuges vom Armaturenbrett zum Rücksitz relativ aufwändig, da beide Fahrzeugteile räumlich weit voneinander getrennte Baugruppen sind.Mechanical systems, i.e. in the Rule Bowden cables, do not use external energy, but have the disadvantage that the longer they are, the more difficult they are to use due to friction are and the more curvatures they have. Moreover they should be in one piece continuously be installable, since a separation is technically complex. So is for example moving a Bowden cable from the dashboard relatively complex to the back seat because both vehicle parts spatially are widely separated modules.
Davon ausgehend ist es die Aufgabe der Erfindung, ein Aktuatorsystem vorzuschlagen, mit dem die genannten Nachteile umgangen sind.Based on this, it is the task the invention to propose an actuator system with which the said Disadvantages are avoided.
Diese Aufgabe wird durch ein Aktuatorsystem nach Anspruch 1 gelöst. Danach ist als Aktuator ein Pneumatikmotor und als Betätigungselement ein über eine Schlauchleitung mit dem Aktuator verbundener handbetätigter Pneumatikzylinder vorhanden. Ein derartiges System arbeitet völlig unabhängig vom Bordnetz des Kraftfahrzeuges und störungsfrei. Vorteilhaft ist weiterhin, das sich eine die genannten Pneumatikbauteile miteinander verbindende Schlauchleitung, verglichen mit einem Bowdenzug, über eine große Länge mit vielen Windungen verlegen lässt, ohne das sich dadurch die Betätigungskräfte erhöhen. Während bei einem Bowdenzug für eine Kraft- oder Wegübersetzung aufwändige Hebelgestänge erforderlich sind, wird dies bei einem Pneumatiksystem ganz einfach über das Verhältnis der pneumatisch wirksamen Flächen im Betätigungselement und im Aktuator geregelt.This task is accomplished by an actuator system solved according to claim 1. Thereafter is a pneumatic motor as an actuator and as an actuator an over a hose line connected to the actuator manually operated pneumatic cylinder available. Such a system works completely independently of the vehicle electrical system and trouble-free. It is also advantageous that one of the pneumatic components mentioned interconnecting hose line, compared to a Bowden cable, via a size Length with many turns, without increasing the operating forces. While at a Bowden cable for one Force or path translation complex lever linkage are required, this is easily done with a pneumatic system relationship of the pneumatically effective surfaces in the actuator and regulated in the actuator.
Bei einem bevorzugten Ausführungsbeispiel ist die Kolbenstange des Betätigungselementes mit einem Entlüftungsventil derart bewegungsgekoppelt, dass dieses in der Ruhestellung des Betätigungselements das Aktuatorsystem mit der Atmosphäre verbindet. Damit ist gewährleistet, dass sich das System vor jeder erneuten Betätigung im Druckaugleich mit der Atmosphäre befindet. Der Betätigungskomfort wird dadurch erhöht, dass das Betätigungselement in seine Ruhestellung durch eine Feder vorgespannt ist. In vielen Fällen reicht es aus, wenn das Betätigungselement nach dem loslassen wieder in seine Ruhestellung zurückkehrt, beispielsweise wenn es darum geht die Kofferraumklappe zu öffnen. Soll dagegen ein Aktuator für längere Zeit in seiner aktivierten Stellung beharren, so ist eine Verrastung des Betätigungselementes bzw. von dessen Kolbenstange in wenigstens einer Raststellung zweckmäßig. Durch den Einbau eines Drosselventils in die Pneumatikleitung verzögert sich der Aufbau eines Über- oder Unterdrucks in einem Aktuator, was in bestimmten Fällen zweckmäßig sein kann.In a preferred embodiment the piston rod of the actuator with a vent valve so coupled in motion that it is in the rest position of the actuating element connects the actuator system to the atmosphere. This ensures that the system is equal to the pressure before each actuation the atmosphere located. The operating comfort is increased by that the actuator is biased into its rest position by a spring. In many make it is sufficient if the actuating element returns to its rest position after releasing, for example when it comes to opening the trunk lid. Should an actuator for longer Persistence in its activated position is a latch of the actuator or of its piston rod is useful in at least one latching position. By the Installation of a throttle valve in the pneumatic line is delayed the establishment of an over- or negative pressure in an actuator, which may be useful in certain cases can.
Zweckmäßig kann auch die Verzögerung des Abbaues eines Über- oder Unterdruckes in einem Aktuator sein. Wird das Betätigungselement einmal bedient und wieder losgelassen, so kann die Bediendauer kürzer sein als die erforderliche Zeit, die ein Aktuator aktiv sein muss. Diese zeitliche Verzögerung kann durch ein Drosselventil realisiert sein. Entscheidend für die Wirkrichtung des Drosselventils ist daher der Anwendungsfall: Soll der Aufbau oder der Abbau eines Druckes oder Unterdruckes im Aktuator verzögert werden.The delay of the Reduction of overpressure or underpressure be in an actuator. If the actuator is operated once and released again, the operating time can be shorter than the time required for an actuator to be active. This delay can be realized by a throttle valve. Crucial for the direction of action The throttle valve is therefore the application: Should the structure or the reduction of a pressure or negative pressure in the actuator can be delayed.
Die Erfindung wird nun anhand eines in den beigefügten Zeichnungen dargestellten Ausführungsbeispieles näher erläutert. Es zeigen:The invention is now based on a in the attached Drawings shown embodiment explained in more detail. It demonstrate:
Ein erfindungsgemäßes System umfasst als Hauptbestandteil
ein Betätigungselement
Das Betätigungselement
Mit dem Kolben
Wenn nach erfolgter Betätigung des
Aktuators der Handgriff
- 11
- Betätigungselementactuator
- 22
- Aktuatoractuator
- 33
- Schlauchleitunghose
- 44
- Kolbenpiston
- 55
- Zylindergehäusecylinder housing
- 66
- Kolbenstangepiston rod
- 77
- Fixierbohrunglocating pin
- 88th
- Zylindergehäusecylinder housing
- 99
- Kolbenstangepiston rod
- 1010
- Handgriffhandle
- 1313
- Kolbenraumpiston chamber
- 1414
- Kolbenraumpiston chamber
- 1515
- KolbenstangenraumPiston rod space
- 1616
- Kolbenpiston
- 1717
- Belüftungsventilvent valve
- 1818
- Leitungmanagement
- 1919
- Atmosphärenöffnungatmospheric port
- 2020
- Pfeilarrow
- 2323
- RückstellfederReturn spring
- 2424
- RückstellfederReturn spring
- 2525
- RückstellfederReturn spring
- 2626
- Drosselventilthrottle valve
- 2727
- Bypassbypass
- 2828
- Rückschlagventilcheck valve
- 2929
- Koppelelementcoupling element
Claims (5)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE10318983A DE10318983A1 (en) | 2003-04-25 | 2003-04-25 | Actuator system in motor vehicle, e.g. for adjusting seat, has actuator in form of pneumatic motor and actuating element in form of pneumatic cylinder connected to actuator via hose |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE10318983A DE10318983A1 (en) | 2003-04-25 | 2003-04-25 | Actuator system in motor vehicle, e.g. for adjusting seat, has actuator in form of pneumatic motor and actuating element in form of pneumatic cylinder connected to actuator via hose |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| DE10318983A1 true DE10318983A1 (en) | 2004-07-08 |
Family
ID=32478255
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE10318983A Withdrawn DE10318983A1 (en) | 2003-04-25 | 2003-04-25 | Actuator system in motor vehicle, e.g. for adjusting seat, has actuator in form of pneumatic motor and actuating element in form of pneumatic cylinder connected to actuator via hose |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| DE (1) | DE10318983A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN104214143A (en) * | 2013-05-30 | 2014-12-17 | 上海申鹿均质机有限公司 | Hydraulic adjusting device used for homogenizer |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3016968A (en) * | 1959-04-07 | 1962-01-16 | Trico Products Corp | Remotely actuated trunk lock arrangement for a motor vehicle |
| DE3924821A1 (en) * | 1989-07-27 | 1991-01-31 | Vdo Schindling | Locking unit for motor vehicle - works independently of central locking system for several components which require simultaneous locking e.g. backrest of rear seat and boot |
| DE4205269C1 (en) * | 1992-02-21 | 1993-05-06 | Mercedes-Benz Aktiengesellschaft, 7000 Stuttgart, De |
-
2003
- 2003-04-25 DE DE10318983A patent/DE10318983A1/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3016968A (en) * | 1959-04-07 | 1962-01-16 | Trico Products Corp | Remotely actuated trunk lock arrangement for a motor vehicle |
| DE3924821A1 (en) * | 1989-07-27 | 1991-01-31 | Vdo Schindling | Locking unit for motor vehicle - works independently of central locking system for several components which require simultaneous locking e.g. backrest of rear seat and boot |
| DE4205269C1 (en) * | 1992-02-21 | 1993-05-06 | Mercedes-Benz Aktiengesellschaft, 7000 Stuttgart, De |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN104214143A (en) * | 2013-05-30 | 2014-12-17 | 上海申鹿均质机有限公司 | Hydraulic adjusting device used for homogenizer |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| OAV | Publication of unexamined application with consent of applicant | ||
| OP8 | Request for examination as to paragraph 44 patent law | ||
| 8130 | Withdrawal |