DE102005036703A1 - A heating system has a heat pump combined with solar heating which is enhanced during winter months by the absorption fluid - Google Patents

Abstract

The generator powered compressor (1-2) has a condenser (2-3) providing heating, an expansion valve (3-4) and evaporator (4-5) providing cooling leading to an ammonia absorber in which rich solution (I) is pumped (II) through the solar panel and returned (III) as a weak solution is expanded and returned (IV) to the absorber and refrigerant to the compressor.

Description

The World sees itself in the course of industrialization, rising economic development and strongly increasing population numbers an ever higher one Energy consumption and energy consumption. In the industrialized countries is Energy has become a matter of course.

In 40 to 50 years are likely - the current Consumption based - the worldwide recoverable oil reserves exhausted be. How drastically the consequences of even a throttled supply of crude oil for the functionality our economy can be, have us the impact of oil crumbs shown around the years 1973 and 1979. The economic performance went clearly back, In order to save energy even highways were blocked.

It can not, the fossil fuels from day to day, there are still opportunities the transition to create a sustainable future of energy supply. Interesting technologies such as the GUD technology (gas and steam turbine technology) and in the future hopefully, the use of solar heat and waste heat from internal combustion engines and fuel cells for The power generation with an ORC or AWKD process can be one Contribute to using this technique compared to conventional Plants a much higher Overall efficiency can be achieved.

The solar radiation offer of the sun is enormous: Every year the earth reaches 3.7 × 10 ²⁴ Joule. That is more than 10,000 times the world's primary energy consumption. The sun delivers the same energy in just 40 minutes that all earthlings consume in the course of a year.

Also in Europe could the need for fossil fuels for heating purposes and to generate energy through the use of solar energy be reduced.

• Tägliche Globalstrahlung in kWh/m²d für den Standort Flensburg (Monats- und Jahresmittelwerte)
• Quelle: Fachhochschule Flensburg, Solarmeßstation, Dr. Hermann van Radecke

The following table shows the averaged values (2001-2003) for the global radiation in Flensburg on a horizontal (G _h ) and on a 45 ° inclined (G ₄₅ ), south-facing surface.

• Daily global radiation in kWh / m ² d for the Flensburg site (monthly and yearly average values)
• Source: University of Applied Sciences Flensburg, solar measuring station, Dr. med. Hermann van Radecke

Solar systems, where mirrors, lenses or parabolic trough systems are used (High temperature equipment), can exclusively use direct radiation. They usually have to be tracked to the sun and are only used in very sunny areas of the earth.

The better adapted to the climatic conditions of Central Europe. or vacuum collectors work at a lower temperature level. You can However, both direct and diffuse solar radiation into heat.

today are solar thermal systems mainly for water heating and at best for heating support used.

The desired Temperatures are 45-60 ° C. The temperatures heating support systems are usually much higher (except Low temperature, warm air heaters with heat recovery or underfloor wall heaters) and can - specifically in the winter - not can be achieved by the solar system alone. A solar system can So (so far) only a certain proportion of the total required heating and Cover hot water energy.

So far the bivalent mode of operation was economically optimal. Under bivalence one understands the interaction of different heating systems, such as. a solar system with a conventional gas or oil heater. These systems are now widely used, technically mature and often work on the verge of profitability.

Solar room heating with heat pump and energy recovery in summer

The Use of solar energy for the purpose of space heating with a low-temperature heating (if possible underfloor heating, Capillary tube mats, large radiator surfaces or Warm air heating with heat recovery) places different requirements on the system design than with the hot water preparation.

at In this concept, the solar system is regarded as the primary source of energy. The collector area is at least a quarter of the living space to be heated and the solar thermal storage reach / reach a few cubic meters of water. With thermochemical Save or phase change materials (PCM technology) can be at the same Volume significantly more heat get saved.

A extensive coverage of the heat requirement while the winter months is only possible with well-insulated houses.

Regarding the selection of a suitable heating system in conjunction with a thermal solar system is mentioned that a flat collector system on average flow temperatures from 55 ° C supplies (vacuum collectors much more). It thus becomes clear that a low-temperature heating is much better suited as a conventional radiator heater (flow temperature 70-90 ° C).

The dimensioning of a solar heating system must be carried out taking into account all occurring in individual cases building and usage data. Particular importance is attached to the quality of the thermal insulation and thus the heat demand of the house. An estimate provides the following values .: collector area: 1.5-2.5 m ² per 1,000 kWh of annual heat consumption Contents of the hot water tank: 1 m ³ per 10 m ² collector area Content of a sorption or PCM heat accumulator: about 0.25 m ³ per 10 m ² collector area

A Doubling of the solar area only yields about 10-20% more heat output with direct heating, over the solar system, the building. Using a heat pump and a big one heat storage However, this amount is much higher.

A significantly larger solar system can, as described below, a significant proportion of heat and Take over hot water supply and doing excess energy feed back.

So long the irradiated solar energy is large enough, the solar system provides the space heating system and the storage with heat. Excess solar energy passes in the solar heat storage and is available on days with little sunlight.

(In simultaneous power generation, the heat of condensation on the low temperature PCM storage masses and / or transferred to the brine storage).

As soon as a sufficient amount of space for heating space and water heating from the collectors can no longer be supplied, the heat pump their operation on.

The heat pump deprives the solar collector circuit in low radiation Heat and thus lowers the collector working temperature up to a value of 5-10 ° C (depending on Outside temperature) As a result, the heat losses normal collectors greatly reduced and thus a much larger proportion the irradiation harnessed. The collector temperature is in this case usually significantly over the outside temperature, but below the needed Flow temperature for the heating circuit. (Especially with conventional heating systems).

The annual average coefficient of performance (efficiency) of the heat pump becomes compared to conventional applied technique significantly improved, as the following graph shows.

Leistungszahl in Abhängigkeit von der Temperatur der Wärmequelle (Verdampfertemperatur) bei 35°C (Kondensatortemperatur)

Coefficient of performance as a function of the temperature of the heat source (evaporator temperature) at 35 ° C (condenser temperature)

Then you can the heat pump if required, their heating energy from the buffer, brine, sorption, or Refer to PCM memory.

Enough also the stored heat here not out (for example, permanent snow cover of the solar system), then will the needed Thermal energy the environment (for example geothermal energy, Groundwater or outside air).

(The for the heat extraction of the soil needed huge surfaces have so far the main costs for a heat pump system turned off. So far, almost exclusively this or in "lack of space" even more expensive geothermal technology applied).

With the technique described here and the use of a heat pump can compared to conventional technology (additional boiler) already considerable amounts of energy can be saved.

The solar energy concept

at a complete roofing with as large as possible and inexpensive Solar modules (future also finished solar modules according to the modular principle) can accordingly high solar coverage rates are achieved.

So far the solar surplus heat could not be used during the "summer half - year" on the contrary, had to be taken to ensure that the solar system does not overheat and thereby possible damage takes. A cooling the collectors, however, is barely left with "charged" storage possible.

Not Most recently, the previously installed systems were made out of this and out cost reasons rather undersized than oversized and were mainly used only for hot water.

The let solar energy surpluses However, make good use of energy generation.

solar systems reach standstill temperatures of more than 200 ° C in summer. With high temperature systems can Temperatures of over 500 ° C reached become.

With an ORC process (reversal of the heat pump) or AWKD process (Absorption heat, cooling and steam power process) can now while the "unused" summer time the same amount of electrical energy or more, as in winter for the Operation of the heat pump needed becomes. The solar thermal system can be used in conjunction with a heat pump and an ORC or AWKD process not only heating and / or cooling but additionally also produce electricity or mechanical power.

Technical description:

The heat pump:

Heat pumps are machines that provide useful heat by converting them Take heat from the evaporator at a low temperature (eg from the ambient air, the soil or groundwater) and return it at a higher temperature than useful heat to the condenser again. The energy required for this "pumping process" is significantly lower than the output useful heat at small temperature differences between heat absorbing and donating side.

more lower the temperature difference between heat source (evaporator) and the flow temperature (condenser) for the heating system the more the heat pump works more economically.

The Coefficient of performance ε calculated from the ratio ε = net power / expended power

Quality Heat pumps reach at a temperature difference of 25 ° C (10 ° C evaporation temperature, 35 ° C condensation temperature) a figure of merit of on average 5.2-5.6!

The ORC process:

Of the ORC process is similar to the water-steam process Process with the difference that instead of water an organic Working medium (hydrocarbons such as iso-pentane, iso-octane, Pentane, perfluoropentane, toluene, silicone oil) or a refrigerant as with the heat pump is used.

These Working media have cheaper ones Evaporation properties at lower temperatures and pressures.

The in the summer and during the transitional periods accumulating excess heat the solar system or waste heat above about 60 ° C will over a heat transfer medium or better directly (direct evaporation of the working fluid without additional Heat exchanger) transferred to the ORC Dampfpprozess and generates mechanical energy.

organic Work equipment stands out against water by cheaper Evaporating properties. They evaporate and overheat at lower temperatures and lower heat input. The vapor pressure is low, the amount of steam, however, correspondingly large!

The heat pump ORC process:

at the heat pump ORC process becomes a common cold / work equipment used.

A modified heat pump works with sufficient heat as a drive for the generator. The system operates in a wide temperature and pressure range. In energy production, the condensation takes place at a higher pressure level as in separate processes.

When common work equipment is suitable e.g. the environmentally friendly refrigerant R 134 a. (simple and inexpensive Solution, because only one unit needed becomes).

The AWKD process:

Of the process described below (term and applications are so far not yet known) represents a modification and extension of the above described process, such that also solar cooling / air conditioning and the application of other technologies, such as the waste heat utilization a fuel cell possible become.

Of the AWKD process (absorption-heat-cooling-steam power process) is an advanced absorption heat pump Process in which, however, mechanical or electrical energy and Cold / heat generated at the same time can be.

Low temperature heat can taken from the absorber and / or the capacitor. Cold is over the Evaporator provided.

Solar heat and / or waste heat with a relatively high temperature level heats the expeller, so that the refrigerant (eg ammonia) evaporates from the rich solution (NH ₃ / H ₂ O).

As waste heat comes, for example, industrial waste heat, district heating, waste heat from internal combustion engines or Fuel cells with a temperature above about 60-70 ° C into consideration.

In this case, the steam generated in the expeller is not passed through a condenser and expansion valve, as in the case of an absorption heat pump, but via an expansion machine ( 1 - 2 ) 3 ) and thus additionally generates mechanical power or electric current.

The steam then flows into the condenser ( 2 - 3 ) and is liquefied at the lowest possible temperature. Depending on requirements, the condenser transfers the heat to the heating circuit (heat requirement), to the environment (cooling demand) or to the evaporator (neither cooling nor heat requirement), whereby numerous intermediate steps are possible.

in the Evaporator removes the "refrigerant" to be cooled Good heat. Following is the "refrigerant vapor" in the absorber of the ammonia-poor solution under heat release absorbed.

System variants depending on different load and application cases:

Becomes little or no cold needed can the capacitor over the subsequent Evaporation process cooled become.

conditioned by the cheap Heat transfer ratio at The evaporation and condensation is thus a comparison to the ORC process lower lower process temperature, what better Carnot efficiency causes.

at Low low temperature heat demand and sufficient solar heat (Spring / fall) can the needed Heating over the Absorber and / or the capacitor can be removed. The expansion machine delivers already at a low temperature difference (between Expeller and capacitor) a small amount of energy.

At high heat demand and low solar heat, the generator is heated by a boiler, district heating or the waste heat of an internal combustion engine or a fuel cell. The evaporator ( 4 - 5 ) in this case the solar or ambient heat (eg outside air, soil) is supplied. The required heating heat is taken from the condenser and the absorber.

The steam is transferred via the condenser ( 2 - 3 ) are decoupled at the required temperature level. This allows a good adaptation to a variable heat requirement, the mechanical efficiency decreases at a higher temperature level.

If high temperatures are required (eg for hot water), the expansion machine can be temporarily bypassed ( 3 , shown in dashed lines).

Of the Steam thus flows like a conventional absorption heat pump on a higher pressure and temperature level directly into the condenser.

Based on the primary energy use can e.g. using a natural gas powered fuel cell, usually about 40-50% el. energy and about 40-60% waste heat generated and with additional use the solar or ambient heat about 70-120% Low temperature heat and 45-55% el. energy to be won.

Of the Total efficiency or utilization increases to 130-160%.

The same applies to the use of district heating based on combined heat and power and for CHP plants.

at simultaneous heat and refrigeration needs (e.g., in the food industry), the required refrigeration is taken from the evaporator (down to -60 ° C).

As well is also a drive (electric or via an internal combustion engine) the expansion machine possible, which now as a heat pump serves.

Here, the process between the absorber and the expeller ( 5 - 1 ) bridged ( 3 , ge shown in broken lines).

Of the Ammonia vapor may only contain very small amounts of water.

Of the Electricity for the el. drive can be from the fuel cell or from the power supply network to be delivered.

at high cold and / or electricity demand and high solar radiation is the expeller of the solar system and additionally one Boiler or over the waste heat an internal combustion engine or a fuel cell heated.

The required cold is the evaporator ( 4 - 5 ). The condenser cooling takes place via outside air, over the ground, over underground or well water.

Technology:

Outside the heating season should be for the condenser cooling of the ORC process and for the condenser-absorber cooling of the AWKD process (for cooling requirements) if possible Groundwater or a big, built-in water reservoir (e.g., a rainwater cistern) be used because at maximum sunlight significant amounts as possible cold cooling water needed become.

at heat demand and sufficient solar radiation, the condenser cooling via the heating return (on preferably low temperature level).

hereby can also be in winter and during the transitional period solar electricity can be generated.

With a maximum solar radiation of about 1,000 watts / m ² , a collector efficiency of about 50% at a temperature of 100-150 ° C and a process efficiency of about 7-12%, a cooling or condensation heat of about 450 watts / m ² Collector surface (condenser inlet temperature 10 ° C, outlet temperature 20 ° C). The steam process generates an output of approx. 35-70 W / m ² .

In sunny areas can significantly higher outputs can be achieved with high-temperature systems (with the AWKD process also significantly higher cooling capacities).

"Excellence" can be about one Between heat storage be reduced to a constant power generation at lower Provide power and minimize the size and cost of the ORC steam plant. Furthermore can a part of the heat of condensation over a Recuperator be recovered, by preheating the condensed working medium. The recuperator (heat exchanger) is located in front of the condenser (ORC process). Following is a further preheating and possibly evaporation over the buffer memory possible. Further evaporation and / or overheating of the working fluid over the solar collectors.

is the use of groundwater (over a fountain) not possible so can the cooling also about the outside air (favorable solution but efficiency loss due to higher ambient temperatures) or over-dimensioned, Rainwater cistern introduced into the ground, which makes sense also for the irrigation of the land, Toilet flushing, Washing machines and the like is used (about 50% of the water needs). The cistern is in permanent Exchange with the ambient heat of the soil at approx. 10 ° C (Summer as well as winter) and should have as large a surface as possible to the earth environment with sufficient Have depth. It can thus serve both as a capacitor for power generation in summer, as well as in winter, with insufficient solar heat yield make a contribution to heat production. Icing must be avoided.

The used refrigeration and ORC equipment must of course be completely environmentally friendly and non-toxic, although the circuits separated by a heat transfer medium are. (except with direct heating or cooling).

One An essential step in the development of this technique is the Interaction of an electric heat pump and an ORC steam process using common technology. Using a common refrigerant serves the heat pump in the summer as drive for the generator! (Heat pump ORC process)

at separate processes can e.g. the electric motor (three-phase asynchronous motor), the for The drive of the compressor also serves as a generator for the ORC process be used.

For this is one common shaft, a clutch and possibly a translation required.

Over a Star-delta circuit can be the motor or power generator in two Power levels are operated.

Furthermore can change the speed and power via a pole change in two or more stages (e.g., 1,500 and 3,000 U / min). This results in power levels of e.g. 1/1, 1/2, 1/3 and 1/6 of the rated power for Generator and engine.

For the ORC, the heat pump ORC and the AWKD steam process can initially be a modified or upgraded Piston or screw compressor heat pump serve (further development and improvement).

First at an output above about 200 kW, turbines are used Commitment.

Measuring control and control technology is for an optimal, economic and economical operation unavoidable (energy Management System).

at The AWKD process should have the throttle valve and the pump between Absorber and expeller) in one unit, so that the overpressure a part of the needed Can compensate for pump power. At the same time is about a Solution heat exchanger Counterflow heat exchanger) significantly improves the efficiency of the plant.

The future Development goals should be based on further improvement of the achievable efficiency and the further development of environmentally friendly organic working materials and two or more mixtures for low Focus temperature ranges.

at direct heating of the working medium the solar panels or over waste heat the steam process achieves a higher efficiency, since the heat loss of the heat exchanger omitted. Will the solar fluid through the working or refrigerant replaced (e.g., perfluoropentane or R 134a), the entire However, plant withstand a high pressure, but already is guaranteed by many manufacturers today. The work equipment boils from -30 ° C and can thus already at low temperatures and low vapor pressure make a contribution to power generation.

Waste heat recovery from internal combustion engines and fuel cells in stationary and mobile applications:

at The conversion of thermal energy into mechanical energy is the efficiency limited by the thermodynamics to maximum values by the absolute temperatures of combustion and exhaust gas, as well as the refrigerant are given (2nd law of thermodynamics).

limitations these temperatures due to the existing materials and the temperature level of the Restrict environment this efficiency to about 35-45% one.

The waste heat is only in rare cases Completely used.

The consideration of the energy balance of modern engines and fuel cells enables the quantitative estimation of the energy saving or the performance increase and CO ₂ reduction by using the waste heat with the AWKD or ORC process.

engine exhaust reach temperatures of about 600 ° C, Brenntoffzellen 80-1000 ° C.

Refrigeration and Air conditioners in vehicles and ships usually become mechanical (Compression refrigeration systems) driven and need thus additional Drive energy.

Also here can be additional using the ORC or AWKD process Drive or mechanical or electrical energy and cooling capacity be generated.

in the mobile area (e.g., ships, trucks, buses, rail vehicles) in particular it is an increase in performance with simultaneous possibility cooling, Air conditioning and energy saving.

ever according to required Cooling capacity is also a combination of AWKD and ORC process possible because with the ORC process higher upper process temperatures can be achieved.

The Condenser and / or absorber cooling over Seawater or over the outside air or about the Wind.

Under Using the AWKD technique here too, the capacitor can over the subsequent Evaporation process cooled become (dependent from the needed Cooling capacity).

Around To keep the air resistance low parts of the bodywork too cooling purposes be used by the coolant or to be flowed through directly by the working fluid.

A solar thermal system can also contribute to the To provide energy and refrigeration (e.g., longer ones Standstill or laytime).

On the ORC or AWKD process is a mechanical performance increase from 10-30% possible.

The waste heat of fuel cells as well as the cooling and exhaust heat of internal combustion engines can over a thermal oil circuit be transferred to the AWKD or to the ORC process. Thermal oil is called Used heat transfer medium, as possible with this medium transmit high temperatures can be (approx. 300 ° C).

synthetic thermal oils allow temperatures up to about 400 ° C.

Under Use of this heat transfer medium could efficiencies of max. approx. 24% (with heat extraction at approx. 80 ° C) or until approx. 30% (without heat extraction) to reach.

Yet more effective and material-saving is a direct engine or fuel cell cooling via the working fluid, the entire system depending on the working medium used under can stand high pressure.

at the waste heat utilization of internal combustion engines can different temperature levels from the coolers of charge air, lubricating oil, cylinder cooling water, possibly condensation heat and the exhaust gas heat exchanger be used.

Improvement:

The Fuel cell technology is still under development. Natural gas High temperature fuel cells reach operating temperatures of 600 to 1,000 ° C. In research and development, the use of waste heat for the AWKD or ORC process to optimally combine both techniques. The same applies to Combustion engines! The waste heat for the Engine cylinder cooling should one possible small proportion of the total waste heat have (diesel engine). The exhaust gases can be used until condensation be used (for heating purposes).

About one Regenerator (also called recuperator) located in front of the Capacitor can be part of the heat of condensation for the working process recovered become.

For smaller ones Performance ranges come from cost reasons pistons or screw drives for use. In the mobile sector there are problems with the size of the system and weight. The work equipment should if possible instead of cooling water directly for the engine or fuel cell cooling are used to reduce transmission losses, Save costs and weight. Subsequently, the working medium via a Exhaust gas heat exchanger evaporates and / or overheats become.

meaningful Here is the use of a common engine block with integrated possibility steam utilization.

Under Use available Techniques can be used even today for individual projects from a size of approx. Realize 300 kW quickly.

Solar technology:

to Achieve as much as possible high solar heat yield while the winter months need the collectors, depending on the nature of the overall system, about 35-70 ° against the Horizontal inclined. The architectural integration such strongly inclined collector surfaces is particularly difficult for multi-family houses and pitched roofs.

One Part of the total area should therefore have an optimal angle of inclination to the sun. High performance vacuum collectors may e.g. attached to the facade become.

Yet would be better a swiveling construction [in winter approx. 60 ° -80 ° inclination angle, in summer 20-30 ° inclination angle (e.g., covered Terrace)]. The preheated solar liquid will over this "optimally aligned" surface continues heated and thus can be better used. For preheating can also with the solar fluid or over the working fluid cooled Photovoltaic elements are used. (Series connection, reheating via thermal Solar system).

The Photovoltaic elements can thus also be integrated into the roof or facade construction and must not elaborately ventilated become.

Also In photovoltaics, much of the sun's rays become in heat implemented. This heat must be removed.

by virtue of the cooling can in strong sunlight but already during the Heizperiode a much better el. Efficiency of photovoltaic elements can be achieved (the el. Efficiency decreases per ° K temperature increase about 0.4-0.5%).

In addition, can an overheating avoided and the life can be increased thereby.

Heat-cold storage techniques:

When heat storage serve hot water buffer storage, sorption or PCM storage designed for one Bad weather bridging time from 4-10 Days (depending on the outside temperature).

The residual heat can subsequently be transferred to a brine or water storage.

The space heating and possibly cooling discharge over a floor heating or a hot / cold air system with heat / cold recovery. Likewise, capillary tube mats be installed in the screed and partly in the wall plaster.

the Screed and wall plaster become novel phase change materials (PCM technology) mixed to a higher one heat storage (at constant temperature!) At a much more pleasant room climate to reach.

Of the Advantage of capillary tube mats compared to conventional systems with a more even heat distribution and a significantly lower spread of flow and return temperature from about 4-5 ° C.

in this connection flow temperatures of only 25-30 ° C can be realized (direct heating via the Solar plant or over the condensation heat with simultaneous power generation).

The heat or cooling capacity at 10 ° C temperature difference already about 80-90 W / m ² .

After this the heat energy flow the low-temperature heating has flowed through, this can be put into a brine or water storage (e.g., rainwater cistern) and there (especially during the heating season) also heat below the room temperature and above the soil or ambient temperature.

These Heat can later if necessary via the evaporator of the heat pump or the AWKD process be used.

In addition, can the storage for cooling serve the capacitor and absorber.

A cooling the building can directly over the cooling water (by means of heat exchanger) or over the evaporator of the AWKD process and only by the circulation pump respectively. Here is also only a small temperature spread required (avoidance of air condensation). The energy expenditure for cooling is limited in this case on the pump power and is about 2-4% of conventional cooling / air conditioning.

Claims (9)

Thermal solar system with a heat pump, an ORC steam process or a combined heat pump ORC process, consisting of one or more solar collectors, and one or more heat accumulators, characterized in that the medium heated by the solar collectors via a respective heat exchanger to the ORC Steam process, the heat pump, the heat pump ORC process, the heat storage or directly to the flow of the heating system is transferred. The ORC steam process takes place via an expansion machine, eg a piston or screw motor. The electric drive for the heat pump (DC alternating current or three-phase motor) serves as a generator for the ORC process. The condensation of the working fluid via a heat exchanger in the condenser or condenser. The coolant is cooled by outside air, geothermal, well or groundwater. If the storage tank temperature is insufficient, the coolant serves as the heat source for the heat pump. The coolant can also be used in the summer for cooling the building by cooling the heating circuit via a heat exchanger. Thermal solar system with a heat pump and an ORC steam process as in 1, characterized in that that the work equipment for the ORC process directly via the solar collectors is evaporated. The work equipment is added Heat demand via one each heat exchangers on the heat pump, the or the heat storage and / or transferred to the heating flow. Thermal solar system with a heat pump and an ORC steam process as under 1 and 2, since characterized in that the working medium via a recuperator, which is located between the expansion machine and in front of the condenser, is preheated. Subsequently, the working fluid can be further heated or evaporated via the heat storage before the working fluid is evaporated and overheated via the collector circuit. Thermal solar system with a heat pump and an ORC steam process as indicated under 1, 2 or 3, characterized that the heat pump has a Internal combustion engine or over the generated power of a fuel cell is driven. The Exhaust and coolant heat or the waste heat the fuel cell or the internal combustion engine is also to Heating purposes or used for steam generation. In steam generation the heat supply takes place from the solar system or over waste heat on the evaporator. Thermal solar system and AWKD process (absorption-heat-cooling-steam power process), consisting of one or more solar collectors, as well as one or more heat stores, characterized in that the of the solar collectors or the Parabolic trough system warmed up Medium over one heat exchanger each on the AWKD process, the heat store (s) or transferred directly to the flow of the heating system. The steam process over an expansion machine, a piston or screw motor. The Condensation of the working fluid takes place via a heat exchanger in the condenser or liquefier. The coolant (the capacitor) is over Outside air, geothermal, Well, groundwater or over the evaporation cold cooled. The coolant serves as a heat source when the storage tank temperature is insufficient for the Evaporator. The coolant can also be used for cooling in the summer of the building be used by the heating circuit is cooled by a heat exchanger. Thermal solar system and AWKD process as under 5, characterized in that the expeller via waste heat, e.g. an internal combustion engine, Industrial waste heat, district heating, one Boiler or a fuel cell is heated. The heat supply from the solar system or environment takes place at heat demand on the evaporator. For refrigeration needs becomes the solar heat and / or the waste heat transferred to the expeller. The needed Cold is taken from the evaporator. Thermal solar system and AWKD process as under 5, characterized in that the expansion machine is driven electrically or via an internal combustion engine or via the generated power of a fuel cell and as a compressor or heat pump works (for heating heat demand). The plant will be located between point 1 and 5 ( 3 ) and works like a conventional heat pump ( 1 ). The solar or ambient heat is supplied to the evaporator. The engine or fuel cell waste heat is also used for heating purposes. Technique as under 1 to 7, characterized that in addition or in place of the solar thermal system liquid or over the Working medium cooled Photovoltaic elements are used. waste heat recovery of internal combustion engines and fuel cells with an additional AWKD or ORC process in the stationary and mobile area. ever according to required Cooling capacity is also a combination of AWKD and ORC process possible because of the ORC process higher upper process temperatures can be achieved. The work center steam drives an extra Piston or screw motor or a turbine. The condenser and / or absorber cooling via seawater or over the outside air or over the wind. Using the AWKD technique, the capacitor can be over the subsequent Evaporation process cooled become (dependent from the needed Cooling capacity).