DE10116708A1 - Fixed bed filter used for treating drinking water consists of particles containing fibers - Google Patents

Abstract

Fixed bed filter consists of particles containing fibers. The particles and/or fibers contain a coating and/or impregnation comprising one or more active ingredients. The filter has a volume which contracts during water treatment. Preferred Features: The size of the macroscopic hollow chamber structures present between the particles is larger than the statistical mean of the size of macroscopic hollow chamber structures present in the filter wool. Contraction of the fixed bed volume can be variably adjusted over the filter running time so that the differential pressure filter inlet and filter outlet is constant over the running time.

Description

Pressed fixed bed filters for the treatment of aqueous liquids containing coated and / or impregnated fibers or substances with a high fiber content, the at least one substance from the groups active carbon, zeolite, metallic iron, in oxides or mixed oxides bound iron, manganese bound in oxides or mixed oxides, in sulfides or Mixed sulfides bound heavy metals, iron bound in disulfides, photocatalytic active oxides, especially those of titanium and zircon, oxides and hydroxides containing one or more of the elements aluminum, yttrium, scandium, lanthanides, thorium, uranium, free humic acids, humic acids bound to polyvalent metal ions, to polyvalent Polysaccharides bound to metal ions, chitosan bound to polyvalent metal ions polyvalent metal ions bound alginic acids, bound to polyvalent metal ions long chain carboxylic acids, precious metals in the form of an impregnation and / or Contains coating.

Fibers have the particular advantage of filtration that they are much better than coarse ones granular materials are suitable for water filtration. This does not only apply to the Separation of particulate or liquid suspended matter, but also for sorption-active ones Fabrics, e.g. B. activated carbon. For the same filter performance, much higher Fixed bed filter layers made of particles are required than is necessary for filters made of fibers. In In the form of precoat filters made of filter flakes or individual fibers, free fibers can also be used than be transferred directly to a fixed bed filter. These filters are used for particulate Remove impurities. In order to remove dissolved impurities, however, it can it may be necessary to realize significantly longer dwell times on the fiber than in Precoat filter is possible. For this purpose, filter fiber beds can be set up those to sufficiently minimize the pore volume between the fibrous particles of the filter can be compressed. The compression of the filter beds is done by exercising a Pressing pressure caused on the filter. In these filter beds the fibers are through Pressing changed shape and can exert considerable mechanical forces on each other. Such fixed bed filters, in which a permanent pressure during the filtration on the Filter wool is exercised, hereinafter referred to as "press filter".

Fibers based on cellulose, paper wool, wood wool or other wools that are made with Various reactive substances for water purification are coated in the following German published documents: 100 03 841.7, 100 07 039.6, 199 39 901.8 and 198 34 916.5. According to the published publications mentioned above, the The wool mentioned above is used in conventional fixed bed filters. In DOS 199 62 131.4 the water purification is described using wool inserted in the "filter bag". This The conventional fixed bed filter system, in which grains, is used in contrast broken or particulate filter material used to form balls or cylinders arrives, the advantage that with a better cleaning result a lower specific Amount of filter material, based on the amount of purified water, is required.

Simple filter beds made from these coated wools, analogous to the filter beds from conventional granular filter materials, as in conventional Fixed bed filter systems made of granular filter materials are suitable for Filtration. Because the fillings formed with it are extremely inhomogeneous and large  Containing voids, the coated wool also have the disadvantage that they are very assume non-uniform distribution and thus a non-uniform flow through the Fixed bed filter causes. The filtration results should be significantly improved, if the distribution of the wool in the fixed bed filter is improved. Therefore, the task is to use the wool as an easy and safe to use fixed bed filter so that the Disadvantages of the described fixed bed filter made of filter wool can be overcome and that too suitable for single use of the wool in suitable filters.

The press filter according to the invention in its different variants according to claims 1 to 11 contains the wool in a pressed form. The pressed filter according to the invention are described below. The press filters are also suitable for granulated filter media according to Claim 12. The press filter are suitable for a number of applications, in particular for Drinking water production according to claims 13 and 14.

The pressed fixed bed filters preferably contain fibrous substances of woolly-fluffy Habit. The coated fibrous materials that make up the fixed bed filters must be but not necessarily have a wool-like habit, but they must at least have the property of being highly compressible. This applies to e.g. B. too for one Range of natural and artificial fibrous substances to the above Have properties. Such fibrous substances are such. B. natural and artificial sponges, shredded straws and blades of grass, cellulose, wood pulp, fine wood shavings, sawdust or differently finely machined woods, torn paper, cut and pleated or differently shredded and treated paper fragments. These substances keep the Properties even if they are in the coated and / or impregnated form available. All these compressible and coated fibers containing materials are in the Also referred to as "wool", the pressed fixed bed filter beds produced therewith are now referred to as "press filters". The liquid treatment in the press filter happens by filtration through the compressed wool.

The press filter is produced by suitably compressing the wool. The possibilities of pressing together preferably include the following options:

• - stuffing the wool into an enclosure,
• - insertion of pointed pressing tools into wool-filled housings or bales,
• - Placing stamped or piston-shaped pressing tools on wool-filled Enclosures or bales,
• - Compressive coverage of the wool as a free or housed bale or Bund by strapping, wrapping, wrapping or tying z. B. means Lacing, tapes, wires, screw clamps, clamps,
• - Use of the wool as a rope, ribbon, textile, knitted, thread or felt wrap.

The press filters according to the invention are used for water purification. The press filter are suitable for the treatment of small amounts of water on a liter scale, but also for Larger amounts of water on a 100 cubic meter scale and above. With the press filters can dissolved and undissolved components from aqueous liquids with the advantage of high Utilization of the filter capacity can be removed or enriched in the press filter.

Press filters are used to treat water for the purpose of removing dissolved and / or undissolved ingredients. All conceivable physical, chemical and physico-chemical mechanisms of substance conversion and separation can be considered. Examples of this are given in the following list:
Filtration of undissolved substances,
Adsorption of solutes,
Absorption of solutes,
Desorption of sorbed substances (extraction),
Solution of soluble substances (extraction),
Chemical and / or biological reactions with solutes,
catalytic acceleration / control of chemical reactions,
Photocatalytic acceleration / control of chemical reactions,
Field electrical acceleration / control of chemical reactions,
electrochemical reactions with solutes.

With the press filters according to the invention, significantly better results are obtained in comparison with unpressed filter beds made of wool with regard to:

• 1. Water quality,
• 2. Maximizing the loading height of the fixed bed filter,
• 3. Maximize specific water flow and
• 4. Minimize the fixed bed filter size.

With regard to the advantages 1, 3 and 4 mentioned, the press filters also surpass those conventional fixed bed filters made of particulate materials, such as. B. broken materials, noodle-shaped extruded particles, briquettes, spheroids, gravel coated with active substances, Expanded clay, activated carbon.

These results are surprising because it was not foreseeable that the coating of the Wool would withstand the stresses of the pressing process, especially since it is Coatings are not around in the sintering or melting process associated with the fibers Coatings deals, but by precipitation processes from the aqueous phase or even the gas phase in the temperature level below 100 ° C applied layers, of which too was expected to be brittle and poorly fixed on the fibers. So it was too expect the coating on the fibers by the action of various mechanical stresses during compression for fixed bed filter compression, in the Course the fibers bending, buckling, torsion, compression and non-uniform Pressing effects on their surfaces are exposed, a cracking or chipping Coating from the fibers occurs. As a result, rinsing out of Coating particles from the press filter have been expected. However, these expectations are Surprisingly, this did not happen, even if it was brittle in and of itself Materials, e.g. B. pure metal oxides have been selected as the coating component and even if these coatings are applied to the wool by simple precipitation had been used and no further binder components had been used.

One of the most commonly used coatings on the fibers are those that oxides containing iron and / or manganese predominantly or in equal parts and Contain hydroxides and activated carbon powder. Depending on the application, however, the fibers can very different and versatile coated or impregnated. The following ingredients showed up in the ground wood and chipboard coating for the inventive Press filter both as an admixture component and with predominant or suitable for exclusive use: substances from the groups active carbon, Zeolite, metallic iron, iron bound in oxides or mixed oxides, in oxides or  Manganese mixed oxides, heavy metals bound in sulphides or mixed sulphides, iron bound in disulfides, photocatalytically active oxides, especially those of titanium and Zirconium, oxides and hydroxides containing one or more of the elements aluminum, Yttrium, scandium, lanthanides, thorium, uranium, free humic acids, to polyvalent Metal ions bound humic acids, polysaccharides bound to polyvalent metal ions, Chitosan bound to polyvalent metal ions, bound to polyvalent metal ions Alginic acids, long-chain carboxylic acids bound to polyvalent metal ions, precious metals as such or as hydrides.

The press filter for water purification according to the invention consist either of housed Filters in which the wool has consistencies between <500 g / l to <5 g / l, preferably <10 g / l until <200 g / l is compressed. This is done by using the wool Press tools in the form of stamps, pistons or bodies, preferably with a or several tips or cutting edges are provided for piercing or cutting, is displaced under compression such that previously existing larger ones reduce macroscopic cavities and channels to such an extent that they Dimensions the statistical mean of the dimensions of the total available Macroscopic cavity structures in the compressed wool approximate. The Tips, punches or pistons that are used to compress the press filter appropriately preferably hollow. In an advantageous embodiment, the elongated hollow body also be connected to a feed line by means of the gas or liquid through the Fixed bed filter can be passed. Under macroscopic cavities and channels or Cavity structures are understood here to mean the pore volume through which the cleaning fluid can still move through flow processes. Not meant by that are those microscopic voids and channels in the wool that are adherent from the Liquid phase are fulfilled and in which the mass transfer takes place only by diffusion can.

The flow through the press filter can e.g. B. triggered by a pump effect. The can e.g. B. advantageous in the consequence of a water flow generated by gas introduction or by taking a flow through the filter bed as a result of a hydrostatic height difference the action of gravity is generated.

Pressed in as a pressing tool, which is inserted into the wool to prepare the wool, screwed, cut or pressed onto the wool, z. B. straight, simple or multiply curved, preferably hollow needles, pistons or stamps with or can be used without barbs. One or more of the cavities in the bodies that are preferably designed as bores for the passage of liquid and / or possibly be used by gas in order to allow a liquid flow through the to generate compressed fixed bed filters.

Instead of simple stamps or pistons as pressing tools, stamps or are also suitable Pistons that communicate or communicate with each other on the front wear simple recesses or overhangs, e.g. B. in the form of bores, Slats, pins, tubes or needles. This leads to a sufficient pressing effect is achieved without the entire front surface of the press tool on the filter material or its penetrated housing. This has the advantage that the cleaning liquid in or out on the pressed filter surface uniformly can. In the case of stamps or pistons, which communicate with each other in a variety of ways  Recesses, lamellas, pins, tubes or needles, it is also not necessary that the punches or pistons are hollow to allow liquid or gases to pass through the cavity to pass through, since the liquid or gas supply also laterally into the free space between the communicating recesses, fins, pins, tubes, cutting or Needles can happen.

If the pressing tool has sufficient weight, its own weight can already be sufficient be to the necessary pressing action to compress the wool to the press filter or To achieve penetration of an existing housing. The pressing and possibly necessary Penetration can also be done manually and by means of mechanical, electromagnetic and hydraulic devices by pushing in, screwing in, Snap, leverage or hydraulic. The pressing process can be exercised permanently during the entire filter life, in some cases it is sufficient with small filter diameters and a suitable choice of material for the housing, however, the Plug wool once into the housing of the press filter. Due to the friction on the Wall of the housing or trap-like devices is the wool filling of the Preßfilter prevented in these cases, after removing the plug pressure in the return to the expanded state.

Used for the purpose of producing the wool press filter according to the invention Hollow body, the front of which with one or more tips precedes the penetration of the wool and / or their housing by inserting, screwing in, screwing in or pushing in perform, are referred to hereinafter as "harpoons".

The pressed stamps or pistons, the front of which does not penetrate the wool or the Enclosure of wool not penetrated are referred to here as stamps, regardless of this whether they B. are filled with slats, pins, cutting or tips.

The front penetrating the wool is designed as a single point or as a multiple point of the hollow body can serve both the compression and homogenization of the filter bed, however, it can also penetrate housings, in particular from film or paper serve with which the wool can be surrounded on all sides. So with tips or Cutting pistons z. B. the plastic sleeve of the wool packaging on the intended Pierce by piercing, piercing or tearing to get them there to make it permeable to water while the compression of the filter bed by the piston happens, with the opposite side of the wool housed in this way through corresponding tips also penetrated as a result of the piston pressure and thus can be made permeable to water.

The harpoon, which is preferably made of metal, can be used externally for a number of Applications, either for anchoring in the filter wool or in their housing or as a means of better penetration from the start tightly packed wool, equipped with threads, wings, barbs or other shaped projections his. In other cases where anchoring is not necessary, you can also Harpoon types are used that do not contain any overhangs that the Serve anchorage.

The wool into which spearguns are pierced or stamps can be pressed can enclosed or unhoused. When the spear is pierced, the wool becomes  displaced and punctured any existing wall. Stamp or Harpoon can simultaneously be used to generate and / or conduct a suitable Flow through the press filter generated can be used to complete the cleaning process bring about. The harpoon can also be made of other than the above-mentioned dimensionally stable Be fabricated. Examples include ceramics, plastics, fiber-reinforced plastics, injection molded plastics, metallized plastics, wood.

Preferably, the wool is in the harpoon or stamp Flow trigger / flow line is inserted or pressed on, in bags, Sausages, bales, barrels, containers, basins or similar shapes sometimes up to completely enclosed. But it does not necessarily have to be enclosed on all sides, it can can also be used without housing. The housing is preferably flexible and of relatively low water permeability or is impermeable to water. But it can also be completely permeable to water. Preferred materials for housing are Foils made of plastic or rubber, foils made of natural materials, paper, paper sleeve tissue, Nets, coated nets, coated fabric, coated nonwovens, threads, wires, Wire mesh, plastic film and rubber sheets, plastic tapes, metal tape, Tubular films, wrapping films, twine, rubber rings, rubber hoses, glass and Metal pipes. Coating materials and material made from films containing natural substances are preferably made at least partially of polysaccharides and / or their Derivatives. But it is also possible to use nets, wooden boxes, plastic containers, mesh boxes Use housing. The type of housing of the filter material is possible in Tubular shape or coiled shape.

If the press tool is a single harpoon, it is preferably located centrally on the closed housing, which encloses the wool, put on and at least as far pushed in until it has penetrated the housing in such a way, until sufficient Water permeability has been achieved. The penetration can be inside or outside the happen to be treated water.

After that, a liquid negative pressure or a can appear inside the harpoon Liquid overpressure can be generated. The source of the pressure difference generated can are inside or outside the harpoon. Generation of liquid negative pressure or fluid overpressure in or outside of the harpoon is preferred by mixing introduced gas with liquid. The mixture formed floats and this leaves a negative pressure. Is that separated from the distended mixture If water is introduced into a harpoon, this can easily generate excess pressure. As Gas is preferably used in air. Because of that to the inside of the harpoon Pressure difference is applied, water can be created through suitable openings in the Harpoon liquid can be sucked in from the filter wool or liquid from the harpoon the wool is poured out. To create a flow of fluid through the harpoon can also be liquid from a higher-lying liquid reservoir or by means of a pump be initiated.

The liquid to be cleaned can enter the press filter, for example, at one or more of the locations

• 1. at the point of penetration of the harpoon in the area of the wall of the Housing material, where the tip of the harpoon from the outside into the interior of the Wool has penetrated;
• 2. at the point of penetration of the harpoon in the area of the wall of the Housing material where the tip of the harpoon is from the inside of the wool penetrated outside;
• 3. on one or more non-liquid-tight or housing-free ones Placing the wool;
• 4. at the places inside the wool that are fluid-continuous Places on the harpoon wall;
• 5. on the front of the stamp,
• 6. on the side of the press filter opposite the punch,
• 7. outside the location of the press tool on the outside of the press filter.

Even with press filters that are not housed watertight or not housed, suitable positioning of the harpoon inside the press filter one for quick Liquid treatment suitable flow through the press filter can be achieved.

Press filters with an approximately cylindrical shape are preferably by flow guidance parallel to the cylinder axis or antiparallel to the cylinder axis, i.e. radially towards or flowed through radially from this.

Press filters with a compact, approximately spherical shape are preferred by Flow guidance radially towards the center or radially away from the center flows through.

The material of the press tool preferably consists at least in part of silver.

Wherever infrastructural technical facilities for operating an electrical or differently operated pumps are missing (electrical power connection, batteries, accumulators, Fuel cells or solar cells), can be used as an air pump to operate a bubble Flow z. B. serve a refillable air reservoir (compressed air bottle, oxygen ash, Carbon dioxide cartridge, inflated tire, inflated automotive tube, bicycle tube, Rubber bubble for balls, inflated rubber balloon, gasometer). But it can also mechanical or electrochemical way pumped gas with the known means become. The required gas pressure is minimal: it is enough Experience has shown that pressures of just a few millimeters of water around the speargun successfully used. But also as a flow generator for the liquid flow the hydrostatic height difference between raw water reservoir and press filter is used become.

Gas for flow generation preferably passes through a metal pipe, with small ones Amounts of water to be treated, through so-called capillary tubes, to the source  the generation of liquid differential pressure inside or outside the harpoon. Also then, if the harpoon and differential pressure source are operated as separate devices, the separate differential pressure source preferably consists of the same or similar Materials such as the harpoon. The capillary tube is preferably made of metal, preferably at least partially made of silver. The capillary tube can be used as Serve the harpoon on the edge of the water vessel in which the There is water to be cleaned. The harpoon with the attached one Housing with filter material can also be placed on the bottom of the vessel or freely be floating on the surface of the liquid. The position of the harpoon can be any position between Take vertically and horizontally. The air is preferably drawn out with a hose Gas source directed into the capillary tube.

In addition, using the figures, examples of the press filter according to the invention and their Application described in a schematic representation. The figures show the press filter and the thus performed process of water filtration schematically and not scale. Control elements and orifices for regulating gas and liquid throughput Setting the optimal flow rate of wool are also not fully illustrated. The use of press filters on a small scale is essential shown.

The press filters are also suitable for water purification in technical and industrial applications Scale. This is especially true for the water purification processes using Reducing agents for sulfate, nitrate and nitrite removal by means of filter substances, which as Active substances pure or mixed chalcogen compounds of iron and manganese contain and for ammonium removal using oxidizing agents Filter substances, the pure or mixed oxygen compounds of iron and manganese contain. The processes mentioned are influenced by microbiological colonization of filter materials and therefore require significantly longer periods of time for sufficient Cleaning performance as the reactions of purely sorptive and chemical character.

Fig. 1 shows an example of the function of a harpoon according to the invention, which is inserted into a filter bag with wool.

The harpoon is adequately fixed by inserting the harpoon into the wool-filled housing. The harpoon is still fixed in the press filter when it is less compressible wool such as. B. is rough sawdust or is even granular or powdery material, to which only parts of wool are added. If, on the other hand, the filter material is granular or even powdery material to which no wool has been added, the harpoon in the application form shown in FIG. 1, i.e. with a maximum depth of penetration through the housing and the majority of the filter material present therein, is not Suitable for securely fixing the position of the harpoon and press filter and its contents for the cleaning operation.

Spearguns of the type whose tip also faces the opposite wall of the are preferred Housing penetrates. The fixation of the position of the harpoon in the press filter results here by barbs, at the tip of the harpoon, which is the retraction of the harpoon by the Housing wall hindered. These barbs are preferably constructed such that by penetrating the harpoon through the opposite lower wall of the Housing second opening is relatively small compared to the upper first opening  are to the water flow through the lower opening against the water flow through the keep the top opening small.

In the event that the harpoon for predominantly less compressible granular materials than Press filter filling is provided, the water inlet openings are in the lower part of the Harpoon preferably sized so that it is smaller than the diameter of the granular Materials to prevent this from flooding. Such spearguns can but can also be used for wool.

Fig. 2 shows an example of the function of such a harpoon, which is inserted into a filter bag as a press filter with granular filter material filling.

It is not necessary that the water flow through the bag as a press filter in a vertical or pulls only slightly away from the vertical. Constructions with approximately horizontal flow are particularly advantageous if the overall height of the Water vessels is small. They are also particularly preferred when it comes to sacks Press filter deals that are specifically heavier than water that simply on the bottom of the Can be stored with the water to be cleaned.

Fig. 3 shows an example of the function of such a harpoon, which causes in a bag filter as a filter press a horizontal flow. It is suitable for any filter materials, e.g. B. Grains and wool suitable. Water is preferably fed into the housings before the harpoon is pushed in, since the lying bags, once flooded, can no longer be vented.

Fig. 4 shows a harpoon with a semicircular tip, which is particularly suitable for use in small press filter housings such. B. filter bags are suitable, the filter material in permeable housings such. B. tissue bags is housed. Such spearguns, which can also have other shapes such as the one shown here, do not require any facilities in order to specifically create holes for the water to enter the housings.

Finally, FIG. 5 shows an example of a harpoon that is suitable for press filter housings with any filter material and relatively low stability or for cleaning larger amounts of water. As a press filter housing z. B. a plastic sack, which is filled with 50 liters of wool (approx. 1 kg wool weight) and which is used for cleaning a water supply of 1000 l in a concrete basin. In the example, the plastic sack filled with wool is first pressed onto a fine-meshed grid with feet. The grille has tips that press into the sack at some points so that a series of openings are created. In order to press the plastic bag centrally onto the grid, the grid has a cylindrical upstand on its periphery, which is adapted to the plastic bag diameter. Finally, the sack together with the raised grid is pressed onto the tip of the harpoon. Through a central opening in the grid, the harpoon penetrates into the upper wool filling of the sack. The air remaining in the upper part of the sack slowly escapes through the sack tip, which is not hermetically joined, or can escape by piercing a small opening. The harpoon according to Example 5 is connected to a tube with a floating liquid-bubble mixture from a vacuum source. A hose can also be used instead of the fixed tube. If the negative pressure source is strong enough, several spearguns can simultaneously obtain their necessary negative pressure potential from one negative pressure source.

Larger press filter housings with heavy contents made of granular material, e.g. B. filled with wool and / or filter grain plastic bags (z. B. 50 kg bags) are preferably used with a device and harpoon according to FIG. 5 for water purification, the bags are additionally provided with a protection against tearing open can. With such a system, each 50 kg sack can easily be cleaned to 200 m ^{3 of} water, eg. B. to remove heavy metals and arsenic from it.

FIGS. 6 and 7 show harpoons without barbs which are preferably suitable for larger filter bags which can be placed on the water tank bottom or stored and, if necessary, consist of water-permeable bag material such as fabric or mesh. In these two examples, the harpoons are additionally distinguished by the fact that they are permeable to water on a large part of their periphery within the filter material of wool and / or filter grain surrounding them. Due to the permeable housing. This creates a radial flow towards the harpoon in the cylindrically shaped filter bags, which is ideally arranged in the area of the cylinder axis. Even simpler cleaning options are obtained if the barbed spear-free spearguns perforated on a large part of their periphery within the filter material surrounding them are inserted into heaps of wool and / or filter grain, as shown in FIG. 9. After being ineffective, the piles can be pulled out using a net.

Fig. 8 also shows a barbed spear as the outer cantilever of the harpoon, which is placed in a container as a press filter with wool filling, which in turn is on the bottom of a small water reservoir in the water to be cleaned. The container with the filter material contains a sieve bottom so that when the container with used wool is removed from the water reservoir, the water can run out of it.

The examples shown so far show the harpoon as a cavity in which it is embossed a negative pressure, triggered by the buoyancy of the gas bubble-liquid mixture, Liquid is sucked through the press filter into the harpoon. Example 10 shows the harpoon as Cavity in which an overpressure is impressed, triggered by the Fluid drainage into the speargun cavity of an inflated gas bubble Liquid mixture, the liquid to be cleaned is pressed out of the harpoon into the press filter becomes. Several spearguns can also be used with a single source of positive pressure of this type operate according to the invention if they are connected to it via liquid lines.

Fig. 10 also gives an example of a press filter using a harpoon that has a gas-filled buoyancy chamber.

A major disadvantage in the arrangement of pure water running out of the press filter and the press filter raw water entering the water purification in the water reservoir the spatial proximity of these two positions, because it can happen because just now purified water before it is sufficiently mixed with the raw water can be sucked in for cleaning. This affects the effectiveness of cleaning. to Avoiding such disadvantages are pure water outlet and raw water inlet in the Reservoir preferably spatially separated from one another as far as possible.  

This variant of the process is shown in the example in FIG. 11. Here two spearguns have been pushed into a plastic sack with wool as a press filter, the larger speargun being provided with a closed buoyancy chamber in order to buoy the entire device. The underpressure generated in this harpoon by the gas-bubble / water mixture causes water to flow into the sack through a second, smaller harpoon, which is additionally pushed into the sack. The inflow of water into the small harpoon, as well as the outflow of gas-bubble water mixture from the large harpoon, take place at opposite positions of the inflow and outflow arranged parallel to the water surface. The movement drive of the device triggered thereby can be used for the continuous movement of the device on the liquid surface. For this purpose, a circular orbit is advantageously selected by appropriately setting the inflow and outflow positions in a position smaller or larger than 180 °.

The example shown in FIG. 12 is designed as a floating device with an external water lifting device, the water of which falls freely into the harpoon, which directs the incoming water from bottom to top as a plug flow through the housed press filter.

Figs. 13 and 14 shows two different embodiments of pressing tools in the form of stamping that enable a uniform supply and discharge of the liquid to be purified in the filter press or out of the press filter.

For the pressing tools for the conditioning or compression of press filters from wool There are numerous possible uses for water treatment. Can in the private household they are easily used to meet the daily drinking and cooking water needs To produce tap water, which may contain lead and copper from the water pipes, arsenic, Radium, fluoride, mercury and radon from the ground or chlorine, haloforms and Aluminum from the waterworks, nitrate and pesticides from agriculture, aromatics from old industrial sites and radionuclides from nuclear fission or fusion to clean contaminated water. They are preferably used in conjunction with wool and / or paper-based wool containing active ingredients, because this is an additional have high cleaning potential for undissolved contaminants.

This combination is also particularly suitable for cleaning water in the field and Suitable for disaster use by pre-treating it with chlorine lime disinfection Raw water then using wool in the bag as a press filter with a pierced harpoon in a taste and toxic safe drinking water can be changed. How Some examples show that the pressing tools are also suitable for use by those Press filters that are not as extraordinarily high as the fiber-containing fixed bed filters let it condense. These are fixed beds, which consist exclusively of granular materials, such as B. the particulate sorbents from the groups of ion exchange beads, granulated activated carbon, zeolite, active aluminum oxide, active alumina, gels, Iron-oxidic and manganese-oxidic compounds.

Especially when valuable wool and pressing tools are used are used where there is insufficient space for liquid distribution between Press tool and press filter remains, the wool used for cleaning with waterproof container as a housing or housing in the form of an open barrel, Containers or pools that are filled to the extent that they are in a sack, bag, concrete pool or barrel  the upper and lower layers are made of inert material for liquid distribution, while the middle position, in which the mass transition zone between loaded and unloaded or between active and inactive zones runs relatively ideally and undistorted, with wool is loaded because a relatively homogeneous plug flow prevails here, and thus up to can be optimally loaded to break through the substances to be removed.

Occasionally, difficulties arise because the bag-shaped press filters also follow Do not vent the spear when inserting it into the water to be cleaned. There the wool content of the press filter through the puncture of the harpoon with the one to be cleaned If the water phase has to communicate completely, the air must be removed quantitatively. This happens by gentle pressure on the containers or by inserting valve-filled ones Hollow needles, through which the ventilation is preferably carried out by applying negative pressure is feasible. The effective water pressure around the bags is usually sufficient to vent through a hollow needle.

Since the wools compressed with the press tools to form press filters also for cleaning larger quantities of water, they can be used for cleaning groundwater, Well water and tap water also for cleaning waste water, mine water, Products, calm surface waters, raw products, intermediate and end products be used. A typical example of this is raw heparin cleaning for removal of heavy metals and other contaminants. Aqueous phases are preferred treated with it. But it is also possible not aqueous liquids such. B. solvents, Treat fuels, oils and other liquid organic substances with it.

It is also excellently possible to use the press filter compressed with the press tools one-time passage of liquids to be treated through the wool. This is done according to the same principles of fluid flow: either first through the wool and then preferably draining the treated liquid through the Press tools or preferably first through the press tools and then Introduction of the liquid to be treated into the wool. As sources for the Liquid throughput necessary liquid differential pressure are also possible z. B. mechanical pumps. In this case, however, the hydrostatic pressure difference is preferred selected. The setting of suitable ones is of particular importance here Flow rate of the wool. This is a much more precise regulation of throughput required, but with the possibilities known per se for Quantity control is easily possible using suitable fittings.

The method of triggering the flow proves to be particularly advantageous Gas introduction when iron or other reduced substances in reducing water should be removed. When using gases containing oxidants, preferably those containing oxygen Gases, the reduced substances are oxidized and, if necessary, such as B. iron, manganese, Hydrogen sulfide as oxides, mixed oxides, hydroxides, sulfates or mixtures thereof Sedimentation and / or separation on the reactive solid wool or granules reach.

The necessary flow of the liquid flowing through the wool with a punctured speargun or a press filter provided on the fixed bed can also advantageously take place by means of the flow of the liquid to be treated in the fixed bed filter triggered by hydrostatic height difference. This is advantageously done by the fact that the positive or negative pressure difference in one or more of the inner cavities of the press tool relative to the hydrostatic external pressure is triggered by the action of a liquid inflow which comes from a container which flows through an outlet opening under the action of a hydrostatic water column of the press filter is emptied, at least one of the inlet or outlet devices having been inserted into the press filter stowed during its function. Two types of devices of this type are shown in Figs. 13-15.

The flow through the press filter with the liquid to be cleaned can be adjusted very simply by the press pressure exerted on the press filter, since with increasing compression of the press filter, with increasing press pressure, the amount of liquid passed through at a given liquid pressure at the press filter inlet decreases. Because of the easy way to press pressure on the press filter z. B. by adjusting the position of the press tool in relation to the press filter by means of a threaded spindle or by simple weight support on the press tool, the need for various reasons, such as. B. susceptibility to failure, space and cause of contamination, less preferred fittings for regulating the liquid throughput through the fixed bed filter. The housing of the press filter can also be used as a press tool. Also in the construction of the press filter container as a pot with a lid made of two parts, which are fixed to one another in a suitable manner by means of threads, the bottom and lid of the two parts have a piston function with regard to the compression of the filter wool. A design example of this is shown in Fig. 16. A piston-like pressing effect on the wool through the press filter housing without thread application can also be done by suitable design of the housing with a flexible wall. The wall flexibility of the press filter housing can, for. B. by a rubber wall as in the example of Fig. 18 or by an accordion-like bellows wall as in the example of Fig. 19.

However, the press filters can also be implemented in a technically much simpler manner. To use this press filter variant according to the invention, at least one device is necessary with which a directed water flow can be generated in a liquid reservoir. These include such devices that

• 1. Secretion gas within the liquid reservoir, which then rises in bubbles and causing an upward water flow - for example by means of a preferably arranged outside the liquid reservoir Air pump or by means of galvanic gas generation,
• 2. Generate heated liquid, which then rises and upwards directed water flow caused - for example by an inside or electrical heating element arranged outside the liquid reservoir,
• 3. Generate cooled liquid, which then descends with one down directed water flow caused - for example by an inside or evaporator cooling element arranged outside the liquid reservoir,
• 4. Liquid pumps with which a directed water flow is generated can - for example by a preferably outside the Liquid reservoir arranged peristaltic pump,
• 5. Moving elements such as propellers or paddles with which a directed Water flow can be generated within the liquid reservoir.

At least one of the devices mentioned is used for the use of simple press filters in the Introduced container in which the liquid to be treated is presented. At the same time or then the device for generating the water flow is started. This Devices for generating water flow are referred to here as "flow generators" designated. The flow triggering device elements gas flow generators and Liquid pumps are preferably arranged outside of the container while Heating elements and moving elements as flow triggers preferably within the Container are arranged.

The press filter is preferably arranged in relation to the flow generator in such a way that it is optimally flowed through. This is particularly effective, for example, when the Water flow generator is inserted into the wool of the press filter. An example of this is Tea egg stuffed with wool as a press filter into which a tube protrudes from the air bubbles escape. But even then there will be a considerable acceleration of the flow of the tea ice cream found as a press filter when the air bubbles outside the tea ice cream in its vicinity rising up. In principle, the vertical provoked primarily by the gas bubble rise Flow direction can be redirected in other directions.

Not only a considerable acceleration of the reaction, but also a considerable improvement in the cleaning performance of the water to be cleaned and a considerable improvement in the absorption capacity of the wool is achieved because the flow through the press filter is given a direction. This allows a defined mass transition zone to form in the flow direction in the press filter. By specifically designing the press filter as a tube with two openings, one inflow and one outflow opening, the function of the press filter can be further improved. In the example of the bubble flow-caused flow through the press filter, the bubble flow is not passed through the press filter, but rather into the downstream opening of the press filter, as is illustrated according to Example 20 and FIG. 20, a further increase in effectiveness and a reduction in the time required for the water purification operation can be achieved.

In addition to water, the press filters can also be used to treat all other fluid phases. The Water treatment by means of press filters is the main purpose of the invention Press filter.

A particularly simple variant of the press filter according to the invention is the use of Flow trigger using press filters that are not enclosed. Here too the flow triggers significantly accelerate the reaction. Especially the variant of fixing the flow trigger in or under bundles of wool is preferred as Press filter. It is particularly important for structurally weak areas for those according to the invention Preßfilter preferred, the photovoltaic power generation to operate the To use flow triggers, especially for the operation of the devices according to the invention only minimal amounts of energy are required, which is easily achieved by small inexpensive ones Photovoltaic elements can be delivered. Examples 21 and 22 show this variant of the Press filter.

Some elements of the press filter according to the invention can also be firmly attached to the container cleaning water reservoirs.  

The method of triggering the flow proves to be particularly advantageous Gas introduction when iron or other reduced substances in reducing water should be removed. When using gases containing oxidants, preferably those containing oxygen Gases, the reduced substances are oxidized and, if necessary, such as B. iron and manganese as Oxides, mixed oxides, hydroxides or mixtures thereof for sedimentation and / or Separation of the wool in the press filters. The chalcogen compounds of iron and Manganese are among the preferred components of fiber coatings and / or Fiber impregnations that are used in the press filters. The numerous Mineral phases in which precipitated oxides, hydroxides and possibly mixed oxides and hydroxides of iron and manganese can occur here on a case by case basis "Ocher" summarized if the iron content predominates and "brown stone" if the Manganese content predominates. The numerous mineral phases in which precipitated sulfides and / or Disulfides can occur here under the term "iron sulfide" summarized if the iron content therein is that of other heavy metals or Metalloids predominate.

With just a few active ingredients as coating components in the wool, which flow around and / or through in press filters, numerous classes of substances can be removed from liquids. Examples of substances and suitable wools that can be removed from aqueous phases are, for example:
suspended solids which can be bound to wools coated with granular and / or fiber-containing materials and preferably with organic and / or inorganic gels,
suspended oils, which can be bound to wools which are preferably coated with or consisting of hydrophobic agents,
Heavy metals, radionuclides, aluminum, arsenic, sulfide, reduced sulfur compounds, cyanide, selenium, phosphate, which can be bound to wool preferably containing ocher or manganese dioxide and / or metallic iron or its alloys,
Heavy metals, aluminum, alkaline earths can preferably on substances containing carboxylic acid or carboxylate groups, such as. B. soaps, fatty acids, lime soaps, humic substances, humate salts, alginates with which wool is coated, are bound,
Bromine, iodine, chlorine, chlorine dioxide and organic compounds which can be bound to wools which are preferably coated with activated carbon particles,
Fluoride, which can preferably be bound to at least one substance from the groups of wools coated with aluminum oxides or hydroxyapatite,
Mercury which can be bound to wools which are preferably coated with at least one substance from the groups of ion exchangers or amalgamable metals,
Alkaline earths, which can be bound to wool preferably coated with at least one substance from the groups of ion exchangers, alginic acids, zeolites, humic substances,
Ammonium, which can be bound to magnesium salts of phosphoric acid with which the wool is coated,
Oxidizing agents, in particular sulfate, nitrate, nitrite, nitrous oxide, oxygen, which can be decomposed in the presence of reducing agents, in particular methane or hydrogen, on wool coated with metallic iron and with pure or mixed chalcogen compounds of manganese and / or iron,
Ammonium, which is decomposable in the presence of oxidizing agents, especially in the presence of oxygen and nitrate, but also without them, on wools coated with ocher and / or manganese dioxide or metallic iron.

The investigations that led to the invention of the wool-filled press filter have also shown that the free saccharides including their derivatives, their soluble salts and also their poorly soluble alkaline earth salts are excellent as a binder component of Suitable wool coating and thus ideally integrate into the press filter according to the invention to let. The salts of the natural polysaccharide natural product alginic acid are particularly suitable for this purpose, because this polysaccharide can be obtained in large quantities from algae and thus to the renewable raw materials counts. This is preferably the case when the alginic acids and their derivatives are used as dissolved salts, as free alginic acids or as alkaline earth metal salts reach. The experiments to develop the press filter have also shown that the polysaccharides containing carboxylate functions dissolved in water, preferably soluble alginates, precipitated free acids, preferably alginic acid or its poorly soluble Salts, preferably the sparingly soluble salts of alginic acid with polyvalent metal ions, and humic substances, especially in the form of insoluble humic acids and their salts with polyvalent metal ions, and all types of precipitated metal-containing oxides, and mixed oxides also in the form of also phosphates, sulfates, carbonates as far as these Classes of compounds are sparingly soluble, are also suitable as binders Fiber coating in the wool is particularly suitable for their use in the press filters do.

So far essentially wools have been described, which are used exclusively in the press filters Perform functions for water purification. The targeted desorption of substances can also Secondary and main purpose of the press filter according to the invention. The desorption of Minerals through the press filter can e.g. B. Main and secondary purpose of the invention Be a press filter. For example, while harmful substances are removed from the sorption function Water can be filtered out, the water for humans, animals and plants at the same time through valuable minerals and trace elements such as As magnesium, calcium, zinc, iodine and Selenium can be enriched. The desorption function can also be used on aromas, Fulvic acids and their salts, humic acids, tannins and their salts as well as vitamins e.g. B. for Beverage manufacturing to be expanded. Typical fields of application for the pure Desorption function of the press filter are active ingredient delivery to maintain fish health in Aquariums, and breeding facilities for aquatic animals.  

Comparative studies of the wool with granules have shown that the Method of piercing spearguns to manufacture the press filter in more or less enclosed granulate beds can also lead to usable press filters. This too is illustrated here with examples.

It has also been found that, on a case by case basis, pressing in the Press filter not to keep constant over the life of the filter and thus a Allow filter bed expansion over the term to allow a higher loading of the filter To achieve suspended solids. For this purpose, the pressure applied as a function of Pressure difference between raw water inlet and pure water outlet with one regulator getting produced.

Further explanation of the examples and figures

The examples and figures show examples of typical examples of the invention Press filter using different pressing tools as tools for Liquid purification. The drawings show the schematic structure and the application of the pressing tools. They emphasize important things, so they are not always the correct ones Size relationships of the parts shown to each other. The expression "harpoon" stands also here for a press tool that is in the housing of the press filter and / or the press filter stabbed.

example 1 Purification of the water of a water reservoir by means of the hanging one press filter

Fig. 1 shows the function of a harpoon pushed into a water-impermeable plastic bag ( 2 ) with active substance-coated wood wool (hatched area, 1 ) as a press filter as a press tool ( 3 ) during water purification in the water to be cleaned in a water reservoir (not shown) in a water container in a hanging position , The vertically arranged harpoon ( 3 ) is designed as a hollow body and contains in its interior a gas inlet pipe ( 4 ) through which gas is introduced into the harpoon ( 3 ) and is blown up inside the harpoon ( 3 ) as a bubble-water mixture ( 10 ) , The bubble-water mixture ( 10 ) emerges at the upper open end of the harpoon. The gas then escapes from the bubble-water mixture to the water surface ( 11 ) and the water from it flows according to the direction of the arrow ( 9 ) back into the water tank, not shown here, in which the harpoon ( 3 ) is suspended on the gas inlet pipe ( 4 ). The water ( 9 ) conveyed out of the harpoon ( 3 ) is replaced by water from the water reservoir, which flows in according to the arrows ( 7 ) at the upper end of the plastic bag ( 2 ) where the wings covered with perforated sheet metal (diamond, 13) blackened, 12 ), enlarged the opening to the plastic bag ( 2 ) filled with wood wool (hatched area, 1 ), which was created when the harpoon ( 3 ) penetrated. After the water has flowed through the wood wool precipitation (hatched area, 1 ) from top to bottom, it penetrates through the perforated zone designed as a grid (dotted, 5 ) into the harpoon ( 3 ) according to the direction of the arrow ( 8 ), from where it again as Bubble-water mixture ( 10 ) is promoted upwards. The wings (blackened, 6 ) next to the harpoon tip have the task of preventing the plastic bag ( 2 ) filled with filter wool (hatched area, 1 ) from sliding down. As the water flows through the press filter (hatched area, 1 ), the heavy metals and arsenic contained in the water react with the active ingredients of the wool coating with sorption. The active ingredients are precipitated mixed oxides of iron, manganese and hydrogen.

Example 2 Purification of the water of a water reservoir by means of the hanging one press filter

Fig. 2 shows the function of a harpoon pushed into a water-impermeable plastic bag ( 2 ) with sawdust containing active substance (hatched area, 14 ) as a press filter as a press tool ( 3 ) during water purification in the water to be cleaned in a water reservoir (not shown) in a water container in a hanging position , The vertically arranged harpoon ( 3 ) is designed as a hollow body and contains in its interior a gas inlet pipe ( 4 ) through which gas is introduced into the harpoon ( 3 ) and is blown up inside the harpoon ( 3 ) as a bubble-water mixture ( 10 ) , The bubble-water mixture ( 10 ) emerges at the upper open end of the harpoon. The gas then escapes from the bubble-water mixture to the water surface ( 11 ) and the water from it flows back in the direction of the arrow ( 9 ) into the water reservoir (not shown here), into which the harpoon ( 3 ) is suspended on the gas inlet pipe ( 4 ). The water ( 9 ) pumped out of the harpoon ( 3 ) is replaced by water from the water reservoir which flows in according to the arrows ( 7 ) at the upper end of the plastic bag ( 2 ) where the wings (blackened, 12 ), the opening to the plastic bag ( 2 ) filled with sawdust (hatched area, 14 ) that was created when the harpoon ( 3 ) penetrated. After the water has flowed through the sawdust filling (hatched area, 14 ) from top to bottom, it penetrates through the perforated zone designed as a grid (punctured, 5 ) into the harpoon ( 3 ) according to the direction of the arrow ( 8 ), from where it again as Bubble-water mixture ( 10 ) is promoted upwards. The wings (blackened, 6 ) next to the harpoon tip have the task of preventing the plastic bag ( 2 ) filled with sawdust (hatched area, 14 ) from sliding down. As the water flows through the press filter (hatched area, 14 ), the heavy metals and arsenic contained in the water react with the active substance coating of the sawdust with sorption. The active ingredients are ocher and brown stone as precipitated mixed oxides of iron, manganese and hydrogen.

Example 3 Purification of the water of a water reservoir by means of the water inside press filter

Fig. 3 shows the function of a in a water-impermeable plastic bag ( 2 ) with a mixture of activated carbon granules and active ingredient-coated sawdust (hatched area, 14 ) as a press filter with an inserted speargun as a press tool ( 3 ) for water purification in the water to be cleaned in a water reservoir (not shown) a water tank in a lying position. The horizontally arranged harpoon ( 3 ) is designed as a hollow body and contains in its interior a gas inlet pipe ( 4 ) through which gas is introduced into the harpoon ( 3 ) and is blown up inside the harpoon ( 3 ) as a bubble-water mixture ( 10 ) , The bubble-water mixture ( 10 ) emerges at the upper open end of the harpoon. The gas then escapes from the bubble-water mixture to the water surface of the water reservoir ( 11 ) and the water from it flows back in the direction of the arrow ( 9 ) into the water reservoir, not shown here, into which the harpoon ( 3 ) with the press filter ( 14 ) is inserted , The water ( 9 ) pumped out of the harpoon ( 3 ) is replaced by water from the water reservoir which flows in according to the arrows ( 7 ) at the upper end of the plastic bag ( 2 ) where the wings (blackened, 12 ) close the opening the plastic bag ( 2 ) filled with filter medium (hatched area, 14 ) which was created when the harpoon ( 3 ) penetrated. After the water has flowed through the filter medium filling (hatched area, 14 ) in the sack ( 2 ) parallel to the punctured harpoon from the puncture point, it penetrates through the perforated zone designed as a slotted plate (punctured, 5 ) into the harpoon ( 3 ) in the direction of the arrow ( 8 ), from where it is pumped up again as a bubble-water mixture ( 10 ). As the water flows through the press filter (hatched area, 14 ), the tar oil components contained in the water react with the active substances with sorption. The active ingredients of the filter media are activated carbon and sawdust coated with aluminum stearate.

Example 4 Purification of the water of a water reservoir by means of the hanging one press filter

Fig. 4 shows the function of a harpoon pushed into a water-permeable cotton fabric sack ( 2 ) with active substance-coated filter wool based on paper (hatched area, 1 ) as a press filter as a press tool ( 3 ) for water purification in the water to be cleaned in a water reservoir (not shown) in a water container in hanging position. The fastening devices are not shown here. The hook-shaped harpoon ( 3 ) is designed as a hollow body and contains in its interior a gas inlet tube ( 4 ) through which gas is introduced into the harpoon ( 3 ) and is blown up inside the harpoon ( 3 ) as a bubble-water mixture ( 10 ). The bubble-water mixture ( 10 ) emerges at the upper open end of the harpoon. The gas then escapes from the bubble-water mixture to the water surface of the water reservoir ( 11 ) and the water from it flows according to the arrow directions ( 9 ) back into the water reservoir, not shown here, into which the harpoon ( 3 ) is suspended on the gas inlet pipe ( 4 ) , The water ( 9 ) conveyed out of the harpoon ( 3 ) is replaced by water from the water tank which flows in through the cotton fabric of the sack ( 2 ) according to the arrows ( 7 ). After the water has flowed through the filter wool filling (hatched area, 1 ) from the outside in, it penetrates through the perforated zone designed as a perforated plate (punctured, 5 ) into the harpoon ( 3 ) according to the direction of the arrow ( 8 ), from where it again as Bubble-water mixture ( 10 ) is promoted upwards. The harpoon does not contain barbs for fixing the sack ( 2 ), since it is a hook itself and therefore acts as a fixative. While the water flows through the press filter (hatched area, 1 ), the radionuclides radium, radon, iodine ¹³¹ , plutonium and uranium contained in the water as well as the heavy metals lead, mercury and arsenic react with the active ingredient coating of the paper fibers with sorption. The active ingredients are precipitated mixed oxides of iron and hydrogen, humic substance and activated carbon.

Example 5 Purification of the water of a water reservoir by means of the water inside press filter

Fig. 5 shows the function of a harpoon pushed into a water-impermeable plastic bag ( 2 ) with an active ingredient-coated coconut shell activated carbon granulate (hatched area, 14 ) as a press filter as a press tool ( 3 ) during water purification in the water to be cleaned in a water container (not shown) in a standing position a holding device (blackened, 15 ). The footed holding device (blackened, 15 ) stands on the bottom of a water reservoir. It is equipped with a side guide for the plastic bag ( 2 ). The holding device (blackened, 15 ) has a fine-meshed sieve bottom which is equipped with punches (blackened, 16 ) which, when the plastic bag ( 2 ) is set, perforate the bottom of the bag in such a way that it becomes permeable to water. The (blackened, 15) in the plastic bag (2) from below through an opening in the sieve plate of the holding device in the plastic bag (2) pierced harpoon (3) is vertically formed as a hollow body and contains in its interior outside of the bag, a gas inlet tube (4) , is introduced through the gas into the harpoon ( 3 ) and is forced up inside the harpoon ( 3 ) as a bubble-water mixture ( 10 ). The bubble-water mixture ( 10 ) emerges at the upper open end of the harpoon. The gas then escapes from the bubble-water mixture to the water surface of the water reservoir ( 11 ) and the water therefrom flows back into the water reservoir, not shown here, in the direction of the arrow ( 9 ), into which the harpoon ( 3 ) is inserted. The water ( 9 ) conveyed out of the harpoon ( 3 ) is replaced by water from the water reservoir which flows in according to the arrows ( 7 ) at the lower end of the plastic bag ( 2 ) where the piercer (blackened, 16 ) opens opened the plastic bag ( 2 ) filled with activated carbon (hatched area, 14 ). After the water has flowed through the activated carbon granulate filling (hatched area, 14 ) in the sack ( 2 ) parallel to the punctured harpoon from the puncture site from bottom to top, it penetrates through the perforated zone designed as a slotted plate (punctured, 5 ) into the harpoon ( 3 ) according to the direction of the arrow ( 8 ), from where it is pumped up again as a bubble-water mixture ( 10 ). While the water flows through the press filter (hatched area, 14 ), the aluminum remaining in the water from a previous flocculation with aluminum salt reacts with the active ingredient of the activated carbon granulate coating with sorption. The active ingredient is magnesium humate.

Example 6 Purification of the water of a water reservoir by means of the water inside press filter

Fig. 6 shows the function of a harpoon pushed into a water-permeable mesh sack ( 2 ) with an active substance-coated mixture of ground wood and wood wool (hatched area, 1 ) as a press filter as a press tool ( 3 ) for water purification in the water to be cleaned, not shown Water reservoirs in a standing position on the bottom of the water tank. The water-permeable mesh bag ( 2 ) held in this position is held by a perforated sheet metal cylinder (blackened, 17 ). The vertically arranged harpoon ( 3 ) is designed as a hollow body and contains in its interior a gas inlet pipe ( 4 ) through which gas is introduced into the harpoon ( 3 ) and is blown up inside the harpoon ( 3 ) as a bubble-water mixture ( 10 ) , The bubble-water mixture ( 10 ) emerges at the upper open end of the harpoon. The gas then escapes from the bubble-water mixture to the water surface ( 11 ) and the water from it flows back in the direction of the arrow ( 9 ) into the water reservoir, not shown here, into which the harpoon ( 3 ) is suspended on the gas inlet pipe ( 4 ). The water ( 9 ) conveyed out of the harpoon ( 3 ) is replaced by water from the water reservoir, which flows in according to the arrows ( 7 ) over the entire periphery of the mesh bag ( 2 ). After the water has flowed through the press filter filling (hatched area, 1 ) from the outside inwards, it penetrates through the perforated zone designed as a slotted plate (punctured, 5 ) into the harpoon ( 3 ) according to the direction of the arrow ( 8 ), from where it again as Bubble-water mixture ( 10 ) is promoted upwards. While the water flows through the press filter (hatched area, 1 ), the lead, fluoride and chlorine contained in the water react with the active substances with sorption. The active substance coating of the wool is wood sanding, which is coated with activated carbon and calcined aluminum oxide, and wood wool, which is coated with precipitated iron hydroxide.

Example 7 Purification of the water of a water reservoir by means of the water inside press filter

Fig. 7 shows the function of a lying in a water-permeable jute sack ( 2 ) with active substance-coated paper wool (hatched area, 1 ) as a press filter laterally pushed in harpoon as a press tool ( 3 ) for water purification in the water to be cleaned on the bottom of a water reservoir, not shown. The horizontally arranged harpoon ( 3 ) is designed as a hollow body and contains in its interior a gas inlet pipe ( 4 ) through which gas is introduced into the harpoon ( 3 ) and is blown up inside the harpoon ( 3 ) as a bubble-water mixture ( 10 ) , The bubble-water mixture ( 10 ) emerges at the upper open end of the harpoon. The gas then escapes from the bubble-water mixture to the water surface ( 11 ) of the water reservoir and the water from it flows according to the arrow directions ( 9 ) back into the water reservoir, not shown here, into which the jute bag ( 2 ) with the pierced harpoon ( 3 ) is inserted is. The water ( 9 ) conveyed out of the harpoon ( 3 ) is replaced by water from the water reservoir which flows in according to the arrows ( 7 ) over the entire periphery of the jute sack ( 2 ). After the water has flowed through the paper wool filling (hatched area, 1 ) from the outside in, it penetrates through the perforated zone designed as a slotted plate (punctured, 5 ) into the harpoon ( 3 ) according to the direction of the arrow ( 8 ), from where it again as Bubble-water mixture ( 10 ) is promoted upwards. While the water flows through the press filter (hatched area, 1 ), the fluoride and chlorine contained in the water react with the active substances with sorption or decomposition. The active ingredients of the coating are precipitated hydroxyapatite, precipitated iron hydroxide and humic material as a coating on the paper wool fibers.

Example 8 Purification of the water of a water reservoir by means of the water inside press filter

Fig. 8 shows the function of a plastic cup ( 2 ) filled with spherical plastic ion exchange particles as a press filter, a harpoon pushed in as a press tool ( 3 ). The plastic cup ( 2 ) is in a standing position in the water to be treated in a water reservoir, not shown. The ion exchange particles are thereby arranged in a layer (hatched area, 14 ) in the plastic cup. The harpoon ( 3 ) pushed into the open bed from above serves to maintain the water flow through the particle bed (hatched area, 14 ). The plastic cup ( 2 ) has a sieve bottom, which is designed as a flat surface on the outside. This is relatively impermeable to water as long as it stands on the flat floor of the water reservoir. The harpoon ( 3 ) is designed as a hollow body and contains in its interior outside the sack a gas inlet tube ( 4 ) through which gas is introduced into the harpoon ( 3 ) and is blown up inside the harpoon ( 3 ) as a bubble-water mixture ( 10 ) becomes. The bubble-water mixture ( 10 ) emerges at the upper open end of the harpoon. The gas then escapes from the bubble-water mixture to the water surface of the water reservoir ( 11 ) and the water from it flows according to the arrow directions ( 9 ) back into the water reservoir, not shown here, into which the harpoon ( 3 ) is inserted. The water ( 9 ) conveyed out of the harpoon ( 3 ) is replaced by water from the water reservoir, which flows into the particle bed (hatched area, 14 ) from above according to the arrows ( 7 ). After the water has flowed through the particle bed (hatched area, 14 ) from top to bottom, it penetrates through the perforated zone designed as a slotted plate (punctured, 5 ) into the harpoon ( 3 ) according to the direction of the arrow ( 8 ), from where it is is pumped up again as a bubble-water mixture ( 10 ). As the water flows through the particle bed (hatched area, 14 ), the alkaline earths contained in the water react with the cation exchange beads of the press filter (hatched area, 14 ) with sorption. The sieve bottom of the plastic cup ( 2 ) has the function of draining the water when the plastic cup ( 2 ) is lifted out to replace the sorbent. The ion exchanger is used to remove alkaline earths and heavy metals from the water.

A much better utilization of the plastic ion exchange particles than in this example is achieved if the plastic cup is hydraulically continuous, e.g. B. is closed with tulle and the plastic ion exchange particles are arranged between an upper and a lower cotton pack in the central region of the plastic cup. The harpoon pushed into the floor as a pressing tool ( 3 ) draws the pure water from the lower wadding layer so that an ideal plug flow flows through the plastic ion exchange particle layer in the middle.

Example 9 Purification of the water in a water reservoir by pouring water into it press filter

Fig. 9 shows the function of a harpoon pushed into a bed of active substance-coated wood wool (hatched area, 1 ) as a press filter as a press tool ( 3 ). The bed of active wood wool (hatched area, 1 ) lies on the net-covered floor of a water reservoir, not shown, the water content of which is to be cleaned. The harpoon ( 3 ) pushed horizontally into the bed (hatched area, 1 ) is designed as a hollow body and contains a gas inlet pipe ( 4 ) inside it, through which gas is introduced into the harpoon ( 3 ) and inside the harpoon ( 3 ) is blown up as a bubble-water mixture ( 10 ). The bubble-water mixture ( 10 ) emerges at the upper open end of the harpoon. The gas then escapes from the bubble-water mixture to the water surface ( 11 ) of the water reservoir and the water from it flows back into the water reservoir (not shown) in the direction of the arrows ( 9 ). The water ( 9 ) conveyed out of the harpoon ( 3 ) is replaced by water from the water reservoir which, according to the arrows ( 7 ), is pressed from all sides by the press filter (hatched area, 1 ) and the perforated zone (dotted, 5) ) penetrates into the harpoon ( 3 ), from where it is pumped up again as a bubble-water mixture ( 10 ). While the water flows through the press filter (hatched area, 1 ), the heavy metals contained in the water lead, iron and arsenic react with the active substance with sorption. The active ingredient in the wood wool coating is precipitated brown stone. After the filtering capacity of the wood wool fill (hatched area, 1 ) has been exhausted, the harpoon ( 3 ) is first pulled out of the fill and then the used wood wool (hatched area, 1 ) is removed from the water reservoir, the latter using a plastic network (not shown here) with the the water reservoir is lined.

Example 10 Purification of the water of a water reservoir by means of it floating press filter

Fig. 10 shows a bale of wood wool (hatched, 1 ) wrapped in plastic film as a housing ( 2 ) as a press filter into which a slightly conical metal harpoon according to the invention has been driven as a press tool ( 3 ), until the tip of the hapunon has penetrated the film ( 2 ) on the side opposite the puncture site. The harpoon ( 3 ) contains two cavities. One cavity is a closed cavity (finely hatched, 18 ) that is filled with gas and provides buoyancy that is sufficient to hold the harpoon ( 3 ), gas inlet tube ( 4 ) and wood wool (hatched, 1 ) to keep together with housing ( 2 ) in the floated state on the water surface ( 11 ) of the water reservoir, not shown here. A gas inlet tube ( 4 ) leads down into the tip of the harpoon into the second inner cavity of the harpoon, which is open to the outside. The air introduced there floats up as an air-water mixture ( 10 ) and flows out of the harpoon ( 3 ) at ( 9 ), the water separating therefrom flowing towards a further hollow space of the harpoon in the direction of the arrows ( 19 ). Through the outer wall (dotted, 5 ) of this cavity, which is designed as a perforated plate, the water that has flowed into the cavity reaches the wood wool ( 1 ) housed in the direction of the arrows ( 20 ). After the water has passed through the press filter ( 1 ), the water passes through the 8 wings (blackened, 6 ) at the tip of the harpoon ( 3 ), only two of which are shown here, when piercing the housing film ( 2 ) created openings in the housing ( 2 ) according to the arrow directions ( 22 ) back into the water reservoir. The water expelled with the air flow as an air-water mixture ( 10 ) comes directly from the water reservoir, not shown. Due to the negative pressure generated by the buoyancy of the air-water mixture ( 10 ) in the harpoon, it penetrates into the harpoon ( 3 ) according to the direction of the arrow ( 21 ) through the tip, which is also designed as a perforated plate ( 5 ). The wood wool used (hatched, 1 ) is a mixture of three wood wools coated differently according to a) to c), each of which is coated with the active ingredients in separate parts

• a) Braunstein,
• b) hydroxyapatite,
• c) Calciumhuminat.

When flowing through the wood wool (hatched, 1 ), the unwanted substances iron, barium, fluoride, sulfide, arsenic and selenium are removed from the water of the water reservoir.

Example 11 Purification of the water of a water reservoir by means of itself floating moving press filter

Fig. 11 shows a waterproof plastic bag ( 2 ) which is filled with active ingredient-containing wood wool (hatched, 1 ) as a press filter. A harpoon is pushed into the sack as a pressing tool ( 3 ), into the open inner cavity of which air is injected by means of a gas inlet pipe ( 4 ), which expands as a water-air bubble mixture ( 10 ) while leaving a negative pressure. Due to the negative pressure, water from the wood wool (hatched, 1 ) flows through the slots in the harpoon tip ( 5 ) into the harpoon ( 3 ) according to the direction of flow ( 8 ). Pressure compensation in the housing ( 2 ) of the wood wool (hatched, 1 ) takes place through the smaller harpoon, which forms a communication between the water phase in the water reservoir, not shown, and the water phase in the housing ( 2 ). Water flows according to the flow line ( 21 ) into the small harpoon ( 3 ), leaves it through the perforated plate 5 and flows according to the flow lines ( 20 ) in the filter bed of the press filter ( 1 ). The entire device is carried on the water surface of the water reservoir ( 11 ) by the buoyancy emanating from the closed gas-filled cavity (hatched, 18 ) in the large harpoon ( 3 ). According to the outflow, which is indicated by the arrow ( 9 ), the gas-water mixture expelled in the harpoon ( 3 ) and the water inflow according to ( 21 ), there is a movement impulse in the direction of the arrow ( 23 ), which results in a corresponding Movement takes place when the conditions for fixing the gas inlet pipe ( 4 ) give the appropriate degrees of freedom. The projections ( 12 ) on the large harpoon serve to fix the filter material sack to the large harpoon ( 3 ). The wood wool ( 1 ) used is coated with iron huminate and is used, in particular, for the sorption of aromatics containing nitrogen and oxygen in the contaminated water of the water reservoir. The openings for gas-water mixture outflow and water inflow are preferably aligned such that the floating device covers an approximately circular or spiral path on the water surface of the water reservoir.

Example 12 Purification of the water of a water reservoir by means of it floating press filter

Fig. 12 shows a cylindrical package of packing tape-strapped pressed uncoated wood wool, which was additionally mixed with loose activated carbon powder, ( 1 ) as a press filter, into which a hollow harpoon was inserted as a press tool ( 3 ) in the middle. The wood wool package ( 1 ) is located in an open plastic bag as a housing, which is placed in a cylindrical container ( 2 ), and is held by the annular peripheral edge ( 31 ). The complete device floats on the surface ( 11 ) of the water to be cleaned of a water reservoir, not shown. The floating chamber ring ( 25 ) filled with styrofoam ensures sufficient buoyancy. The water to be cleaned from the water reservoir is continuously pumped into ( 19 ) into the cavity of the harpoon ( 3 ). Through the slot perforation at 5 , it reaches the filter according to the flow lines ( 20 ) via the free space under the press filter ( 1 ) and can flow through the press filter ( 1 ) from bottom to top in an almost ideal plug flow. After leaving the filter, it flows back into the water reservoir through the perforated area ( 32 ) of the housing ( 2 ) according to the flow lines ( 22 ). The water surface ( 26 ) in the harpoon ( 3 ) and the water surface ( 27 ) in the housing are slightly above the water level ( 11 ) of the water reservoir. The water of the water reservoir is conveyed into the harpoon ( 3 ) by means of a gas siphon ( 28 ), which is fixed on the outside of the housing ( 2 ) by means of a perforated plate holder ( 30 ) and which is constructed to be permeable to liquids in the lower area. The water inlet from the water reservoir reaches the gas lift ( 28 ) in the direction of the arrow ( 24 ). The gas lift ( 28 ) is operated by means of an air inlet pipe ( 4 ). The press filter is used to remove chlorine from the water, which is catalytically decomposed on the lignin of the wood wool and by the activated carbon.

Example 13 Purifying the water of a water reservoir by means of outside it arranged press filter

Fig. 13 shows a cylindrical package of paper wool containing active ingredient-coated fibers ( 1 ) as a fixed bed filter, on which a cylindrical stamp as a pressing tool ( 3 ) was placed. , The result of its bore (34) through which passes water being purified from the water reservoir (39) to the filter wool core (1), hollow pressing tool (3) has on its underside where it exerts pressure on the filter wool core (1) webs ( 33 ), past which the water to be cleaned reaches the top of the filter wool package ( 1 ). The pressing action of the pressing tool ( 3 ) on the filter wool package ( 1 ) is due solely to its weight. The filter wool package ( 1 ) is located in a housing ( 2 ) that is open at the top and bottom. The filter wool packet ( 1 ) is pressed onto the webs ( 36 ), which are arranged on the bottom of the siphon ( 35 ), by the pressing pressure of the pressing tool ( 3 ). The cylindrical siphon ( 35 ), which completely surrounds the housing ( 2 ) of the filter wool package ( 1 ), serves to keep the filter wool package ( 1 ) flooded with water. The water that has run through the filter wool pack ( 1 ) from top to bottom rises in the siphon ( 35 ) and leaves it at its overflow ( 37 ). From there, the now purified water falls into the pure water collection tank ( 38 ). The pure water collection template ( 38 ) is a pot, on the edge of which the flanged annular disc ( 40 ) lies. On the one hand, this holds the siphon ( 35 ) in its central circular recess and acts as a support for the water reservoir container ( 39 ), the open bottom of which merges into the housing ( 2 ) of the filter wool package ( 1 ). The water flow through the press filter ( 1 ) can be reduced by simply placing ring-shaped weights (not shown) on the press tool ( 3 ) in order to extend the residence time of the water to be cleaned in the press filter ( 1 ) and thereby achieve a better cleaning result. The paper wool contains fibers coated with precipitated manganese dioxide to remove hydrogen sulfide and iron from the water by converting the manganese dioxide coating to iron sulfide, and fibers coated with precipitated calcium humate to bind the released manganese.

Example 14 Purifying the water of a water reservoir by means of outside it arranged press filter

Fig. 14 shows a cylindrical wood wool package made of active substance-coated wood wool ( 1 ) as a press filter, on which a cylindrical stamp as a press tool ( 3 ) was placed. Due to its hole ( 34 ) through which the water to be cleaned reaches the wood wool pack ( 1 ) from the water reservoir ( 39 ), the hollow pressing tool ( 3 ) has on its underside where it exerts pressure on the wood wool pack ( 1 ) 30221 00070 552 001000280000000200012000285913011000040 0002010116708 00004 30102bt, webs ( 33 ), past which the water to be cleaned reaches the top of the wood wool pack ( 1 ). The pressing action of the pressing tool ( 3 ) on the wood wool pack ( 1 ) is regulated by means of the adjusting screws ( 41 ), by means of which the position of the water reservoir ( 39 ), on the open bottom of which the housing ( 2 ) is attached, can be adjusted in the vertical direction , Since the housing ( 2 ) is firmly connected to the bottom of the water reservoir ( 39 ) and also to the pressing tool ( 3 ), the change in the vertical position has a direct effect on the pressing pressure on the wood wool package ( 1 ). The wood wool package ( 1 ) is located in a housing ( 2 ) that is open at the top and bottom. The pressure of the pressing tool ( 3 ) presses the wood wool pack ( 1 ) onto the webs ( 36 ) which are arranged on the bottom of the siphon ( 35 ). The cylindrical siphon (35) which completely encases the enclosure (2) of the wood wool core (1), serves to keep overstowed the filter press (1) with water. The water that has run through the press filter ( 1 ) from top to bottom rises in the siphon ( 35 ) and leaves it at its overflow ( 37 ). From there, the now purified water falls into the pure water collection tank ( 38 ). The pure water collection template ( 38 ) is a pot, on the edge of which the flanged annular disc ( 40 ) lies. On the one hand, this holds the siphon ( 35 ) in its central circular recess and acts as a support for the water reservoir container ( 39 ), the open bottom of which merges into the housing ( 2 ) of the press filter ( 1 ). The water flow through the press filter ( 1 ) can be reduced by tightening the set screws ( 41 ) in order to extend the residence time of the water to be cleaned in the press filter ( 1 ) and thereby achieve a better cleaning result. By loosening the set screws ( 41 ), however, the water flow through the press filter ( 1 ) can be increased. The wood wool contains a coating of brown stone-ocher mixture. This removes hydrogen sulfide and iron from the water.

Example 15 Purifying the water of a water reservoir by means of outside it arranged press filter

Fig. 15 shows a registered haustes in a non-illustrated cylindrical foil paper wool package, made of paper impregnated with active containing fibers (1) as filter press, on which a cylindrical punch has been set up as a press tool (3) by means of threaded feed rotation. The pressing tool ( 3 ) on its underside, where it exerts pressure on the paper wool package ( 1 ), consists of tubes ( 46 ) which are concentrically nested, through which the water to be cleaned is fed directly from the raw water reservoir ( 39 ), through the bore through the nested concentrically Tubes ( 45 ) on the top of the paper wool package ( 1 ). The pressing action of the pressing tool ( 3 ) on the paper wool package ( 1 ) is set by turning the pressing tool ( 3 ). The concentrically nested tubes ( 46 ) of the press tool ( 3 ) have on their underside, where they are placed on the paper wool package ( 1 ), cutting edges ( 43 ) which, during the screwing rotation of the press tool ( 3 ), the film housing of the paper wool package ( 1 ) several times slit open and make it sufficiently water permeable. Due to the pressure of the press tool ( 3 ), the paper wool package ( 1 ) is pressed onto the webs ( 44 ) provided with tips, which are arranged on the bottom of the siphon ( 35 ). As a result, the film envelope of the paper wool package ( 1 ) is also penetrated and permeable to water here. The housing ( 2 ) is firmly connected to the bottom of the raw water reservoir ( 39 ). The paper wool package ( 1 ) is located in an upward and downward open housing ( 2 ). The cylindrical siphon (35) provided on the housing (2) of paper wool package (1) is externally threaded, is used to keep overstowed the filter press (1) with water. The water that has run through the press filter ( 1 ) from top to bottom rises in the siphon ( 35 ) and leaves it at its overflow ( 37 ). From there, the now cleaned water falls into the pure water reservoir ( 38 ). The pure water reservoir ( 38 ) is a pot, on the edge of which an annular disc ( 40 ) lies. This acts as a support for the raw water reservoir ( 39 ), the open bottom of which passes into the housing ( 2 ) of the paper wool package ( 1 ) and also serves as a guide for the press tool ( 3 ). The water flow through the press filter ( 1 ) can be reduced by screwing in the press tool ( 3 ) in order to extend the time of the water to be cleaned in the press filter ( 1 ) and thereby achieve a better cleaning result. By loosening the press tool ( 3 ), however, the water flow through the press filter ( 1 ) can be increased. The raw water reservoir container ( 39 ) is fixed to the pure water reservoir container ( 38 ) by means of clips ( 42 ). The paper wool consists of pulp fibers coated with precipitated iron hydroxide which have been converted to iron sulfide by means of hydrogen sulfide in order to remove nitrate and nitrite from the water by reaction with the iron sulfide coating to give iron III hydroxide, sulfate, nitrogen and nitrous oxide.

Example 16 Purification of tap water by means of arranged at the tap press filter

Fig. 16 shows in the housing ( 2 ) an approximately cylindrical filter wool package ( 1 ) as a press filter. The housing ( 2 ) has a cover ( 3 ) which is screwed into the upper part of the housing ( 2 ) by means of an external thread. The lid is hollow on the inside and serves as raw water supply to the press filter ( 1 ). The raw water supply is regulated by means of valve ( 53 ), which is usually available at every water tap. Gases escaping from the raw water or the air to be removed from the press filter during commissioning can be removed by means of valve ( 54 ). The lid ( 3 ) has a sieve plate ( 49 ) on its underside, which is pressed onto the filter wool package ( 1 ). Sufficient pressure is achieved by screwing the housing ( 2 ) onto the cover ( 3 ). The water flow through the filter can be increased in addition to or instead of the valve ( 53 ) by increasing the pressure in the pressure filter ( 1 ), which can be achieved by tightening the housing ( 2 ) on the cover ( 3 ). The resulting increased compression of the press filter ( 1 ) reduces its hydraulic permeability with the result of longer raw water dwell time in the press filter ( 1 ) and better cleaning performance. Housing ( 2 ) has a sieve bottom ( 49 ), on which the filter wool package ( 1 ) is also pressed. The pure water flowing out of the flooded filter wool pack ( 1 ) passes through the opening ( 55 ) in the bottom of the housing ( 2 ) into the siphon ( 35 ) and from there out of the outlet ( 37 ) to its intended use. Siphon ( 35 ) is screwed to the housing ( 2 ) by means of an internal thread ( 56 ) and can therefore be adjusted in height as required. The filter wool consists of wood wool coated with precipitated ocher in order to remove nitrate, nitrite and sulfate from the water previously enriched with methane by converting it into iron sulfide, nitrogen, nitrous oxide, hydrogen carbonate and water.

Example 17 Purification of tap water by means of arranged at the tap press filter

Fig. 17 shows in the housing ( 2 ) an approximately cylindrical filter wool package ( 1 ) as a press filter. The middle part of the housing ( 2 ) consists of a cylindrical rubber hose ( 51 ) which is fastened to the cylindrical wall sections of the housing ( 2 ) with the clamps ( 52 ). The operation of the fixed bed filter ( 1 ) is prepared in the following way: In the housing ( 2 ) opened by loosening the clamp ( 52 ) and pulling off the rubber hose ( 51 ), a cylindrically preformed filter wool package ( 1 ) is placed on the lower sieve plate ( 49 ) Housing ( 2 ) placed, then the rubber hose ( 51 ) pushed over the upper part of housing ( 2 ) and fixed by means of the clamp ( 52 ). The housing ( 2 ) is then inserted between the clamping jaws of the pressing tool ( 3 ), which are then pressed together to the selected dimension ( 47 ) by means of a crank. The smaller the distance ( 47 ) chosen, the longer the time of the water to be cleaned in the press filter. The housing ( 2 ) is pressed parallel to the cylinder axis, with the rubber hose ( 51 ) denting inwards and the filter wool package ( 1 ) being clamped between the sieve plates ( 49 ). Raw water is then introduced into the filter bed ( 1 ) via valve ( 53 ), which is usually present at each water tap. The valve is then vented ( 54 ). Pure water can then be removed by opening valve ( 48 ). The filter wool consists of wood wool coated with precipitated iron hydroxide in order to remove nitrate, nitrite and sulfate from the water previously electrolytically enriched with hydrogen by conversion to iron sulfide, nitrogen nitrous oxide, hydrogen carbonate and water from the water.

Example 18 Purification of tap water by means of arranged at the tap press filter

Fig. 18 shows in the assembled housing ( 2 ) an approximately cylindrical filter wool package ( 1 ) as a press filter. The housing ( 2 ) consists in its central part of a cylindrical sheet metal bellows ( 50 ) which can be compressed and stretched in the direction of the cylinder axis. The operation of the fixed bed filter ( 1 ) is prepared in the following way: By loosening the snap lock (not shown), the lower part of the housing ( 2 ) joined together by means of flanges and rubber seal ( 57 ) is detached from its upper part and a filter wool package ( 1 ) is pushed in , The housing ( 2 ) is then put together again by means of the flanges and rubber seal ( 57 ) and the snap lock snaps into place and pushed between the press jaws of the press tool ( 3 ). Then the selected dimension ( 47 ) is pressed together using a crank. The housing ( 2 ) is pressed parallel to the cylinder axis, the filter wool package ( 1 ) being clamped between the sieve plates ( 49 ). Raw water is then introduced into the filter bed ( 1 ) via valve ( 53 ). The valve is then vented ( 54 ). Pure water can then be removed by opening valve ( 48 ). The filter wool consists of wood wool coated with precipitated iron hydroxide in order to remove aluminum, antimony, lead and selenium from the water by sorption in the iron hydroxide coating.

Example 19 Purification of tap water by means of arranged at the tap press filter

Fig. 19 shows in the assembled housing ( 2 ) an approximately cylindrical filter wool package ( 1 ) as a press filter. The housing ( 2 ) consists in its inner part of an approximately cylindrical rubber membrane hose or rubber bellows ( 51 ) which can be stretched orthogonally to the cylinder axis. The rubber bellows ( 51 ) is fixed liquid-tight on the outer metal cylinder ( 56 ) of the press filter housing ( 2 ) by means of clamps ( 52 ). The space between the rubber bellows ( 51 ) and the metal cylinder ( 56 ) is filled with press water via the line ( 57 ) equipped with a manual valve up to the desired press pressure. As a result, the rubber membrane ( 51 ) compresses the filter wool pack ( 1 ) radially. The filter is now ready for operation: By letting the tap water run into the filter inlet according to the direction of the arrow ( 58 ) and the damming effect of the siphon ( 35 ), the filter fills with water. The pure water runs out of the siphon in the direction of the arrow ( 59 ). The water level is set at level ( 61 ) in the siphon, with the water level in the press filter inlet ( 27 ) being somewhat higher depending on the raw water supply volume. Sawdust coated with ocher is used as filter wool, with which the odor of hydrogen sulfide and the humic acid color of the water are eliminated.

Example 20 Purification of the water in a water reservoir by means of a hook press filter

Fig. 20 shows an approximately cylindrical filter wool package as a press filter. About 1.5 g of paper wool are manually stuffed into a press tube as a press filter housing in a paper tube formed into a cylindrical tube of about 2 cm in diameter. The paper wool has been cut from paper with a basis weight of approx. 110 g / m ² . The paper wool consists of 1.5 mm wide paper strips. As fiber coating components, the paper wool contains activated carbon and ferric hydroxide in proportions by weight of approximately 10% each based on the weight of the paper. The papers were made with a pulp (cellulose fiber suspension) which had been prepared by adding sodium hydroxide solution to an iron-III-salt-containing pulp and then adding activated carbon powder to the pulp. There is a small slit in the filter paper sleeve above the fixed wool bed in the press filter. A thin, curved stainless steel tube is inserted through this slot. The stainless steel tube forms an S-shaped hook. The filter paper sleeve suspended in this way on the stainless steel tube is now suspended in the water reservoir with the water to be cleaned, so that the upper edge of the filter paper sleeve lies clearly below the water surface of the water reservoir. The S-shaped stainless steel tube is attached to the edge of the water reservoir. It is connected to the hose of a small aquarium membrane air pump that can pump an adjustable amount of air. After switching on the air pump, the press filter starts to react in the desired way. The chlorine and lead contamination of the water to be cleaned is reduced to over 80% within 10 minutes with 1 liter of water and 15 ° C water temperature. Fig. 20 shows a longitudinal section through the filter paper sleeve as the housing of the press filter. The paper wool fixed bed in the press filter is shown hatched. The stainless steel tube used for pumping in air and as a hanging device for the filter paper sleeve is shown blacked out. The rising air bubbles that generate the water flow through the press filter are shown as horizontal ellipses. The arrow shows the water inflow. The water flow through the press filter is optimized here in that the upper end of the tube is long enough to completely record the buoyancy of the gas bubble / water mixture in order to improve the flow through the press filter.

The tubular paper tubes particularly suitable for this purpose described in Example 1 Press filter housing, which also serve for gas bubble conduction at the same time, are preferred produced by direct application of the pulp to tubular sieves or by Folding, stitching or similar glue-free on known fixing methods. Instead of the paper sleeves designed for single use as a press filter housing preferably for taking up the wool and / or granules and for gas bubble propagation tubes made of durable materials are also suitable, which are suitable for reuse, such as B. glass, plastic, metal, enamelled metal, gold-plated metal, ceramic, glazed Ceramics. The material of these tubes is preferably against water and oxygen resistant. The tubes preferably consist of the smoothest possible and non-porous Material and are cylindrical. The advantage of these tubes is also that Gas inlet tube can also be inserted directly through the top opening of the tube can, the formation of the tube and gas inlet tube in such a way is coordinated that the tube and gas inlet tube with an easily detachable Connection, e.g. B. fix together by clamping or screwing. But it is also possible that the gas inlet pipe by means of a bore or otherwise manufactured Opening can be inserted laterally into the tube.

Example 21 Purification of the water in a water reservoir by means of a hook press filter

Fig. 21 shows a section through a bundle of wood wool wirkstoflbeschichteter wood wool as Preßfllter. 5 g of a wood wool coated with 20% by weight manganese-containing iron III hydroxides is tied together with a rubber ring (not shown) to form a press filter in the form of a bundle and is also fixed to a thin bent stainless steel tube with this rubber ring. The stainless steel tube forms an S-shaped hook. The wood wool bundle suspended in this way on the stainless steel tube is now suspended in the water reservoir with the water to be cleaned, so that the upper edge of the press filter lies clearly below the water surface of the water reservoir. The S-shaped stainless steel tube is attached to the edge of the vessel. It is connected to the hose of a small aquarium membrane air pump that can pump an adjustable amount of air. 15 minutes. After switching on the air pump, the arsenic contamination of the water to be cleaned is already reduced by over 70% with 1 l water quantity and 20 ° C water temperature. Only some of the wood wool fibers of the press filter are shown as thick, irregularly curved black lines to characterize the position of the wood wool bundle. In order not to obscure the illustration, the rubber ring from which the bundle is held together is neither shown in FIG. 21, nor is its attachment to the stainless steel tube shown. The stainless steel tube used for pumping in air and for hanging the filter paper sleeve is shown blacked out. The rising air bubbles that generate the water flow through the wood wool bundle are shown as horizontal hatched ellipses.

This experiment surprisingly showed that the coating of the wood wool with Braunstein-ocher mix so resistant to the mechanical stress caused by the  bubbling air bubbles is that no coating components from the coated Get wood wool into the water of the water reservoir. This is especially why surprising because the ocher and Brown stone deposits of the filter materials gravel, hydroanthracite, coke, pumice, expanded clay simple backwashing processes in which air bubble swarms as a means of quantitative Sufficient removal of the deposits.

Example 22 Purification of the water in a water reservoir by means of a hook press filter

Fig. 22 shows a section through a wood wool bundle made of active substance-coated wood wool as a press filter. 5 g of a wood wool coated with 12% by weight of iron (III) hydroxides is bound together with a rubber ring (not shown) to form a bundle as a press filter and is also fixed to two thin bent stainless steel tubes fixed to one another with this rubber ring. The two stainless steel tubes fixed together form an S-shaped hook. The wood wool bundle suspended in this way on the stainless steel tube is now suspended in a water reservoir with the water to be cleaned, so that the top edge of the bundle lies clearly below the water surface of the water reservoir. The S-shaped stainless steel tubes are attached to the edge of the vessel. They are connected via a hose outside the water reservoir to a small hose pump that can pump an adjustable amount of water. Water is extracted from the water reservoir using the straight stainless steel tube; the water rinsing of the cotton bundle as a press filter by means of the bent stainless steel tube, as shown in FIG. 22. 20 minutes after switching on the water pump, the arsenic contamination of the water to be cleaned is already reduced by more than 70% with a water volume of 5 l and a water temperature of 20 ° C. Only some of the wood wool fibers of the bundle are shown as irregularly curved double lines to characterize the position of the wood wool bundle. In order not to obscure the illustration, the rubber ring from which the bundle is held together is not shown in FIG. 22, nor is its attachment to the stainless steel tube shown. The soldered fixation of the stainless steel tubes to each other is symbolized by the hatched areas between the tubes shown in black. The black arrows show the flow of water through the wood wool bundle and at the openings of the stainless steel tubes in the water reservoir.

Example 23 Purification of the water of a water reservoir by means of it floating press filter

Fig. 23 shows a section through a floating in the water to be purified a water reservoir press filter made of glass with ocher coated paper wool as an active ingredient for coating the wool a solution is prepared with which the wool is soaked and then dried containing EisenIIsulfat. The wool coated in this way is treated with ammonium carbonate solution, then washed, formed wet into a sausage, placed in a polyethylene mesh tube and then dried. The wool sausage is then cut into pieces of 70 mm in length and manually stuffed into a cylindrical glass housing of 80 mm in length and 32 mm in inner diameter ( 2 ) with an inwardly projecting edge ( 31 ). This creates a press filter (roughly hatched, 1 ) 70 mm long and about 32 mm in diameter. The device is held by means of three floating bubbles (hatched, 61 ) on the water surface ( 11 ) in a reservoir (not shown) with 5 l of well water. A gas lifter ( 28 ) is used to generate water-gas mixture ( 10 ), which in the inlet area of the press filter (roughly hatched 1), which is insulated against the outer water surface in the water reservoir ( 11 ) by folding up the glass housing of the press filter ( 2 ), according to the arrow ( 58 ) indicated flow thread is promoted. The gas, in this case air, escapes into the atmosphere. A water level ( 27 ) slightly above the water level of the water reservoir ( 11 ) is set above the inlet area of the press filter (roughly hatched, 1 ). As a result, the water flowing into the inlet area of the press filter flows uniformly as a plug flow from top to bottom through the press filter (roughly hatched, 1 ). After it has flowed through, the now purified water returns to the water reservoir according to the flow lines ( 22 ). Through the elbow of the gas lift ( 28 ), raw water is drawn into the device from the water reservoir according to the flow thread ( 24 ). The air for operation of the gas lift (28) is introduced via the metallic capillary tube (4) in the gas lift (28). Over 15% of the lead and 80% of the arsenic and the vast majority of the dissolved iron are removed from the water within 15 minutes. 1 active substance-coated filter wool or filter granulate as press filter content
2 housing for the press filter content
3 pressing tool
4 gas inlet pipe
5 Water-permeable area in the jacket of the press tool
6 projections on the press tool near the press tool tip
7 arrows that show the inflow paths of water from the water reservoir into the press filter
8 arrows that show the inflow paths of water from the press filter into the press tool
9 arrows indicating the outflow paths of the water-gas mixture from the press tool into the water reservoir
10 blowing bubble-water mixture
11 water levels in the water reservoir
12 projections on the press tool removed from the press tool tip
13 Water-permeable area on the projections away from the press tool tip
14 active substance-containing granular filter material as press filter content
15 Footed holding device in the water tank for the filter material including its housing
16 piercing devices for producing the water permeability in the housing for the press filter contents, which are not connected to the press tool
17 Holder for the press filter fixed to the tank of the water reservoir
18 gas-filled buoyancy chambers in the press tool
19 arrows indicating the inflow paths of water from the liquid-gas mixture in the press tool
20 arrows indicating the outflow paths of water from the press tool into the press filter
21 arrows that show the inflow paths of water from the water reservoir into the press tool
22 arrows indicating the outflow paths of water from the press filter into the water reservoir
23 Open arrow indicating the direction of the movement impulse that acts on the device
24 arrows indicating water inflow paths from the water reservoir into the water lift
25 gas-filled buoyancy chambers on water siphon and press filter housing
26 water level in the pressing tool
27 water level on the press filter
28 water jacks
29 weighting
30 holder for the water lifter made of perforated plate
31 annular edge
32 Permeable area in the housing
33 webs on the underside of the press tool
34 vertical hole in the press tool
35 siphon
36 bridges at the bottom of the siphon
37 Siphon overflow
38 pure water reservoir
39 Raw water reservoir
40 circular washer
41 set screws
42 brackets
43 Cutting on the concentrically interlocked tubes on the underside of the press tool
44 lacy bridges on the bottom of the siphon
45 horizontal drilling through the concentrically intertwined pipes of the press tool
46 concentrically nested tubes on the underside of the press tool
47 adjustable distance
48 nozzle
49 sieve plate
50 wall area of the press filter housing designed as a bellows
51 Wall area of the press filter housing designed as a rubber bellows
52 clamps for fastening the rubber bellows fastening
53 Valve in the raw water supply to the press filter
54 vent valve
55 Opening in the bottom of the housing
56 wall area of the housing designed as a metal cylinder
57 Inlet and outlet for press water can be closed with a valve
58 Raw water feed into the press filter
59 Pure water drain from the press filter
60 liquid level in the siphon
61 gas-filled buoyancy chamber

Claims (14)

1. Fixed bed filter for water treatment, the fixed bed volume during the Water treatment is contracted, which is present as a packed and / or poured fixed bed, consisting of particles and containing particles, at least a portion of fibers exist or contain them, and that the fibers and / or the particles have a coating and / or impregnation, all or part of one or more There are active ingredients in with one or more ingredients of the treated water Reaction. 2. Fixed bed filter according to claim 1, the fixed bed volume contraction that the dimensions the macroscopic one present in the uncompressed state between the particles Cavity structures that are several times larger than the statistical mean of Dimensions of the total macroscopic cavity structures present in the not compressed filter wool are present, are reduced to dimensions that the statistical mean of the dimensions of the total macroscopic Cavity structures in the compressed filter wool are largely approximated. 3. Fixed bed filter according to claim 1 and 2, the fixed bed volume contraction variable is adjustable. 4. fixed bed filter according to claim 1 to 3, the fixed bed volume contraction on the Filter runtime is controlled so that the differential pressure between the filter inlet and Filter runout is constant over the filter runtime. 5. Fixed bed filter according to claim 1 to 4, which with one or more means of an open or enclosed enclosure that is rigid about at least one of the properties, stretchy and elastic. 6. Fixed bed filter according to claim 1 to 5, the at least one or more of the agents Wrapping, strapping, strapping, packing tape, plastic cord, net, pouch, sack, jute sack, Mesh sack, tulle sack, plastic sack, paper sleeve, plastic film sheet, rubber film sheet, Mesh hose, rubber hose, plastic hose, glass tube, plastic tube, metal tube, open or is enclosed. 7. fixed bed filter according to claim 1 to 6, the volume contraction by one or more the permanent pressure-exerting effects weight support, wrapping, Strapping, collar, membranes or pressing tools as a pneumatic or pneumatic transfer device hydraulic generated pressure, piercing and / or piercing Displacement bodies is caused.   8. Fixed bed filter according to claim 1 to 7, characterized in that the pressing pressure caused by the pressing tool is exerted on the fixed bed filter material, directly and / or indirectly by at least one of the effects of heavy mass, manual force, mechanical force, magnetic force, hydraulic force and electromagnetic force is caused. 9. fixed bed filter according to claim 1 to 8 containing one or more pierced in the fixed bed filter housing and / or in the filter wool pressing tools as flow generators and / or flow conductors which have at least one or more of the properties in the operating state of the fixed bed filter
they consist of straight or curved elongated bodies,
they contain at least one cavity inside,
its front end is a tip
they contain at least one hydraulically continuous connection between one or more cavities in their interior and the liquid phase to be treated outside the filter wool or a gas phase possibly present above the liquid phase to be treated,
they contain at least one hydraulically continuous connection between one or more cavities in their interior and the interior of the filter wool,
a negative or positive pressure difference in the liquid phase relative to the hydrostatic external pressure at the same level is impressed on them at least at one point in their inner cavity or, if applicable, at one point in their respective inner cavities. 10. fixed bed filter according to claim 1 to 9, containing particles in the form of long fibers, its volume contraction by one or more of the one-time pressure exerting shaping effects stuffing the particles in a housing and / or wrapping the Thread or rope shaped particles is caused. 11. Fixed bed filter according to claim 1 to 10, containing particles containing at least one substance or an element from the groups active carbon, zeolite, metallic iron, in oxides or mixed oxides bound iron, manganese bound in oxides or mixed oxides, in Heavy metals bound to sulfides or mixed sulfides, iron bound to disulfides, photocatalytically active oxides, especially those of titanium and zircon, oxides and hydroxides containing one or more of the elements aluminum, yttrium, scandium, lanthanides, Thorium, uranium, free humic acids, humic acids bound to polyvalent metal ions polyvalent metal ions bound polysaccharides, bound to polyvalent metal ions Chitosan, alginic acids bound to polyvalent metal ions, to polyvalent metal ions bound long-chain carboxylic acids, precious metals in the form of an impregnation and / or Contains coating. 12. Fixed bed filter with rubber-elastic, stretchable or rigid housing for Water treatment, its fixed bed filter volume at least during the water treatment is temporarily pressed and / or contracted and that as packed and / or poured Fixed bed is present, containing particles that do not contain any fiber content.   13. Use of fixed bed filters according to claim 1 to 12, characterized in that they are used to remove one or more contaminants from the Water present in one or more of the forms of suspension, dispersion, solution and the one or more element compounds and / or elements from the groups Fluoride, iodide, cyanide, sulfide, sulfite, carbon disulfide, carbon oxide sulfide, Monothiocarbonate, dithiocarbonate, trithiocarbonate, nitrate, nitrite, sulfate, phosphate, iodine, Bromine, chlorine, chlorine dioxide, organic compounds, heavy metals, aluminum, Alkaline earth metals, metalloids, radionuclides, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, selenium belong. 14. Use of fixed bed filters according to claim 1 to 13, characterized in that they are used to separate one or more element compounds and / or Elements in the treated water from the groups fluoride, alkaline earth, essential Minerals, flavors, humic substances, fulvic acids, tannins, organic compounds.