DE102006039906A1 - Producing propylene from ethylene and butene by metathesis comprises using a 1-butene feed produced by oligomerization of ethylene - Google Patents
Producing propylene from ethylene and butene by metathesis comprises using a 1-butene feed produced by oligomerization of ethylene Download PDFInfo
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- DE102006039906A1 DE102006039906A1 DE102006039906A DE102006039906A DE102006039906A1 DE 102006039906 A1 DE102006039906 A1 DE 102006039906A1 DE 102006039906 A DE102006039906 A DE 102006039906A DE 102006039906 A DE102006039906 A DE 102006039906A DE 102006039906 A1 DE102006039906 A1 DE 102006039906A1
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- Prior art keywords
- butene
- olefins
- carbon atoms
- predominantly
- ethene
- Prior art date
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- VXNZUUAINFGPBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Butene Chemical compound CCC=C VXNZUUAINFGPBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 65
- IAQRGUVFOMOMEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N butene Natural products CC=CC IAQRGUVFOMOMEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 44
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 40
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 35
- 238000005649 metathesis reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- 238000006384 oligomerization reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 title abstract 4
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 title abstract 2
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 34
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 20
- XNMQEEKYCVKGBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethylacetylene Natural products CC#CC XNMQEEKYCVKGBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims description 16
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000006317 isomerization reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003755 zirconium compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003426 co-catalyst Substances 0.000 claims 1
- VQTUBCCKSQIDNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N iso-butene Natural products CC(C)=C VQTUBCCKSQIDNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 7
- KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N butadiene group Chemical group C=CC=C KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethane Chemical compound CC OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000003776 cleavage reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006735 deficit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006471 dimerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002574 poison Substances 0.000 description 2
- 231100000614 poison Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007017 scission Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004230 steam cracking Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- JWZZKOKVBUJMES-UHFFFAOYSA-N (+-)-Isoprenaline Chemical compound CC(C)NCC(O)C1=CC=C(O)C(O)=C1 JWZZKOKVBUJMES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-acetylene Natural products C#C HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004523 catalytic cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- IAQRGUVFOMOMEM-ARJAWSKDSA-N cis-but-2-ene Chemical compound C\C=C/C IAQRGUVFOMOMEM-ARJAWSKDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001993 dienes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007700 distillative separation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000002534 ethynyl group Chemical group [H]C#C* 0.000 description 1
- -1 iso-butene hydrocarbon Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butane Chemical compound CCCC IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003348 petrochemical agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002407 reforming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010517 secondary reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004227 thermal cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- IAQRGUVFOMOMEM-ONEGZZNKSA-N trans-but-2-ene Chemical compound C\C=C\C IAQRGUVFOMOMEM-ONEGZZNKSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004711 α-olefin Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms
- C07C2/02—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms by addition between unsaturated hydrocarbons
- C07C2/04—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms by addition between unsaturated hydrocarbons by oligomerisation of well-defined unsaturated hydrocarbons without ring formation
- C07C2/06—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms by addition between unsaturated hydrocarbons by oligomerisation of well-defined unsaturated hydrocarbons without ring formation of alkenes, i.e. acyclic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
- C07C2/08—Catalytic processes
- C07C2/26—Catalytic processes with hydrides or organic compounds
- C07C2/30—Catalytic processes with hydrides or organic compounds containing metal-to-carbon bond; Metal hydrides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C11/00—Aliphatic unsaturated hydrocarbons
- C07C11/02—Alkenes
- C07C11/06—Propene
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C5/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing the same number of carbon atoms
- C07C5/22—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing the same number of carbon atoms by isomerisation
- C07C5/23—Rearrangement of carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C07C5/25—Migration of carbon-to-carbon double bonds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C6/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a different number of carbon atoms by redistribution reactions
- C07C6/02—Metathesis reactions at an unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bond
- C07C6/04—Metathesis reactions at an unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bond at a carbon-to-carbon double bond
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2521/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium or hafnium
- C07C2521/06—Silicon, titanium, zirconium or hafnium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2531/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- C07C2531/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
- C07C2531/12—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing organo-metallic compounds or metal hydrides
- C07C2531/14—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing organo-metallic compounds or metal hydrides of aluminium or boron
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
- Y02P20/52—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals using catalysts, e.g. selective catalysts
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Low-Molecular Organic Synthesis Reactions Using Catalysts (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Herstellung von Propen in einem Metatheseverfahren unter der Verwendung von Kohlenwasserstoffen (Olefinen) mit vier Kohlenstoffatomen und Olefinen mit zwei Kohlenstoffatomen, insbesondere Buten und Ethen.The The invention relates to a process for the preparation of propene in one Metathesis process using hydrocarbons (olefins) having four carbon atoms and olefins having two carbon atoms, especially butene and ethene.
Propen ist einer der wichtigsten Einsatzstoffe in der organischen chemischen Industrie. Der größte Teil des weltweit benötigten Propens wird heute als Nebenprodukt bei der Herstellung von Ethen aus leichten Kohlenwasserstoffen (z.B. Flüssiggas) durch thermische Spaltung mit Dampf (Steam Cracking) gewonnen. Dabei wird ein Einsatzstoffstrom zunächst vorgewärmt und mit Wasserdampf gemischt, bevor er in einen Röhrenofen geleitet wird, wo unter kontrollierten Prozessbedingungen die Kohlenwasserstoffmoleküle innerhalb von Sekundenbruchteilen gespalten werden. Der mit einer Temperatur von ca. 850°C aus dem Spaltofen austretenden Stoffstrom, der zu einem großen Teil aus Ethen, anderen Olefinen (Propen) und Diolefinen besteht, wird rasch auf ca. 400°C abgekühlt, um Sekundärreaktionen der sehr reaktionsfreudigen Spaltprodukte zu unterbinden. Das abgekühlte Gasgemisch, dessen Zusammensetzung in starker Maße vom Einsatzstoff und den Spaltbedingungen abhängt, wird anschließend in einer komplexen Folge von Trennschritten in die gewünschten Produkte zerlegt. Verfahrensbedingt ist die maximale Propenausbeute nicht beliebig steuer- bzw. steigerbar und liegt in Ethenanlagen bei lediglich ca. 15 Gew%.propene is one of the most important feedstocks in organic chemical Industry. The biggest part of the worldwide needed Propens is now considered a byproduct in the production of ethene light hydrocarbons (e.g., LPG) by thermal cracking won with steam (Steam Cracking). This is a feed stream first preheated and mixed with steam before entering a tube furnace where, under controlled process conditions, the hydrocarbon molecules within split by fractions of a second. The one with a temperature from about 850 ° C from the cracking furnace emerging stream, which to a large extent from ethene, other olefins (propene) and diolefins is quickly to about 400 ° C cooled, about secondary reactions to prevent the very reactive cleavage products. The cooled gas mixture, its composition greatly depends on the starting material and the Cleavage conditions depends, will follow in a complex sequence of separation steps in the desired Products disassembled. Due to the process, the maximum propene yield is not arbitrarily taxable or risigerbar and is in ethene plants at only about 15% by weight.
Weltweit
steigt der Bedarf an Propen deutlich stärker als der Bedarf an Ethen.
Um das Defizit zwischen dem zukünftig
prognostizierten Bedarf an Propen und die, durch die Koproduktion
limitierte, Verfügbarkeit
zu überwinden,
werden unter Anderem Metatheseverfahren zur Umwandlung von der Olefinfraktion
mit vier Kohlenstoffen, insbesondere 2-Buten, und Ethen in Propen
vorgeschlagen (z.B.
Die Metathese von Olefinen ist in ihrer einfachsten Form eine reversible und metallkatalysierte Umalkylidenierung von Olefinen durch Bruch und Neuformation der C=C Doppelbindung. Dabei werden beispielsweise Olefine der Formel R1-CH=CH-R2 und R2-CH=CH-R4 reversibel zu Olefinen der Form R1-CH=CH-R3 und R2-CH=CH-R4 umgewandelt. Auf diese Weise ist ein großes Reaktionsspektrum verschiedener Reaktionspaare vorstellbar, wobei zu beachten ist, dass lineare alpha Olefine, wie 1-Buten, nicht mit Ethen unter Metathese reagieren können, wohl aber zum Beispiel 2-Buten.The metathesis of olefins in its simplest form is a reversible and metal-catalyzed transalkylidenation of olefins by breaking and reforming the C = C double bond. In this case, for example, olefins of the formula R 1 -CH = CH-R 2 and R 2 -CH = CH-R 4 are reversibly converted to olefins of the form R 1 -CH = CH-R 3 and R 2 -CH = CH-R 4 , In this way, a large reaction spectrum of different reaction pairs is conceivable, it should be noted that linear alpha olefins, such as 1-butene, can not react with ethene under metathesis, but well, for example, 2-butene.
Die
Kohlenwasserstofffraktion mit vier Kohlenstoffatomen einer Anlage
zur Erzeugung von Kohlenwasserstoffen durch Dampfspaltung (Steam
Cracker) oder einer Anlage zur Erzeugung von Kohlenwasserstoffen
durch katalytische Spaltung (FCC) setzen sich im Wesentlichen aus
Butadienen (30–40 Gew%),
iso- (20–40
Gew%) und n-Buten (10–20 Gew%
1-Buten, 5–10
Gew% 2-Buten) sowie iso- und n-Butan (5–15 Gew%) zusammen, wobei die
genaue Zusammensetzung vom Einsatzstoff und den Reaktionsbedingungen
abhängt
bzw. variieren kann. Bei dem in
Ein
anderes Verfahren zur Herstellung von Propen wird in
Der vorliegenden Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein alternatives Verfahren zum Stand der Technik zu entwickeln, um den in Bezug zum Ethenbedarf stärker wachsenden Propenbedarf zu befriedigen.Of the present invention is based on the object, an alternative To develop methods of prior art, in relation to the Ethene requirement stronger to satisfy growing propene needs.
Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß dadurch gelöst, dass Olefine mit vier Kohlenstoffatomen, überwiegend bestehend aus 1-Buten, durch Oligomerisierung von Olefinen mit zwei Kohlenstoffatomen, überwiegend bestehend aus Ethen, erzeugt werden.These Task is inventively characterized solved, that olefins having four carbon atoms, predominantly consisting of 1-butene, by oligomerization of olefins having two carbon atoms, predominantly consisting of ethene, are generated.
Die Oligomerisierung von Olefinen mit zwei Kohlenstoffatomen, überwiegend bestehend aus Ethen, zu Olefinen mit vier Kohlenstoffatomen, überwiegend bestehend aus 1-Buten, ist ein etabliertes und erfolgreiches Verfahren der Petrochemie, welches bei moderaten Temperaturen und Drücken arbeiten sowie eine hohe Produktreinheit liefern kann.The Oligomerization of olefins with two carbon atoms, predominantly consisting of ethene, to olefins with four carbon atoms, predominantly consisting of 1-butene, is an established and successful process petrochemicals, which operate at moderate temperatures and pressures as well as a high product purity.
In
einer bevorzugten Ausgestaltung der Erfindung wird die Oligomerisierung
in einem Katalysatorsystem, bestehend aus einer Zirkoniumverbindung
und einem Aluminiumalkyl als Co-Katalysator, bei einer Temperatur
zwischen 60°C
und 100°C
und einem Druck zwischen 20 bar und 30 bar durchgeführt. Dieses
Verfahren zur Oligomerisierung wurde bereits von
Gemäß einer Weiterführung des Erfindungsgedankens werden, die durch Oligomerisierung entstandenen, Olefine mit vier Kohlenstoffatomen, überwiegend bestehend aus 1-Buten, einer Isomerisierung unterzogen, wodurch in einer Gleichgewichtsreaktion ein Gemisch aus Olefinen mit vier Kohlenstoffatomen, überwiegend bestehend aus 1-Buten und dem zur Metathese notwendigem 2-Buten, erzeugt wird. Vorteilhafterweise wird das isomerisierte Gemisch aus Olefinen mit vier Kohlenstoffatomen, überwiegend bestehend aus 1-Buten und 2-Buten, über eine Destillationskolonne geführt, wobei die isomerisierten Olefine in eine Fraktion mit überwiegend 1-Buten und eine Fraktion mit überwiegend 2-Buten getrennt werden und die Olefinfraktion mit überwiegend 1-Buten zur Isomerisierung zurückgeführt wird. In den bereits beschriebenen Verfahren nach dem Stand der Technik ist eine derartige destillative Trennung mit der Rückführung von 1-Buten zur Isomerisierung aufgrund der geringen Siedepunktsunterschiede zwischen 1-Buten und iso-Buten nicht möglich (–7°C iso-Buten, –6°C 1-Buten). Durch die hohe Reinheit des erfindungsgemäß erzeugten 1-Buten enthält das isomerisierte Olefingemisch hier jedoch im Gegensatz zum Stand der Technik kein iso-Buten, so dass die Abtrennung und Rückführung von 1-Buten zur Isomerisierung möglich ist. Die erzeugte Olefinfraktion mit überwiegend 2-Buten wird zweckmäßigerweise zusammen mit einer Olefinfraktion mit zwei Kohlenstoffatomen, überwiegend bestehend aus Ethen, einem Metathesereaktor zugeführt, wobei im Metathesereaktor 2-Buten und Ethen zu Propen reagieren. Dem, aus dem Metathesereaktor kommenden, Olefingemisch wird zweckmäßigerweise Propen als Produkt und Ethen entnommen, wobei das Ethen zur Oligomerisierung und/oder zum Metatheseverfahren zurückgeführt wird.According to one continuation of the idea of the invention, which resulted from oligomerization, Olefins with four carbon atoms, mainly consisting of 1-butene, subjected to isomerization, resulting in an equilibrium reaction a mixture of four-carbon olefins, predominantly consisting of 1-butene and the necessary for metathesis 2-butene, is produced. Advantageously, the isomerized mixture from olefins having four carbon atoms, predominantly consisting of 1-butene and 2-butene, about one Guided distillation column, wherein the isomerized olefins are in a predominantly 1-butene fraction and a fraction with predominantly 2-butene are separated and the olefin fraction with predominantly 1-butene is recycled to isomerization. In the already described prior art method such a distillative separation with the recycling of 1-butene for isomerization due to the low boiling point differences between 1-butene and iso-butene not possible (-7 ° C iso-butene, -6 ° C 1-butene). Due to the high purity of the inventively produced 1-butene contains the isomerized Olefin mixture here, however, in contrast to the prior art no iso-butene, allowing the separation and recycling of 1-butene for isomerization possible is. The produced olefin fraction with predominantly 2-butene is expediently together with an olefin fraction with two carbon atoms, predominantly consisting of ethene, fed to a metathesis reactor, wherein in Metathesis Reactor 2-butene and ethene react to propene. That, out The metathesis reactor coming, olefin mixture is suitably propene taken as product and ethene, wherein the ethene for oligomerization and / or is attributed to the metathesis process.
Da Ethen als billiger Rohstoff nahezu unbegrenzt zur Verfügung steht, gelingt es mit der vorliegenden Erfindung prinzipiell beliebige Mengen Propen zu erzeugen, wodurch die globalen Bedürfnisse bzw. das Defizit gedeckt werden. Ferner werden einige Nachteile des Standes der Technik umgegangen. Durch die hohe Reinheit des erfindungsgemäß erzeugten 1-Buten enthält der Einsatzstrom des Metathesereaktors keine Katalysatorgifte und kein laufzeitverringerndes iso-Buten, welche anderenfalls unter Verlusten an 2-Buten aus dem Einsatzstrom ausgeschleust werden müssten.There Ethen is available as a cheap raw material almost unlimited, In principle, any desired results can be achieved with the present invention To generate amounts of propene, thereby reducing global needs or the deficit will be covered. Furthermore, some disadvantages of the state handled the technology. Due to the high purity of the invention produced Contains 1-butene the feed stream of the metathesis reactor no catalyst poisons and no run-time reducing iso-butene, which otherwise fails Losses of 2-butene would have to be discharged from the feed stream.
Claims (7)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102006039906A DE102006039906A1 (en) | 2006-08-25 | 2006-08-25 | Producing propylene from ethylene and butene by metathesis comprises using a 1-butene feed produced by oligomerization of ethylene |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102006039906A DE102006039906A1 (en) | 2006-08-25 | 2006-08-25 | Producing propylene from ethylene and butene by metathesis comprises using a 1-butene feed produced by oligomerization of ethylene |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| DE102006039906A1 true DE102006039906A1 (en) | 2008-03-06 |
Family
ID=38989513
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102006039906A Withdrawn DE102006039906A1 (en) | 2006-08-25 | 2006-08-25 | Producing propylene from ethylene and butene by metathesis comprises using a 1-butene feed produced by oligomerization of ethylene |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| DE (1) | DE102006039906A1 (en) |
-
2006
- 2006-08-25 DE DE102006039906A patent/DE102006039906A1/en not_active Withdrawn
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Effective date: 20130827 |