DD237514B5 - Verfahren zur Herstellung von Vinylchlorid-Polymeren - Google Patents
Verfahren zur Herstellung von Vinylchlorid-Polymeren Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- DD237514B5 DD237514B5 DD27878385A DD27878385A DD237514B5 DD 237514 B5 DD237514 B5 DD 237514B5 DD 27878385 A DD27878385 A DD 27878385A DD 27878385 A DD27878385 A DD 27878385A DD 237514 B5 DD237514 B5 DD 237514B5
- Authority
- DD
- German Democratic Republic
- Prior art keywords
- dyes
- poly
- dye
- pigments
- polymers
- Prior art date
Links
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 55
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 49
- BZHJMEDXRYGGRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl chloride Chemical compound ClC=C BZHJMEDXRYGGRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 38
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims description 3
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 139
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 108
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 102
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 67
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 150000001491 aromatic compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 150000002391 heterocyclic compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000010557 suspension polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000007720 emulsion polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000012736 aqueous medium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- -1 polysiloxanes Polymers 0.000 claims description 136
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 92
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 32
- 239000002455 scale inhibitor Substances 0.000 claims description 32
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims description 31
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 27
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 24
- 150000002484 inorganic compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 24
- 229910010272 inorganic material Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000000987 azo dye Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- SMWDFEZZVXVKRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Quinoline Chemical compound N1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 SMWDFEZZVXVKRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000000084 colloidal system Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000000985 reactive dye Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- AZQWKYJCGOJGHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-benzoquinone Chemical compound O=C1C=CC(=O)C=C1 AZQWKYJCGOJGHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 15
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 235000000177 Indigofera tinctoria Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- 229940097275 indigo Drugs 0.000 claims description 7
- COHYTHOBJLSHDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N indigo powder Natural products N1C2=CC=CC=C2C(=O)C1=C1C(=O)C2=CC=CC=C2N1 COHYTHOBJLSHDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- PLOCPSZUSGEEMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenanthridin-1-amine Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=C3C(N)=CC=CC3=NC=C21 PLOCPSZUSGEEMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- QWUFXJHVFNRNCU-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenazin-1-amine Chemical class C1=CC=C2N=C3C(N)=CC=CC3=NC2=C1 QWUFXJHVFNRNCU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- HOLGXWDGCVTMTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-aminophenyl)aniline Chemical group NC1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1N HOLGXWDGCVTMTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920005615 natural polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- RHQTYDDJBYBCQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenazin-2-amine Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=NC3=CC(N)=CC=C3N=C21 RHQTYDDJBYBCQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- RUFPHBVGCFYCNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-naphthylamine Chemical class C1=CC=C2C(N)=CC=CC2=C1 RUFPHBVGCFYCNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- IUHYFLKPKSFRCT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-phenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-amine Chemical compound O1C(N)=NC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 IUHYFLKPKSFRCT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229930192627 Naphthoquinone Natural products 0.000 claims description 4
- HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-acetylene Natural products C#C HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000003277 amino group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- XJHABGPPCLHLLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzo[de]isoquinoline-1,3-dione Chemical compound C1=CC(C(=O)NC2=O)=C3C2=CC=CC3=C1 XJHABGPPCLHLLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007850 fluorescent dye Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000001434 methanylylidene group Chemical group [H]C#[*] 0.000 claims description 4
- NTNWKDHZTDQSST-UHFFFAOYSA-N naphthalene-1,2-diamine Chemical class C1=CC=CC2=C(N)C(N)=CC=C21 NTNWKDHZTDQSST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000002791 naphthoquinones Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000001005 nitro dye Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- VZPGINJWPPHRLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenazine-2,3-diamine Chemical compound C1=CC=C2N=C(C=C(C(N)=C3)N)C3=NC2=C1 VZPGINJWPPHRLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000001007 phthalocyanine dye Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- UTXPWBKKZFLMPZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-aminoacridine Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC3=CC(N)=CC=C3N=C21 UTXPWBKKZFLMPZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- PYSJLPAOBIGQPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-phenyl-1,3-thiazol-2-amine Chemical compound S1C(N)=NC(C=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 PYSJLPAOBIGQPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- LSLUWQIENURREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-phenyl-1,3-thiazol-2-amine Chemical compound S1C(N)=NC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 LSLUWQIENURREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920002396 Polyurea Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N acrylic acid group Chemical group C(C=C)(=O)O NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001000 anthraquinone dye Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000005626 carbonium group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001993 dienes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000002534 ethynyl group Chemical group [H]C#C* 0.000 claims description 3
- MSNWSDPPULHLDL-UHFFFAOYSA-K ferric hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[Fe+3] MSNWSDPPULHLDL-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- FDIDCYPDPBOBPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N naphthalene-1,2,3-triamine Chemical class C1=CC=C2C(N)=C(N)C(N)=CC2=C1 FDIDCYPDPBOBPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- VPRFQZSTJXHBHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenanthrene-9,10-diamine Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(N)=C(N)C3=CC=CC=C3C2=C1 VPRFQZSTJXHBHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001008 quinone-imine dye Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000004760 silicates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- WDVSHHCDHLJJJR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Proflavine Chemical compound C1=CC(N)=CC2=NC3=CC(N)=CC=C3C=C21 WDVSHHCDHLJJJR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical class [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- QYOFUVIUFNSMFM-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthracene-1,4-diamine Chemical class C1=CC=C2C=C3C(N)=CC=C(N)C3=CC2=C1 QYOFUVIUFNSMFM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000592 inorganic polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000005395 methacrylic acid group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920002492 poly(sulfone) Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920001021 polysulfide Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000005077 polysulfide Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000008117 polysulfides Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000003746 surface roughness Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920001959 vinylidene polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011701 zinc Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- MZZSDCJQCLYLLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Secalonsaeure A Natural products COC(=O)C12OC3C(CC1=C(O)CC(C)C2O)C(=CC=C3c4ccc(O)c5C(=O)C6=C(O)CC(C)C(O)C6(Oc45)C(=O)OC)O MZZSDCJQCLYLLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- FZZMTSNZRBFGGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-chloro-7-fluoroquinazolin-4-amine Chemical compound FC1=CC=C2C(N)=NC(Cl)=NC2=C1 FZZMTSNZRBFGGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 241000193738 Bacillus anthracis Species 0.000 claims 1
- 229940126062 Compound A Drugs 0.000 claims 1
- NLDMNSXOCDLTTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Heterophylliin A Natural products O1C2COC(=O)C3=CC(O)=C(O)C(O)=C3C3=C(O)C(O)=C(O)C=C3C(=O)OC2C(OC(=O)C=2C=C(O)C(O)=C(O)C=2)C(O)C1OC(=O)C1=CC(O)=C(O)C(O)=C1 NLDMNSXOCDLTTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Orthosilicate Chemical compound [O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 125000003275 alpha amino acid group Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 abstract description 33
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000003449 preventive effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 654
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 237
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 97
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 87
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 86
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 79
- 239000000980 acid dye Substances 0.000 description 59
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 48
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 46
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 41
- WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 40
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 36
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 33
- 239000000992 solvent dye Substances 0.000 description 33
- 239000000984 vat dye Substances 0.000 description 32
- 108091034057 RNA (poly(A)) Proteins 0.000 description 30
- 235000019441 ethanol Nutrition 0.000 description 27
- 239000000982 direct dye Substances 0.000 description 24
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 23
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 22
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 21
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 21
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 19
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 19
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 239000000986 disperse dye Substances 0.000 description 18
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 16
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical compound CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- RGCKGOZRHPZPFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N alizarin Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(=O)C3=C(O)C(O)=CC=C3C(=O)C2=C1 RGCKGOZRHPZPFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- TXCDCPKCNAJMEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibenzofuran Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=C3OC2=C1 TXCDCPKCNAJMEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000000983 mordant dye Substances 0.000 description 12
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 12
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 12
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 11
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 11
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- NEHMKBQYUWJMIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N chloromethane Chemical compound ClC NEHMKBQYUWJMIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 10
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- ZXEKIIBDNHEJCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N isobutanol Chemical compound CC(C)CO ZXEKIIBDNHEJCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000003973 paint Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 10
- 229920001800 Shellac Polymers 0.000 description 9
- XSCHRSMBECNVNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzopyrazine Natural products N1=CC=NC2=CC=CC=C21 XSCHRSMBECNVNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 235000019353 potassium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 9
- 239000004208 shellac Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229940113147 shellac Drugs 0.000 description 9
- 235000013874 shellac Nutrition 0.000 description 9
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 9
- MWPLVEDNUUSJAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthracene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC3=CC=CC=C3C=C21 MWPLVEDNUUSJAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium silicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-][Si]([O-])=O NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 125000005605 benzo group Chemical group 0.000 description 7
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethylformamide Substances CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000000576 food coloring agent Substances 0.000 description 7
- GBMDVOWEEQVZKZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanol;hydrate Chemical compound O.OC GBMDVOWEEQVZKZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- YNPNZTXNASCQKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenanthrene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=C3C=CC2=C1 YNPNZTXNASCQKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- NIKFYOSELWJIOF-UHFFFAOYSA-N rosanilin Chemical compound Cl.C1=C(N)C(C)=CC(C(=C2C=CC(=N)C=C2)C=2C=CC(N)=CC=2)=C1 NIKFYOSELWJIOF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- ZLGIYFNHBLSMPS-ATJNOEHPSA-N shellac Chemical compound OCCCCCC(O)C(O)CCCCCCCC(O)=O.C1C23[C@H](C(O)=O)CCC2[C@](C)(CO)[C@@H]1C(C(O)=O)=C[C@@H]3O ZLGIYFNHBLSMPS-ATJNOEHPSA-N 0.000 description 7
- WJFKNYWRSNBZNX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 10H-phenothiazine Chemical compound C1=CC=C2NC3=CC=CC=C3SC2=C1 WJFKNYWRSNBZNX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- MHOFGBJTSNWTDT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 2-[n-ethyl-4-[(6-methoxy-3-methyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium-2-yl)diazenyl]anilino]ethanol;methyl sulfate Chemical compound COS([O-])(=O)=O.C1=CC(N(CCO)CC)=CC=C1N=NC1=[N+](C)C2=CC=C(OC)C=C2S1 MHOFGBJTSNWTDT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Naphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N O-Xylene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1C CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 6
- DZBUGLKDJFMEHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N acridine Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC3=CC=CC=C3N=C21 DZBUGLKDJFMEHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 150000008064 anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 239000008119 colloidal silica Substances 0.000 description 6
- ZYGHJZDHTFUPRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N coumarin Chemical compound C1=CC=C2OC(=O)C=CC2=C1 ZYGHJZDHTFUPRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 6
- BXWNKGSJHAJOGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexadecan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCO BXWNKGSJHAJOGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000001866 hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 6
- 235000010979 hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 229920003088 hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 6
- UFVKGYZPFZQRLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose Chemical compound OC1C(O)C(OC)OC(CO)C1OC1C(O)C(O)C(OC2C(C(O)C(OC3C(C(O)C(O)C(CO)O3)O)C(CO)O2)O)C(CO)O1 UFVKGYZPFZQRLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 6
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-VMNATFBRSA-N methanol-d1 Chemical compound [2H]OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-VMNATFBRSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 125000001570 methylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:1])[*:2] 0.000 description 6
- 229950000688 phenothiazine Drugs 0.000 description 6
- BBEAQIROQSPTKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C=CC3=CC=CC4=CC=C1C2=C43 BBEAQIROQSPTKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 6
- MCTQNEBFZMBRSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (3-amino-4-phenyldiazenylphenyl)azanium;chloride Chemical compound Cl.NC1=CC(N)=CC=C1N=NC1=CC=CC=C1 MCTQNEBFZMBRSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 5
- VQTUBCCKSQIDNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isobutene Chemical compound CC(C)=C VQTUBCCKSQIDNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- PCNDJXKNXGMECE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenazine Natural products C1=CC=CC2=NC3=CC=CC=C3N=C21 PCNDJXKNXGMECE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
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- 150000004867 thiadiazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229960003495 thiamine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- DPJRMOMPQZCRJU-UHFFFAOYSA-M thiamine hydrochloride Chemical compound Cl.[Cl-].CC1=C(CCO)SC=[N+]1CC1=CN=C(C)N=C1N DPJRMOMPQZCRJU-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- YXVCLPJQTZXJLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiamine(1+) diphosphate chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CC1=C(CCOP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O)SC=[N+]1CC1=CN=C(C)N=C1N YXVCLPJQTZXJLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GVIJJXMXTUZIOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N thianthrene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2SC3=CC=CC=C3SC2=C1 GVIJJXMXTUZIOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003557 thiazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- OFBPGACXRPVDQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiirane 1,1-dioxide Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CC1 OFBPGACXRPVDQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MDYPJPPXVOPUNX-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiochromen-2-one Chemical compound C1=CC=C2SC(=O)C=CC2=C1 MDYPJPPXVOPUNX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JADVWWSKYZXRGX-UHFFFAOYSA-M thioflavine T Chemical compound [Cl-].C1=CC(N(C)C)=CC=C1C1=[N+](C)C2=CC=C(C)C=C2S1 JADVWWSKYZXRGX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- JOUDBUYBGJYFFP-FOCLMDBBSA-N thioindigo Chemical class S\1C2=CC=CC=C2C(=O)C/1=C1/C(=O)C2=CC=CC=C2S1 JOUDBUYBGJYFFP-FOCLMDBBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YRHRIQCWCFGUEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N thioxanthen-9-one Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(=O)C3=CC=CC=C3SC2=C1 YRHRIQCWCFGUEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960004636 thonzylamine hydrochloride Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 210000001541 thymus gland Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DVKJHBMWWAPEIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N toluene 2,4-diisocyanate Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(N=C=O)C=C1N=C=O DVKJHBMWWAPEIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003613 toluenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000010487 tragacanth Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000196 tragacanth Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940116362 tragacanth Drugs 0.000 description 1
- OVZXISBUYCEVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-alpha-methylstilbene Natural products C=1C=CC=CC=1C(C)=CC1=CC=CC=C1 OVZXISBUYCEVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KHPCPRHQVVSZAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-cinnamyl beta-D-glucopyranoside Natural products OC1C(O)C(O)C(CO)OC1OCC=CC1=CC=CC=C1 KHPCPRHQVVSZAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002834 transmittance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229960002415 trichloroethylene Drugs 0.000 description 1
- DOKTZMKBGPRAPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl(naphthalen-1-yl)azanium Chemical class C1=CC=C2C([N+](C)(C)C)=CC=CC2=C1 DOKTZMKBGPRAPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KQFUYXBSZHBEQM-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl(naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)azanium Chemical class C1=CC=C2C(C[N+](C)(C)C)=CC=CC2=C1 KQFUYXBSZHBEQM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000005580 triphenylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- AAAQKTZKLRYKHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenylmethane Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 AAAQKTZKLRYKHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002604 ultrasonography Methods 0.000 description 1
- PXXNTAGJWPJAGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N vertaline Natural products C1C2C=3C=C(OC)C(OC)=CC=3OC(C=C3)=CC=C3CCC(=O)OC1CC1N2CCCC1 PXXNTAGJWPJAGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ROVRRJSRRSGUOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N victoria blue bo Chemical compound [Cl-].C12=CC=CC=C2C(NCC)=CC=C1C(C=1C=CC(=CC=1)N(CC)CC)=C1C=CC(=[N+](CC)CC)C=C1 ROVRRJSRRSGUOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KOZCZZVUFDCZGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N vinyl benzoate Chemical compound C=COC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 KOZCZZVUFDCZGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001567 vinyl ester resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- FUSUHKVFWTUUBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N vinyl methyl ketone Natural products CC(=O)C=C FUSUHKVFWTUUBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NLVXSWCKKBEXTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N vinylsulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)C=C NLVXSWCKKBEXTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000013343 vitamin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011782 vitamin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940088594 vitamin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229930003231 vitamin Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 239000011691 vitamin B1 Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010374 vitamin B1 Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000019143 vitamin K2 Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011728 vitamin K2 Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940011671 vitamin b6 Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000003722 vitamin derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 210000002268 wool Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000001052 yellow pigment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005019 zein Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940093612 zein Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000014692 zinc oxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F2/00—Processes of polymerisation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F2/00—Processes of polymerisation
- C08F2/002—Scale prevention in a polymerisation reactor or its auxiliary parts
- C08F2/004—Scale prevention in a polymerisation reactor or its auxiliary parts by a prior coating on the reactor walls
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
- Polymerisation Methods In General (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
- Inks, Pencil-Leads, Or Crayons (AREA)
Description
Bei Verfahren fur die Suspensionspolymerisation oder Emulsionspolymerisation von Vinylchloridmonomer oder einem Gemisch von Vinylchloridmonomer und anderen Vinylmonomeren in Gegenwart eines Polymerisationskatalysators tritt das Problem auf, daß sich Polymerkesselstein an der Innenwandflache des Polymerisationsreaktors oder an Teilen der Zusatzausrustungen des Polymerisationsreaktors, die mit dem Monomer wahrend der Polymerisation in Berührung kommen können, zum Beispiel am Ruhrwerk, ansetzt Durch an der Innenwand eines Polymerisationsreaktors usw anhaftenden Kesselstein wird die Ausbeute an Polymer verringert und die Kuhlkapazitat des Polymerisationsreaktors vermindert, und er kann auch zu den sogenannten Fischaugen fuhren, die dadurch entstehen, daß sich anhaftender Kesselstein von der Innenwand des Polymerisationsreaktors lost und in das Produkt eingemischt wird, wodurch die Qualität des Produktes verschlechtert wird Außerdem erfordert die Entfernung von Kesselstein einen ungeheuren Arbeite- und Zeitaufwand, außerdem werden nicht umgesetzte Monomere (Vinylchlorid usw ) in den Kesselstein absorbiert, so daß sich als nachteilige Folgen Gefahren fur den menschlichen Korper ergeben können
Als Maßnahme fur die Verhinderung der Kesselsteinbildung von Polymer ist im Fachgebiet das Auftragen einer Schicht eines chemischen Reaktionsmitteis (im folgenden als „Kesselsteinverhutungsmittel" bezeichnet) auf die Innenwandoberflache des Polymerisationsreaktors bekannt, zahlreiche derartige Kesselsteinverhutungsmittel sind vorgestellt worden Unter den verschiedenen bekannten Verfahren ist eine besonders gute Maßnahme zu nennen, bei der ein Farbstoff und/oder ein Pigment als Kesselsteinverhutungsmittel verwendet wird (JP-PS 30835/1970) Dieses Verfahren ist jedoch nicht immer wirksam und sicher гиг Verhütung der Kesselsteinbildung und daher nicht immer zufriedenstellend DD-PS 106 851 beschreibt ein Verfahren zur Herstellung von Polyvinylhalogeniden oder Copolymeren der Vinylhalogenide mit olefinisch ungesättigten Monomeren durch Polymerisation der Monomeren in wäßriger Suspension in Gegenwart von olloshchen Katalysatoren, Dispergierhilfsmitteln und gegebenenfalls weiteren Polymerisationshilfsmitteln in einem Reaktor, bei welchem in Gegenwart wasserlöslicher Reduktionsmittel in Mengen von 1 bis 2000 ppm bezogen auf Wasser polymerisiert wird
CH-PS 546 261 beschreibt ein Verfahren zur Suspensionspolymerisation von monomerem Vinylchlorid oder einer Vinylmonomermischung, die Vinylchlorid als Hauptkomponente enthalt, in einem wäßrigen Medium, das mindestens ein Suspensionsmittel und mindestens einen olloslichen Katalysator enthalt, bei welchem man vor der Polymerisation die Innenwand des Polymerisationsgefaßes sowie den Ruhrer und/oder einen mit dem Vinylmonomer oder den Vinylmonomeren in Verbindung kommenden Kuhler gleichmäßig in einer Menge von mindestens 0,001 g/m2 mit mindestens einer die Ablagerung von Polymerkrusten vermindernden Verbindung versieht, wobei die die Ablagerung von Polymerkrusten vermindernde Verbindung eine polare organische Verbindung aus der Gruppe der Stickstoffatome enthaltenden organischen Verbindungen, Chinonverbindungen, Ketonverbindungen, Aldehydverbindungen, Alkoholverbindungen mit mindestens 6 C-Atomen und Carbonsaureverbindungen mit mindestens 6 C-Atomen, ein organischer Farbstoff oder ein anorganisches Pigment oder eine Mischung der angegebenen Verbindungen ist DE-OS 2 632 469 beschreibt ein Verfahren zum Herstellen von vorgemischtem Polyvinylchloridharzmaterial, wobei Vinylchloridmonomer allein oder eine Mischung von Vinylchlorid mit einem oder mehreren mit ihm copolymerisierbaren Monomeren in Gegenwart eines Polymerisationsstarters und einer Mehrzahl von Verarbeitungshilfsstoffen in einem Polymerisationsreaktor polymerisiert wird, bei welchem vor der Polymerisation die Innenwände und andere, mit dem Monomer oder den Monomeren in Berührung kommende Oberflachen des Reaktors mit (a) wenigstens einer Verbindung aus der Gruppe polare organische Verbindungen und organische Farbstoffe und (b) wenigstens einer Verbindung aus der Gruppe Hydroxide, Oxide, Halogenide und Carbonsäuresalze von Metallen und Oxosauren der zur zweiten bis sechsten Periode der Gruppen HB und III bis VII des Periodischen Systems gehörenden Elemente und Salze der Oxosauren behandelt werden. *
EP 0 126 991 beschreibt ein Verfahren zur Verhinderung des Absetzens von Polymerkrusten an den Wanden eines Polymerisationsreaktors im Laufe der Polymerisationsreaktion eines ethylenisch ungesättigten Monomers oder einer ethylenisch ungesättigten Monomermischung, das die folgenden Schritte umfaßt
(a) Beschichten der Reaktorwande mit einer Beschichtungszusammensetzung, die
(A) eine organische Verbindung mit wenigstens 5 konjugierten IT-Bindungen in einem Molekül,
(B) ein Chelatmittel und
(C) eine Metallverbindung, die Metallionen mit einer Koordinationszahl von wenigstens 2 erzeugen kann, enthalt,
die in einem Losungsmittel gelost oder dispergiert sind, und
(b) Trocknen der beschichteten Reaktorwande vor dem Einbringen der Polymerisationsmischung in den Polymerisationsreaktor.
Ein Ziel der Erfindung besteht daher in der Schaffung eines Verfahrens гиг Herstellung eines Vinylchloridpolymeren, bei dem die Kesselsteinbildung im Laufe der Polymerisation von Vinylchloridmonomer oder eines Gemisches von Vinylchloridmonomer mit anderen Vinylmonomeren sicher verhindert werden kann.
Bei dem Versuch zur Verbesserung des in der JP-PS 30835/1970 beschriebenen Verfahrens wurde daher gefunden, daß die Kesselsteinbildung erfolgreich und sicher durch die Anwendung eines Farbstoffes, eines Pigmentes oder einer spezifischen Verbindung mit mindestens 5 konjugierten гг-Bindungen und auch durch die Regulierung der Chloridionen (СГ) in dem Reaktionsgemisch während der Polymerisation verhindert werden kann.
Erfindungsgemäß wird ein Verfahren zur Erzeugung eines Vinylchloridpolymeren durch Suspensionspolymerisation oder Emulsionspolymerisation von Vinylchloridmonomer oder eines Gemischs von Vinylchloridmonomer mit einem mit dem Vinylchloridmonomer in einem wäßrigen Medium copolymerisierbaren Vinylmonomer zur Verfügung gestellt, das dadurch gekennzeichnet ist, daß die Polymerisation in einem Polymerisationsreaktor ausgeführt wird, dessen Innenwandfläche und Teile der Zusatzausrüstungen, die während der Polymerisation mit dem Monomer in Berührung kommen können, vorher mit einem Kesselsteinverhütungsmittel bestrichen werden, das aus mindestens einem unter Farbstoffen, Pigmenten und aromatischen oder heterozyklischen Verbindungen mit mindestens 5 konjugierten ^--Bindungen ausgewählten Mittel besteht, wobei die Chloridionenkonzentration in dem Reaktionsgemisch auf höchstens 100 ppm reguliert wird.
Nach dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren kann die Kesselsteinverhütungswirkung durch das obige Kesselsteinverhütungsmittel sicher und wirksam induziert werden, wodurch die Kesselsteinbildung erfolgreich verhindert wird. Somit werden kein Arbeitsaufwand und keine Zeit für die Kesselsteinentfernung benötigt, so daß ein kontinuierlicher Einsatz des Polymerisationsreaktors und eine bessere Leistungsfähigkeit beim Betrieb erreicht werden können. Außerdem kann die Kühlkapazität des Polymerisationsreaktors konstant gehalten werden, ohne daß die Gefahr besteht, das Kesselstein in das Produkt gelangt, so daß die Qualität des Produktes verbessert werden kann.
Im allgemeinen wird die Chloridionenkonzentration des Reakionsgemischs während der Polymerisation von Vinylchloridmonomer oder einem Vinylmonomergemisch, das Vinylchloridmonomer enthält, im Anfangsstadium der Polymerisation sprungartig ansteigen, worauf sie die Tendenz zu einer leichten Erhöhung zeigt oder bis zum Ende der Polymerisation auf dem gleichen Wert bleibt. Man kann annehmen, daß die Konzentration der Chloridionen durch verschiedene Faktoren wie den Gehalt an Methylchlorid und Chlorwasserstoffsäure, die in dem als Ausgangsmaterial verwendeten Vinylmonomer vorhanden ist, die Temperatur des zum Füllen verwendeten Wassers, den Grad des Vakuums nach dem Füllen usw., beeinflußt wird. Es wurde gefunden, daß die von Farbstoffen, Pigmenten und den Verbindungen mit mindestens 5 konjugierten w-Bindungen gezeigte Kesselsteinverhütungswirkung sicher durch die Regulierung der Chloridionenkonzentration indem Reaktionsgemisch während des gesamten Polymerisationsvorganges auf lOOppm oder weniger, und vorzugsweise auf 50 ppm oder weniger, induziert werden kann, um das oben genannte erfindungsgemäße Ziel zu erreichen. Wenn die Chloridionenkonzentration im Reaktionsgemisch während der Polymerisation lOOppm übersteigt, dann kann das oben genannte Kesselsteinverhütungsmittel, selbst wenn es auf die Innenwandfläche des Polymerisationsreaktors usw. aufgetragen sein sollte, seine Aufgabe als Kesselsteinverhütungsmittel nicht voll erfüllen, so daß die Kesselsteinbildung nicht erfolgreich verhindert werden kann.
Erfindungsgemäß können eine oder mehrere unter Farbstoffen, Pigmenten und aromatischen oder heterozyklischen Verbindungen mit mindestens 5 konjugierten π-Bindungen (im folgenden einfach als „konjugierte 77-Bindungsverbindungen bezeichnet) ausgewählte Verbindungen einzeln oder in Kombination verwendet werden. Es ist aber besser, einen Farbstoff oder ein Pigment zu verwenden, und am besten einen Azinfarbstoff.
Beispiele für Farbstoffe und Pigmente, die als Kesselsteinverhütungsmittel bei dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren eingesetzt werden können sind:
Azofarbstoffe(wie Monoazo- und Polyazofarbstoffe und -pigmente, Metallkomplexazofarbstoffe und -pigmente, Stilbenazopigmente, Thiazolazofarbstoffe und dergleichen;
Anthrachinonfarbstoffe und -pigmente wie Anthrachinonderivate, Anthronderivate und dergleichen; Indigofarbstoffe und -pigmente^ie Indigoderivate, Thioindigoderivate und dergleichen; Phthalocyaninfarbstoffe und -pigmente;
Carboniumfarbstoffe und -pigmente wie Diphenylmethanfarbstoffe, Triphenylmethanfarbstoffe und -pigmente.
Xanthenfarbstoffe, Macridinfarbstoffe und dergleichen;
Chinoniminfarbstoffe,wie Azinfarbstoffe, Oxazinfarbstoffe, Thiazinfarbstoffe und dergleichen.
Methinfarbstoffe wie Polymethin- oder Cyaninfarbstoffe und dergleichen;
Chinolinfarbstoffe;
Nitrofarbstoffe,
Benzochinon- und Naphthochinonfarbstoffe;
Naphthalimidfarbstoffe und -pigmente;
Perinonfarbstoffe;
Sulfidfarbstoffe;
Fluoreszenzfarbstoffe;
Azofarbstoffe; und
Reaktivfarbstoffe.
Diese können entweder einzeln oder in jeder beliebigen Kombination von einer oder mehreren Verbindungen verwendet werden. Von diesen oben als Beispiele angeführten Farbstoffen und Pigmenten werden die oben genannten Azinfarbstoffe besonders bevorzugt. Typische Beispiele dieser Farbstoffe und Pigmente werden speziell im folgenden aufgeführt.
Azofarbstoffe und -pigmente umfassen die folgenden Verbindungen.
Beispiele für Monoazo- und Polyazofarbstoffe sind Basisches Gelb 32, 34 und 36; Basisches Orange 2, 32, 33 und 34; Basisches Rot 17,18, 22, 23, 24, 32, 34, 38, 39 und 40; Basisches Violett 26 und 28; Basisches Blau 58, 59, 64, 65, 66, 67 und 68; Basisches
Braun 1,4,11 und 12, Basisches Schwarz 8, unlösliche Diazokomponente 4,21,27 und 38, Dispersionsfarbstoff Gelb 3,4,5,7,8, 23, 50, 60, 64, 66, 71, 72, 76, 78 und 79, Dispersionsfarbstoff Orange 1, 3, 5, 13, 20, 21, 30, 32, 41, 43,45, 46, 49, 50 und 51, Dispersionsfarbstoff Rot 1, 5, 7,12,13,17, 43, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60,72, 73, 74, 75,76, 80, 82, 84, 88, 90, 97, 99,101,103, 113,117,122, 125,126,128 und 129, Dispersionsfarbstoff Violett 10, 24,33,38,41,43 und 96, Dispersionsfarbstoff Blau 85,92, 94 und 106, Dispersionsfarbstoff Braun 3 und 5, Dispersionsfarbstoff Schwarz 1,2, 10, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 und 31, Losungsmittelfarbstoff Gelb 2, 6,14,15,16,19, 21 und 56, Losungsmittelfarbstoff Orange 1, 2, 5, 6,14 und 45, Losungsmittelfarbstoff Rot 1, 3, 23, 24, 25, 27 und 30, Losungsmittelfarbstoff Braun 3,5 und 20, Losungsmittelfarbstoff Schwarz 3, Pigmentfarbstoff Gelb 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,10, 11,12,13,14,15,16,17,23, 65,73 und 83, Pigmentfarbstoff Orange 1,2,5,13,14,15,16,17,24 und 31, Pigmentfarbstoff Rot 1, 2, 3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,21,22,23,30,31,32,37,38,39,40,41,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,57,58,60, 63,64,68,112,114, und 163, Pigmentfarbstoff Blau 25, Pigmentfarbstoff Grün 10, Pigmentfarbstoff Braun 1 und 2, Pigmentfarbstoff Schwarz 1, Direktfarbstoff Gelb 1, 8,11,12, 24, 26, 27, 28, 33, 44, 50, 58, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 98, 100 und 110, Direktfarbstoff Orange 1, 6, 8,10, 26, 29, 39,41, 49, 51, 57,102 und 107, Direktfarbstoff Rot 1, 2,4,13,17, 20, 23, 24, 28, 31, 33, 37, 39,44,46,62,63,75,79,80,81,83,84,89,95,99,113,197,201,218,220,224,225,226,227,228,229,230 und 231, Direktfarbstoff Violett 1, 7, 9,12, 22, 35, 51, 63, 90 und 98, Direktfarbstoff Blau 1, 2, 6, 8,
15, 22, 25, 71, 76,77, 78, 80,120, 123, 158,160,163,165,168, 192, 193, 194,195, 196, 203, 207, 225, 236, 237, 246, 248 und 249, DirektfarbstoffGrun 1,6,8,28,30,31,33,37,59,63,64und74, Direktfarbstoff Braun 1A, 2,6,25,27,44,58,59,101,106,173,194, 195,209,210 und 211, Direktfarbstoff Schwarz 17,19,22,32,38,51,56,71,74,75,77,94,105,106,107,108,112,113,117,118,132, 133 und 146, Saurefarbstoff Gelb 11,17,19, 23, 25, 29, 36, 38,40, 42, 44, 49, 61, 70, 72, 75, 76, 78,79,110,127,131,135,141,142, 164 und 165, Saurefarbstoff Orange 1,7,8,10,19,20,24,28,33,41,43,45,51,56,63,64,65,67 und 95, Saurefarbstoff Rot 1,6,8, 9,13,14,18,26,27,32,35,37,42,57,75,77,85,88,89,97,106,111,114,115,117,118,119,129,130,131,133,134,138,143,145, 154,155,158,168, 249, 252, 254, 257, 262, 265, 266, 274, 276, 282, 283 und 303, Saurefarbstoffe Violett 7,11, 97 und 106, Saurefarbstoff Blau 29, 60, 92,113,117 und 120, Saurefarbstoff Grün 19, 20 und 48, Saurefarbstoff Braun 2, 4,13,14,20,53,92, 100,101,236,247,266,268,276,277,282,289,301 und 302, Saurefarbstoff Schwarz 1,7,24,26,29,31,44,76,77,94,109 und 110, Beizenfarbstoff Gelb 1,3, 5,23, 26,30,38 und 59, Beizenfarbstoff Organe 1,4,5,6,8, 29 und 37, Beizenfarbstoff Rot 7,9,17,19, 21, 26,30,63 und 89, Beizenfarbstoff Violett 5 und 44, Beizenfarbstoff Blau 7,13,44,75 und 76, Beizenfarbstoff Grün 11,15,17 und47,BeizenfarbstoffBraun1,14,15,19,21,33,38,40,52 und 87, Beizenfarbstoff Schwarz 1,3,7,9,11,17,26,32,38,43,44,51, 54, 65, 75, 77, 84, 85, 86 und 87, Lebensmittelfarbstoff Gelb 3 und 4, Lebensmittelfarbstoff Rot 7 und 9, Beispiele fur Metallkomplex Azofarbstoffe sind Losungsmittelfarbstoff Gelb 61 und 80, Losungsmittelfarbstoff Orange 37,40 und 44, Losungsmittelfarbstoff Rot 8,21,83,84,100,109 und 121, Losungsmittelfarbstoff Braun 37, Losungsmittelfarbstoff Schwarz 23, Saurefarbstoff Schwarz51,52,58,60,62,63,64,67,72,107,108,112,115,118,119,121,122,123,131,132,139,140,155,156,157, 158,159 und 191, Saurefarbstoff Gelb 59,98,99,111,112,114,116,118,119,128,161,162 und 163, Saurefarbstoff Orange 74,80, 82,85,86,87,88,122,123 und 124, Saurefarbstoff Rot 180,183,184,186,194,198,199,209,211,215,216,217,219,256,317,318, 320,321 und 322, Saurefarbstoff Violett 75 und 78, Saurefarbstoff Blau 151, 154, 158,161,166, 167, 168,170,171,175,184,187, 192,199, 229, 234 und 236, Saurefarbstoff Grün 7,12, 35, 43, 56, 57, 60, 61, 65, 73,75,76,78 und 79, Saurefarbstoff Braun 19, 28, 30,31,39,44,45,46,48,224,225,226,231,256,257,294,295,296,297,299 und 300, Direktfarbstoff Gelb 39, Di rektfarbstoff Violett 47 und 48, Direktfarbstoff Blau 90, 98, 200,201,202 und 226, Direktfarbstoff Braun 95,100,112 und 170, ein Beispiel fur Stilbenazofarbstoff ist Direktfarbstoff Schwarz 62 und
Beispiele fur Thiazolazofarbstoffe sind Direktfarbstoff Rot 9 und 11
Anthrachinonfarbstoffe und -pigmente umfassen folgende Verbindungen
Beispiele fur Anthrachinondenvate sind Basisches Violett 25, Basisches Blau 21,22,44,45,47, 54 und 60, unlösliche Diazokomponente 36, Küpenfarbstoff Gelb 2,3,10, 20, 22 und 33, Küpenfarbstoff Orange 13 und 15, Küpenfarbstoff Rot 10,13,
16, 31, 35 und 52, Küpenfarbstoff Violett 13 und 21, Küpenfarbstoff Blau 4, 6, 8,12,14, 64, 66, 67 und 72, Küpenfarbstoff Grün 8, 13, 43, 44 und 45, Küpenfarbstoff Braun 1,3, 22, 25, 39, 41, 44,46, 57, 68,72 und 73, Küpenfarbstoff Schwarz 8,14, 20, 25, 27, 36, 56, 59 und 60, Dispersionsfarbstoff Orange 11, Dispersionsfarbstoff Rot 4, 9,11, 15,53,55,65,91,92,100, 104,116 und 127, Dispersionsfarbstoff Violett 1,4,8,23,26,28,30 und 37, Dispersionsfarbstoff Blau 1,3,5,6,7,20,26,27,54,55,56,60,61,62,64, 72, 73,75, 79, 81, 87, 90, 91, 97, 98, 99,103,104 und 105, Dispersionsfarbstoff Gelb 51, Losungsmittelfarbstoff Violett 13 und 14, Losungsmittelfarbstoff Blau 11,12,35 und 36, Losungsmittelfarbstoff Grün 3, Pigmentfarbstoff Rot 83 und 89, Pigmentfarbstoff Blau 22, Saurefarbstoff Violett 31, 34, 35,41, 43, 47,48, 51, 54, 66 und 68, Saurefarbstoff Blau 23, 25, 27, 40, 41, 43,45, 54, 62,72, 78,80,82,112,126,127,129,130,131,138,140,142,143,182,183,203,204 und 205, Saurefarbstoff Grün 25, 27,28,36,40,41 und 44, Saurefarbstoff Braun 27, Saurefarbstoff Schwarz 48 und 50, Beizenfarbstoff Rot 3 und 11, Beizenfarbstoff Blau 8 und 48, Beizenfarbstoff Schwarz 13, Pigmentfarbstoff Violett 5,
Beispiele fur Anthronderivate sind Küpenfarbstoff GeIbI und 4, Küpenfarbstoff Orange 1,2,3,4 und 9, Küpenfarbstoff Violett 1, 9 und 10, Küpenfarbstoff Blau 18,19 und 20, Küpenfarbstoff Grün 1,2, 3 und 9, Küpenfarbstoff Schwarz 9,13, 29 und 57, Küpenfarbstoff Rot 13, Saurefarbstoff Rot 80,82 und 83
Indigofarbstoffe und -pigmente umfassen die folgenden Verbindungen
Beispiele fur Indigoderivate sind Küpenfarbstoff Blau 1,3, 5,35 und 41, reduzierter Küpenfarbstoff Blau 1, Pigmentfarbstoff Violett 19 und 122, Saurefarbstoff Blau 74 und 102, solubilisierter Küpenfarbstoff Blau 5 und 41, solubilisierter Küpenfarbstoff Schwarz 1, Lebensmittelfarbstoff Blau 1,
Beispiele fur Thioindigoderivate sind Küpenfarbstoff Orange 5, Küpenfarbstoff Rot 1, 2 und 61, Küpenfarbstoff Violett 2 und 3, Pigmentfarbstoff Rot 87 und 88, Küpenfarbstoff Braun 3
Phthalocyaninfarbstoffe und -pigmente können beispielsweise sein Losungsmittelfarbstoff Blau 55, Pigmentfarbstoff Blau 15,16 und 17, Pigmentfarbstoff Grün 36, 37 und 38, Direktfarbstoff Blau 86 und 199, Beizenfarbstoff Blau 58 Carbomumfarbstoffe und -pigmente umfassen die folgenden Verbindungen Ein Beispiel fur Diphenylmethanfarbstoff ist Basisches Gelb 2,
Beispiele fur Tnphenylmethanfarbstoffe sind Basisches Rot 9, Basisches Violett 1,3 und 14, Basisches Blau 1,5,7,19,26,28,29, 40 und 41, Basisches Grün 1 und 4, Losungsmittelfarbstoff Violett 8, Losungsmittelfarbstoff Blau 2 und 73, Pigmentfarbstoff Violett 3, Pigmentfarbstoff Blau 1,2 und3, Pigmentfarbstoff Grün 1,2 und 7, Direktfarbstoff Blau 41, Saurefarbstoff Violett 15 und 49, Saurefarbstoff Blau 1,7,9,15,22,83,90,93,100,103 und 104, Saurefarbstoff Grün 3,9 und 16, Beizenfarbstoff Violett 1, Beizenfarbstoff Blau 1,29 und 47, Lebensmittelfarbstoff Violett 2, Lebensmittelfarbstoff Blau 2, Lebensmittelfarbstoff Grün 2, Beispiele fur Xanthenfarbstoffe sind Basisches Rot 1, Losungsmittelfarbstoff Rot 49, Pigmentfarbstoff Rot 81 und 90,
Pigmentfarbstoff Violett 1,2 und 23, Saurefarbstoff Rot 51,52,87,92 und 94, Beizenfarbstoff 15 und 27, Lebensmittelfarbstoff Rot
Beispiele fur Acridinfarbstoffe sind Basisches Orange 14 und 15 Chinoiminfarbstoffe umfassen die folgenden Verbindungen Beispiele fur Azinfarbstoff sind Basisches Rot 2, Basisches Schwarz 2, Losungsmittelfarbstoff Schwarz 5 und 7, Saurefarbstoff Blau 59, Saurefarbstoff Schwarz 2,
Beispiele fur Oxazinfarbstoffe sind Basisches Blau 3, Direktfarbstoff Blau 106 und 108, Beispiele fur Thiazinfarbstoffe sind Basisches Gelb 1, Basisches Blau 9,24 und 25 Methinfarbstoffe umfassen die folgenden Verbindungen
Beispiele fur Polymethin (oder Cyaninfarbstoffe sind Basisches Gelb 11,13,14,19,21, 25, 28,33 und 35, Basisches Orange 21 und 22, Basisches Rot 12,13,14,15,27,29,35,36 und 37, Basisches Violett 7,15,21 und 27 FurChinolinfarbstoffe sind Beispiele Basisches Grün 6, Dispersionsfarbstoff Gelb 54 und 56, Losungsmittelfarbstoff Gelb 33, Saurefarbstoff Gelb 3 Fur Nitrofarbstoffe sind Beispiele Dispersionsfarbstoff Gelb 1,33,39,42,49 und 54, Saurefarbstoff Gelb 1 Beispiele fur Benzochinonfarbstoffe und Naphthochinonfarbstoffe können sein Dispersionsfarbstoff Blau 58 und 108, Saurefarbstoff Braun 103,104,106,160,161,165 und 188
Naphthalimidfarbstoffe und-pigmente können beispielsweise sein Pigmentfarbstoff Rot 123, Küpenfarbstoff Violett 23 und 39, Saurefarbstoff Gelb 7
Perinonfarbstoffe können beispielsweise sein Küpenfarbstoff Orange 7 und 15 SuIf idfarbstoff können zum Beispiel umfassen solubilisiertes Schwefelgelb 2, Schwefelgelb 4, Schwefelorange 3, Schwefelrot 2, 3,5 und 7, solubilisiertes Schwefelblau 15, Schwefelblau 2, 3,4, 6,7, 9 und 13, Schwefeigrun 2, 3, 6,14 und 27, solubilisiertes Schwefelbraun 1 und 51, Schwefelbraun 7,12,15 und 31, Schwefelschwarz 1, 2, 5,6,10,11 und 15, Küpenfarbstoff Gelb 35,42 und 43, Küpenfarbstoff Blau 43 und 56
Fluoreszenzfarbstoffe können beispielsweise sein Fluoreszenzaufhellungsmittel 14,22,24,30,32,37,45,52,54,55,56,84,85,86, 87, 90, 91,104,112,121,134, 135, 153, 162, 163,164,166, 168,169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176 und 177 Unlösliche Azofarbstoffe können beispielsweise sein unlösliche Azodiazokomponente 17,20,22,24,26,31,35,41,47,48,109 und 121, unlösliche Azokopplungskomponente 2,3,4,5,7,8,10,11,12,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,23,26,28,29,35,36,37,41 und 108, unlöslicher Azofarbstoff Braun 2, 7,11 und 15, unlöslicher Azofarbstoff Schwarz 1 und 5, unlöslicher Azofarbstoff GeIbI und 2, unlöslicher Azofarbstoff Orange 2,3 und 7, unlöslicher Azofarbstoff Rot 1,2,6,9,16 und 24, unlöslicher Azofarbstoff Violett 1,2, 6,7,9 und 10, unlöslicher Azofarbstoff Grün 1
Reaktivfarbstoffe können beispielsweise umfassen Reaktivfarbstoff GeIbI, 2,3,4,6,7.11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,22,23,24,25, 26,27,37 und 42, Reaktivfarbstoff Orange 1, 2,4, 5,7,13,14,15,16,18, 20, 23 und 24, Reaktivfarbstoff Rot 1, 2, 3,4, 5, 6,7,8,11, 12,13,15,16,17,19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35,36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43,45,46,49, 50, 58, 59, 63 und 64, Reaktivfarbstoff Violett 1,2,4,5,8,9 und 10, Reaktivfarbstoff Blau 1,2,3,4,5,7,8,9,13,14,15,17,18,19,20,21,25,26,27, 28,29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41,43, 44 und 46, Reaktivfarbstoff Grün 5, 6,7 und 8, Reaktivfarbstoff Braun 1, 2, 5,7, 8, 9,10,11,14 und 16, Reaktivfarbstoff Schwarz 1, 3,4, 5, 6,8, 9,10,12,13,14 und 18
Weitere Beispiele fur Pigmente können anorganische Pigmente sem,wie Chromgelb, Zinkgelb, Zinkchromat vom ZTO-Typ, Bleioxidrot, Eisenoxidpulver, Zinkweiß, Aluminiumpulver und Zinkpulver
Unter der „konjugierten 7r-Bindung", welche die als Kesselsteinverhutungsmittel bei dem erfindungsgemaßen Verfahren einsetzbare Verbindung mit konjugierter JT-Bindung aufweist, sind zwei oder mehrere Doppelbindungen und/oder Dreifachbindungen in konjugierter Beziehung zu verstehen Und die fur die Erfindung einsetzbaren aromatischen Verbindungen mit mindestens 5 konjugierten ^-Bindungen konnen Benzenderivate, Naphthalenderivate, polynukleare aromatische Verbindungen, Chinone, aromatische Nicht-Benzen-Typ-Verbindungen usw sein, die mindestens fünf konjugierte я-Bindungen aufweisen Andererseits konnen die heterozyklischen Verbindungen mit mindestens 5 7r-Bindungen zum Beispiel sauerstoffhaltige heterozykhsche Verbindungen, stickstoffhaltige heterozykhsche Verbindungen, schwefelhaltige heterozyklische Verbindungen, bizyklische Verbindungen mit einem gemeinsamen Stickstoffatom, Alkaroide usw mit mindestens 5 konjugierten π-Bindungen sein Spezifische Beispiele fur diese Verbindungen werden im folgenden genannt Die aromatischen Verbindungen mit mindestens 5 Bindungen umfassen die folgenden Verbindungen Als erstes sind als Benzenderivate zu nennen
Phenole und Derivate davon,wie 2,6-Ditert-butylphenylphenol, Catecholphthalein, 2,2-Diphenylolpropan, 3,7-Dioxy-10-methylxanthen, Phenolphthalem, 7-Oxy-2,4-dimethylbenzopyrooxomumchlorid, Oxyanthrachinon, Purpurogallin, Gallein, Diphenylether, a-Methoxyphenazin, Chlorglucid, 2,3-Dioxyanthrachinon, 5,7-Dioxy-4-methylcoumann, Dioxyacridon, Salicylsäure, a-Hydnndon,/3-Phenylbutyrophenyl, N^A-Dinitrophenyl-N-phenylhydroxylamin, 1-(4-Nitrophenyl)-3,5-dimethylpyrazol, 9,10-Diphenylphenanthren, Acetophenon, aromatische Amine und Derivate davon wie N Phenyl-pbenzochinondiamin, Chinolm, Safranin B, Rosanilm, Indiurin Spirit Soluble, Anilin-Schwarz, Para-Rosanilin, Methyl-Violett, Methyl-Orange, Methyl-Rot, Indigo, Carbazol, Methylen-Blau, o-Phenanthrohn, p-Phenanthrolin, 3,6-Diaminoacridin, Indanthren Scarlet 2G, 4-Aminophenylamin, Acridin-Gelb, 3-Aminophenothiazin, N'-Diphenyl-p-phenylendiamin, Rhodamin, 7-Amino-4-methylcoumann, 2-Aminophenazin, Phenothiazin, Diphenylamin, N-Methylphenylamin, N-Phenyltolylamin, Ditolylamin, 2-Oxy-4-methylchinohn, Hansa Yellow G, Ν,Ν'-Diphenylformamidin, Phenanthrophenazin, Bismarck Brown G, 2,3-Diaminophenazin, 2-Aminodiphenylamin, Chrysodin R, 2,3,7,8-Tetraaminophenazin, Aminophenoxazon, Oxyphenoxazon, Triphenylendioxadin, 2,4-Dinitrophenoxazin, 2'-4'-Dinitro-4-oxy-3-aminophenylamm, Nitro- und Nitrosoderivate,wie p-Nitrosodiphenylhydroxylamin, Phenazin, Phenazinoxid, 1-Phenylazo-2-naphthol, Triphenylendioxadin, 4-Nitroxanthon, 4'-N itroso-2-nitrodiphenylamin,
Phenylhydroxylamindenvate,wie4,4'-Dinitrodiphenylamin, Oxalsaure-bis(ß-phenylhydrazin), Malonsaure-bis(/3-phenylhydrazin), Succinsaure-bisf/S-phenylhydrazin), Phthalsaure-bis(/3-phenylhydrazin), aromatische Halogenide wie Diphenylchlorid,
aromatische Aldehyde,wie 2-Phenyl-i-benzyl-benzimidazol, Leucomalachit Green, Malachit Green, Tetrachlorhydrochinonmonobenzoat, Benzoflavin, 2-Phenylbenzthiazol, 4-Benzhydrylbenzaldehyd, Bisphenylhydrazon, Bis(4-nitrophenylhydrazon),
aromatische Ketone,wie Triphenylisooxazol, Benzophenonkalium, 4-Methylbenzophenon, p-Toluylsaureanilid, Benzoesauretoluidin, Durylphenylketon, 2,4,2',4'-Tetramethylbenzophenon, Calchonphenylhydrazon, 1,3,5-Tnphenylpyrazolin, Dinitrobenzyl,
Benzoesauren, Phthalsäuren und Derivate davon{wie Chinizalin, Nitrodiphenylether,
Benzenderivate, die einen weiteren, aber anderen Substituenten als eine Aldehydgruppe aufweisen, wie Disalicylaldehyd, Coumarin, 2-Benzoylcoumaron, 1-Oxy-2,4-dimethylfluoron, 3-Phenylcoumaron, Ethylcoumarin-3-carboxylat, 3-Acetylcoumarin, Hydrovaniloin, 4-Oxy-3-methoxy-a>-nitrostyren, a-(Nitrophenyl)-/3-benzoylethylenoxid, Dinitrophenylindazol, 5-Chlor-3-(4-oxyphenyl)anthranyl, 3-Nitroacridon, e-Nitro-S-phenylanthranyl, 2,8-Dimethyl-1,9-anthrazolin, Carbostyryl, 1,3-Dioxyacridin, Oxychinacdin, Phlorchinyl, 2-Methylchinazolin, S-Acetyl^-methylchinolin, 2-Oxy-3-phenylchinolin, 3- , Nitrochinolin, Chinolin^S-dicarbonsäureester;
Benzenderivate, die einen weiteren, aber anderen Substituenten als die Acylgruppe aufweisen, wie 7-Oxyflavanon, 7-Oxyflavon, 7,8-Dioxyflavon, T-Acetoxy^-methyl-S-phenylcoumarin^^-Diacetoxy^-methyl-S-phenylcoumarin, o-Oxybenzophenon, Xanthon, 2-Phenylbenzooxazol, m-Oxybenzophenon, p-Oxybenzophenon, 2-Benzoylxanthon, 2,4-Dioxybenzophenon, 2,5-Dioxybenzophenon, 2,2'-Dioxybenzophenon, Xanthen, Aurin, Trioxybenzophenon, ej-Dimethoxy-S-phenylcoumaron, o-Nitrobenzophenon, m-Nitrobenzophenon, 4,4'-Dibenzoylazoxybenzen, 2-(2-Aminophenyl)-4-methylchinon, 2-Oxy-4-methylchinon, Acridon, 2,4-Dimethylchinazolin, 3-Cyan-2-oxy-4-methylchinolin, Fluoren, Anhydro(2-aminobenzophenon)dimer, 2-Oxy-3-phenylindazol, 3-Phenylindazol, 2-Phenylbenzimidazol, 2-Methyl-8-benzoylchinolin, 2-Methyl-4-phenylchinolin, 4-Phenyl-2-chinazolon, Aminobenzophenon, Chlorbenzophenon, 4-Phenylbenzo-1,2,3-triazin-3-oxid, Diaminobenzophenon, 7-Methyl-3-phenyl-4,5-benzo-1,2,6-oxydiazin,4,4'-Bisdimethylaminobenzophenon,4,4'-Bisdimethylaminobenzophenonimid, 2,4-Dinitro-9-phenylacridin,4,4'Dibenzoyldiphenyl; Benzen, Toluenderivate mit drei oder mehr verschiedenen Substituenten,wie Tetramethoxyindigo, 5,6,5',6'-Bismethylendioxyindigo, 7-Acetoxy-8-methoxy-3-(2-nitrophenyl)-carbostyryl, 2,2'-Dinitrodiphenyldisulfid-4,4'-dialdehyd, б-СгіІог-3-benzoylflavon, 1,3,8-Trinitrophenoxazin;
Aralkylverbindungen wie 9-Benzylacridin;
Diazoverbindungen und Azoverbindungen wie
Azobenzen, Azotoluen^^-Dimethoxyazobenzen^^'-Dichlorazobenzen, 1,1'-Azonaphthalen, 2,2'-Dioxyazobenzen, 2,2'-Dioxy-5,5'-dimethylazobenzen, p-Bromazobenzen, p-Nitroazobenzen, Phenoazoxid; Aromatische ungesättigte Verbindungen(wie
2,3,4,5-Tetraphenylcyclopentan-2-en-1-on, 1,2,3-Triphenylenazulen, 2,2'-Dimethyldiphenylacetylen,4,4'-Diethyldiphenylacetylen^AS'^'-Tetramethyldiphenylacetylen, 2,2'-Dichlordiphenylacetylen, 2,2'-Dibromdiphenylacetylen, 2-Nitrodiphenylacetylen,2,2'-Dinitrodiphenylacetylen, 2,2'-Diaminodiphenylacetylen, 2,2'-Dimethoxy-diphenylacetylen, Stilben, a-Methylstilben, a-Ethylstilben, α,/3-Dimethylstilben, α,/3-Diethylstilben, α,/3-Dichlorstilben, α,β-Dibromstilben, 2-Chlorstilben, 4,4'-Dijodstilben, a-Nitrostilben, α,/3-Dinitrostilben, 2,4,6-Trinitrostilben, 2-Aminostilben, 2,2'-Diaminostilben, 4,4'-Di(dimethylamino)stilben, 2,2'-Dicyanstilben, 2-Oxystilben, 2-Methoxystilben, 2,2'-Dioxystilben, 2,2'-Dimethoxystilben, 4,4'-Dialkoxystilben, 3,5,2',4'-Tetraoxystilben; und
Polyphenyle und Derivate davon, wie Diphenyl, Terphenyl, Quaterphenyl, Quinophenyl, Sexiphenyl, Septiphenyl, Octiphenyl, Noviphenyl, Deciphenyl usw.
Als nächstes können als Naphthalenderivate Alkyl-, Alkenyl- und Phenylnaphthalena in Frage kommen,wie 1-Methylnaphthalen, 2-Methylnaphthalen, 1-Ethylnaphthalen, 2-Ethylnaphthalen, 1,2-Dimethylnaphthalen, 1,4-Dimethylnaphthalen, 1,5-Dimethylnaphthalen, 1,6-Dimethylnaphthalen, 1,7-Dimethylnaphthalen, 2,3-Dimethylnaphthalen, 2,6-Dimethylnaphthalen, 2,7-Dimethylnaphthalen, 1-Propylnaphthalen, 1-lsopropylnaphthalen, 2-lsopropylnaphthalen, Trimethylnaphthalen, Diisopropylnaphthalen, 1-Vinylnaphthalen,2-Vinylnaphthalen, 1-Propenylnaphthalen, 1-Allylnaphthalen, 1-lsopropenylnaphthalen, 1-lsopropenylnaphthalen, 1-Phenylnaphthalen, 2-Phenylnaphthalen, 1,4-Diphenylnaphthalen, 1,2,4-Triphenylnaphthalen;
Dinaphthyle,wie 1,1'-Dinaphthyl, 1,2'-Dinaphthyl, 2,2'-Dinaphthyl;
Naphthylarylmethane.wie 1-Benzylnaphthalen, 2-Benzylnaphthalen, 1-(a-Chlorbenzyl)naphthalen, 1-(a,a-Dichlorbenzyl)-naphthalen, Diphenyl-a-naphthylmethan, Diphenyl-/3-naphthylmethan, 1,8-Dibenzylnaphthalen, Di-a-naphthylmethan, a-Naphthyl'/S-naphthylmethan, Di-ß-naphthylmethan;
Naphthylarylethanefwie 1-Phenethylnaphthalen, 1,2-Di-a-naphthylethan, 1,2-Di-/3-naphthylethan, 1,1-a-Dinaphthylethan; Hydronaphthalene,wie 1,2-Dihydronaphthalene, 1,4-Dihydronaphthalen, 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalen; Nitronaphthalene und Derivate davon(wie Dinaphthylpyridazin, 7,8-Benzochinon, 5,6-Benzochinon, Naphthazarine, Diperimidin, Nitromethylnaphthalen, Nitroalkylnaphthalen, Nitrophenylnaphthalen, Halogen-nitronaphthalen, Halogen-dinitronaphthalen, Nitrosonaphthalen, Dinitrotetralin, Dibenzophenazin, Methylbenzoindol, 9-Chlor-i-azaanthracen, Chinolinochinolin, 1,2,3-Triazaphenaren, Perimidon, Perimidin, Dibenzoacridin, Benzophenazine-12-oxid, Diaminonaphthalen, Triaminonaphtalen, Tetraaminonaphthalen, N-Ethyl-a-naphthylamin, N-Methylnaphthylamin, Ν,Ν-Dimethylnaphthylamin, N-Methyl-N-ethylnaphthylamin, N-Methyl-N-ethylnaphthylamin, Trimethylnaphthylammoniumsalz, N-Phenylnaphthylamin, N-Benzylnaphtylamin, N-Naphthylethylendiamin, N-Naphthylglycin, N-jS-Cyanomethylnaphthylamin, N-Acetylnaphthylamin, N-Formylnaphthylamin, N-Benzoylnaphthylamin, N-Phthaloylnaphthylamin, Aminomethylnaphthalen, Nitronaphthylamin, Dinitronaphthylamin, Halogen-nitronaphthylamin, Aminotetralin, Diaminotetralin; Halogenierte Naphtalene.wie 1-FIuornaphthalen, 1-Chlornaphthalen, 1-Chlor-3,4-dihydronaphthalen, 1-Jodnaphthalen, 1-Bromnaphthalen, i-Chlor-4-chlormethylnaphthalen, i-Brom-2-brommethylnaphthalen, 1,4-Difluornaphthalen, 1,2-Dichlornaphthalen, 1,6-Dichlornaphthalen, 1,7-Dichlornaphthalen, 1,5-Dichlornaphthalen, 1,8-Dichlornaphthalen, 2,3-Dichlornaphthalen, 1,4-Dibromnaphthalen, 1,4-Dijodnaphthalen, Perylen, 1,2,3-Trichlornaphthalen, 1,2,4-Tribromnaphthalen, 1,2,3,4-Tetrachlornaphthalen, 1,4,5-Tribrom-3,8-dimethylnaphthalen, 1,3,6,7-Tetrachlornaphthalen, 1,3,5,8-Tetrabromnaphthalen, 1,2,3,4,5-Pentachlornaphthalen;
Naphthylhydroxylamine, Naphthylpyrazine und Naphthylharnstoffe,wie a-Naphthylhydroxylamin, N'-Phenyl-N-a-naphthyl-N-oxyharnstoff,/S-Naphthylthiohydroxylamin, N-Nitroso-a-naphthylhydroxylamin, Neocupferron, 2-Oxy-1,1'-azonaphthalen, a-Naphthylhydrazin, 1,2-Dibenzocarbazol, 4,4-Diamino-1,1'-binaphthyl, 3,4-Benzcarbazol, 2,2'-Diamino-1,1'-binaphthyl, N'-Acetyl-N-^-napthylhydrazin, N'-Lauroyl-N-^-naphthylhydrazin, N'-Phenyl-N-a-naphthylhydrazin, N'-(2,4-Dinitrophenyl)-N-anaphthylhydrazin, 2-a-Naphthyl-5-nitrobenztriazol, N,N'-Di-a-naphthylhydrazin, 1,1'-Diamino-2,2'-binaphthyl, N,N'-Di-5-tetralylhydrazin, N'-(2,4-Dinitrophenyl)-N-j8-naphthylhydrazin,2-0-Naphthyl-5-nitrobenztriazol, N'-Triphenylmethyl-N-zS-naphthylhydrazin, N,N'-Di-/3-naphthylhydrazin, N-Methyl-N-(2,4-dinitro-1-naphthyl)-hydrazin, 2-Amino(naphtho-1'2'-:4,5-thiazol), 1,2:5,6-Dibenzophenazin, 2-Amino-(naphtho-2',1':4,5-thiazol), 2,3-Dihydrazinonaphthalen, 2-Phenyl-1,3-bisbenzylidenamino(naphtho-2',3':4,5-imidazolin),N-Acetyl-a-naphthylnitrosoamin, N-Ethyl-a-naphthylnitrosoamin, N-Phenyl-
α-naphthylnitrosoamin, α,α'-Dinaphthylnitrosoamin, Succinisäure-bislß-naphthylnitrosoamid), N-Ethyl-ßnaphthylnitrosoamin, N-Phenyl-ß-naphthylnitrosoamin, N-Acetyl^-methyl-i-naphthylnitrosoamin^^-Benzindazol, Naphthylnitrosoamin, i-Nitro-2-naphthylamin, a-Naphthylharnstoff, Ν,Ν'-Di-a-naphthylharnstoff, 4-Chlor-inaphthylcarbamoylchlorid, 2,4'-Dichlor[naphtho-1',2':4,5-thiazol], 2-Mercapto[naphtho-1',2'-:4,5-thiazol], 2-Chlor[naphtho-1'2':4,5-thiazol],2-Mercapto[naphtho-2',1':4,5-thiazol], 2-Chlor[naphtho-2',1':4,5-thiazol]; Aralkylverbindungen vom Naphthalentyp,wie Dibenzoanthracen, Acenaphthen, a-Chlorethylnaphthalen, Phenylnaphthylchlormethan, Diphenylnaphthylchlormethan, Nitromethylnaphthalen, Aminomethylnaphthalen, (Naphthylmethyl)amin,a-Phenyl(naphthylmethyl)amin, N-Benzyl(naphthylmethyDamin, Trimethyl(naphthylmethyl)ammoniumsalz, Tri(naphthylmethyl)amin, Di(naphthylmethyl)amin, (/3-Naphthylethyllalkohol, Dimethylnaphthylcarbinol, Phenylnaphthylcarbinol, Diphenylnaphthylcarbinol, 9-Phenylbenzofluoren, Naphthylpropylenoxid, Ethyl(naphthylmethyl)ether, Phenyl(naphthylmethyl)ether, Phenyl(naphthylmethyl)ether, Naphthylacetaldehyd, Naphthylaceton, ω-Naphthylacetophenon, Acenaphthenon, Dihydrophenaron, Phenaron, Benzoindanon, Naphthylacetonitril, g^'-Dichlordibenzofluoren, a-Nitro-ß-naphthylethylen, γ-Naphthylallylalkohol, /3-Naphthylacrolein, Methyl(/3-naphthylvinyljketon, Naphthylphenanthrendicarbonsäureanhydrid;
Naphthol, Naphthalensulfonsäuren.wie 9-Oxynaphthalenchinon, г^ІЧарІіШаІеп-г-іпаоІіпаідо, 1-Methoxnaphthalen, 1-Ethoxynaphthalen, 1-Phenoxynaphthalen, a-Naphtholsalicylsäureester, ^-Naphthol, α-naphthol, α-Naphtholbenzolsäureester, α-Naphtholessigsäureester, Phenyl-ß-oxynaphthylbenzaliminomethan^-Naphtholphenylmethylamin, Methylen-di-/3-naphthol, Dinaphthopyran, V-Naphthol-2-indolindigo, 2-Methoxynaphthalen, 2-Ethoxynaphthalen, N-p-Oxyphenyl-2-naphthyiaminbase, ß-Naphtholsalicylsäureester, 2-Methyl-1 -naphthol, 1,2-Naphthamethylenchinone, 1,2-Dioxynaphthalen, Naphthalenindolindigo^./S-Naphthophenoxazine, ^,y-Naphthophenoxazin, 4-Oxy-10-methyl-1',2'-benzocarbazol, Dioxynaphthfluoran, Dinaphthochinon, 2,6-Naphthochinon, Oxybenzoacridin, ii-Oxy-S-dimethylaminonaphthophenoxazin, 1,2,4-Trioxynaphthalen, 1,4,5,6-Tetraoxynaphthalen, Thio-a-naphthol, 4-Mercapto-1 -naphthol, 1,5-Naphthalendithiol, Methyl-anaphthylsulfid, Ι,Τ-Naphthylsulfid, 1,1'-Thiodi-2-naphthol, Ι,Τ-Naphthyldisulfid, !,T-Thiodi-i-naphthol.Thio-ß-naphthol, Naphthothioindigo, i-Amino-2-naphthalenthiol, Naphthothianthren, 2-Mercapto-1,2-naphthothiazol; Naphthoaldehyde und Derivate davon,wie a-Naphthoaldehyd, 2-(2,4-Dinitrophenyl)-1-(a-naphthyl)ethylen, 2-Methyl-1-naphthoaldehyd, 2-3-Dimethyl-i-naphthoaldehyd, 4-Brom-i-naphthoaldehyd, 4-Nitro-i-naphthoaldehyd, 2,4-Dinitro-1-naphthoaldehyd, 4-Amino-i-naphthoaldehyd, 2-Oxy-i-naphthoaldehyd, ^-Naphthalen-2'-indolind!go, 1,2-Bis(2-oxy-1-naphthyl)-ethylen, i^iy^-Dibenzoxanthiliumchlorid^-Oxy-i-naphthylethenylpyryliumsalz, 5,6-Benzocoumarin, Bis(2-methyl-3-indolyl)-(2-oxy-1-naphthyl)methan, 4,5-Beпziпdoxazeп,2-Acetoxy-1-пaphthoпitril,4-Methoxy-1-пaphthoaldehyd, 1,4-Bis(4-methoxy-1-naphthyl)-1,3-butadien, 2-Naphthaleп-2'-iпdoliпdίgo, З-АсеіуІ-б.У-Ьепгосоиплагіп, 4-Chlor-1-oxy-2-naphthoaldehyd, Naphthalendialdehyd, б-Оху-2-naphthalenindolindigo, 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-2-naphthoaldehyd, Imidchlorid, Naphthoamid, Naphthoanilid, Naphthonitril, Ethyl-ß-naphthoimidat, /3-Naphthamidin, a-Naphthoamidoxim, a-Naphthohydrazid, Naphthostyryl, Oxynaphthonitril, 1,2:7,8-Dibenzoxanthon, 1,2-Benzoxanthon, 1,1'-Binaphthylen-2,8';8,2'-dioxid, 2,3;6,7-Dibenzoxanthon, З-Оху-2-naphthoanilid, 1,3-Bis(3-oxy-2-naphthoyloxy)benzen, 2,4-Dioxyphenyl-3-oxy-2-naphthylketon, 4-Arylazo-3-oxy-2-пaphthoaпilid, SADihydronaphthalen-i^-dicarbonsäureanhydrid, 2-Aminonaphthalimid, Naphthalohydrazid, a-Pyridonaphthalon, N-Methylnaphthalimid; und
Acetonaphthene, Benzoylnaphthene,wie 1,2:5,6-Dibenzanthracen, 2'-Methyl-2,1'-dinaphthylketon, 2-Methyl-1,1'-dinaphthylketon, Styryl-2-naphthylketon, /ß-Naphthoylaceton, /S-Naphthoylacetophenon, 1 -(yß-Naphthyl)-i -chlorethylen, 2-[Tris(/3-cyanoethyl)acetyl]naphthalen, 1,3,5-TrisO-naphthyl)benzen, Dimethyl-2-naphthylcarbinol, 4,5:4',5'-Dibenzothioindigo, Styryl-i-naphthylketon^-Acetonaphthon, 1-Propionylnaphthalen, 1-Butylnaphthalen, 1-lsobutylnaphthalen, 1-Stearoylnaphthalen, 1-Benzoylnaphthalen, 1-o-Toluylnaphthalen, p-Biphenyl-1-naphthylketon, 1,2,5,6-Dibenzanthracen, i-Acetyl-S^-dihydronaphthalen, i-Acetyl-7-bromnaphthalen, 1-Aminoacetylnaphthalen, 2-Aminobenzoylnaphthalen, 1-Acetyl-2-oxynaphthalen, i-Acetyl-2-methoxynaphthalen, i-Acetyl-4-ethoxynaphthalen, 2-Cinnamoyl-1-naphthol, 7,8-Benzochromon, 3-Acetyl-2-methyl-7,8-beпzochromoп,3,4-Dimethyl-7,8-beпzocoumaπ п, 4-Methyl-3-phenyl-7,8-benzocoumarin, 1-Benzoyl-2-oxynaphthalen^-Oxybenzanthron^-Benzoyl-i-naphthol.S-Oxy-i^-benzofluorenon^-Acetyl^-chlor-i-oxynaphthalen, a-Naphthylglyoxal,/3-Naphthylglyoxal, 1,4-Dibizoylnaphthalen, Phenyl-4-methyl-1-naphthyldiketon und dergleichen. Als mehrkernige aromatische Verbindungen können auch in Frage kommen:
Anthracene und Derivate davonjWie Anthracen, 1,2-Dihydroanthracen, 1-Chloranthracen, 1,4-Dichloranthracen, 1,2,7-Trichloranthracen, 1,2,3,4-Tetrachloranthracen, 1-Nitroanthracen, 9,10-Dinitroanthracen, 1-Aminoanthracen, 2-Dimethylaminoanthracen, 2-Anilinoanthracen, 9-Methylaminoanthracen, 1,4-Diaminoanthracen, 1-Oxyanthracen, 9,10-Dihydroanthrol, 10-Methylanthranol, 10-Phenylanthranol, 10-Nitroanthranol, 2-Amino-1-anthranol, 1,2-Dioxyanthracen, 9,10-Dioxyanthracendiacetat, 1-Methylanthracen, 4-Chlor-i-methylanthracen, 1,5-Dichlor-2-methylanthracen, 9-Ethylanthracen, 9-Vinylanthracen, 9-Propylanthracen, 9-lsopropylanthracen, 9-Butylanthracen, 9-lsobutylanthracen, 9-lsoamylanthracen, I.S-Dimethylanthracen^^O-Diethylanthracen, I-Phenylanthracen^-Phenylanthracen, !,S-Dichlor-g-phenylanthracen, 10-Nitro-9-phenylanthracen, 9-Benzylanthracen, 1-Benzhydrylanthracen, 9,10-Diphenylanthracen, 9,10-Dibenzylanthracen, 9,10-Diphenyl-9,10-dihydroanthracen, 1-(/3-Naphthyl)anthracen, 9-(a-Naphthyl)-10-phenylanthracen, 9,10-Di(a-naphthyl)anthracen, 1,1'-Bianthryl,2,2'-bianthryl,9,9'-Bianthryl, Anthracen-9-aldehyd, 1-Acetylanthracen, 9-Benzoylanthracen, 10-Nitroanthraphenon, 9,10-Dibenzoylanthracen, Anthron^-Mercaptoanthracen, gjO-Dinatrium-gjO-dihydroanthracen, 10-Brom-9-anthrylmagnesiumbromid, Anthrylquecksilberchlorid;
Phenanthrene und Derivate davon(wie Phenanthren, 9,10-Dihydrophenanthren, 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydrophenanthren, 1-Chlorphenanthren, Phenanthren-g^O-dichlorid, 1-Bromphenanthren, 1-Jodphenanthren,9-(Chlormethyl)phenanthren, 1-(Brommethyl)phenanthren, 4,5-Bis(brommethyl)phenanthren, 1-Nitrophenanthren, 10-Brom-9-nitrophenanthren, 1-Aminophenanthren, 9,10-Diaminophenanthren, 9,9'-Azoxyphenanthren, 9,9'-Azophenanthren, 1-Oxyphenanthren, Cholesterol, Estron, Androsteron, 10-Brom-9-phenanthrol, 9-Nitro-3-phenanthrol, 4-Amino-1-phenanthrol, 10-Benzoazo-9-phenanthrol, 1,2-Dioxyphenanthren, Reten-3,8-diol, 2,3,5,6-Tetraoxyphenanthren, 1-Methylphenanthren, 1-Ethylphenanthren, 1-Vinylphenanthren, 1,2-Dimethylphenanthren, 9,10-Diethylphenanthren, 9,10-Dipropylphenanthren, 2-Ethyl-1-methylphenanthren^-lsopropyl-i-methylphenanthren^JO-Dihydroreten^minoreten.S-Acetoaminoreten.e-Acylaminoreten, 9-Phenylphenanthren, 9-Benzylphenanthren, 1-(a-Naphthyl)-phenanthren, 1,1'-Biphenanthryl, 9,9'-Biphenanthryl, 1-Phenanthraldehyd, 2-Phenanthraldehyd, 9-Phenanthraldehyd, 1-Acetylphenanthren, 2-Propionylphenanthren, 3-Acetylreten, 1-Benzoylphenanthren; Phenanthrenchinone, wie Phenanthren-1,2-chinone, Phenanthren-1,4-chinon, Phenanthren-3,4-chinon, Phenanthren-9,10-
chinon, 2-Phenyl-3-acetoxy-4,5-biphenylfuran, 7-lsopropyl-i-methylphenanthren-chinon, I-Chlorphenanthrenchinon, 2-Bromphenanthrenchinon, 2-Jodphenanthrenchinon, 2,7-Dibromphenanthrenchinon, 2-Nitrophenanthrenchinon, 2,5-Dinitrophenanthrenchinon^-Aminophenanthrenchinon, г^-ОіатіпорЬепатпгепсЫпоп^б-ОіатіпорІіепапіЬігепсЫпоп, 2,5-Diaminophenanthrenchinon, 2-Oxyphenanthren-1,4-chinon, 3-Oxyphenanthrenchinon, 2-Oxyretenchinon, 3-Oxyretenchinon, 6-Oxyretenchinon, г-Оху-ЗЛ^тигорпепап^гепсЫпоп, г-Атіпо-З-охурпепатіігепсЫпоп; und mehrkernige aromatische Verbindungen und Derivate davon,wie Pentacen, Hexacen, Benzophenanthren, Benzo[a]anthracen, Naphtho[2,1,a]pyren, Dibenzo[a,j]anthracen, Pyren, Coronen, 1,12-Benzopyren, Ovalen, Dibenzoanthracen, IMaphthacen, Terramycin, Aureomycin, Rubren, o-Toluoyl-1-naphthalen, Benzoanthrachinon, S^-Dioxy-ö.ß-dihydrobenzoanthracen, Chrysen, Triphenylen, Dibenzonaphthacen, Hexahydropyren, Perylen, 3,9-Dichlorperylen, Tetrachlorperylen, 3,9-Dibromperylen, 3,10-Dinitroperylen, 4,6-Dibenzoyl-1,3-dimethylbenzen, 6,13-Dihydropentacen, Naphtho[2,3-a]-anthracen, Dispiran, Dibenzo[a,h]anthracen, Picen, Picylenketon, Picen-5,6-Chinon, Dibenzo[c,g)-phenanthren, Benzo[a}pyren, Benzo[a]pyren-1,6-chinon, Mesobenzoanthronpericarbonsäureanhydrid, Anthraceno[2,1-a]anthracen, Dibenzo[a,l]naphthacen, Phenanthren[2,3-a]anthracen, Naphtho[2,3-a]pyren, Dibenzo[a,h]-pyren, Dibenzo[a,l]pyren, Zethren, Anthanthren, Benzo[1,12]-perylen, Heptacen, Tetrabenzo[a,c,h,j]anthracen, Tribenzo[a,i,l]pyren, Tetrahydrodimethyldinaphthyl, Mesonaphthodianthren, Mesoanthrodianthren, 2,3;8,9-Dibenzocoronen, Pyranthrene und dergleichen. Als Chinone und Derivate davon können in Frage kommen:
Benzochinone und Derivate davon(wie Dibenzochinoyldisulfid, 2,5-Bis(phenylthio)-p-benzochinon, Bibenzochinon, Bitoluchinon, Phoenicin, Oosporein, Indophenol, Indoanilin, Hydron Blue, Indamin, Meldola's Blue, Wurster's Blue, Wurster's Red, 4,4'-Diphenochinon, 4,4'-Stilbenchinon, 3,5,3',5'-Tetramethyl-4,4'-diphenochinon, 3,5,3',5'-Tetra-tert-butyl-4,4'-diphenochinon^^S'^'-Tetramethyl^^'-stilbenchinon, 3,5,3',5'-Tetra-tert-butyl-4,4'-stilbenchinon; Naphthochinone und Derivate davon wie 1,2-Naphthochinon, 3-Oxy-2,2'-binaphthyl-1,4;3,'4'-dichinon, 5,6-Benzochinoxalin, 1,2-Benzophenazin,2-Benzoazo-l-naphthol, 4-(2,4-Dioxyphenyl)1,2-dioxynaphthalen,4-(3,4,5-Trioxyphenyl)-1,2-dioxynaphthalen, 1,2-Naphthochinon-i-phenylimid, 1,2-Benzophenoxazin, i^-Naphthochinon^-chlorimid, 1,2-Naphthochinon-Bis-chlorimid, 2-Anilino-l,4-naphthochinon-4-anil, 2-Oxy-1,4-naphthochinon-4-anil, 1,2-Naphthochinon-ioximbenzoat, 1,2-Naphthochinon-i-oximethylether, 1-Nitroso-2-naphthol, 2-Nitroso-1-naphthol, Naphtho[1',2':3,4]furazan, 1,2-Naphthochinon-2-oximbenzoat, 1,2-Naphthochinon-2-oximmethylether, 3-Anilino-1,2;8,9-dibenzophenazin, Naphthyl Blue, Naphthyl Violet, 1,2;5,6-Dibenzophenazin, Naphtho[1',2':3,4]furazan-2-oxid, Triphthaloylbenzen, Hexaoxynaphthalenanhydrid, 2,2'-Binaphthyl-1,4;1',4'-dichinon, T,4'-Dioxynaphtho(2',3':3,4)pyrazol,4,7-Dioxy-3,3-diphenyl-5,6-benzindiazen, 2-Diphenylmethyl-1,4-naphthochinon, Methylnaphtho[2',3':4,5]-triazol-1',4'-ChInOn, 1,2,4-Triacetoxynaphthalen, 4-Naphthochinonphenylimid, i^-Naphthochinon-mono-fp-dimethylaminoanil), 1,4-Naphthochinonalkylimid, 4-Nitroso-1-naphthol, Phenylcarbamat, 4-Nitroso-i-naphthylamin, 4-Benzhydryl-1,2-naphthochinon, 2-Benzhydryl-1,4-naphthochinon, 3-Benzhydryl-2-methyl-1,4-naphthochinon, 3-Geranyl-2-methyl-1,4-naphthochinon, 3-Farnesyl-2-methyl-l,4-naphthochinon, 2-Methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthochinon, Vitamin Ki, Vitamin K2, S-Allyl^e-dimethyl-i^-naphthochinon, 2,6-Dimethyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthochinon, 2,3-Diallyl-6;7-dimethyl-1,4-naphthochinon, 2-Phenyl-1,4-naphthochinon, 2-Methyl-1,4-naphthochinon, 2,6-Dimethyl-3-phenyl-1,4-naphthochinon, 3-Benzyl-2-mehtyl-1,4-naphthochinon, 2-Methyl-3-(/3-phenylethyl)-1,4-naphthochinon,3-Cinnamyl-2-methyl-1,4-naphthochinon, г-ВепгупугігуІ-і^-парМГіосЫпоп^^-Оікеіо-З-гііргіепуІтеіпуІ-4,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5,6-benzindiazen,2-Methyl-3-diphenyl-methyl-1,4-naphthochinon, 2,3-Diphenyl-1-naphthol, Naphtho[2',3':3,4]-pyrazol-1',4'-Chinon, 3,4-Dichlor-1,2-benzophenazin, 2-Jod-1,4-naphthochinon, 1,4-5,8-Tetraoxy-2,3;6,7-dibenzothianthren, 5,8-Dioxy-2,3;6,7-dibenzothianthren-1,4-Chinon, 2,3-Diphenoxy-1,4-naphthochinon, Dinaphtho[2',3':2,3][1",2":5,4]furan-1',4'-Chinon, 2,3,5,8-Tetrachlor-1,4-naphthochinon, N,N'-Bis-(1,4-naphthochinon-2-yl)-benzidin, 2-Anilino-1,2-naphthochinon-4-anil, 4-Anilino-1,2-naphthochinon-2-anil, Phenylrosindarin, 2-Anilino-1,4-naphthochinon-4(p-dimethyl-aminoanil), 2-Anilino-1,4-naphthochinondianil,2-Anilino-3-phenyl-1,4-naphthochinon, 2-Anilino-3-brom-1,4-naphthochinon, 2-Anilino-4-chlor-1,4-naphthochinon, 2,3-Dianilino-1,4-naphthochinon, 2-3-Dianilino-1,4-naphthochinondianil, Nitrosoaminonaphthochinon, 3-Chlor-2-phenylnitrosoamino-1,4-naphthochinon, Phenyl-Bis-(3-anilino-1,4- naphthochinon-2-yl)-amin, 3-Chlor-2-(p-tolylnitrosoamino)-1,4-naphthochinon, 2,7-Dioxy-l-nitrosonaphthalen, 4-Benzenazo-1,3-dioxynaphthalen, Di-(3-oxy-1,4-naphthochinonyl-2-)methan, Anhydroalkanin, Dichinoxalino-[2',3':1,2:2",3":3,4]-naphthalen, 3,4-Phthaloyl-furazan; und Anthrachinone und Derivate davonrwie
1,2-Anthrachinon, 2,3-Anthrachinon, 1,4-Anthrachinon, 9,10-Anthrachinon, 1,5-Anthrachinon, 2,6-Anthrachinon, 1,10-Anthrachinon, 9,9-Bis(p-oxyphenyl)anthron, Anthrachinonbisdiphenyl-methid, Bisphenylhydrazon, Benzanthron, Anthrahydrochinon.ß-Ethylanthrachinon, !,S.SJ-Tetramethylanthrachinon^^'-Dianthrachinonylethan, 2,2'-Dianthrachinonylethylen, 1,2,3-Trioxyanthrachinon, Anthrachryson, Erythrooxyanthrachinon, Alizarin, Chinizarin, Anthrarufin, Chrysazin, Hystazarin, Anthraflavin, Isoanthraflavin, Anthragallol, Purpurin, Oxyanthrarufin, Anthrapurpurin, Oxychroysazin, Oxyflavopurpurin, Rufiopin, Chinazarin, Alizarinpentacyanin, Rufigallol, Anthracene Blue WR, Alizarinhexacyanin, 2-Chlorchinizarin, 1-Nitroanthrachinon, Purpurin, 2,4,6,8-Tetrabromanthrachryson, 3-Aminoanthrapurpurin, 1,8-Dinitroanthrachinon, a-Aminoanthrachinon, 1,1'-Dianthrachinonyl, Dianthrachinonimid, 1,4-Dimethylaminoanthrachinon, 5-Amino-1-nitro-6,8-dibromanthrachinon, I.S-Tetramethyldiamino^e-dinitroanthrachinon, Anthrachinonacridon, Bis-N-(2-oxyanthrachinolyl)-p-phenylendiamin, Leucochinazarin, Quinazarin Green, 1-Amino-2,4-dibromanthrachinon, 1,4-Diacylaminoanthrachinon^nthrachinon-zS-aldehyde, o-Diazin^^-Phthaloyl-i^-benzanthron, Oxynitrosoanthrachinon, 1,1'-Dianthrachinolyl, Azoxyanthrachinon, 8-Chlor-pyrazolanthron, 2,6-Dihydrazinoanthrachinon, Anthrachinon-diazoniumsalz, /3-Anthrachinonhydrazin, Azoxyanthrachinon, Pyrazolanthron, 1-(Anthrachinolyl-2-)-3-methylpyrazolon, 1-Hydroxylaminoanthrachinon, 1,5-Dihydroxylaminoanthrachinon, 1-Nitrosoanthrachinon, 1-Hydrazinoanthrachinon, 1,5-Dihydrazinoanthrachinon, I-Azidoanthrachinon^-Azidoanthrachinon, Anthrachinonmethylsulfoxid, 1,4-Dirhodananthrachinon.ß^'-Dianthrachinolylsulfid, Anthrachinonsulfenylchlorid, 2,2'-Dianthrachinonyl, Ι,Ι'-Dianthrachinonyl, Helianthron, Mesobenzodianthron, 2,2'-Diamino-1,1'-dianthrachinolyl, Flavanthron, 2,2'-Dianthryl, Mesonaphthodianthron, Ι,Ι'-Dianthrachinolylamin, Chinizarinchinon, Hystazarinchinon, Alizarinchinon, 6-Oxychinizarinchinon, und dergleichen. Weiterhin können als die aromatischen Verbindungen vom Nicht-Benzen-Typ beispielsweise eingesetzt werden Azulen, Cyclodecapentan, Cyclotetradecaheptan, Cyclooctadecanonaen, Cyclotetracosadodecaen, Heptalen, Fulvalen, Sesqui-fulvalen, Heptafulvalen, Perinaphthen, lndeno[2,1-a]perinaphthen, Dibenzo[bf]oxepin, Dibenzo[bf]thiepin, Indolizin, Cyclo [3,2,2]-azin,
4,5-Benzotroporon, 3,4-Benzotroporon, BH-Benzocyclohepten, 7H-Benzocyclehepten, Colchicin, Colchicein, Colchinolmethylether, Ditropylether, Ditropylsulfid, Cyclopentadienyltropyliden, Benzoazulen, Carbinol, 4,5-Benzotropon, 2-Phenyltropon, Naphthocycloheptadienon, Naphthotropon,Tribenzotropon, i-Amino-i^-dicyanoazulen, Benzoylhydrazon, З-рпепуМ-охаагигапоп-г.г-ЬепгуКгороп, S-Methyl^-phenyltropon, 2,7-Diphenyltropon, 2-(a-Naphthyl)tropon, 2,7-Tetramethylen-4,5-benzothropon, 2,7-Diphenyl-4,5-benzotropon, Naphtho[2',3'-4,5]tropon, Naphtho[2',1 '-2,3]tropon, Dibenzosuberan, NaphtholV,2'-2,3]tropon, Dibenzosuberol, 4-0xy-2-phenyltropon, 4,5,7-Tribrom-2-phenyltropon, 3,5'-Ditroporon, 3-(p-Methoxyphenyl)troporon, 4-Oxy-2-phenyltropon, 3-(a-Naphthyl)-troporon, 3,4-Diphenyltroporon, 3,7-Dibenzyltroporon, 4-(y-Phenylpropyl)troporon,3,5'-Bitroporonyl, 4-(p-Nitrostyryl)-troporonmethylether, 2-Amino-1,3-dicyanoazuren, Benzo[b]tropothiazin, 5-Brom-2-phenyltropon, 4-Brom-2,7-diphenyltropon, Diphenylbiphenylcarbinol, Thiazinotropon und dergleichen.
Typische Beispiele für die heterozyklischen Verbindungen mit 5 oder mehr konjugierten ^-Bindungen umfassen die folgenden Verbindungen. Zunächst können als sauerstoffhaltige heterozyklische Verbindungen eingesetzt werden:
Furan und Derivate davon wie 2,5-Diphenylfuran, 2-PhenyIfuran, 3-Methyl-diphenylfuran, Lepidin, Pyridoxin, 2,4-Diphenylfuran; Benzofuran, Isobenzofuran, Dibenzofuran und Derivate davon wie Dibenzofuran, Furano[2-,3'-7,8]flavon, Egonol, Euparin, 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran, Tetraphenylglycol, Tetraphenylphthalan, 9-Phenylantracen, o-Oxymethyltriphenylcarbinol, 3,3'-Diphenylphthalid, 1-Phenylphthalan, 1,1-Phenylphthalan, 3,3-Diphenylphthalid, Rubren, a-Sorinin, Dibenzofuran, 2,2'-Dioxybiphenyl, 2,2'-Diaminobiphenyl, Phenazon, Dibenzochinon, 2-Hydroxybenzofuran, 2-Methylbenzofuran, Benzo[a]-benzofuran, Benzo[b]benzofuran, Dibenzo[a,f]dibenzofuran, Dibenzo[c,d]dibenzofuran, Dibenzo[c,e]dibenzofuran, Bis(2-dibenzofuryl), Bis(3-dibenzofuryl);
Pyran-undPyronderivate(wie2-p-Oxyphenyl-4,6-diphenylpyryliumeisen(lll)-chlorid,Anhydrobase, Benzopyran,4-p-Oxyphenyl-2,6-diphenylpyryliumeisen(lll)-chlorid, 6-Phenylcoumarin;
Chromenol- und ChromenderivativejWie 6-Methyl-2,3-diphenyl-chromon, 6-Methyl-2,3-diphenyl-4-(p-tolyl)-1,4-benzopyran-4-ol, Chromanol, y-Chromen, Oxychmaron, Chromen, Cyanizinchlorid, Fisetin, e-Oxy-S-methoxy-BJ-dimethylflaviriumchlorid, 4,4'-Diflavilen-3,3'-oxid, Chrysinidin, Apigenidin, Rotoflavinidin, Lutosonidin, Galanginidin, Fisenidin, Molinidin, Flavonimin, Peralgonidin, Cyanidin, Delphinidin, Petunidin, Syringidin, Hirsutidin, Apigeninidin, Carajurin, Dracorhodin, Dracorubin; Flavon, Flavonol- und Isoflavonderivative wie Flavonol, Flavon, Fukugetin;
Coumarin- und lsocoumarinderivatetwie 7-Oxy-3,4-benzo-coumarin, Dicoumarol, Angelicin, Psoralen, Bergapten, Bergaptol, Xanthotoxin, Xanthotoxal, Isopimpinellin, Pimpinellin, Oroselol, Oroselon, Peucedanin, Oxypeucedanin, Ostruthol, Medakenin, Nodakenetin, Seselin, Xanthyletin, Xanthoxyletin; und
Xanthon und verwandte Verbindungen,wie Dixanthylen, 9-Phenyl-xanthen, Isoxanthon, 1,2,7,8-Dibenzoxanthen, 3,9-Diphenylxanthen, 9,9-Diphenylxanthen und dergleichen.
Die stickstoffhaltigen heterozyklischen Verbindungen können umfassen:
Pyrrole,wie 1 -Phenylpyrrol, 5-Phenylpyrrol-2-aldehyd, Phenyl-2-pyrrylketonoxim, 2-Phenylpyrrol, 2-Methyl-1 -phenylpyrrol, 2-Methyl-4-phenylpyrrol, 2-Methyl-5-phenylpyrrol, 3-Methyl-5-phenylpyrrol, 2,4-Diphenylpyrrol, 2,5-Diphenylpyrrol, 2,3-Diphenyl-pyrrol, 2,3,5-Triphenylpyrrol, 1,2,3,5-Tetraphynylpyrrol, 2,3,4,5-Tetraphenylpyrrol, Diphenyl-2-pyrrylcarbinol, Pyrrolcyclotrimethynfarbstoff, Pyrrolpolymethylenfarbstoff, Biliverdin, Bilirubin, Prodigiosin, Stercobilin; Indole wie 5,7-Dichlor-2-phenylindol, 7-Chlor-2-phenylindol, 5,7-Dibrom-2-phenylindol, 7-Brom-5-chlor-2-phenylindol, 2-(3'-lndolyl)-3-isonitroindolenin, Roseindol,Triptophan Blue, lndolo[3,2-c]chinolin,lndolo[1,2-c]chinazolin, 2-Phenylindol,3-Nitro-2-phenylindol, 3-Phenylindol, N-Methyl-3-phenylindol, 3-(o-Nitrophenyl)indol, 2,3-Diphenylindol, 3-Triphenylmethylindol, 2-Methyl-3-triphenylmethylindol, 2-Phenyl-3-triphenylmethylindol, 2-(1-Naphthyl)-3-triphenylmethylindol, 2-(2-Naphthyl)-3-triphenylmethylindol, 3,3'-Diindolyl, 3,2'-Diindolyl, 3,3'-Dehydrodiindol, Roseindol, 3-Nitroso-2-phenylindol, 3-Nitro-2-phenylindol, 2-Methyl-3-phenylazoindol, 2-Phenyl-3-phenylazoindol, б-Оху-3-phenylindol, Triptophan, 4,5-Benzotriptophan, 6,7-Benzotriptophan, Violasein;
Oxoderivative von lndol.wie3-(4-Ethoxy-1-naphthyl)oxyndol, Indophenin, Indigoazin, lndigoyellow3G; Isoindole wie i-Chlor-4-rnethylphthalazin, 1-Benzilidenephthalimidin, 2-Methyl-3-phenylphthalimidin,2-Methyl-1,3-diphenylisoindol, 2,5-Diphenylisoindol, /3-lsoindigo, Dimethylimino-ß-isoindigo;
Carbazole,wie i-Phenyl-i^^-benzotriazol^^'-Diaminodiphenyl, 1,1'-Dicarbazol; Porphyrine,wie Porphyrazin, Magnesiumoctamethyltetraazaporphyrin, Azadipyromethin, Phthalocyanin, Diazacoproporphyrin, Porphin, Mesotetraphenylporphyrin, Chlorophyll-b, Chlorophyll-a;
Oxazole,wie 2-Phenyloxazol, 4-Phenyloxazol, 5-Phenyloxazol, г-МеіпуІ^-рпепуІохагоІ, г-МеіКіуІ-б-рКіепуІохагоІ, 4-Methyl-2-phenyloxazol, 5-Methyl-2-phenyloxazol, 4,5-Dimethyl-2-phenyloxazol, 2,4-Diphenyloxazol, 2,5-Diphenyloxazol, 4,5-Diphenyloxazol, 2-Methyl-4,5-diphenyloxazol, 2,4,5-Triphenyloxazol, 2-(o-Nitrophenyl)oxazol, 2-(p-Nitrophenyl)oxazol, 2-Amino-5-phenyloxazol, 2-(p-Aminophenyl)oxazol, 2-(o-Aminophenyl)oxazol, 4,5-Dimethyl-2-phenyloxidooxazol, 4-Methyl-2,5-diphenyloxidooxazol,2,4,5-Triphenyloxidooxazol,4-(o-Methoxycarbnylbenzal)-2-phenyl-5-oxazolon, (^carbocyaninfarbstoff, Phenanthrooxazol;
lsooxazol,wie4-Nitro-3-phenylisooxazol, ö-Amino-S-methyl^-phenylisooxazol, 5-Benzoyl-3,4-diphenylisooxazol; Thiazole wie 4-Phenylthiazol, 5-Phenylthiazol, 5-(p-Fluorphenyl)thiazol, 2-Methyl-4-phenylthiazol, 4-MeIhYl-O-PhGnYlIhJaZoI, ö-Methyl^-phenylthiazol, 4,5-Diphenylthiazol, 2-Methyl-4,5-diphenylthiazol, 1,4-Bis(4-methyl-2-thiazolyl)-benzen, p,p'-Bis(4-methyl-2-thiazolyl)biphenyl, 2-Amiпo-4-pheпylthiazol, 2-Amiпo-5-pheпylthiazol, 2-Amino-4,5-diphenylthiazol, 2-Phenylazothiazol, 2-Amiпo-4-methyl-5-pheпyl-azothiazol/ 4-Methyl-2-phenylazothiazol/ α-Naphthothiazol, уЗ-Naphthothiazol, Naphtho[2,3]-thiazol, Naphtho[1,2]thiazol,2-Methyl[1,2]thiazol,2-Phenylnaphtho[1,2]thiazol, 2-Methylnaphtho[2,1]thiazol, 4-Brom-2-phenylnaphthol[2,3]thiazol, 2-Oxynaphtho[2,1]thiazol,2-Aminonaphtho[1,2]thiazol, 2-Aminonaphtho[2,1]thiazol, 2-Mercaptonaphtho[1,2]thiazol,2-Mercaptonaphtho[2,1]thiazol;
lmidazol(wie 2-Phenylimidazol, 4-Phenylimidazol, 4-lvlethyl-2-pheпylimidazol, 2,4-Diphenylimidazol, 4,5-Diphenylimidazol, 2,4,5-Triphenylimidazol, 2-Brom-4-pheпylimidazol, 5-Chlor-1-ethyl-2-pheпylimidazol, B-Chlor-i^-diphenylimidazol, 2-Phenylazoimidazol,2-Methyl-4-phenylazoimidazol,2-(c-Aminophenyl)benzoirnidazol; Pyrazole.wie 3-Phenylpyrazol, 5-Phenylpyrazol, 4-Phenylpyrazol, 1 -Methyl-3-phenylpyrazol, 1 -Methyl-5-phenylpyrazol, 3-Methyl-5-phenylpyrazol, 1,3-Diphenylpyrazol, 1,5-Diphenylpyrazol, 1,3,4-Triphenylpyrazol, 1,3,5-Triphenylpyrazol, 1,4,5-Triphenylpyrazol, 5-Amino-3-phenylpyrazol, З-Атіпо-5-phenylpyrazol, 5-Methyl-1,3-diphenylpyrazol-4-aldehyd, 3,5,Diacetyl-4-phenylpyrazol,4-Benzoyl-1,5-diphenylpyrazol;
Oxadiazole,wie 3-Phenylfurazan, 3,4-Diphenylfurazan, Naphtho[1,2]furazan, Phenylfuroxan, 3-Methyl-5-phenyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol, 2,5'-Diphenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol;
Thiadiazole wie 5-Phenyl-1,2,3-thiadiazol, 2-Phenyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol, 5,5'-Diphenyl-2,2'-Bis(1,3,4-thiadiazol), 2-Oxy-5-phenyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol; 2-Methylsulfonyl-5-phenyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol; ТгіагоІе^іег-РЬепуІ-І^.З-ігіагоІ, 5-(p-Aminophenyl)-3-mercapto-1,2,4-triazol; Tetrazole^wie 5-Phenyltetrazol, 1,5-Diphenyltetrazol, i-Oxy-5-phenyltetrazol, i-Amino-5-phenyltetrazol; Pyridin verwandte Verbindungen^wie 2-Phenylpyridin, 2,2'-Dipyridyl, 2-Chlor-6-phenylpyridin, 2,6-Dichlor-3-phenylpyridin, 2,2'-Azopyridin,3,3'-Azopyridin, Benzen^-azopyridin^-Chlor^^'-azopyridin, B.S'-Dichlor^^'-azopyridin^-Pyndylazoresorcin, 4-Pyridyl-m-phenylendiamin,3-Pyridyl-m-phenylendiamin;
Chinolin und verwandte Verbindungen.wie Chinolin, Chinaldin, Chinaldin-N-oxid, Ethylchinolin, 2-Phenylchinolin, 3-Methylchinolin, 3-Phenylchinolin, 4-Methylchinolin, 4-Phenylchinolin, 6-Methylchinolin, 6-Ethylchinolin, 6-Phenylchinolin, 2,4-Dimethylchinolin, 2,4-Diphenylchinolin, Chinolin-4-methanol, Chinolin[6,5-f]chinolin, Chinophthalon, Flavaanilin, Chinolin Blue, Ethyl Red, Pinacyanol, Naphthocyanol, Cryptocyanin, Xenocyanin, Azacyanin, 6,6'-Octahydrochinon, Besthorn's Rot, 2,3'-Bichinolin, 2,5'-Bichinolin, 2,6'-Bichinolin, 2,7'-Bichinolin, 3,3'-Bichinolin, 4,5'-Bichinolin, 4,6'-Bichinolin, 5,5'-Bichinolin, 6,6'-Bichinolin, 6,7'-Bichinolin, 6,8'-Bichinolin, 7,7'Bichinolin, 8,8'-Bichinolin, 2-Fluorchinolin, 3-Fluorchinolin, 4-Fluorchinolin, 5-Fluorchinolin, 6-Fluorchinolin, 7-Fluorchinolin, 8-Fluorchinolin, 3-Bromchinolin, 4-Chlorchinolin, 2,4-Dichlorchinolin, 3-Nitrochinolin, 4-Nitrochinolin, 2,3-Chinolindiol, Chinolin-2-thiol, 2-Oxychinolin-3-thiol, 2-Aminochinolin, 8-Aminochinolin, 2-Hydrazichinolin, Pyrolochinolin, Thiazolochinolin, Pyrimido[4,5-b]chinolin, Benzo[f]chinolin; lsochinolin und verwandte Verbindungen,wie i-Methylisochinolin.S-Brommethylisochinolin, I-Phenylisochinolin^- Phenylisochinolin, 1,1'-Biisochinolin, 5,5'-Biisochinolin, 1-Chlorisochinolin, 5-Jodisochinolin, 5-Bromisochinolin, 5-Nitroisochinolin, Isochinolin-I.S-diol, 6,7-Methylendioxyisochinolin, 1-Aminoisochinolin, 1-Cyanoisochinolin, 1-Phenylbenzo[g]-3,4-dihydroisochinolin, S-lp-AminophenyD-S^-dihydro-S^-dimethoxyimidazoISJ-alisochinolin; Acridin und verwandte Verbindungen.wie Acridin, 1-Methylacridin, 9-Phenylacridin, 9-(3-Pyridinyl)-acridin, 2-Chloracridin, 2-Bromacridin,2-Cridinol, Acridin-S^-diolH-Methoxyacridin, 9-Phenoxyacridin, 1-Nitroacridin, 4-Aminoacridin, 1-Aminoacridin, 9-Phenylaminoacridin, 9-Oxyacridin, Chrysanilin, Acriflavin, 3,6-Diamino-4,5-dimethylacridin, Acrynol; Phenanthridin wie 3,4-Benzochinolin, 6-Methylphenanthridin, 6-Aminomethylphenanthridin, 6-Phenylphenanthridin, 6-Chlorphenanthridin, 6-Bromphenanthridin, 6-Nitrophenanthridin, 1-Aminophenanthridin, 3-Oxyphenanthridinon; Anthrazoline wie Pyrido[2,3-g]chinolin, 2,7-Diphenyl[2,3-g]-chinolin, 2,8-Diphenylpyrido[3,2-g]chinolin; Phenanthrolin und verwandte Verbindungen wie 1,7-Phenanthrolin, 1,10-Phenanthrolin, 4,7-Phenanthrolin, 8-Methyl-1,7-phenanthrolin,4,10-Dioxy-1,7-phenanthrolin, S^-Dichlor-IJO-phenanthrolin^-Amino-UO-phenanthrolin, 5-Oxy-4,7-phenanthrolin, 5-Amino-4,7-phenanthrolin;
Pyridoindole(wie 1,9-Pyridoindol, 2,9-Pyridoindol,4,9-Pyridoindol;
Naphthylidin und verwandte Verbindungen(wie 1,5-Naphthylidin, 1,7-Naphthylidin, 1,8-Naphthylidin, 1,6-Naphthylidin, 2,6-Naphthylidin, 2,7-Naphthylidin, 1,5-Naphthylidin-4-ol, 3-Amino-1,5-naphthylidin, 2-Amino-1,5-naphthylidin, 2-Oxy-1,7-naphthylidin;
Oxazin und verwandte Verbindungen.wie Phenoxazinon, Resazurin, Carocyanin, Nile Blue A, Meldora's Blue, Brilliant Cresyl
Thiazin und verwandte Verbindungen wie o-Benzaminophenyl-ß-phenoxycarbonylethylsulfid, Phenothiazin, Nitrophenothiazin, S-Chlor-IO-ethytphenothiazin^-Amino^'-anilinodiphenyldisulfid, 2-Chlor-10-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)phenothiazin, Chlorpromazin, lO-(2-Dimethylamino-1-propyl)phenothiazinhydrochlorid, 10-[2-(1-Pyrrolidyl)ethyl]phenothiazinhydrochlorid 10-[1-Methyl-3-piperidylmethyl)phenothiazin, 2-Acetyl-10-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)phenothiazin, Methylene Blue; Pyridazin und verwandte Verbindungen wie Cinnolin, 3-Methylcinnolin, 4-Chlorcinnolin, 3-Bromcinnolin, 4-Cinnolinol, 4-Aminocinnolin, Phthalazin, 4-Ethyl-2-phenylphthalazinon, Phthalazinthiol, 1 (2 H)-Phthalazinon, 3-Phenylpseudophthalazin, 4-Methyl-3-phenylpseudophthalazin, 2,3-Dihydro-1,4-phthalazindion;
Pyrimidin und verwandte Verbindungen, wie 2-Cinnamethylpyrimidin, 4,6-Dimethyl-2-phenylpyrimidin, 2,4,6-Triphenylpyrimidin, Alloxantin, 2,6-Dioxy-4-phenylpyrimidin, 4,6-Dioxy-2-phenylpyrimidin, 5-Chlor-4,6-dioxy-2-phenylpyrimidin, Sulfadiazin, Sulfisomidin, Thonzylaminhydrochlorid, Vitamin B1, Thiochrom, Co-carboxylase, Allomycin, 6-(2-Furfuryl)-aminopurin, Pteridin, 2,4-Pterindiol, 2-Amino-6-methyl-4-pteridinol, Xanthopterin, Leucopterin, Isoxanthopterin, Chinazolin, 4-Chlorchinazolin, 2,4-Dichlorchinazolin, 4-Chinazolin, 2,3-Diphenyl-4-chinazolin; Pyrazin verwandte Verbindungentwie 3,6-Diphenylpyrazinol, Chinoxalin, 2-Methylchinoxalin, 2,3-Dimethylchinoxalin, 2-Chlorchinoxalin, 2,3-Dichlorchinoxalin, 2-(o-Aminoanilin)-chinoxalin, N,N'-Diphenyl-2,3-piperazion, 2-Chinoxalinol, 2,3-Chinoxalindiol, 2-Aminochinoxalin, 2,3-Diaminochinoxalin, Methylchinoxalin-2-carbonsäureester, 2-(d-Arabotetraoxybutyl)-chinoxalin, Flavazol, Glucazidon, Phenazin, Phenazin-5-oxid, Phenazin-5,10-dioxid, 5-Methylphenadinium-methylsulfat, 10-Methyl-5,10-dihydro-2-phenazincarbonitril, 2-Phenazincarbonitril, 1-Phenazinol, 1-Methoxyphenazin, 2-Phenazinol, 1,6-Dioxyphenazin-5,10-dioxid, 1-Aminophenazin, 2-Aminophenazin, 2,3-Diaminophenazin, Neutral Red, 5,10-Dihydrophenazin, 5-Methyl-5,10-dihydrophenazin, 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydrophenazin;
Sechs-gliedrige tri- und tetra-heterozyklische Verbindungen,wie 2,4,6-Triphenyl-s-triazin, 2,4-Dichlor-6,o-chloroanilin-s-triazin, 5,6-diphenyl-as-triazin, г.б-ОірЬепуІ-г^Аб-іеігаЬуаго-аз-ігіагіп, S^-Diphenyl-as-triazin-S-ol, 1,2,4-Benzotriazin, 1,2,4-Benzotriazin-3-ol, 3-Phenyl-1,2,3-benzotriazin-4-(3H)-on, 1,2,3-Benzotriazin-4-ol, 1,2,3-Benzotriazin-4-thiol, 3-Amino-1,2,3-benzotriazin,2,3-Diphenylosotetrazin, 5,6-Dimethyl-2,3-diphenylosotetrazin, 5-Cyano-2,3-diphenyloso-tetrazin, 5,6-Dibenzoyl-2,3-diphenylosotetrazin, 2,3-Dibeпzoyl-5-methylosotetraziп,2,3-Dibeпzoyl-5,6-dimethylosotetraziп,2,3-Dibeпzoyl-5,6-diphenylosotetrazin,2,3-Bis(2,4-dichlorphenyl)-5,6-diphenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-v-tetrazin, !^,S^-Tetraethoxycarbonyl-B.B-diphenyl-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-v-tetrazin, 7-Methyl-2-(4-methylphenyl)-1,2-dihydrobenzotetrazin, 3,6-Diphenyl-1,2-dihydro-stetrazin, I.S-Diphenyl-IAS^-tetrahydro-s-tetrazin, S^Ae-Tetraphenyl-I^.S.e-tetrahydro-s-tetrazin und dergleichen.
Weiter können die schwefelhaltigen heterozyklischen Verbindungen umfassen:
Schwefelhaltige heterozyklische Verbindungen wie 2-Phenylthiophen, 2,4-Diphenylthiophen, 2,3,4,5-Tetraphenylthiophen, Metaphenylenhydrochlorid, Metapyrylenhydrochlorid, Chlorthencitrat, Thenyldiaminhydrochlorid, a-Quinqthienyl, a-Sexythienyl;
Kondensierte tiophenartigeVerbindungen(wie3,3'-Diminothioindigo, Indigoron, Dihydronaphtho[2,1-b]-thianaphthen, 1,3-Diphenylisothianaphthen, Dibenzothiophen, 2-Nitrodibenzothiophen, Aminodibenzothiophen, 2,8-Diaminodibenzothiophen, Dibenzothiophen-5-dioxid, 4-Oxydibenzothiophen, 2,8-Dioxydibenzothiophen, 2-Chlordibenzothiophen, 1-Bromdibenzothiophen, 2,8-Dibromdibenzothiophen, 2-Jod-dibenzothiophen, 2-Acetyldibenzothiophen, 2,8-Diacetyldibenzothiophen, Naphthothiophen, 3-Oxythiophanthren, 2,3-Thiophanthren, Naphtho[2,3-c]thiophen, Naphtho[1,2-b]thiophen, Naphtho[2,1-b]thiophen, Naphtho[1,2-c]thiophen, 1,2-Naphtho[2,1-b]thiophenchinon, 1-Oxy-2-naphtho[2,1-bjthiophenaldehyd, Naphtho[1,2-c]thiophen, 2H-Naphtho[1,8]thiophen, Benzo[b]thiophanthren, 6,11-Benzo[b]thiophanthrachinon, Benzo[g]thiophanthren, 4,5-Benzothiophanthren, 8,9-Benzothiophanthren; Fünfgliedrige monozyklische Verbindungen, die 2 Heteroatome enthalten, wie 5-PhenyM ^-dithiol-S-thion, 3,4-Dihydronaphtho-2,1-trithion, Thiaflavon, Thiacoumarin, Thiaxanthen, Thiaxanthohydrol, Thiaxanthon, Milacil D, Bisthiaxanthylen; Sechsgliedrige zyklische Verbindungen mit zwei oder mehr Heteroatomen,wie 2,5-Diphenyl-1,4-dithiadien, Thiophenaldehyd, Thianthren, 2,7-Dimethylthianthren, 1-Thianthrenyllithium, 1-Chlorthianthren, Phenoxathin, 2-Vinylphenoxathin, 2-Aminophenoxathin, 2-Nitrophenoxathin, 3,7-Dinitrophenoxathin, 10,10-Diphenyl-phenoxathin, 2,5-Diphenylthiophen und dergleichen.
Des weiteren können andere nützliche Verbindungen sein:
Dizyklische Verbindungen, die gewöhnlich ein Stickstoffatom habe^wie Chinchonin, 2-Phenylpyrrocolin, 3-Ethyl-2-phenylpyrrocolin, 3-Benzyl-2-phenylpyrrocolin, S-Nitroso^-phenylpyrrocolin, 2:3-Benzopyrrocolin, 1,5,8-Trimethyl-2:3-benzopyrrocolin, 1-Ethyl-5,8-dimethyl-2:3-benzopyrrocolin, 1,8-Dimethyl-2:3-benzopyrrocolin, S-Phenyl-T^-benzopyrrocolin, Cyclo[3.3.3]azin, Cyclo[3.2.2]azin, 2-Phenylcyclo[3.2.2]azin, 2,3-Diphenylcyclo[3.2.2]azin, Tricycladin, 7-Methylbenzotalchinoliniumbromid^-Phenylbenzotalchinolidiniumbromid, Benzo[b]chinolidiniumsalz, Tetrahydro-iji-berberin, Tetrahydroberberin, Laudanosolin,Tetrahydro-2,3,9,10-tetraoxy-7-methyldibenzopyrrocoliumchlorid, Homolaudanosolin, öctadehydromatrin, Canadinmethojodid, Tetrahydropalmatinmethojodid;
Alkaroide wie Nicotyrin, 3',2-Dipyridyl, Cusparin, Galipolin, 1-Methyl-2-chinolon, Casimiroin, 2-Penthylchinolin, 4-Oxy-2-pentylchinolin, 4-Methoxy-2-pentylchinolin, 1-Methyl-2-pentyl-4-chinolin,4-Methoxy-2-phenylchinolin, 7-Methoxy-1-methyl-2-phenyl-4-Chinolin, Cusparein, Dictamnin, Skimmianin, Evolitrin, Maclurin, Kokusagin, Kokusaginin, Maculosidin, Flindersiamin, Evoxoidin, Evoxin, Evolatine, Acronycidin, Medicosmin, Acronidin, γ-Fagarin, Cinchonin, Chininon, Chinotoxin, N-Bromchinotoxin, Dihydrocinchonicin, Heterochinin, Evoxantidin, Xanthochinolin, 1,3-Dimethoxy-IO-methyl-acridon, Evoxanthin, Xanthevodin, Melicopin, Melicopidin, Melicopicin, Acronycin, Flindersin, Papaverin, Papaveraldin, Laudanosin, Laudanin, Codamin, Protopapaverin, Almepavin, 4,4'-5-Trimethoxy-2-vinylstilben, Coclaurin, d-lsococlaurin, Neprotin, Corpaverin, Phellodendrin, Magnocurarin, Coclanolin, Narcotin, Narcotolin, Aponarcein, Cinchonin, Cinchotoxin, Dihydrohydrastin, Bicucullin, Adlumidin, Corlumidin, Cordrastin, Magnolamin, Berbamin, o-Methylberbamin usw. Von den oben genannten konjugierten тг-Bindungs-Verbindungen werden diejenigen mit mindestens einer Aminogruppe bevorzugt. Besonders bevorzugte derartige Verbindungen sind zum Beispiel Aminonaphthalene wie Diaminonaphthalene, TriaminonaphthaleneundTetraaminonaphthalene, i^-Diaminoanthracene^iO-Diaminophenanthrene, 2,2'-Diaminodiphenyl, 1,1'-Diamino-2,2'-dinaphthyl, 2-Amino-5-phenyloxazol, 1-Aminophenanthridin, 2-Amino-4-phenylthiazol, 2-Amino-5-phenylthiazol, 3-Amino-1,5-naphthyl, 1-Aminophenanthridin, Aminoacridine wie 4-Aminoacridin, 2-Aminoacridin, 1-Aminoacridin und 3,6-Diaminoacridir>, und Aminophenazine wie 1-Aminophenazin, 2-Aminophenazin und 2,3-Diaminophenazin.
Bei einem bevorzugten erfindungsgemäßen Ausführungsbeispiel enthält das erfindungsgemäß zu verwendende Kesselsteinverhütungsmittel außer wenigstens einem der Farbstoffe, Pigmente oder einer der konjugierten π-Bindungs-Verbindungen mindestens eine anorganische Verbindung. Obgleich eine anorganische Verbindung an sich keine Kesselsteinverhütungswirkung ausübt, wurde die Kesselsteinverhütungswirkung, die Farbstoffe, Pigmente und konjugierte π-Bindungs-Verbindungen besitzen, überraschenderweise weiter verstärkt, wenn sie mit Farbstoffen oder dergleichen kombiniert wurde. Es wurde außerdem gefunden, daß diese Wirkung sicher erzielt werden kann, wenn die Chloridionenkonzentration in dem Reaktionsgemisch auf 100ppm oder weniger reguliert wird. Bei einem über 100ppm liegenden Wert der Chloridionenkonzentration reicht die Kesselsteinverhütungswirkung nicht aus, um die Kesselsteinbildung wirksam zu verhindern.
Wenn eine Mischung aus einem Farbstoff, einem Pigment oder einer konjugierten гг-Bindungs-Verbindung mit einer anorganischen Verbindung durch Aufstreichen auf die Innenwandung eines Polymerisationsreaktors usw. aufgebracht werden soll, dann sollte der Anteil beider Komponenten vorzugsweise 0,1 bis 2000 Masseteile anorganische Verbindung, noch besser 1 bis 1 000 Masseteile, je 100 Masseteile Farbstoff, Pigment oder konjugierte гт-Bindungs-Verbindung betragen. Solche anorganischen Verbindungen können enthalten Kieselsäuren oder Silicate, wie Orthokieselsäure, Metakieselsäure, Mesodikieselsäure, Mesotrikieselsäure, Mesotetrakieselsäure, Natriummetasilicat, Natriumorthosilicat, Natriumdisilicat, Natriumtetrasilicat, Kaliummetasilicat, Kaliumhydrogendisilicat, Lithiumorthosilicat, Hexalithiumorthodisilicat, Wasserglas, 12-Wolframatokieselsäure, lso-12-Wolframatokieselsäure, 10-Wolframatokieselsäure, Kalium-12-Silicowolframat, Kaliumiso-12-silicowolframat, Kalium-10-silicowolframat, Natrium-12-silicowolframat, Natriumiso-12-silicowolframat, Silicomolybdänsäure, Kaliumsilicomolybdat, Natriumsilicomolybdat und dergleichen; Metallsalze wie Oxosäuresalze, Acetate, Nitrate, Hydroxide oder Halogenide von unter Erdalkalimetallen ausgewählten Metallen,wie Magnesium, Calcium, Barium usw., Metallen der A!uminiumfamilie(wie Aluminium usw., Metallen der ZinnfamilietwieTitanium, Zinn usw., Metallen der Eisenfamilie t wie Eisen, Nickel usw., Metal lender Ch romiumfa mi lie wie Chromium, Molybdän usw., Metallen der Manga nf a mi lie,wie Mangan usw., Metallen der Kupferfamilie^ie Kupfer, Silber usw., Metallen der Platinfamilie^wie Platin usw.; anorganische Kolloide, die durch mechanische Zerkleinerung, Bestrahlung mit Ultraschall, elektrische Dispersion oder chemische Verfahren hergestellt wurden, wie Goldkolloid, Silberkolloid, Schwefelkolloid, Kolloid von Eisen(lll)-hydroxid, Kolloid von Zinnsäure, Kolloid von Kieselsäure, Kolloid von Mangandioxid, Kolloid von Molybdänoxid, Kolloid von Bariumsulfat, Kolloid von Vanadiumpentoxid, Kolloid von Aluminiumhydroxid, Kolloid von Lithiumsilicat usw.
Von den oben genannten anorganischen Verbindungen werden Silicate, Kieselsäurekolloid und Eisen(lll)-hydroxidkolloid besonders bevorzugt.
Fur das Auftragen des Kesselsteinverhutungsmittels auf die Innenwandung eines Polymensationsreaktors usw kann es als solches oder als Anstrichlosung, die durch Auflosen oder Dispergieren in einem entsprechenden Losungsmittel hergestellt wurde, angewendet werden Als Konzentration des Kesselsteinverhutungsmittels in der Anstrichlosung werden im allgemeinen 0,01 Ma -% oder hoher bevorzugt
Als Losungsmittel, das fur die Zubereitung der Anstnchlosung verwendet werden kann, können Wasser oder verschiedene organische Losungsmittel dienen, zum Beispiel
aliphatische Kohlenwasserstoffe^^ Leichtbenzin, Erdöl, Benzin, Losungsbenzin, Erdolschwerbenzin, V M & P Naphtha,
Decalin, Tetralin, p-Cymen und dergleichen, aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe,wie Benzen, Toluen, Xylen und dergleichen, halogenierte Kohlenwasserstoffe.wie Trichlorethylen, Perchlorethylen, Chloroform, Kohlenstofftetrachlorid, Ethylentrichlond, Benzenmonobromid, Benzenmonochlond, Benzendichlorid und dergleichen, Alkohole,wie Amylalkohol, Ethylalkohol, Isopropylalkohol, 2-Ethylbutylalkohol, 2-Ethylhexylalkohol, Cyclohexanol, Methylalkohol, Methylamylalkohol, Benzylalkohol, Butylalkohol und dergleichen, Ketone.wie Aceton, Acetonylaceton, Diisobutylketon, Diethylketon, Dipropylketon, Methylamylketon, Methylbutylketon, Methylcyclohexanon, Methyldipropylketon, Methylethylketon, Methyl-n-hexylketon, Methylisobutylketon, Methylpropylketon, Mesityloxid und dergleichen,
Ester,wie Acetate, Butyrate, Propionate, Formiate und dergleichen,
Alkoholester,wie Butyllactat, Isopropyllactat, Ethyllactat, Ethyloxypropionat, Diethylmaleat und dergleichen, ,Ketonester(wie Ethylacetoacetat, Ethylpyruvat und dergleichen,
Ether,wie Isopropylether, Ethylether, Diethylcarbitol, Diethylcellosolv, Butylether und dergleichen, Ketonalkohole(wie Acetonylmethanol, Diacetonalkohol, Dihydroxylaceton, Pyruvylalkohol und dergleichen,
Etheralkohle,wie Isopropylcellosolv, Carbitol, Glycidol, Cellosolv, Glycolether, Benzylcellosolv, Butylcarbitol, Butylcellosolv, Methylcarbitol, Methylcellosolv, Triethylenglycolmonoethylether und dergleichen, Ketonether,wie Acetalethylether, Acetonylmethanolethylether, Methylethoxyethylether, und dergleichen, Esterethertwie Butylcarbitolacetat, Butylcellosolvacetat, Carbitolacetat, Cellosolvacetat, 3-Methoxybutylacetat, Methylcarbitolacetat, Methylcellosolvacetat und dergleichen
Wenn sehr gut mit Wasser vertragliche organische Losungsmittel verwendet werden, dann kann das Wasser der Anstrichlosung in einer innerhalb des Bereiches liegenden Menge zugesetzt werden, durch den die Löslichkeit oder Dispergierbarkeit des Kesselsteinverhutungsmittels nicht beeinträchtigt wird, wodurch die Anstrichlosung in ihrer Wirtschaftlichkeit und der Sicherheit wahrend des Transportes und der Lagerung verbessert werden kann Solche Losungsmittel umfassen Alkohole,wie Methylalkohol, Ethylalkohol, Allylalkohol, n-Propylalkohol, Isopropylalkohol und dergleichen, Ketone,wie Aceton, Acetonylaceton, Diacetonalkohol und dergleichen,
Esteijwie Ethylenglycolmonomethyletheracetat, Diethylenglycolmethyletheracetat, Monoethyletheracetat und dergleichen, Ether,wie Dioxan, Ethylenglycolmonomethylether, Ethylenglycolmonoethylether und dergleichen, Furane,wie Tetrahydrofuran, Furfurylalkohol und dergleichen,
aprotische Losungsmittel,wie Acetonitril, Ν,Ν-Dimethylformamid, Ν,Ν-Dimethylacetamid und dergleichen Wenn das vorgesehene Kesselsteinverhutgungsmittel ein wasserlöslicher Farbstoff vom Sulfonsauretyp oder Carbonsauretyp ist, in dem die Sulfonsauregruppen oder Carbonsauregruppen in Forme eines Alkalimetallsalzes oder Ammoniumsalzes vorhanden sind, dann kann Wasser als das Losungsmittel verwendet werden, in dem das Kesselsteinverhutungsmittel gelost werden soll, wie aus der JP-PA 5442/1981 hervorgeht, wodurch sich ein Vorteil hinsichtlich der Sicherheit und Hygiene ergibt, da das Losungsmittel nicht-toxisch und harmlos ist Wenn Wasser wie oben beschrieben als das Losungsmittel verwendet wird, kann die Netzbarkeit der Anstrichlosung fur die Innenwand des Polymerisationsreaktors usw durch die Zugabe von Alkoholen verbessert werden, und zwar vorzugsweise von einwertigen Сз-Сб-Alkoholen wie n-Propylalkohol, N-Butylalkohol, Isobutylalkohol, sec-Butylalkohol, t-Butylalkohol, η-Amylalkohol, t-Amylalkohol, Isoamyalkohol, sec-Amylalkohol, sec-Hexylalkoholusw ,wie aus der JP-AP 5444/1981 hervorgeht Wie auch aus der JP-PA 5442/1981 hervorgeht, kann zum leichteren Trocknen der Anstrichlosung nach dem Auftragen ein mit Wasser vertragliches organisches Losungsmittel wie alkoholische Losungsmittel, Esterlosungsmittel, Ketonlosungsmittel der Anstrichlosung zugesetzt werden Beim erfindungsgemaßen Aufstreichen der das Kesselsteinverhutungsmittel enthaltenden Anstrichlosung auf die Innenwandung eines Polymerisationsreaktors usw können verschiedene Fixiermittel auf Wunsch verwendet werden, um die Hafteigenschaften zu verbessern Das Fixiermittel kann nach verschiedenen Verfahren angewandt werden, zum Beispiel mit Hilfe des Verfahrens, bei dem es in die das Kesselsteinverhutungsmittel enthaltende Anstrichlosung eingemischt wird, nach dem Verfahren, bei dem das Fixiermittel oder eine Losung davon vor dem Aufstreichen des Kesselsteinverhutungsmittels auf die Wandflache aufgebracht wird, worauf das Auftragen des Kesselsteinverhutungsmittels folgt, und das geeignete Verfahren kann je nach der Art des Kesselsteinverhutungsmittels und der Art des Fixiermitteis gewählt werden Solche Fixiermittel können aus den folgenden Polymerverbindungen bestehen Olefinpolymere(wie Polyethylen, Polyethylensulfonsaure, Polypropylen, PoIy(I-buten), Polyisobuten, Polycyclopenten,
Polycyclopentylethylen, Polycyclohexylethylen, Polyß-cyclohexyl-i-propen), Poly(4-cyclohexyl-1 -buten), Poly(5-cyclohexyl-1-penten), Poly(cyclotrifluorethylen), Poly(tetrafluorethylen),
Dienpolymere(wie Polyallen, Polybutadien, Polyisopren, Polychloropyren, Poly(i-methoxybutadien), Poly(2-tert-butyl-1,3-butadien),Poly(cyclopentadien), PoIy(1,3-cyclohexadien), Poly (dimethylfulven),Poly(4-vmyl-1-cyclohexan), PoIy(1,5-hexadien), Polyd^-cyclooctadien), Poly(bicyclo-2,2,1-hepta-2,5-dien), Poly(5,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadien), Poly(diallylphthalat), Poly(diallylmethylsilan), Poly(diallylphenylphosphinoxid),
Acetylenpolymere(wie Polyacetylen, Poly(cyanoacetylen), Poly(hydroxymethylacetylen), Poly(butoxyacetylen), Poly(phenylacetylen), Poly(diphenyldiacetylen), Poly(pyndylacetylen),
Aliphatische Vinylpolymere und Vinylidenpolymere, wie Polyvinylalkohol, Polyallylalkohol, Poly(vinylformal), Poly(vinylacetal), Poly(vmylbutyral), Poly(vinyhsobutyral), Polyfvinylcyclohexanonketal), Poly(vinylacetat), Polyfvmylchloracetat), Poly(vmylisobutyrat), Poly(vmylpivalat), Poly(vinyl-n-caproat), Poly(vinylcaprylat), Poly(vmyllaurat), Poly(vinylpalmitat), Poly(vmylbenzoat), Poly(vinylsulfat), Polyvinylchlorid), Poly(vinylidenchlond), Poly(vinylbromid), Poly(vinylmethylether), Poly(vmylethylether), Poly(vmyl-n-propylether), Poly(vmylisopropylether), Poly(vinyl-n-butylether), Poly(vmylisobutylether),
Poly(vinyl-tert-butylether), Poly(vinylneopentylether), Polyfvinylcarbomethoxymethylether), Poly(vinyl-2-methoxyethylether), Polyfvinyl^-chlorethylether), Poly(vinyl-2,2,2-trifluorethylether), Poly(vinylbenzylether), Poly(vinylmethylketon), Poly(methylisopropenylketon), PoIy(I-nitropropylen), Poly(vinylsulfofluorid), Poly(vinylsulfonsäure), Poly(vinyldiphenylphosphinoxid), Poly(vinyldiphenylphosphinsulfid), Polyfdimethyl^-cyano^-propen-i-phosphonat), Poly(diethyl-2-cyano-2-propen-1-phosphonat), Poly(maleinsäure-anhydrid); Aromatische VinylpolymerejWie Polystyren, Poly(a-methylstyren), Poly(4-chlorstyren), Poly(4-bromstyren), Poly(dichlorstyren), Poly(4-methoxystyren), Poly(2,5-dimethoxystyren), Polyivinyl-Bisd-ethoxyethyDhydrochinon), Poly(4-vinylphthalsäure), Poly(4-vinylphenylborsäure), Poly(diphenyl-4-styrylphosphinoxid), Poly(diphenyl-4-styrylphosphinsulfid), PoIyO-vinylanthracen), Poly(4-vinyl-biphenyl), Poly(acenaphthylen), Polyinden;
Heterozyklische Vinylpolymere,wie Poly(N-vinylcarbazol), Poly(9-A5-pentenylcarbazol), Poly(9-A5-hexenylcarbazol), Poly(nviny!pyrrolidon), Poly(2-vinylpyridin), Poly(4-vinylpyridin), Poly(2-methyl-2-vinylpyridin), Poly(2,4-dimethyl-6-vinyl-S-triazin), Poly(n-vinyl-1,2,4-triazin), Poly(N-vinylbenztriazol), Poly(N-morpholinon-(3)), polycoumaron; Acryl- und Methacrylpolymere,wie Polyacrylsäure, Polymethacrylsäure, Poly(methylacrylat), Poly(ethylacrylat), Poly(butylacrylat), PolyfB-cyano-S-thia-phenylacrylat), Poly(methylmethacrylat), Poly(ethylmethacrylat), Poly(npropylmethacrylat), Poly(n-butylmethacrylat), Poly(isobutylmethacrylat), Poly(n-hexylmethacrylat), Poly(2-ethylbutylmethacrylat), Poly(n-octylmethacrylat), Poly(n-laurylmethacrylat), Poly(4-(tert-butyl)phenylmethacrylat), Poly(bornylmethacrylat), Polyl/ß-fN-carbadyOethylmethacrylat), Poly(tertbutylcrotonat), Polyacrylnitril, Polymethacrylonitril, Polyacrylamid, PoIy(N,N-dimethylacrylamid), PoIy(N-(I,i-dimethyl-S-oxobutyllacrylamid, Poly(acrylpiperidin), Poly(acrylmorpholid), PolyO-acryloylcarbazol), Polymethacrylamid, Polyacrolein, Poly(a-methylacrolein), Poly(diacryloylmethan), Poly(acrylsäureanhydrid), Polyimethacrylsäureanhydrid); Polyether,wie Polyformaldehyd, Polyacetaldehyd, Polylmonochloracetaldehyd), Polychloral, Polypropionaldehyd, Polyacrolein, Poly(2-formyl-A5-dihydropyran), Polyltrans-i^-cyclohexandicarboxyaldehyd), Poly(glutardialdehyd), Poly(/3-methylglutaridaldehyd), Poly(ß-phenyl-glutardialdehyd), Poly(dimethylketen), Polyaceton, Poly(monobromaceton), Poly(7-oxabicyclo[2,2,1 ]heptan), Poly(3-phenoxylen), Poly(2,6-xylenol), Poly(ethylenoxid), Poly(propylenoxid), Poly(cyclopentoxid), Poly(cyclohexenoxid), Poly(phenylglycidylether), PoIy(1,2-di(epoxyethyl)benzen), PolyfS^-bisfchlormethylJ-oxetan), Poly(tetrahydrofuran);
Polysulfid, Polysulfone,wie Poly(thiocarboxylfluorid), Polyfethylendichlorid-natriumtetrasulfid), Polyfdichlordiethylethernatriumdisulfid), Polyidichlordiethylether-natriumtetrasulfid), Poly(phenylensulfid), Poly(ethylensulfon), Poly(propylensulfon), Poly(i-butensulfon), Poly(5-norbornensulfon), Poly(styrensulfon), PoIy(I-pentylsulfon), Poly(i-hexylsulfon), PoIy(I-heptylsulfon), Poly(butadiensulfon), Poly(isoprensulfon), Poly(dimethylbutadiensulfon), Poly(1,5-hexadiensulfon), Poly(cis,ciscyclo-ocadiensulfon), Poly(norbornadiensulfon);
Verschiedene Additionspolymere,wie Polylmethylendiisocyanat), Poly(ethylendiisocyanat), Polyftrimethylendiisocyanat), Polyftetramethylendiisocyanat), Poly(5-iminohydantoin), Poly(perfluorglutarodinitril), PoIy(I-(perfluorbutyryl)aziridin); Formaldehydharze(wie Phenolformaldehydharz, Melaminformaldehydharz, Harnstofformaldehydharz, Anilinformaldehydharz, p-Toluensulfonamid-formaldehydharz;
Polyester(wie PoIy(11-oxyundecannoat), Poly(hexamethylensuccinat), Poly(hexamethylensebacat),
Polylhexadecamethylensebacat), Polyfhexamethylen-a^'-dibutylsebacat), Polyfoctamethylen-cis-hexahydroterephthalat), Polyfocamethylentranshexahydroterephthalat), Poly(hexamethylenmaleat), Poly(hexamethylenfumarat), Polylhexamethylenacetylendicarboxylat), Poly(ethylenterephthalat), Poly(p-phenylenisophthalat), Poly(4,4'-biphenylenisophthalat), Poly(hexamethylencarbonat), Poly(p-phenylencarbonat), Poly(m-phenylencarbonat), Poly(4,4'-isopropylidendiphenylencarbonat), Poly(4,4'-(2-pentylen)diphenylencarbonat), Poly) 1,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)carboranadipinsäure), Poly(allylsulfonat), Polyfhydrochinonaryloxyphosphoryldichlorid), Polyfhydrochinonfchlormethyllphosphoryldichlorid), Polyfhydrochinon-fN-dimethylJphosphoramidinsäureldichlorid; Polyamide,wie Poly(isocyanat), Poly(vinylisocyanat), Poly(butylisocyanat), Poly(3-aminopropionsäure), Poly(6-aminopropionsäure), PoIy(11-aminoundecansäure), Poly(hexamethylenadipamid), Poly(decamethylenadipamid), Poly(3,3'-(methylimino)-bistrimethylenadipamid), Poly(benzidin-isophthalsäure), Poly(pyrromellindianhydrid-aromatisches Diamin), PoIy(I,e-hexamethylen-bisfcarboxyethyOsulfid), PoIy(I,e-hexamethylendiamin-benzen-i^-bis-sulfonsaurechlorid), Polyftrans-2,5-dimethyl-piperazin-4,4'-sulfonyl-dibenzoylchlorid), Poly(bis(3-aminopropyl)phenylphosphin-adipinsäure), Poly(bis(3-aminopropyljphenylphosphin-terephthalsäure), Poly(bis(3-aminopropyl)methylphosphinoxid-adipinsäure), Poly(bis(3-aminopropyDn-octylphosphin-adipinsaure), Poly-(bis(3-aminopropyl)phenylphosphinoxid-adipinsäure), Poly(hexamethylendiamin-bis(2-carboxyethylen)phenylphosphinoxid), Poly(hexamethylendiamin-bis(pcarboxyphenyl)phenylphosphinoxid), Poly(piperazin-bis(2-carboxyethyl)phenylphosphinoxid); Polyharnstoff, Polyurethane wie Polyharnstoffe, PoIy(I,lO-decamethylendiamin-i.e-hexamethylen-bis-ethylurethan), Poly(diphenylmethan-4,4'-diisocyanat-4,4'-diphenylmethan), Poly(toluen-2,4-diisocyanat-N,N'-bis(trimethylsilyl-P,P'-diaminodiphenylether, Polyurethan, Polyurethanpolyl(propylenoxid)basis;
Verschiedene lineare kondensierte Polymere,wie Polyfdiethylcarbodiimid), Polyfdiallylcarbodiimid), Poly(di-nbutylcarbodiimid), Polyfmethylisopropylcarbodiimid), Polyldi-n-hexylcarbodiimid), Poly(diphenylcarbodiimid), Poly(4,4'-diphenylenmethancarbodiimid), Polyfhexamethylencarbodiimid), PoIy(1,3-xylylencarbodiimid), Poly(3-methyl-1,4-phenylencarbodiimid), Poly(2,2'-dimethyl-biphenylencarbodiimid), Poly(2,2'-dimethoxy-biphenylencarbodiimid), PoIy(1,5-naphthylencarbodiimid), Polyiadipyldihydrazid-succinoylchlorid), Polyiadipyldihydrazid-isophthaloylchlorid), Polyfisophthalicdihydrazid-terephthaloylchlorid), Poly(2,5-dimethylbenzylen), Poly(p-xylylen), Poly(2,5-dimethylxylylen), Poly(2,5-dimethoxy-p-xylylen), Poly(p-xylyliden), Poly(a-cyano-m-xylylidin), Poly(a-cyano-p-xylylidin), Poly(nitrophenylen), Poly(tetramethyl-p-phenylendimethylen), Poly(2,5-dihydroxy-p-phenylendimethylen), Poly(4,4'-oxydiphenylendimethylen), Poly(2,5-dimethoxy-p-phenylendimethylen);
Heterozyklische kondensierte Polymere(wie Poly(benzoimidazol), Poly(alkylen-5,5'-dibenzoimidazol), Poly(allylon-5,5'-dibenzoimidazol), Poly(pyromellitimid), Poly(benzooxazol), Poly(oxadiazol), Poly(oxadiazolidin), Poly(dithiazol), Poly(benzothiazol), Poly(1,4-xylonyl)-2-methylpyperazin), Poly(chinoxalin), Poly(5-triazinylenimid);
Natürliche Polymere, modifizierte natürliche Polymere,wie Naturkautschuk, zyklisierter Kautschuk, Chlorwasserstoffsäurekautschuk, chlorierter Kautschuk, Guttapercha, Cellulose, Methylcellulose, Ethylcellulose, Propylcellulose, Butylcellulose, Allylcellulose, Benzylcellulose, Hydroxyethylcellulose, Carboxymethylcellulose, Cyanoethylcellulose, Cellulosetriformiat, Celluloseacetat, Cellulosetriacetat, Cellulosetripropionat, Cellulosetributyrat, Cellulosetricaproat, Cellulosetricarbanilat, Cellulosenitrat, Cellulosetrinitrat, Stärke, Amylose, Amyloseacetat, Amylosecarbanilat, Amylopectin, Alginsäure, Chitin, Glycogen, Gummiarabicum, Tragantgummi, Heparin, Pectin, Rosin, Kopal, Schellack, Casein, Collagen (Kalbshaut), Collagen (lchthyocol), Gelatine, Erdnußprotein, Sojabohnenprotein, Nucleinprotein (Kalbsthymus), Nucleinprotein (Sperma von Seeigel), Poly(sarcosin, Sericidin, Seide, Wolle, Zein, Polyadenylsäure, Desoxyribonucleinsäure, Ribonucleinsäure; Polysiloxane,wie Polysiloxan, Polydimethylsiloxan;
organische Metallpolymere wie Poly(bis-imidazolat)-metall(ll)), Poly(aluminiumtriisopropylatethylendiamin); und anorganische Polymere#wie Polymetaphosphat und so weiter. Bei dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren wird das oben beschriebene Kesselsteinverhütungsmittel auf die Innenwandfläche eines Polymerisationsreaktors und die Teile der Zusatzpolymersatorausrüstungen, an denen sich Belag absetzen kann, und zwar die Teile, mit denen Monomere während der Polymerisation in Berührung kommen können (einschließlich von Teilen, mit denen Monomere möglicherweise in Berührung kommen können), zum Beispiel Rührflügel, Rührwerkswelle, Kondensatorkühler, Sammelrohr, Trennwände, Prüfspule, Bolzen, Muttern usw. aufgebracht. Vorzugsweise wird das Kesselsteinverhütungsmittel außerdem auch auf die Teile des Rückgewinnungssystems für nicht umgesetzte Monomere, an denen sich Belag bilden kann, zum Beispiel die Innenflächen von Monomerdestillationskolonnen, Kondensatorkühlern, Monomerlagerbehältem, Ventilen usw. aufgestrichen. Für die Werkstoffe für den oben genannten Polymerisationsreaktor und die Teile der zusätzlichen Polymerisatorausrüstungen gelten keine besonderen Beschränkungen, aber ein Werkstoff wie rostfreier Stahl oder ein mit einer Glasbeschichtung versehener Werkstoff können verfügbar sein. Diese Teile, auf denen ein Anstrich aufgebracht werden soll, sollten vorzugsweise eine Oberflächenrauhigkeit (Rmax nach der Definition in JIS B 0106) von 10/xm oder weniger haben, besser von 5μίτ\ oder weniger.
Für das Verfahren zur Aufbringung des Kesselsteinverhütungsmittels auf die Innenfläche eines Polymerisationsreaktors usw. nach obiger Beschreibung gelten keine besonderen Einschränkungen, und es können dafür Aufstreichen, Aufsprühen, das Verfahren, bei dem der Polymerisationsreaktor mit einer Beschichtungslösung gefüllt und diese dann abgelassen wird, und außerdem die automatischen Beschichtungsverfahren nach den JP-PA 61001/1982, 36288/1980, JP-PA 501116/1981, 501117/ 1981 und JP-PA 11303/1984 in Frage kommen.
Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren ist für die Homopolymerisation von Vinylchloridmonomer und die Copolymerisation von Vinylchloridmonomer mit anderen Vinylmonomeren in einem wäßrigen Medium anwendbar. Als Polymerisationssystem kann entweder Suspensionspolymerisation oder Emulsionspolymerisation dienen. Vinylmonomere, die für die Copolymerisation in Frage kommen können, sind beispielsweise Vinylester wie Vinylacetat, Vinylpropionat, Acrylsäure, Methacrylsäure oder deren Ester oder Salze, Maleinsäure oder Fumarsäure und deren Ester oder Anhydride, Dienmonomere(wie Butadien, Chloropren oder Isopren, weiterhin Styren, Acrylnitril, Vinylidenhalogenid, Vinylether usw.
Bei der Suspensions- und Emulsionspolymerisation handelt es sich bei den allgemein verwendeten Polymerisationskatalysatoren beispielsweise um organische Peroxide wie t-Butylperoxyneodecanat, Di-2-ethylhexylperoxydicarbonat, 3,5,5-Trimethylhexanoylperoxid, a-Cumylperoxyneodecanoat, Cumenhydroperoxid, Cyclohexanonperoxid.t-Butylperoxypivalat, Di-2-ethoxyethylperoxydicarbonat, Benzoylperoxid, Lauroylperoxid, 2,4-Dichlorbenzoylperoxid, Diisopropylperoxydicarbonat und Acetylcyclohexylperoxid usw., Azokatalysatoren wie a,a-Azobisisobutyronitril, a,a:'-Azobis-2,4-dimethylvaleronitril, wasserlösliche Persulfate wie Kaliumpersulfat, Ammoniumpersulfat usw. Als Dispersionsmittel können auch zum Beispiel verwendet werden Suspendiermittel,wie natürliche oder synthetische Polymerverbindungen, z. B. das teilweise verseifte Produkt von Polyvinylacetat, Polyacrylsäure, Copolymer von Vinylacetat und Maleinsäureanhydrid, Cellulosederiva^wie Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose und Gelatine; Emulgiermittel(wie zum Beispiel nichtionische Emulgiermittel.wie Sorbitanmonolaurat, Sorbitantrioleat, anionische Emulgiermittel,wie Natriumlaurylsulfonat, Natriumalkylbenzensulfonat. Als andere Zusatzstoffe können Füllstoff^wie Calciumcarbonat, Titaniumoxid usw., Stabilisatoren wie dreibasisches Bleisulfat, Calciumstearat, Dibutylzinnlaurat, Dioctylzinnmercaptid usw., Gleitmittel wie Läusewachs, Stearinsäure, Cetylalkohol usw., Weichmacher wie DOP, DBP usw., Kettenübertragungsregler wie Trichlorethylen, Mercaptane usw., und pH-Wertregler in das Polymerisationssystem gegeben werden. Nach dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren kann die Kesselsteinbildung unabhängig davon, welche Katalysatoren, Dispersionsmittel oder Zusatzstoffe eingesetzt werden, wirksam in jedem Polymerisationssystem verhindert werden.
Die Erfindung wird anschließend anhand der folgenden Beispiele näher erläutert, wodurch der Geltungsbereich der Erfindung aber nicht eingeschränkt wird
(Anmerkung: In den folgenden Beispielen wurden die Versuche Nr. 218 bis 300 weggelassen).
Wie aus Tabelle 1 hervorgeht, wurde für jeden Versuch ein Farbstoff oder Pigment in einem Lösungsmittel, wahlweise unter Zugabe einer anorganischen Verbindung oder einer Polymerverbindung zur Herstellung einer Beschichtungslösung gelöst oder dispergiert, wie in der gleichen Tabelle angegeben wird. Das Formulierungsverhältnis der anorganischen Verbindung oder der Polymerverbindung sowie die Konzentration des Farbstoffes oder Pigmentes in der Beschichtungslösung sind gleichfalls in Tabelle 1 aufgeführt. Die Beschichtungslösung wurde auf die polierte Innenwandfläche eines Polymerisationsreaktors aus rostfreiem Stahl mit einem Fassungsvermögen von 1 000 Litern und auf die Teile, die mit den Monomeren in Berührung kommen können, z. B. das Rührwerk, aufgebracht, 10 Minuten lang bei 80°C getrocknet und danach gründlich mit Wasser gespült. Anschließend wurde der in dieser Weise beschichtete Polymerisationsreaktor mit 200 kg Vinylchloridmonomer, 400 kg entionisiertem Wasser, 44g teilweise verseiftem Poval, 56g Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose und 60g t-Butylperoxyneodecanat gefüllt, und die Polymerisation wurde 7 Stunden lang bei 52°C ausgeführt. Nach Beendigung der Polymerisation wurde das
Polymer entnommen, und der Polymerisationsreaktor wurde innen mit Wasser mit einer Fließgeschwindigkeit von 0,1 m3/m2h ausgewaschen, wie aus Tabelle 1 zu sehen ist. Die oben genannten Arbeitsgänge vom Beschichten und Beschicken bis zum Waschen mit Wasser wurden für jede Charge durchgeführt, und diese wurde für maximal 200 Chargen wiederholt.
Während der Polymerisation wurde die Chloridionenkonzentration in dem Reaktionsgemisch bei jedem Versuch durch Veränderung der Gehalte der in dem Ausgangs-Vinylchloridmonomer vorhandenen Methylchlorid- und Chlorwasserstoffsäurekomponenten, der Temperatur des zugeführten entionisierten Wassers (im Bereich von 10 bis 800C) und des Vakuumgrades nach Einfüllen des entionisierten Wassersund des Suspendiermittels (-750 bis-100mm Hg) reguliert.
Verschiedene Ausgangs-Vinylmonomer-Materialien mit unterschiedlichen Gehalten von Methylchlorid und Chlorwasserstoffsäure wurden hergestellt, indem zwei Arten von Vinylchloridmonomeren, und zwar (1) eine, die 40 bis 50ppm Methylchlorid und 0 bis 2 ppm Chlorwasserstoffsäure enthielt, und (2) die andere, die 1 000 bis 3000ppm Methylchlorid und 1 bis 10ppm Chlorwasserstoffsäure enthielt, in verschiedenen im Bereich von 80:100 bis 20:0 liegenden Masseverhältnissen vermischt wurden.
Nach Beendigung der Polymerisation jeder Charge wurde die Chloridionenkonzentration in jeder Aufschlämmung nach dem durch JIS K 0102 (1974) definierten Verfahren gemessen. Der Mittelwert und die Höchst-und Mindestwerte ihrer gemessenen Werte für jeden Versuch sind in Tabelle 1 enthalten.
Nach Beendigung jeder Charge wurde die Kesselsteinbildung der 10., 30., 50., 100., 150. und 200. Charge visuell nach den unten angeführten Standards beurteilt, und die anhaftende Kesselsteinmenge (g/m2) wurde gleichfalls nach Beendigung der letzten Charge gemessen. Die Ergebnisse sind gleichfalls in Tabelle 1 enthalten.
A: kein anhaftender Kesselstein
B: einige Prozent anhaftender sandiger Kesselstein
C: dünn auf einem Teil der Oberfläche haftender Kesselstein (etwa 10% anhaftender Prozentanteil) D: dick auf einem Teil der Oberfläche haftender Kesselstein (etwa 10% anhaftender Prozentanteil) E: dünn auf einem Teil der Oberfläche haftender Kesselstein (etwa 50% anhaftender Prozentanteil) F: dick auf einem Teil der Oberfläche haftender Kesselstein (etwa 50% anhaftender Prozentanteil) G: dünn auf der gesamten Oberfläche vorhandener Kesselstein
H: dick auf der gesamten Oberfläche vorhandener Kesselstein
In der Tabelle 1 kennzeichnen die mit einem Sternchen (*) versehenen Versuchs-Nummern Vergleichsbeispiele. Bei den Versuchen Nr. 1 und 2 handelt es sich besonders um Beispiele, bei denen die Innenwandfläche des Polymerisationsreaktors mit keinerlei Verbindung behandelt wurde. Außerdem wurde die bei den Versuchen Nr. 33 und 34 verwendete Beschichtungslösung durch Auflösen von einem Teil Natriumsulfid in 100 Teilen Wasser und die Zugabe von 0,5 Teilen eines Farbstoffes zu der entstandenen Lösung und anschließendes Erhitzen auf 8O0C über einen Zeitraum von 30 Minuten hergestellt.
| Tabelle | KD | Lösungsmittel | Anorg. | (a)/(b) | Poly- (a)/(c) | (2) | Lösungsmittel | Methanol |
| (D | Beschichtungslösung | farbstoff Schwarz 5 | Verbindung | Masse | mer- Masse | Konz., | Art Misch | |
| Vers.- | Farbstoff oder Pigment | Lösungsmittel- | (b) | verhält. | verbind, ver- | % | verhält. | Methanol |
| Nr. | (a) | f a rbstoff Schwa rz 5 | (c) hält. | |||||
| Art Misch | Lösungsmittel | — | — | 0,5 | Methanol | |||
| verhält. | farbstoff Schwarz 5 | |||||||
| 1* 2* 3* | Lösungsmittel | — | — | 0,5 | Methanol | |||
| farbstoff Schwarz 5 | ||||||||
| 4* | Lösungsmittel | — | — | 0,5 | Methanol | |||
| farbstoff Schwarz 5 | ||||||||
| 5* | Lösungsmittel | Kolloidales | 100/50 | — | 0,9 | Methanol | ||
| farbstoff Schwarz 5 | Siliziumdioxid | |||||||
| 6* | — | Kolloidales | 100/150 | Schellack- 100/50 | 1,5 | Methanol | ||
| Siliziumdioxid | harz | |||||||
| 7* | Lösungsmittel- | CuCI2 | 100/2 | — | 0,5 | Methanol | ||
| fa rbstoff Schwa rz 7 | ||||||||
| 8* | Säurefarbstoff | Kolloidales | 0/100 | — | 0,5 | Methanol | ||
| Schwarz 2 | Siliziumdioxid | |||||||
| 9* | Basisches Orange 14 | FeCI2 | 100/5 | — | 0,5 | Wasser/Iso- 90/10 | ||
| butylalkohol | ||||||||
| 10* | Kolloidales | 100/200 | — | 0,9 | ||||
| Siliziumdioxid | ||||||||
| 11* | Wasserglas | 100/150 | — | 1,0 | ||||
| 12* | ||||||||
Tabelle 1 (1) (Forts.)
| (1) | Cr-Konz., (3) | Zeit f. Waschen (4) | Kesselsteinbildung | 30 | 50 | 100 |
| Vers.- | obere: Mittel | m. Wassernach | ||||
| Nr. | untere: max.-min., | Beendigung, | ||||
| ppm | min. | Visuelle Beurteilung (anhaftende Menge g/ | ||||
| 1 + | 300 | 60 | Charge Nr. | |||
| 350-280 | 10 | |||||
| 2+ | 15 | 60 | H (1 000) | F | H (800) | |
| 17-12 | ||||||
| 3+ | 300 | 60 | H (900) | F | H (500) | |
| 350-270 | ||||||
| 4+ | 200 | 60 | C | F | H (300) | |
| 250-180 | B | |||||
| 5+ | 150 | 60 | D | F | H (300) | |
| 180-130 | B | |||||
| 6+ | 250 | 60 | C | F | H (200) | |
| 280-200 | B | |||||
| 7+ | 300 | 60 | C | F | H (350) | |
| 340-270 | B | |||||
| 8+ | 280 | 60 | ||||
| 1 | 310-250 | B | ||||
| S+ | 15 | 60 | C | F | H (250) | |
| 17-12 | B | |||||
| 10+ | 230 | 60 | C | F | H (220) | |
| 280-200 | H (900) | |||||
| 11 + | 250 | 60 | C | F | H (400) | |
| 290-210 | B | |||||
| 12+ | 230 | 60 | ||||
| 280-200 | B | |||||
| B | ||||||
150
Tabelle 1 (2)
| (D | Beschichtungslösung | Anorg. | (a)/(b) | Poly | (a)/(c) |
| Vers.- | Farbstoff oder Pigment | Verbindung | Masse | mer | Masse |
| Nr. | (a) | (b) | verhält. | verbind. | ver |
| Art Misch | (C) | hält. | |||
| verhält. | Orthokie- | 100/200 | — | ||
| 13+ | Säurefarbstoff 70/30 | selsäure | |||
| Blau102/Basi- | |||||
| sches Orange 14 | Fe(OH)3SoI | 100/50 | — | ||
| 14+ | Basisches Rot 2 | FeCI2 | 100/3 | — | |
| 15+ | Basisches Schwarz 2 | Kolloida | 100/100 | — | |
| 16+ | BasischesOrange2 | les Sili | |||
| ziumdioxid | |||||
| Fe(OH)3SoI | 100/10 | — | |||
| 17+ | Basisches Braun 1 | ||||
| 18+ | Säurefarbstoff | — | — | ||
| Schwarz 2 | |||||
| 19+ | Dispersionsfarb | — | — | ||
| stoff Schwarz 29 | |||||
| 20+ | Beizenfarbstoff | — | — | ||
| Schwarz 9 | — | — | |||
| 21 | Basisches Schwarz 8 | ||||
| 22 | Basisches Braun 1 | ||||
(2) Lösungsmittel
Konz., Art Misch
te verhält.
23 Basisches Braun 1
Basisches Organe 2
Fe(OH)3SoI
Kolloidales Siliziumdioxid
100/10 —
100/100 —
1,5
Wasser
| 1,0 | Methanol |
| 0,5 | Methanol |
| 1,0 | Wasser |
| 0,5 | Wasser |
| 0,5 | Wasser |
| 0,7 | Aceton |
| 0,5 | Wasser |
| 0,5 | Wasser |
| 0,6 | Wasser/ |
| Isobu- | |
| tylalkohol | |
| 0,6 | Wasser/ |
| Isobu- | |
| tylalkohol | |
| 0,8 | Wasser |
90/10
90/10
Tabelle 1 (2) (Forts.)
(1) Cr-Konz.,(3)
Vers.- obere: Mittel
Nr. untere: max.-min.
ppm
Zeitf. Waschen (4) Kesselsteinbildung
m. Wasser nach Visuelle Beurteilung (anhaftende Menge g/m2)
Beendigung, Charge Nr.
min. 10 30 50 100
150
200
260
290-230
270
320-250
230
290-210
250
300-200
300
350-280
310
370-290
265
315-245
285
335-265
15
18-13
18
21-16
16
18-15
13
15-10
60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 10 10 10 10
| B | C | F | H (350) | C | D(15) |
| B | C | G | H (400) | C | D(16) |
| B | C | F | H (300) | A | A(0,2) |
| B | C | F | H (450) | A | A(0,5) |
| B | F | H (400) | |||
| B | F | H (600) | |||
| B | F | H (700) | |||
| B | F | H (500) | |||
| A | A | A | B | ||
| A | A | A | B | ||
| A | A | A | A | ||
| A | A | A | A | ||
Tabelle 1 (3)
(1) Beschichtungslosung
Vers.- Farbstoff oder Pigment Nr. (a)
Art Misch
verhält.
Anorg. (a)/(b) Poly
Verbindung Masse- mer-(b) verhält. verbind,
(c)
(2) Lösungsmittel
Mischverhält.
| Masse | Konz., | Art |
| ver | % | |
| hält. | ||
| 0,3 | Wasser | |
| 0,5 | Aceton | |
| 0,9 | Aceton | |
| 1,0 | Aceton |
25 Basisches Rot 32
26 Dispersionsfarbstoff Orange 5
27 Dispersionsfarbstoff Violett 10
28 Dispersionsfarbstoff Schwarz 29
29 Pigmentfarbstoff Braun 4
30 Lösungsmittelfarbstoff Gelbei/BasischesBlau44
31 Lösungsmittelfarbstoff Braun 37/Küpenfarbst. 6
32 Küpenfarbstoff Orange 15
33 Küpenfarbstoff Grün44
34 Küpenfarbstoff Braun 22
35 Küpenfarbstoff Blau 19
36 Basisches Blau 7
50/50
40/60 —
30/70 —
Polycyclohexyl- ethylen
100/50 1,5 Methanol
NiCI2
100/20
| 0,8 | Wasser/ Methanol | 70/30 |
| 0,6 | Wasser/ Methanol | 50/50 |
| 0,7 | Xylen | |
| 0,5 | Wasser | |
| 0,5 | Wasser | |
| 1,0 | Xylen | |
| 1,2 | Wasser/n- Amylalkohol | 80/20 |
Tabelle 1 (3) (Forts.)
| (D | Cr-Konz.,(3) | Zeit f. Waschen (4) | I | Misch | Anorg. | Kesselsteinbildung | 30 | 50 | (a)/(c) | 100 | I | 150 | 200 | Misch |
| Vers.- | obere: Mittel | m. Wassernach | Farbstoff oder Pigment | verhält. | Verbindung | A | A | Masse | B | C | D(18) | verhält. | ||
| Nr. | untere: max.-min., | Beendigung, | (a) | (b) | ver | |||||||||
| ppm | min. | Art | Visuelle Beurteilung (anhaftende Menge g/m2! | A | A | hält. | A | B | C(9,5) | |||||
| 25 | 14 | 10 | Wasserglas | Charge Nr. | ||||||||||
| 16-13 | Basisches | 10 | A | A | B | C | D (20) | |||||||
| 26 | 10 | 10 | Orange 14 | — | A | Polycyclo- 100/100 | ||||||||
| 12-8 | Pigmentfarb | A | A | pentadien | A | B | C (7) | |||||||
| 27 | 11 | 10 | stoff Blau 15 | — | A | Poly(1,3- 100/30 | ||||||||
| 13-9 | Pigmentfarb | A | A | cyclo-he- | A | B | C (8) | |||||||
| 28 | 12 | 10 | stoff Rot 87 | A | xydien | |||||||||
| 14-10 | — | A | A | — | A | B | C (9) | |||||||
| 29 | 18 | 10 | Lösungsmittel- | A | ||||||||||
| 20-16 | farbst. Blau 73 | — | A | A | — | A | B | cdo) | ||||||
| 30 | 16 | 15 | Lösungsmittel- | A | ||||||||||
| 18-14 | farbst. Rot 49 | Kolloid v. | A | A | — | A | B | C(7,5) | ||||||
| 31 | 20 | 15 | Lösungsmittel- | Schwefel | A | |||||||||
| 22-18 | farbst. Rot 49 | — | A | A | — | A | B | C (6,4) | 30/70 | |||||
| 32 | 9 | 15 | Basisches Orange 15 | CuCI2 | A | — | ||||||||
| 11-7 | Lösungsmittel- | A | A | B | C | D(18) | ||||||||
| 33 | 5 | 15 | farbst. Schwarz 5 | FeCI2 | A | — | ||||||||
| 7-3 | Basisches Schwarz 2 | Metakie- | A | A | — | A | B | C(10) | ||||||
| 34 | 15 | 15 | Bassiches Blau 3 | selsäure | A | |||||||||
| 17-13 | — | A | A | — | A | A | A(0,7) | 50/50 | ||||||
| 35 | 13 | 15 | Basisches Blau 9 | — | A | |||||||||
| 15-10 | Basisches Rot 13 | |||||||||||||
| 36 | 12 | 15 | A | |||||||||||
| 14-11 | Poly | (2) | Lösungsmittel | |||||||||||
| Tabelle | 1(4) | A | mer | Konz., | Art | |||||||||
| (D | Beschichtungslösung | verbind | % | |||||||||||
| Vers.- | (O | |||||||||||||
| Nr. | — | 0,9 | Wasser | |||||||||||
| (a)/(b) | ||||||||||||||
| Masse | 0,8 | THF | ||||||||||||
| 37 | verhält. | |||||||||||||
| 0,8 | Aceton | |||||||||||||
| 38 | 100/150 | |||||||||||||
| 39 | 0,4 | Methanol | ||||||||||||
| 0,7 | Methanol | |||||||||||||
| 40 | ||||||||||||||
| 0,7 | Methanol | |||||||||||||
| 41 | ||||||||||||||
| 1,3 | Wasser | |||||||||||||
| 42 | 0,7 | Wasser/ | ||||||||||||
| Methanol | ||||||||||||||
| 43 | 100/5 | 0,8 | Wasser | |||||||||||
| 44 | 1,5 | Wasser | ||||||||||||
| 45 | 100/2 | 0,8 | Wasser | |||||||||||
| 46 | 0,4 | Wasser/n- | ||||||||||||
| 100/0 | Butyl- | |||||||||||||
| 47 | 100/100 | alkohol | ||||||||||||
| 48 | ||||||||||||||
Tabelle 1 (4) (Forts.)
| (D | Cr-Konz.,(3) | Zeit f. | Waschen (4) | ) | Misch | Anorg. | Kesselsteinbildung | (a)/(b) | 30 | 50 | (a)/(c) | 100 | (2) | 150 | 200 | Misch | Butylalkohol |
| Vers.- | obere: Mittel | m. Wasser nach | Farbstoff oder Pigment | verhält. | Verbindung | Masse | A | A | Masse | A | Konz., | A | A(0,6) | verhält. | Wasser | ||
| Nr. | untere: max.-min., | Beendigung, | (a) | (b) | verhält. | ver | % | ||||||||||
| ppm | min. | Art | Visuelle Beurteilung (anhaftende Menge g/m2! | A | A | hält. | A | B | C (9) | 20/80 | |||||||
| 37 | 9 | 15 | Kolloidales | Charge Nr. | 100/50 | 0,6 | Wasser | ||||||||||
| 11-7 | Lösungsmittel- | Silizium | 10 | A | A | B | C | D(17) | |||||||||
| 38 | 10 | 15 | farbst. Schwarz 5 | dioxid | A | Wasser | |||||||||||
| 12-8 | — | A | A | A | 0,7 | B | C(10) | ||||||||||
| 39 | 13 | 15 | Direktfarbstoff | A | |||||||||||||
| 15-10 | Orange 57 | 50/50 | Kolloidvon | 100/10 | A | A | A | 0,7 | B | C(11) | |||||||
| 40 | 8 | 10 | Direktfarbstoff | Zinnsäure | A | ||||||||||||
| 10-5 | Orange 57 | — | A | A | A | 0,4 | A | A (0,8) | |||||||||
| 41 | 10 | 10 | Direktfarbstoff | A | |||||||||||||
| 12-8 | Rot 1/Direktfarb | A | A | A | B | C (8) | |||||||||||
| 42 | 15 | 10 | stoff Blau 158 | — | A | 0,6 | |||||||||||
| 17-13 | Direktfarbstoff | A | A | A | A | A(0,2) | |||||||||||
| 43 | 14 | 10 | Grün 8 | — | A | 0,5 | |||||||||||
| 16-12 | Direktfarbstoff | A | A | A | A | A(0,3) | |||||||||||
| 44 | 13 | 10 | Braun 25 | ZnCI2 | A | 100/20 | 0,5 | ||||||||||
| 15-11 | Direktfarbstoff | A | A | A | A | A(0,5) | |||||||||||
| 45 | 15 | 10 | Braun 25 | A | 0,8 | ||||||||||||
| 17-12 | Säurefarbstoff | A | A | A | B | C (6,4) | 50/50 | ||||||||||
| 46 | 17 | 10 | GeIbH | A | 0,4 | ||||||||||||
| 19-15 | Säurefarbstoff | A | A | B | C | D(18) | |||||||||||
| 47 | 15 | 10 | Rot 37 | Fe(OH)3SoI | A | 100/20 | 0,7 | ||||||||||
| 17-12 | Säurefarbstoff | ||||||||||||||||
| 48 | 16 | 10 | ВІаибО/Säure- | A | |||||||||||||
| 18-13 | farbst. Schwarz 7 | Poly | 0,8 | Lösungsmittel | |||||||||||||
| Tabelle | 1(5) | Beizenfarbstoff | A | mer | Art | ||||||||||||
| (D | Beschichtungslösunc | Rot 9 | — | verbind. | 1,0 | ||||||||||||
| Vers.- | Beizenfarbstoff | (O | |||||||||||||||
| Nr. | Grün 15 | — | Wasser/ | ||||||||||||||
| Methanol | |||||||||||||||||
| 49 | — | Wasser | |||||||||||||||
| — | Wasser | ||||||||||||||||
| 50 | |||||||||||||||||
| — | Wasser | ||||||||||||||||
| 51 | |||||||||||||||||
| 52 | — | Wasser | |||||||||||||||
| — | Wasser | ||||||||||||||||
| 53 | |||||||||||||||||
| — | Wasser | ||||||||||||||||
| 54 | |||||||||||||||||
| — | Wasser | ||||||||||||||||
| 55 | |||||||||||||||||
| — | Wasser/n- | ||||||||||||||||
| 56 | |||||||||||||||||
| — | |||||||||||||||||
| 57 | |||||||||||||||||
| 58 | — | ||||||||||||||||
| — | |||||||||||||||||
| 59 | |||||||||||||||||
| 60 | |||||||||||||||||
Tabelle 1 (5) (Forts.)
(1) Cr-Konz.,(3)
Vers.- obere: Mittel Nr. untere: max.-min.
ppm
Zeit f. Waschen (4) Kesselsteinbildung
m. Wasser nach Visuelle Beurteilung (anhaftende Menge g/m2)
Beendigung, Charge Nr.
min. 10 30 50 100
150
200
49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
18
20-15
15
17-13
10
13-8
7-3
16
18-14
13
15-10
11
13-9
14
16-11
10
12-7
11-6
9-4
18
20-15
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 15 15 15 15
A A A A A A A A A A A A
A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
A B A A A B A B B A A B
| A | A(0,6) |
| C | D(19) |
| A | A(0,9) |
| B | C (7) |
| B | C (9) |
| C | D(15) |
| A | A(0,9) |
| C | D(18) |
| C | D(18) |
| A | A(0,2) |
| B | C (9) |
| C | D(19) |
Tabelle 1 (6)
(1) Beschichtungslösung
Vers.- Farbstoff oder Pigment Anorg.
Nr. (a) Verbindung
Art Misch- (b)
verhält.
(a)/(b) Poly- (a)/(c) Masse- mer- Masseverhält, verbind. ver-(c) hält.
(2) Lösungsmittel
Konz., Art Misch-
% verhält.
61 Lösungsmittelfarbstoff Schwarz 30
62 Beizenfarbstoff Schwarz 9
63 Säurefarbstoff Grün 12
64 Säurefarbstoff Grün 12
65 Säurefarbstoff Violett 78
66 Säurefarbstoff Blau 151
67 Lösungsmittelfarbstoff Rot 109
68 Säurefarbstoff Schwarz 159
69 Beizenfarbstoff Schwarz 13
70 Säurefarbst. Rot 80/Lebensmittelfarbst. Blau 1
71 Säurefarbstoff Blau 74
72 Säurefarbstoff Blau 74
40/60
Co(CH3-COO)2) 100/15
Metakieselsäure
ZnCI2
Polyacryl amid Po Iy cy clopentyl- ethyl
100/300 —
100/2 —
Kolloid v. 100/20 —
Molybdänoxid 100/60
100/20
| 1,6 | Wasser/ Methanol |
| 0,6 | Wasser |
| 0,4 | Wasser |
| 0,4 | Wasser |
| 0,8 | Wasser |
| 0,6 | Wasser/ Methanol |
| 0,3 | Methanol |
| 1,6 0,8 | Wasser/ Isobutyl- alkohol Wasser |
| 0,5 | Wasser |
| 0,6 | Wasser |
| 0,6 | Wasser |
70/30
30/70
90/10
Tabelle 1 (6) (Forts.)
| (D | Cr-Konz.,(3) | Zeitf | .Waschen (4) | Beschichtungslösung | Misch | Anorg. | Kesselsteinbildung | (a)/(b) | 30 | 50 | I. | 100 | 0,8 | I | 150 | 200 | Misch | Amylalkohol |
| Vers,- | obere: Mittel | m. Wasser nach | Farbstoff oder Pigment | verhält. | Verbindung | Masse | A | A | A | A | B(2,5) | verhält. | ||||||
| Nr. | untere: max.-min., | Beendigung, | (a) | (b) | verhält. | 1.0 | Wasser | |||||||||||
| ppm | min. | Art | Visuelle Beurteilung (anhaftende Menge g/m2] | A | A | A | B | C(10) | ||||||||||
| 61 | 17 | 15 | Charge Nr. | 0,6 | Wasser | |||||||||||||
| 19-14 | Direktfarbst. | 10 | A | A | B | C | D(18) | |||||||||||
| 62 | 9 | 15 | Blau 86 | — | A | |||||||||||||
| 11-6 | Beizenfarbst. | A | A | A | 0,5 | A | A (0,6) | 20/80 | ||||||||||
| 63 | 18 | 15 | Blau 58 | Kolloidales | A | 100/50 | ||||||||||||
| 20-15 | Lösungsmittel- | Silizium | A | A | B | 0,7 | C | D(15) | ||||||||||
| 64 | 15 | 10 | farbst. Schwarz 3 | dioxid | A | |||||||||||||
| 18-13 | — | A | A | A | 0,7 | A | A(0,2) | |||||||||||
| 65 | 15 | 15 | Säurefarbst. | A | ||||||||||||||
| 17-12 | Grün 9 | — | A | A | A | 100/100 2,0 | A | B(2,5) | ||||||||||
| 66 | 13 | 10 | Beizenfarbst. | A | ||||||||||||||
| 15-10 | Violett 15 | AI(OH)3SoI | 100/2 | A | A | Polyallen | A | 100/30 1,3 | A | A(0,3) | ||||||||
| 67 | 11 | 10 | Beizenfarbst. | A | 50/50 | |||||||||||||
| 13-7 | Violett 15 | — | A | A | B | 0,2 | C | D(19) | ||||||||||
| 68 | 14 | 10 | Pigmentfarbst. | A | Cellulose | 20/80 | ||||||||||||
| 16-11 | Grün 2 | — | A | A | acetat | A | 0,7 | A | A(0,5) | |||||||||
| 69 | 12 | 10 | Pigmentfarbst. | A | — | — | ||||||||||||
| 14-9 | Violett 1 | A | A | B | C | D (20) | ||||||||||||
| 70 | 18 | 10 | Lebensmittel- | A | — | 0,5 | 90/10 | |||||||||||
| 20-15 | farbst. Rot 14 | Kolloidales | 100/200 | A | A | A | A | A (0,4) | ||||||||||
| 71 | 19 | 10 | Säurefarbstoff | Silizium | A | 0,5 | ||||||||||||
| 21-16 | Schwarz 2 | dioxid | — | |||||||||||||||
| 72 | 14 | 10 | — | A | ||||||||||||||
| 17-12 | Säurefarbstoff | Poly | — | (a)/(c) (2) | Lösungsmittel | |||||||||||||
| Tabelle | 1(7) | Blau 59 | — | A | mer | Masse- Konz., | Art | |||||||||||
| (D | Direktfarbstoff | verbind | ver- % | |||||||||||||||
| Vers.- | Blau 106 | (O | hält. | |||||||||||||||
| Nr. | — | Wasser | ||||||||||||||||
| — | Wasser | |||||||||||||||||
| 73 | ||||||||||||||||||
| — | Wasser/ | |||||||||||||||||
| 74 | Methanol | |||||||||||||||||
| 75 | — | Wasser | ||||||||||||||||
| — | Wasser | |||||||||||||||||
| 76 | ||||||||||||||||||
| — | Wasser | |||||||||||||||||
| 77 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Wasser/ | ||||||||||||||||||
| 78 | Methanol | |||||||||||||||||
| Wasser/ | ||||||||||||||||||
| 79 | Methanol | |||||||||||||||||
| Wasser | ||||||||||||||||||
| 80 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Wasser/n- | ||||||||||||||||||
| 81 | ||||||||||||||||||
| 82 | ||||||||||||||||||
| 83 | ||||||||||||||||||
| 84 | ||||||||||||||||||
Tabelle 1 (7) (Forts.)
| /1/ | Cr-Konz.,/3/ | Zeit f. Waschen/4/ | Beschichtungslösung | Verbindung | — | Kesselsteinbildung | 30 | 50 | (a)/(c) | 100 | /2/ | 2) | 150 | 200 | Misch |
| Vers.- | obere: Mittel | m. Wasser nach | Farbstoff oder Pigment Anorg. | Misch- (b) | A | A | Masse- | B | Konz., | C | D(15) | verhält. | |||
| Nr. | untere: max.-min.. | Beendigung, | (a) | verhält. | 80/20 Orthokie- | I. ver | % | ||||||||
| ppm | min. | Art | selsäure | Visuelle Beurteilung (anhaftende Menge g/m | A | A | hält. | B | C | D(17) | |||||
| 73 | 17 | 10 | Charge Nr. | 0,8 | |||||||||||
| 19-14 | Direktfarbst. | 10 | A | A | A | A | A (0,4) | 95/5 | |||||||
| 74 | 20 | 10 | Blau 108 | Kolloidales | A | 0,5 | |||||||||
| 22-18 | Säurefarbst. | Silizium | A | A | B | C | D(19) | ||||||||
| 75 | 14 | 10 | Blau 102/Basi- | dioxid | A | ||||||||||
| 16-11 | sches Orange | — | A | A | A | B | C(10) | ||||||||
| 76 | 15 | 10 | 14 | A | Schellack- 100/50 | 1,0 | |||||||||
| 17-12 | Lösungsmittel | A | A | harz | A | A | A(0,5) | ||||||||
| 77 | 13 | 10 | farbstoff Schwarz 5 | Fe(OH)3SoI | A | ||||||||||
| 15-10 | A | A | — | A | 0,5 | B | C (9) | ||||||||
| 78 | 13 | 10 | Lösungsmittel | FeCI2 | A | ||||||||||
| 16-11 | farbstoff | A | A | A | B | CdO) | |||||||||
| 79 | 14 | 15 | Schwarz 5 | A | — | 0,8 | |||||||||
| 16-11 | Basisches | A | A | B | C | D (20) | |||||||||
| 80 | 9 | 15 | Rot 2 | A | — | 0,5 | |||||||||
| 11-6 | Lösungsmittel | A | A | A | A | A (0,7) | |||||||||
| 81 | 7 | 15 | farbstoff | A | |||||||||||
| 9-4 | Schwarz 7 | A | A | A | A | B(1,5) | |||||||||
| 82 | 5 | 15 | A | ||||||||||||
| 7-3 | A | A | B | C | D(19) | ||||||||||
| 83 | 12 | 15 | A | ||||||||||||
| 14-9 | |||||||||||||||
| 84 | 16 | 15 | A | ||||||||||||
| 18-13 | Poly | Lösungsmittel | |||||||||||||
| Tabelle | 1(8) | A | mer | Art | |||||||||||
| /1/ | verbind | ||||||||||||||
| Vers.- | (C) | ||||||||||||||
| Nr. | — | Wasser | |||||||||||||
| (a)/(b) | |||||||||||||||
| Masse- | — | Wasser/ | |||||||||||||
| 85 | verhält. | Isobutyl- | |||||||||||||
| alkohol | |||||||||||||||
| 86 | |||||||||||||||
| Methanol | |||||||||||||||
| 100/200 | |||||||||||||||
| 87 | Methanol | ||||||||||||||
| 100/150 | |||||||||||||||
| 88 | Methanol | ||||||||||||||
| Methanol | |||||||||||||||
| 89 | |||||||||||||||
| 90 | 100/50 | ||||||||||||||
| 100/5 | |||||||||||||||
| 1 (8) (Forts ) | Zeitf Waschen/4/ | Kesselsteinbildung | 30 | 50 | 100 | -23- | 2) | 150 | 237 514 | |
| Tabelle | Cl -Κοηζ,/3/ | m Wassernach | A | A | B | C | ||||
| IM | obere Mittel | Beendigung, | ||||||||
| Vers- | untere max -min , | min | A | A | A | A | ||||
| Nr | ppm | 15 | ||||||||
| 20 | A | A | A | A | 200 | |||||
| 85 | 22-7 | 15 | D (20) | |||||||
| 15 | Visuelle Beurteilung (anhaftende Menge g/m | A | A | A | A | |||||
| 86 | 17-12 | 15 | Charge Nr | A(0,2) | ||||||
| 14 | 10 | A | A | A | A | |||||
| 87 | 16-11 | 15 | A | A(0,3) | ||||||
| 12 | A | A | A | A | ||||||
| 88 | 14-9 | 15 | A | A(0,5) | ||||||
| 15 | ||||||||||
| 89 | 17-13 | 15 | A | A (0,9) | ||||||
| 14 | ||||||||||
| 90 | 16-10 | A | A (0,7) | |||||||
| A | ||||||||||
| A | ||||||||||
1 * Vergleichsbeispiele
2 Farbstoff oder Pigmentkonzentration in Beschichtungslosung
3 Chloridionenkonzentration in Aufschlämmung nach Beendigung der Polymerisation
4 Fließgeschwindigkeit des Wasser 0,1 m3/m2h
Wie aus Tabelle 2 hervorgeht, wurde zur Herstellung einer Beschichtungslosung fur jeden Versuch ein Farbstoff oder ein Pigment in einem Losungsmittel, wahlweise unter Zugabe einer anorganischen Verbindung oder einer Polymerverbindung gelost und dispergiert, wie in der gleichen Tabelle angegeben wird Das Formulierungsverhaltnis der anorganischen Verbindung und der Polymerverbindung und die Konzentration von Farbstoff oder Pigment in der Beschichtungslosung wurde auf die polierte Innenwandflache eines Polymerisationsreaktors aus rostfreiem Stahl mit einem Fassungsvermögen von 1 000 Litern und die Teile, die mit den Monomeren in Berührung kommen können, ζ B das Ruhrwerk, aufgebracht, 20 Minutenlang bei 700C getrocknet, und anschließend gründlich mit Wasser gewaschen
Danach wurde der in dieser Weise beschichtete Polymerisationsreaktor mit 200kg Vmylchloridmonomer, 400kg entionisiertem Wasser, 2,2kg Natriumlaurylsulfat, 3,2kg Cetylalkohol und 300g a,a'-Azobis-2,4-dimethylvalelonitril gefüllt und die Polymerisation 10 Stunden lang bei 500C ausgeführt Nach Beendigung der Polymerisation wurde das Polymer entnommen und der Polymensationsreaktor innen mit Wasser mit einer Fließgeschwindigkeit von 0,1 m3/m2h gewaschen, wie aus Tabelle hervorgeht Die oben genannten Arbeitsgange vom Beschichten bis zum Waschen mit Wasser wurden fur jede Charge ausgeführt, und fur maximal 200 Chargen wiederholt
Nach der Beschreibung in Beispiel 1 wurden die Chloridionenkonzentration reguliert und die Kesselsteinbildung beurteilt Die Bedingungen und Ergebnisse sind in Tabelle 2 enthalten In Tabelle 2 bezeichnen die mit einem Sternchen (*) versehenen Versuchsnummern Vergleichsbeispiele Versuch Nr 91 und 92 sind vor allem Beispiele, bei denen die Innenwandflache des Polymerisationsreaktors mit keinerlei Verbindung behandelt wurde Außerdem wurde die bei Versuch-Nr 104 und 149 verwendete Beschichtungslosung nach Auflosen von einem Teil Natriumsulfid in 100 Teilen Wasser und die Zugabe von 0,5 Teilen eines Farbstoffes zu der entstandenen Losung und anschließendes Erhitzen auf 800C über einen Zeitraum von 30 Minuten hergestellt
IM Beschichtungslosung
Vers- Farbstoff oder Pigment Anorg (a)/(b) PoIy-
Nr. (a) Verbindung Masse- mer-
Art Misch- (b) verhalt verbind
verhalt (c)
(a)/(c) 121 Losungsmittel
Masse- Konz, Art Mischverhalt % verhalt
Saurefarbstoff Grün 16
Saurefarbstoff Grün 16 Saurefarbstoff Grün 40
12-Wolframa- 100/150
to-Kieselsaure
Kolloidales 100/100
Siliziumdi-
oxid
0,5
0,5 1,0
Wasser/ Isobytylalkohol Wasser
Methanol
90/10
IM Beschichtungslösung
Vers.- Farbstoff oder Pigment Nr. (a)
Art Misch
verhält.
Anorg. (a)/(b)
Verbindung Masse-(b) verhält.
Polymer verbind, (c)
Massever hält.
/2/ Lösungsmittel
Konz., Art Misch-
% verhält.
96* —
Kolloidales 0/100 —
| Säurefarbstoff | Siliziumdi | Silicomolyb- | 100/100 | |
| Schwarz 2 | oxid | dänsäure | ||
| 97* | Lösungsmittel | — | ||
| farbstoff | ||||
| 98* | Schwarz 5 | |||
| Lösungsmittel | CuCI2 | 100/10 | ||
| farbstoff | ||||
| 99* | Schwarz 5 | |||
| Basisch 47 | Wasserglas | 100/200 | ||
| Pigmentfarbst. | 50/50 Kolloidales | 100/400 | ||
| 100* | Blau25/Lösungs- | Siliziumdi | ||
| 101* | mittelfarbstoff | oxid | ||
| Schwarz 3 | ||||
| Lösungsmittel | — | |||
| farbstoff | ||||
| 102* | Rot 8 | |||
1,0 Wasser
1,0 Wasser
0,5 Methanol
0,5 Methanol
| 0,8 | Wasser |
| 2,0 | Wasser/ |
| Methanol | |
| 0.5 | Methanol |
10/90
Tabelle 2(1) (Forts.)
IM Cr-Konz.,/3/
Vers.- obere: Mittel Nr. untere: max.-min.,
ppm
Zeitf. Waschen/4/ Kesselsteinbildung
m. Wasser nach Visuelle Beurteilung (anhaftende Menge g/m2)
Beendigung, Charge Nr.
min. 10 30 50 100
150
200
300
260-320
13
8-17
290
260-310
300
260-320
350
310-390
15
11-19
280
260-290
300
260-320
300
260-320
270
240-280
320
270-350
300
270-300
60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60
| H (1400) | Hd | 100) | F | H (900) |
| H (1200) | C | F | H(800) | |
| G | C | |||
| B | F | H (700) | ||
| B | C | Hdooo) | ||
| H (1200) | F | F | H (950) | |
| B | C | F | H (750) | |
| B | C | F | H (650) | |
| B | C | Hdooo) | ||
| B | F | |||
| B | ||||
| B | ||||
Tabelle 2 (2)
| /1/ | Beschichtungslösung | Anorg. | (a)/(b) | Poly | (a)/(c) | Ill | Lösungsmittel |
| Vers.- | Farbstoff oder Pigment | Verbindung | Masse | mer | Masse | Konz., | Art Misch |
| Nr. | (a) | (b) | verhält. | verbind. | ver | % | verhält. |
| Art Misch | (c) | hält. | |||||
| verhält. | |||||||
| 103* | Pigmentfarbst. |
| Rot 81 | |
| 104* | Schwefelbraun 7 |
| 105 | Dispersions- |
| farbst. Rot 12 | |
| 106 | Säurefarbstoff |
| Rot 8 | |
| 107 | Basisches Blau 64 |
| 108 | Pigmentfarbst. |
| Blau25/Lösungs- | |
| mittelfarbst. | |
| Schwarz 3 | |
| 109 | Beizenfarbstoff |
| Grün 15 | |
| 110 | Lösungsmittel- |
| farbst. Rot 8 | |
| 111 | Lösungsmittel- |
| farbst. Rot 8 | |
| 112 | Säurefarbstoff |
| Gelb 99 | |
| 113 | Lösungsmittel |
| farbstoff | |
| Orange 40 | |
| 114 | Basisches Blau 47 |
Polystyren
Kolloidales Siliziumdioxid 100/60
100/40 1,2 Toluen
1,0 Wasser —
50/50
Kolloidales Siliziumdioxid 100/400 —
Kolloid von Vanadiumpentoxid
Wasserglas 100/3 —
Poly(4- 100/100 1,0
vinylpyridin) 100/200 — 0,8
| 0,5 | Aceton |
| 0,8 | Wasser |
| 0,7 | Wasser |
| 1,8 | Wasser/ |
| Methanol | |
| 0,4 | Wasser |
| 0,5 | Methanol |
| 0,5 | Methanol |
| 0,3 | Wasser |
| 1.0 | Methanol |
Wasser
Tabelle 2 (2) (Forts.)
/1/ Cr-Konz.,/3/
Vers.- obere: Mittel Nr. untere: max.-min.,
ppm
Zeit f. Waschen/4/ m. Wasser nach Beendigung, min. Kesselsteinbildung
Visuelle Beurteilung (anhaftende Menge g/m2) Charge Nr.
30 50 100
150
200
250
220-280
300
270-320
13
9-18
15
11-20
14
9-18
17
13-21
10
6-14
15
11-19
10
8-13
3-7
5-13
16
13-18
60 60 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 15
B B A A A A A A A A A A
| F | H (900) | B |
| F | H (950) | B |
| A | A | C |
| A | A | A |
| A | B | B |
| A | A | B |
| A | A | A |
| A | A | C |
| A | A | A |
| A | B | A |
| A | A | |
| A | A | |
| C | D (20) |
| C | D(19) |
| D | F (58) |
| A | B(3) |
| C | D(18) |
| C | D (20) |
| A | B(3) |
| D | F (60) |
| B | C(10) |
| A | B(3) |
| Tabelle | 2(3) | Misch | Anorg. | (a)/(b) | PoIy- | (a)/(c) | /2/ | 30 | 50 | 100 | Lösungsmittel | Misch | Butylalkohol | 2) | 150 | 40/60 |
| /1/ | verhält. | Verbindung | Masse | mer- | Masse- | Konz., | A | A | B | Art | verhält. | Wasser/ | C | |||
| Vers.- | Beschichtungslösung | 60/40 | (b) | verhält. | verbinc | I. ver | % | Methanol | ||||||||
| Nr. | Farbstoff oder Pigment | (0 | hält. | A | A | A | A | 50/50 | ||||||||
| (a) | — | PoIy(N-Vi- 100/70 | 0,7 | Methanol | Wasser/ | |||||||||||
| Art | nylcarba- | A | A | B | Methanol | C | 30/70 | |||||||||
| 115 | zol) | Wasser/ | ||||||||||||||
| Küpenfarbst. | A | A | A | Methanol | A | |||||||||||
| Schwarz 25/ | Methanol | |||||||||||||||
| Dispersions | Mesokiesel- | 100/20 | 0,5 | A | B | C | Methanol | D | ||||||||
| farbstoff | säure | 80/20 | Xylen | |||||||||||||
| 116 | Violett 30 | — | 0,8 | A | A | A | Wasser/n- | A | — | |||||||
| Lösungsmittel- | Wasser | |||||||||||||||
| 117 | farbst. Blau 35 | Kolloidales | 100/100 | — | 1,0 | A | A | A | . B | |||||||
| Direktfarbstoff | Siliziumdi | |||||||||||||||
| 118 | Rot 9 | oxid | A | B | C | Xylen | D | |||||||||
| Säurefarbstoff | — | — | 1,0 | |||||||||||||
| Grün 40 | A | A | A | Methylen | A | |||||||||||
| 119 | CuCI2 | 100/10 | — | 0,6 | chlorid | |||||||||||
| Säurefarbstoff | A | A | B | Wasser | C | |||||||||||
| 120 | Rot 82 | — | — | 0,4 | ||||||||||||
| Lösungsmittelf.st. | A | A | B | C | ||||||||||||
| 121 | Schwarz 5 | — | — | 0,4 | ||||||||||||
| Lösungsmittelf.st. | A | A | B | C | ||||||||||||
| 122 | Schwarz 5 | Mesodikie- | 100/300 | — | 0,7 | 200 | ||||||||||
| Küpenfarbstoff | selsäure | D (20) | ||||||||||||||
| 123 | Blau 41 | |||||||||||||||
| Solubilisierter | — | 8 | 0,5 | B(1,5) | ||||||||||||
| Küpenf.st. | ||||||||||||||||
| 124 | Schwarz 1 | — | 1,0 | D (20) | ||||||||||||
| Küpenfarbstoff | ||||||||||||||||
| 125 | Violett 3 | 1,2 | B(2,5) | |||||||||||||
| Pigmentfarbst. | Zeitf | |||||||||||||||
| 126 | Grün 37 | F (59) | ||||||||||||||
| Beizenfarbstoff | .Waschen/4/ | |||||||||||||||
| Tabelle | Grün 58 | m. Wasser nach | Visuelle Beurteilung (anhaftende Menge g/m | B(3) | ||||||||||||
| /1/ | 2 (3) (Forts.) | Beendigung, | Charge Nr. | |||||||||||||
| Vers.- | Cr-Konz.,/3/ | min. | 10 | C (5) | ||||||||||||
| Nr. | obere: Mittel | 15 | A | |||||||||||||
| untere: max.-min., | F (55) | |||||||||||||||
| 115 | ppm | 15 | A | |||||||||||||
| 8 | B(1,5) | |||||||||||||||
| 116 | 6-11 | 15 | A | |||||||||||||
| 15 | D(18) | |||||||||||||||
| 117 | 10-18 | 15 | A | |||||||||||||
| 9 | D(19) | |||||||||||||||
| 118 | 5-12 | 15 | A | |||||||||||||
| 16 | D (20) | |||||||||||||||
| 119 | 13-19 | 15 | A | |||||||||||||
| 8 | ||||||||||||||||
| 120 | 5-10 | 15 | A | |||||||||||||
| 7 | ||||||||||||||||
| 121 | 5-9 | 10 | Polyvinyl- 100/40 | A | ||||||||||||
| 20 | methyl ether | |||||||||||||||
| 122 | 15-23 | 10 | — | A | ||||||||||||
| 11 | ||||||||||||||||
| 123 | 8-14 | 10 | A | |||||||||||||
| 7 | Kesselsteinbildung | |||||||||||||||
| 124 | 6-8 | 10 | A | |||||||||||||
| 15 | ||||||||||||||||
| 125 | 11-17 | 10 | A | |||||||||||||
| 16 | ||||||||||||||||
| 126 | 11-18 | |||||||||||||||
| 10 | ||||||||||||||||
| 5-12 | ||||||||||||||||
| Tabelle | 2(4) | Losungsmittel- | Anorg. | (a)/(b) | Poly- (a)/(c) | /2/ | Losungsmittel | Misch |
| /1/ | Beschichtungslosung | f.st. Schwarz 7 | Verbindung | Masse | mer- Masse | Konz., | Art | verhält. |
| Vers.- | Farbstoff oder Pigment | Basisches Orange 2 | (b) | verhält. | verbind, ver- | % | ||
| Nr. | (a) | (c) hält. | ||||||
| Art Misch | Basisches Gelb 2 | Mesotetra- | 100/100 | — | 1,0 | Methylen | ||
| verhält. | Basisches Blau 40 | kieselsäure | chlorid | |||||
| 127 | Säurefarbstoff | Metakiesel- | 100/40 | — | 0,8 | Wasser | ||
| Grün 16 | säure | |||||||
| 128 | Basisches Orange 14 | 8 | — | 0,4 | Wasser | |||
| — | — | 0,6 | Wasser | |||||
| 129 | 12-Wolframa- | |||||||
| 130 | Basisches Orange 14 | tokieselsäure | 100/150 | — | 0,5 | Wasser | ||
| 131 | — | — | 1,0 | Wasser/ | ||||
| Isobutyl- | ||||||||
| 132 | Pigmentfarbstoff | alkohol | 90/10 | |||||
| Rot 81 | MgCI2 | 100/10 | — | 1,0 | Wasser/ | |||
| Säurefarbst. Rot 87 | Isobutyl- | |||||||
| 133 | Säurefarbst. 30/70 | alkohol | ||||||
| Blau 59/Lösungs- | — | Polystyren 100/50 | 1,2 | Toluen | ||||
| mittelfarbstoff | ||||||||
| 134 | Blau 73 | — | — | 0,8 | Wasser | 40/60 | ||
| Säurefarbstoff | — | — | 0,8 | Wasser/ | ||||
| 135 | Schwarz 2 | Methanol | ||||||
| 136 | Basisches Blau 3 | |||||||
| Silicomolyb- | 100/100 | — | 1,0 | Wasser | ||||
| dänsäure | ||||||||
| 137 | 2,0 | Wasser | ||||||
| 138 | ||||||||
Tabelle 2 (4) (Forts.)
IM Cr-Konz.,/3/
Vers.- obere: Mittel Nr. untere: max.-min.
ppm
Zeit f. Waschen/4/ Kesselsteinbildung
m. Wasser nach Visuelle Beurteilung (anhaftende Menge g/m2)
Beendigung, Charge Nr.
min. 10 30 50 100 150
200
127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138
14
10-18
18
15-21
11
9-14
17
15-19
10
8-13
14
11-16
11
9-13
12
9-14
7-11
12
10-14
11
9-14
19
15-23
10 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15
A A A A A A A A A A A A
| A | A |
| A | A |
| A | A |
| A | A |
| A | A |
| A | B |
| A | A |
| A | B |
| A | B |
| A | A |
| A | B |
| A | B |
A A B B A C A C C A C C
| A | B(3) |
| A | B (4) |
| C | D(18) |
| C | D(17) |
| A | B(3) |
| D | F (60) |
| A | B (2,5) |
| D | F(59) |
| D | F (57) |
| B | C (6) |
| D | B(3) |
| D | F (60) |
| Tabelle | 2(5) | Misch | Anorg. (a)/(b) | Poly | (a)/(c) | /2/ | 10 | 30 | 50 | 100 | Lösungsmittel | 2) | 150 | Misch |
| /1/ | verhält. | Verbindung Masse- | mer | Masse | Konz., | A | A | B | C | Art | D | verhält. | ||
| Vers.- | Beschichtungslösung | (b) verhält. | verbind. | ver | % | |||||||||
| Nr. | Farbstoff oder Pigment | (C) | hält. | A | A | A | A | A | ||||||
| (a) | — | — | 0,4 | Wasser | ||||||||||
| Art | A | A | B | C | D | |||||||||
| 139 | Natriumortho- 100/20 | — | 1,2 | Wasser | ||||||||||
| Direktfarbst. | silicat | A | A | A | A | A | ||||||||
| 140 | Blau 106 | — | — | 0,8 | Wasser | |||||||||
| Saurefarbst. | A | A | A | B | C | |||||||||
| 141 | Gelb3 | Wasserglas 100/200 | — | 0,3 | Wasser | |||||||||
| Basisches | A | A | B | C | D | |||||||||
| 142 | Blau 24 | — | Polysty- | 100/30 | 0,6 | Toluen | ||||||||
| Basisches | ren | A | A | A | A | A | 70/30 | |||||||
| 143 | Rot 27 | — | — | 0,8 | Wasser/ | |||||||||
| Dispersions- | A | A | B | C | Isoamyl | D | ||||||||
| 144 | farbst. Gelb 54 | alkohol | ||||||||||||
| Saurefarbst. | Zn(CH3-COO)2 100/5 | — | 0,8 | A | A | A | B | Wasser | C | |||||
| GeIbI | ||||||||||||||
| 145 | — | — | 0,5 | A | A | B | C | Aceton | D | |||||
| Saurefarbst. | ||||||||||||||
| 146 | GeIbI | — | Poly(1-ni- 100/50 | 1,0 | A | A | A | B | DMF | C | ||||
| Dispersions- | tropropy- | |||||||||||||
| 147 | farbst. Blau 58 | len) | A | A | B | C | D | |||||||
| Pigmentfarbst. | — | — | 0,8 | Xylen | ||||||||||
| Rot 123 | ||||||||||||||
| 148 | — | — | 1,0 | Wasser | ||||||||||
| Küpenfarbst. | — | — | 0,7 | Wasser | ||||||||||
| 149 | Orange 15 | Zeit f. | ||||||||||||
| 150 | Schwefelrot3 | |||||||||||||
| Solubilisiertes | Waschen/4/ Kesselsteinbildung | |||||||||||||
| Tabelle | Schwefelblau 15 | m. Wasser nach Visuelle Beurteilung (anhaftende Menge g/m | ||||||||||||
| /1/ | 2 (5) (Forts.) | Beendigung, Charge Nr. | 200 | |||||||||||
| Vers.- | Cr-Konz.,/3/ | min. | F (60) | |||||||||||
| Nr. | obere: Mittel | 15 | ||||||||||||
| untere: max.-min.. | B(3) | |||||||||||||
| 139 | ppm | 15 | ||||||||||||
| 13 | F (56) | |||||||||||||
| 140 | 10-15 | 15 | ||||||||||||
| 10 | B(2,5) | |||||||||||||
| 141 | 8-12 | 15 | ||||||||||||
| 9 | D (20) | |||||||||||||
| 142 | 6-11 | 15 | ||||||||||||
| 14 | F (59) | |||||||||||||
| 143 | 10-18 | 15 | ||||||||||||
| 17 | B (2,0) | |||||||||||||
| 144 | 15-19 | 10 | ||||||||||||
| 12 | F (57) | |||||||||||||
| 145 | 9-14 | 10 | ||||||||||||
| 12 | D(19) | |||||||||||||
| 146 | 9-14 | 10 | ||||||||||||
| 10 | F (57) | |||||||||||||
| 147 | 8-12 | 10 | ||||||||||||
| 13 | D(18) | |||||||||||||
| 148 | 10-15 | 10 | ||||||||||||
| 9 | F (53) | |||||||||||||
| 149 | 5-11 | 10 | ||||||||||||
| 20 | ||||||||||||||
| 150 | 15-23 | |||||||||||||
| 17 | ||||||||||||||
| 15-19 | ||||||||||||||
| 2(6) | Misch | Anorg. | (a)/(b) | Mangandioxid | Poly | (a)/(c) | /2/ | 30 | 50 | 100 | -29- | 237 514 | 2) | 150 | Misch | |
| Tabelle | verhält. | Verbindung | Masse | mer | Masse | Konz., | A | A | A | A | verhält. | |||||
| /1/ | (b) | verhält. | Waschen /4/ | verbind | ver | % | ||||||||||
| Vers.- | Beschichtungslösung | m. Wasser nach | (O | hält. | A | A | B | Lösungsmittel | C | |||||||
| Nr. | Farbstoff oder Pigment | Kolloidales | 100/60 | Beendigung, | — | 2,0 | Art | |||||||||
| (a) | Silizium | min. | A | B | C | D | ||||||||||
| Art | dioxid | 10 | ||||||||||||||
| 151 | — | — | 0,8 | A | A | A | Wasser | A | ||||||||
| Schwefelbraun 7 | 10 | |||||||||||||||
| — | — | 0,8 | A | A | B | C | ||||||||||
| 152 | 10 | Wasser | ||||||||||||||
| Optischer Auf | Metakiesel- | 100/50 | — | 1,0 | A | A | B | C | ||||||||
| 153 | heller 163 | säure | 10 | Wasser | 80/20 | |||||||||||
| Optischer Auf | — | — | 0,6 | A | A | A | A | |||||||||
| 154 | hellet | 10 | Wasser | |||||||||||||
| Azofarbstoff | — | — | 0,6 | |||||||||||||
| 155 | Schwarz 1 | 10 | Wasser | |||||||||||||
| Reaktivfarbstoff | — | |||||||||||||||
| 156 | Blau 8 | Kolfoidvon | 100/2 | 10 | — | 0,6 | Wasser/ | |||||||||
| Reaktivfarbstoff | Zeit f. | Isobutyl- | ||||||||||||||
| Schwarz 18 | alkohol | |||||||||||||||
| 157 | Kesselsteinbildung | Wasser | ||||||||||||||
| Reaktivfarbstoff | Visuelle Beurteilung (anhaftende Menge g/m | |||||||||||||||
| Tabelle | Schwarz 18 | Charge Nr. | 200 | |||||||||||||
| /1/ | 2 (6) (Forts.) | 10 | B(2,5) | |||||||||||||
| Vers.- | Cr-Konz.,/3/ | A | ||||||||||||||
| Nr. | obere: Mittel | D(15) | ||||||||||||||
| untere: max.-min., | A | |||||||||||||||
| 151 · | ppm | F (54) | ||||||||||||||
| 16 | A | |||||||||||||||
| 152 | 14-19 | B{3) | ||||||||||||||
| 11 | A | |||||||||||||||
| 153 | 8-14 | D(16) | ||||||||||||||
| 6 | A | |||||||||||||||
| 154 | 3-8 | D (20) | ||||||||||||||
| 13 | A | |||||||||||||||
| 155 | 10-15 | B(3) | ||||||||||||||
| 10 | A | |||||||||||||||
| 156 | 9-11 | |||||||||||||||
| 15 | ||||||||||||||||
| 157 | 12-17 | |||||||||||||||
| 14 | ||||||||||||||||
| 11-17 | ||||||||||||||||
/1/ * Vergleichsbeispiele
/2/ Farbstoff- oder Pigmentkonzentration in der Beschichtungslösung
/3/ Chloridionenkonzentration in der Aufschlämmung nach Beendigung der Polymerisation /4/ Fließgeschwindigkeit von Wasser 0,1 m3/m2h.
Wie aus Tabelle 3 hervorgeht, wurde zur Herstellung einer Beschichtungslösung für jeden Versuch ein Farbstoff oder Pigment in einem Lösungsmittel, wahlweise unter Zugabe einer anorganischen Verbindung oder einer Polymerverbindung gelöst oder dispergiert, wie in der gleichen Tabelle angegeben wird.
Das Formulierungsverhältnis der anorganischen Verbindung und der Polymerverbindung und die Konzentration des Farbstoffes oder Pigmentes in der Beschichtungslösung sind gleichfalls in Tabelle 3 enthalten. Die Beschleunigungslösung wurde auf die Innenwandfläche eines Polymerisationsreaktors aus rostfreiem Stahl mit einem Fassungsvermögen von 1 000 Litern sowie auf Teile, die mit den Monomeren in Berührung kommen können, z. B. das Rührwerk, aufgebracht, 20 Minuten lang bei 700C getrocknet und anschließend gründlich mit Wasser gewaschen.
Danach wurde der in dieser Weise beschichtete Polymerisationsreaktor mit 160 kg Vinylchloridmonomer, 40 kg Vinylacetatmonomer.. 400kg entionisiertem Wasser, 600g Gelatine, 2kg Triclene und 350g Lauroylperoxid gefüllt, und die Polymerisation wurde 6 Stunden lang bei 700C vorgenommen. Nach Beendigung der Polymerisation wurde das Polymer entnommen, und der Polymerisationsreaktor wurde innen mit Wasser mit einer Fließgeschwindigkeit von 0,1 m3/m2h gewaschen, wie aus Tabelle 3 hervorgeht. Die Arbeitsgänge vom Beschichten und Beschicken bis zum Waschen mit Wasser erfolgten für jede Charge, und wurden für maximal 200 Chargen wiederholt.
Wie in Beispiel 1 beschrieben, wurde die Chloridionenkonzentration reguliert und die Kesselsteinbildung beurteilt. Die Bedingungen und Ergebnisse sind aus Tabelle 3 zu entnehmen.
In Tabelle 3 bezeichnen die mit einem Sternchen (*) versehenen Versuchsnummern Vergleichsbeispiele. Bei den Versuchen 158 und 159 handelt es sich besonders um Beispiele, bei denen die Innenwandfläche des Polymerisationsreaktors mit keinerlei Verbindung behandelt wurde. Außerdem wurde die bei Versuch Nr. 195 verwendete Beschichtungslösung durch Lösen von einem Teil Natriumsulfid in 100 Teilen Wasser und Zugabe von 0,5 Teilen Farbstoff zu der entsprechenden Lösung und anschließendes Erhitzen auf 80°C über einen Zeitraum von 30 Minuten hergestellt.
/1/ Beschichtungslösung
Vers.- Farbstoff oder Pigment Nr. (a)
Art Misch
verhält.
Anorg. (a)/(b) Poly- (a)/(c)
Verbindung Masse- mer- Masse-
(b) verhält. verbind. ver-
(c) hält.
/2/ Lösungsmittel
Konz., Art Misch-
% verhält.
158* 159* 160*
161« 162* 163* 164*
165* 166* 167*
168* 169*
Lösungsmittelfarbstoff Schwarz 7 Lösungsmittelfarbstoff Schwarz 7 Basisches Orange2
Lösungsmittelfarbstoff Schwarz 5 Lösungsmittelfarbstoff Schwarz 5 Säurefarbst. Schwarz 2 Basisches Orange 14
Lösungsmittelfarbstoff Blau 2
Küpenfarbstoff Violett 2
0,5 Methanol
| 100/100 | Polytetra- 100/30 hydrofuran | 0,6 | THF | |
| Kolloidales Silizium dioxid | 100/10 | Schellack- 100/50 harz | 1,0 0,8 | Wasser Methanol |
| Fe(OH)3SoI | 100/100 | — | 1,0 | Methanol |
| Wasserglas Metakiesel- | 0/100 | — | 1,5 1,5 | Wasser/ Methanol Methanol |
| säure Kolloidales Silizium dioxid | — | 1,0 0,5 | Wasser Methanol | |
| 0,5 | Xylen | |||
Tabelle 3(1) (Forts.)
/1/ Cr-Konz.,/3/
Vers.- obere: Mittel Nr. untere: max.-min.,
ppm
Zeit f. Waschen /4/ Kesselsteinbildung
m. Wasser nach Visuelle Beurteilung (anhaftende Menge g/m2)
Beendigung, Charge Nr.
min. 10 30 50 100 150
200
158* 159* 160* 161* 162* 163* 164* 165* 166* 167* 168* 169*
350
390-320
12-7
300
350-280
280
330-260
290
350-270
250
280-230
290
340-270
260
300-240
250
300-220
280
340-260
270
320-250
290
340-270
60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60
| Hd 100) | F | H (500) | H |
| Hdooo) | F | H (300) | |
| в | C | F | H (300) |
| в | F | H (400) | H (250) |
| в | C | F | H (280) |
| в | C | F | |
| в | C | F | |
| B | |||
| B | F | H (400) | |
| H (900) | F | H (500) | |
| B | |||
| B | |||
(1) Beschichtungslösung
Vers.- Farbstoff oder Pigment Nr. (a)
Art Misch
verhält.
Anorg. (a)/(b) Poly- (a)/(c)
Verbindung Masse- mer- Masse-
(b) verhält. verbind. ver-
(c) hält.
(2) Lösungsmittel
Konz., Art Misch-
% verhalt.
Lösungsmittelfarbstoff Schwarz 7 Lösungsmittelfarbstoff Schwarz 7 Pigmentfarbst. Rot 17
Direktfarbst. Blau 86 Basisches Orange 2
Direktfarbst. Schwarz 74 Lösungsmittelfarbstoff Rot 121
Lösungsmittelfarbstoff Rot 121
Lösungsmittelfarbstoff Schwarz 5 Küpenfarbstoff Schwarz 8 Beizenfarbstoff Schwarz 13 Lösungsmittelfarbstoff Blau 36 Polytetra- 100/30 hydrofuran
0,6 THF
0,5 Methanol
| — | 100/20 | Polyphenyl | 0,8 | Methanol |
| acetylen | ||||
| Orthokie- | 100/100 | — | 0,8 | Wasser |
| selsäure | ||||
| Kolloida | — | 1,0 | Wasser/n- 90/10 | |
| les Sili | Butylalkohol | |||
| ziumdioxid | ||||
| — | — | 0,5 | Wasser | |
| _ | 0,6 | Methanol | ||
| Kolloid v. | 100/100 | — | 0,6 | Methanol |
| Lithium- | ||||
| silicat | ||||
| — | Schellack- 100/50 | 0,8 | Methanol | |
| harz | ||||
| — | — | 0,6 | Aceton | |
| Metakie- | 100/200 | 0,7 | Wasser | |
| selsäure | ||||
| 0,4 | Methanol |
Tabelle 3(2) (Forts.)
(1) СГ-Κοηζ.,β)
Vers.- obere: Mittel Nr. untere: max.-min.,
ppm
Zeit f. Waschen (4) m. Wasser nach Beendigung,
min.
Kesselsteinbildung
Visuelle Beurteilung (anhaftende Menge g/m2)
Charge Nr.
30 50 100
200
170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181
19-14
18-13
12-7
18-12
13-7
11-6
15-10
20-15
20-15
14-9
11-5
8-3
10 10 10 10 10 15 15 15 15 15 15 15
A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
A A A A A A A A A A A A
A A A A A B B A A B A A
| A | A (0,3) |
| A | A(0,5) |
| B | C(IO) |
| A | A (0,7) |
| A | A(0,5) |
| C | D (20) |
| C | D(19) |
| A | A(0,9) |
| A | A(0,6) |
| C | D(17) |
| A | A(0,9) |
| B | C(IO) |
(1) Beschichtungslösung
Vers.- Farbstoff oder Pigment Anorg.
Nr. (a) Verbindung
Art Misch- (b)
verhält.
(a)/(b) PolyMasse- merverhält. verbind, (c)
(a)/(c) (2) Lösungsmittel
Masse- Konz., Art Misch
verhält. % verhält.
182 Säurefarbst. Rot80/Basisches Orange 2
183 Lösungsmittelfarbstoff Schwarz 5
184 Reduz. Färbst. Blaui
185 Küpenfarbstoff Violett 2
186 Beizenfarbstoff Grün 29
187 Lösungsmittelfarbstoff Blau 2
188 Lösungsmittelfarbstoff Blau 2
189 Lebensmittel.-farbstoff Rot 14
190 Lebensmittel.-farbstoffRot14
191 Säurefarbstoff Schwarz 2
192 Lösungsmittel.-farbstoffGelb33
80/20 —
Fe(OH)3SoI 100/10 —
CoCI2
AICI3 Wasserglas
100/1 —
100/1 —
100/100 —
| 0,8 | Wasser/ Methanol |
| 1,0 | Wasser/ Methanol |
| 0,6 | Wasser |
| 0,4 | Xylen |
| 0,3 | Wasser |
| 0,7 | Methanol |
| 0,7 | Methanol |
| 0,8 | Wasser |
| 0,8 | Wasser |
| 1,5 0,8 | Wasser/ Isobutyl- alkohol Wasser |
50/50
40/60
Tabelle 3 (3) (Forts.)
(1) Cr-Konz.,(3)
Vers.- obere: Mittel Nr. untere: max.-min.,
ppm
Zeitf. Waschen (4) Kesselsteinbildung
m. Wasser nach Visuelle Beurteilung (anhaftende Menge g/m2)
Beendigung, Charge Nr.
min. 10 30 50 100 150
200
182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192
13
15-10
11
13-6
18
20-15
14
19-14
19
21-16
20
22-17
20
22-18
12
14-9
12
14-9
7-3
16
18-13
10 10 10 10 10 15 10 15 10 15 15
A A A A A A A A A A A
A A A A A A A A A A A
A A A A A A A A A A AA A B B B B A B A A B
| A | B(3) |
| A | A(0,5) |
| C | D(19) |
| C | D(19) |
| C | D(18) |
| C | D(17) |
| A | A(0,5) |
| C | D(16) |
| A | A(0,5) |
| A | A (0,7) |
| C | D(15) |
| (D | Besch ichtungslösu ng | Basisches | Anorg. | (a)/(b) | Poly |
| Vers.- | Farbstoff oder Pigment | Orange 14 | Verbindung | Masse | mer |
| Nr. | (a) | Säurefarbstoff | (b) | verhält. | verbind |
| Art Misch | Braun 161 | (O | |||
| verhält. | Schwefelblau 9 | Metakiesel- | 100/500 | — | |
| 193 | Optischer Auf | säure | |||
| heller 14 | |||||
| 194 | Reaktivfarbstoff | ||||
| Grün 8 | — | — | |||
| 195 | Azofarbstoff | — | — | ||
| 196 | Gelb 2 | ||||
| Azofarbstoff | — | ||||
| 197 | |||||
| — | — | ||||
| 198 | |||||
| CoCI, | 100/5 | ||||
| 199 |
(a)/(c) (2) Lösungsmittel
Masse- Konz., Art Misch
verhält. % verhält.
| 1,5 0,6 | Wasser/ sec-Butyl alkohol Wasser |
| 0,7 0,4 | Wasser Wasser |
| 0,5 | Wasser |
| 0,5 | Methanol |
| 0,5 | Methanol |
| 3(4) (Forts.) | Zeit f. Waschen (4) | Kesselsteinbildung | 30 | 50 | 100 | -34- | 2) | 150 | 237 514 | |
| Tabelle | Cr-Konz.,(3) | m. Wassernach | A | A | A | A | ||||
| (D | obere: Mittel | Beendigung, | ||||||||
| Vers.- | untere: max.-min., | min. | I | A | A | B | C | |||
| Nr. | ppm | 15 | ||||||||
| 11 | A | A | A | B | 200 | |||||
| 193 | 13-8 | 15 | A(0,9) | |||||||
| 17 | Visuelle Beurteilung (anhaftende Menge g/m | A | A | B | C | |||||
| 194 | 19-14 | 15 | Charge Nr. | D (20) | ||||||
| 14 | 10 | A | A | B | C | |||||
| 195 | 16-11 | 15 | A | C(IO) | ||||||
| δ | A | A | B | C | ||||||
| 196 | 10-5 | 15 | A | D(19) | ||||||
| 16 | A | A | A | A | ||||||
| 197 | 18-12 | 15 | A | D(15) | ||||||
| 9 | ||||||||||
| 198 | 11-6 | 10 | A | D(16) | ||||||
| 13 | ||||||||||
| 199 | 16-11 | A | A(0,7) | |||||||
| A | ||||||||||
| A | ||||||||||
(1) * Vergleichsbeispiele
(2) Farbstoff- oder Pigmentkonzentration in der Beschichtungslösung
(3) Chloridionenkonzentration in der Aufschlämmung nach Beendigung der Polymerisation
(4) Fließgeschwindigkeit von Wasser 0,1 m3/m2h
Wie aus Tabelle 4 hervorgeht, wurde zur Herstellung einer Beschichtungslösung für jeden Versuch ein Farbstoff oder ein Pigment in einem Lösungsmittel, wahlweise unter Zugabe einer anorganischen Verbindung oder einer Polymerverbindung gelöst oder dispergiert, wie in der gleichen Tabelle angegeben wird. Das Formulierungsverhältnis der anorganischen Verbindung oder der Polymerverbindung und die Konzentration des Farbstoffes oder Pigmentes in der Beschichtungslösung sind gleichfalls in Tabelle 4 enthalten. Die Beschichtungslösung wurde auf die polierte Innenwandfläche eines Polymerisationsreaktors aus rostfreiem Stahl mit einem Fassungsvermögen von 1 000 Litern und die Teile, die mit den Monomeren in Berührung kommen können, z.B. das Rührwerk, aufgebracht, 10 Minuten lang bei 80°C getrocknet und danach gründlich mit Wasser gewaschen.
Danach wurde der auf diese Weise beschichtete Polymerisationsreaktor mit 200kg Vinylchloridmonomer, 400kg entionisiertem Wasser, 40g teilweise verseiftem Polyvinylalkohol, 60g Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose und 80g Di-2-ethyl-hexylperoxycarbonat gefüllt und die Polymerisation 7 Stunden lang bei 570C ausgeführt. Nach Beendigung der Polymerisation wurde das Polymer entnommen, und der Polymerisationsreaktor wurde innen mit Wasser mit einer Fließgeschwindigkeit von 0,1 m3/m2h gewaschen, wie aus Tabelle 4 hervorgeht. Die oben genannten Arbeitsgänge vom Beschichten und Beschicken bis zum Waschen mit Wasser wurden für jede Charge ausgeführt und für maximal 200 Chargen wiederholt.
Wie in Beispiel 1 beschrieben, wurde die Chloridionenkonzentration reguliert und die Kesselsteinbildung beurteilt. Die Anzahl der Fischaugen in den Produkten, die bei jedem Versuch aus den in der 10., 30., 50., 100., 150. und 200. Charge erzeugten Polymeren gewonnen wurden, wurden wie folgt gemessen. Ein Gemisch aus 100 Masseteilen eines Polymeren, das durch Dehydratisierung und Trocknen der Aufschlämmung nach der Polymerisation gewonnen wurde, 50 Masseteilen DOP, 1 Masseteil Dibutylzinnlaurat, 1 Masseteil Cetylalkohol, 0,25 Masseteilen Titaniumoxid und 0,05 Masseteilen Ruß wurde 7 Minuten lang bei 1500C zwischen zwei Walzen gekneten und anschließend zu einer Tafel mit einer Dicke von 0,2mm geformt. Die Anzahl der je 100 cm2 in der Tafel vorhandenen Fischaugen wurde mit Hilfe der Lichtdurchlässigkeitsmethode ermittelt. Die Bedingungen und Ergebnisse sind in Tabelle 4 enthalten.
In Tabelle 4 bezeichnen die mit einem Sternchen (*) versehenen Versuchs-Nummern Vergleichsbeispiele. Bei den Versuchen Nr. 185 und 186 handelt es sich besonders um Beispiele, bei denen die Innenwandfläche des Polymerisationsreaktors mit keinerlei Verbindung behandelt worden war.
| (1) | Beschichtungslösung | Anorg. | (a)/(b) | Poly | (a)/(c) | (2) | Lösungsmittel |
| Vers.- | Farbstoff oder Pigment | Verbindung | Masse | mer | Masse | Konz., | Art Misch |
| Nr. | (a) | (b) | verhält. | verbind. | verhält. | % | verhält. |
| Art Misch | (C) | ||||||
| verhält. | |||||||
Lösungsmittelfarbstoff Schwarz 7 Lösungsmittelfarbstoff Schwarz 7
Fe(OH)2SoI 100/20 —
0,5 Methanol
0,5 Wasser/ 10/90
Methanol
Tabelle 4(1) (Forts.)
| (D | Beschichtungslösung | ppm | Misch | Anorg. | (a)/(b) | 50 | Poly | 150 | (a)/(c) | (2) | Lösungsmittel | 30 | 50 100 | Misch |
| Vers.- | Farbstoff oder Pigment | 300 | verhält. | Verbindung | Masse | mer | Masse | Art | verhalt. | |||||
| Nr. | (a) | 260-330 | 60/40 | (b) | verhält. | verhält. | ||||||||
| Art | 10 | Konz., | 50/50 | |||||||||||
| 8-12 | % | Wasser/ | ||||||||||||
| 204* | Basisches Oran | 290 | H (700) | verbind. | Methanol | 180 | 250 | |||||||
| ge 2/Losungs- | 250-310 | (O | 0,8 | |||||||||||
| mittelfarbst. | 300 | F | — | 50 | 60 100 | |||||||||
| Schwarz 3 | 260-330 | Kolloidales | 100/80 | Methanol | ||||||||||
| 205* | Lösungsmittel- | 280 | Silizium | H (650) | 120 | 190 | ||||||||
| farbst. Schwarz 5 | 240-300 | dioxid | 0,8 | |||||||||||
| 250 | Metakiesel- | 100/50 | F | — | Wasser | 40 | 80 120 | |||||||
| 206* | Säurefarbstoff | 200-270 | säure | 10/90 | ||||||||||
| Schwarz 2 | 260 | Fe(OH)3SoI | 100/20 | F | 0,8 | Wasser/ | 50 | 100 150 | ||||||
| 207 | Lösungsmittel | 210-290 | 60/40 | — | Methanol | |||||||||
| farbstoff | 14 | A | A | 0,5 | 0 | 0 0 | 50/50 | |||||||
| Schwarz 7 | 10-16 | — | — | Wasser/ | ||||||||||
| 208 | Basisches Orange | 10 | A | A | Methanol | 0 | 0 0 | |||||||
| 2/Lösungsmittel- | 8-12 | 0,8 | ||||||||||||
| farbst. Schwarz 3 | 12 | — | A | — | B | Wasser | 0 | 0 2 | ||||||
| 209 | Solubilisiertes | 9-14 | ||||||||||||
| Schwefelbraun 1 | 8 | Kolloidales Si | 100/80 | A | A | 0,8 | Methanol | 0 | 0 0 | |||||
| 210 | Losungsmittelf.st. | 6-10 | liziumdioxid | — | ||||||||||
| Schwarz 5 | 13 | A | B | 100/100 | 0,8 | Methanol | 0 | 0 1 | ||||||
| 211 | Azofarbstoff | 15-10 | — | |||||||||||
| Schwarz 5 | 18 | — | A | B | 100/40 | 1,0 | Ethanol | 0 | 0 4 | |||||
| 212 | Pigmentfarbstoff | 20-15 | Zeit f. (4) | |||||||||||
| Grün 38 | Waschen | 1,4 | ||||||||||||
| Tabelle | 4(1) (Forts.) | m. Wasser | Kesselsteinbildung | Fischaugen (Anzahl) | ||||||||||
| (D | Cr-Konz.,(3) | n. Beendig. | Visuelle Beurteilung | Charge Nr. | ||||||||||
| Vers.- | obere: Mittel | min. | (anhaftende Menge g/m2) | |||||||||||
| Nr. | untere: max.- | 60 | Charge Nr. | 150 200 | ||||||||||
| min.. | 10 30 | 200 | 10 | |||||||||||
| 60 | H (1 000) | 300 | ||||||||||||
| 200* | ||||||||||||||
| 60 | H (950) | 280 | ||||||||||||
| 201* | ||||||||||||||
| 60 | B F | 10 | ||||||||||||
| 202* | ||||||||||||||
| 60 | B C | 13 | ||||||||||||
| 203* | ||||||||||||||
| 60 | B F | 11 | ||||||||||||
| 204* | ||||||||||||||
| 60 | B C | 18 | ||||||||||||
| 205* | ||||||||||||||
| 15 | B C | 15 | ||||||||||||
| 206* | Schellack | 2 10 | ||||||||||||
| 15 | A A | harz | A(0,5) | 0 | ||||||||||
| 207 | Ethyl- | 3 15 | ||||||||||||
| 15 | A A | A(0,7) | 0 | |||||||||||
| 208 | 7 20 | |||||||||||||
| 15 | A A | cellulose | C(10) | 0 | ||||||||||
| 209 | 1 5 | |||||||||||||
| 15 | A A | A(0,2) | 0 | |||||||||||
| 210 | 10 25 | |||||||||||||
| 15 | A A | C (9) | 0 | |||||||||||
| 211 | 10 19 | |||||||||||||
| A A | 100 | C(12) | 0 | |||||||||||
| 212 | ||||||||||||||
| H (500) | ||||||||||||||
| H (500) | ||||||||||||||
| H (560) | ||||||||||||||
| A | ||||||||||||||
| A | ||||||||||||||
| A | ||||||||||||||
| A | ||||||||||||||
| A | ||||||||||||||
| A | ||||||||||||||
| Beschichtungslösung | ppm | Misch | Anorg. | (a)/(b) | 50 | Poly | 150 | (a)/(c) | (2) | -36- | 237 514 | 50 100 | Misch | |
| Farbstoff oder Pigment | 7 | verhält. | Verbindung | Masse | A | mer | A | Masse | Konz., | 0 0 | verhält. | |||
| Tabelle 4 (2) | (a) | 4-9 | (b) | verhält. | verbind | verhält. | % | |||||||
| (D | Art | 10 | A | (O | B | Lösungsmittel | 0 3 | |||||||
| Vers.- | 7-12 | 0,5 | Art | |||||||||||
| Nr. | Lösungsmittel | 11 | A | A | 0 0 | |||||||||
| farbstoff | 8-13 | 90/10 | ||||||||||||
| Schwarz 5 | 20 | — | A | — | B | 0,9 | Methanol | 0 7 | ||||||
| 213 | Basisches Oran | 18-22 | ||||||||||||
| ge^ | 13 | A | A | 0 0 | ||||||||||
| 10-15 | — | — | 0,8 | Wasser/ | ||||||||||
| 214 | Lösungsmittel | Isobutyl- | ||||||||||||
| farbstoff | alkohol | |||||||||||||
| Schwarz 23 | — | — | 0,4 | Methanol | ||||||||||
| 215 | Lösungsmittel | |||||||||||||
| farbstoff | ||||||||||||||
| Blau 73 | Metakiesel- | 100/50 | — | 0,8 | Methanol | |||||||||
| 216 | Säurefarbstoff | Zeit f. (4) | säure | |||||||||||
| Schwarz 2 | Waschen | |||||||||||||
| 4 (2) (Forts.) | m. Wasser | Kesselsteinbildung | Wasser | |||||||||||
| 217 | Cl"-Konz.,(3) | n. Beendig. | Visuelle Beurteilung | |||||||||||
| obere: Mittel | min. | (anhaftende Menge g/m2) | ||||||||||||
| Tabelle | untere: max.- | 15 | Charge Nr. | Fischaugen (Anzahl) | 150 200 | |||||||||
| (D | min.. | 10 30 | 100 | 200 | Charge Nr. | 5 11 | ||||||||
| Vers.- | 15 | A A | A | A(0,6) | ||||||||||
| Nr. | 11 27 | |||||||||||||
| 15 | A A | A | C (9) | 10 30 | ||||||||||
| 0 0 | 5 15 | |||||||||||||
| 213 | 15 | A A | A | B(3) | ||||||||||
| 0 0 | 15 35 | |||||||||||||
| 214 | 15 | A A | A | C(10) | ||||||||||
| 0 0 | 2 10 | |||||||||||||
| 215 | A A | A | A (0,3) | |||||||||||
| 0 0 | ||||||||||||||
| 216 | ||||||||||||||
| 0 0 | ||||||||||||||
| 217 | ||||||||||||||
(1) * Vergleichsbeispiele
(2) Farbstoff- oder Pigmentkonzentration in der Beschichtungslösung
(3) Chloridionenkonzentration in der Aufschlämmung nach Beendigung der Polymerisation
(4) Fließgeschwindigkeit von Wasser 0,1 m3/m2h
Wie aus Tabelle 5 hervorgeht, wurde zur Herstellung einer Beschichtungslösung für jeden Versuch eine Verbindung mit konjugierter ^-Bindung in einem Lösungsmittel, wahlweise unter Zugabe einer anorganischen Verbindung oder einer Polymerverbindung gelöst, wie aus der gleichen Tabelle zu sehen ist. Das Formulierungsverhältnis der anorganischen Verbindung oder der Polymerverbindung und die Konzentration der Verbindung mit konjugierter я-Bindung in der Beschichtungslösung sind gleichfalls in Tabelle 5 enthalten. Die Beschichtungslösung wurde auf die polierte Innenwandfläche eines Polymerisationsreaktors aus rostfreiem Stahl mit einem Fassungsvermögen von 1000 Litern und die Teile, die mit den Monomeren in Berührung kommen können, z. B. das Rührwerk, aufgebracht, 20 Minuten lang bei 7O0C getrocknet und danach gründlich mit Wasser gewaschen. Danach wurde der in dieser Weise beschichtete Polymerisationsreaktor mit 200 kg Vinylchloridmonomer, 400 kg entionisiertem Wasser, 44g eines teilweise verseiften Polyvinylalkohols, 56g Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose und 60g t-Butylperoxyneodecanat beschickt, und die Polymerisation wurde 7 Stunden lang bei 52°C vorgenommen. Nach Beendigung der Polymerisation wurde das Polymer entnommen und der Polymerisationsreaktor innen mit Wasser mit einer Fließgeschwindigkeit von 0,1 m3/m2h gewaschen, wie aus Tabelle 5 hervorgeht. Die oben genannten Arbeitsgänge vom Beschichten und Beschicken bis zum Waschen mit Wasser wurden bei jeder Charge durchgeführt und für maximal 200 Chargen wiederholt.
Wie in Beispiel 1 beschrieben, wurde die Chloridionenkonzentration reguliert und die Kesselsteinbildung beurteilt. Die Bedingungen und Ergebnisse sind in Tabelle 5 enthalten.
In Tabelle 5 bezeichnen die mit einem Sternchen (*) versehenen Versuchsnummern Vergleichsbeispiele. Die Versuche Nr.301 und 302 sind besonders Beispiele, in denen die Innenwandflächen des Polymerisationsreaktors mit keinerlei Verbindung behandelt wurden. Außerdem wurde die in den Versuchen Nr.333 und 334 verwendete Beschichtungslosung durch Auflösen von einem Teil Natriumsulfid in 100 Teilen Wasser und die Zugabe von 0,5 Teilen eines Farbstoffes zu der resultierenden Lösung und anschließendes Erhitzen auf 80°C über einen Zeitraum von 30 Minuten hergestellt.
(1) Beschichtungslosung
Vers.- Konjugierte 77-Bin-Nr. dungsverbindung(a)
Art Misch-
verhält.
Anorg. (a)/(b) Poly
Verbindung Masse- mer-(b) verhält. verbind,
(c)
(a)/(c) (2) Lösungsmittel
Masse- Konz., Art Misch
verhält. % verhält.
301* 302* 303* 304* 305* 306*
Rosanilin Rosanilin Rosanilin Rosanilin
Rosanilin
| 309* | Leucochim- |
| zarin/Lösungs | |
| mittelfarbst. | |
| Schwarz | |
| 310* | Flavonol |
| 311* | Indigoazin |
| 312* | Acridon |
90/10
| Kolloidales | 100/100 | — |
| Silizium | ||
| dioxid | ||
| Kolloidales | 100/200 | Schel |
| Silizium | lack | |
| dioxid | harz | |
| Kolloidales | 0/100 | — |
| Silizium | ||
| dioxid | ||
| Fe(OH)3SoI | 100/50 | — |
NiCI2
100/5 —
100/20
| 0,5 | Methanol |
| 0,5 | Methanol |
| 0,5 | Methanol |
| 1,0 | Methanol |
| 1,5 | Methanol |
| 1,0 | Wasser |
| 0,7 | Wasser/ |
| Methanol | |
| 0,8 | Methanol |
| 0,4 | Methanol |
| 0,5 | Methanol |
Tabelle 5(1) (Forts.)
(1) Cr-Konz.,(3)
Vers.- obere: Mittel Nr. untere: max.-min.
ppm
Zeit f. Waschen (4) Kesselsteinbildung
m. Wasser nach Visuelle Beurteilung (anhaftende Menge g/m2)
Beendigung Charge Nr.
min. 10 30 50 100 150
200
301* 302* 303* 304· 305* 306* 307* 308· 309· 310* 311* 312*
300 280-350 15 12-17 300 270-350 210 190-250 140 120-180 290 270-310 240 220-300 11 9-13 280 260-330 270 250-320 290 270-350 250 230-290
60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60
| Н(ЮОО) | F H (850) | H (400) |
| H (900) | F H (600) | H (350) |
| B | F H (500) | |
| B | C F | H (350) |
| B | C F | |
| B | ||
| B | C F | |
| H (900) | H (500) | |
| B | H (300) | |
| G | H (600) | |
| G | ||
| G | ||
| Tabelle | 5(2) | Anorg. | — | (a)/(b) | Poly | (a)/(c) (2) | 30 50 | 100 | Lösungsmittel | 2) | 150 | Misch |
| (D | Beschichtungslösung | Verbindung | 50/50 — | Masse | mer | Masse- Konz., | H (700) | Art | verhält. | |||
| Vers.- | Konjugierte Л--ВІП- | Misch- (b) | verhält. | verbind. | verhält. % | |||||||
| Nr. | dungsverbindung (a) | verhält. | (O | H (350) | ||||||||
| Art | — | — | 0,3 | Methanol | ||||||||
| — | 0,5 | Methanol | ||||||||||
| 313* | 2-Oxythiophanthren | — | ||||||||||
| 314* | Phthalazin/ | — | H (550) | |||||||||
| Säurefarbstoff | Schellack | 0/100 1,0 | Methanol | |||||||||
| Blau 59 | 50/50 — | harz | A A | B | C | |||||||
| 315* | — | — | 0,7 | Methanol | ||||||||
| — | 0,7 | A A | A | Methanol | A | |||||||
| 316* | Carocyanin | |||||||||||
| 317 | 2,2-Diphenylolpro- | Kolloidales | — | 0,9 | A A | A | Methanol | A | ||||
| pan | Silizium | |||||||||||
| 318 | Oxyanthrachinon/ | dioxid | A A | A | A | |||||||
| Lösungsmittel | — | 20/80 | ||||||||||
| farbstoff | 100/100 | — | 0,6 | A A | B | Wasser/ | C | |||||
| Schwarz 5 | — | Methanol | ||||||||||
| 319 | Rosanilin | A A | A | B | ||||||||
| — | Schellack | 100/20 0,7 | Methanol | |||||||||
| — | harz | A A | B | C | ||||||||
| 320 | Rosanilin/Chinolin | — | 0,5 | Methanol | ||||||||
| — | A A | B | C | |||||||||
| 321 | 4-Aminodiphenyl- | — | 0,8 | Methanol | ||||||||
| amin | — | 0,4 | Methanol | |||||||||
| 322 | 2-Aminodiphenazin | Zeit f. Waschen (4) | ||||||||||
| 323 | 2-Aminodiphenyl- | m. Wasser nach | — | 0,7 | Methanol | |||||||
| amin | Beendigung | |||||||||||
| 324 | 7-Amino-4-methyl- | min. | ||||||||||
| coumarin | 60 | Kesselsteinbildung | ||||||||||
| Tabelle | 5 (2) (Forts.) | Visuelle Beurteilung (anhaftende Menge g/m | ||||||||||
| (D | Cl"-Konz.,(3) | 60 | Charge Nr. | 200 | ||||||||
| Vers.- | obere: Mittel | 10 | ||||||||||
| Nr. | untere: max.-min., | 60 | G | |||||||||
| ppm | ||||||||||||
| 313* | 290 | 60 | G | |||||||||
| 270-340 | ||||||||||||
| 314* | 270 | 10 | H (950) | |||||||||
| 250-320 | ||||||||||||
| 315* | 240 | 10 | G | |||||||||
| 220-290 | D (20) | |||||||||||
| 316* | 220 | 10 | A | |||||||||
| 200-280 | A(0,7) | |||||||||||
| 317 | 13 | 10 | A | |||||||||
| 10-15 | B(1,5) | |||||||||||
| 318 | 15 | 10 | A | |||||||||
| 13-17 | B(3) | |||||||||||
| 319 | 7 | 10 | A | |||||||||
| 5-9 | D(17) | |||||||||||
| 320 | 4 | 10 | A | |||||||||
| 3-5 | C (9) | |||||||||||
| 321 | 17 | 10 | A | |||||||||
| 14-21 | D (20) | |||||||||||
| 322 | 14 | A | ||||||||||
| 10-18 | D (22) | |||||||||||
| 323 | 16 | A | ||||||||||
| 12-18 | ||||||||||||
| 324 | 13 | |||||||||||
| 10-17 | ||||||||||||
| Tabelle | 5(3) | Misch | Anorg. | (a)/(b) | Poly | (a)/(c) | 30 | I | (2) | 100 | Losungsmittel | 2) | 150 | Misch |
| (D | Beschichtungslosung | verhält. | Verbindung | Masse | mer | Masse | A | Konz., | A | Art | A | verhält. | ||
| Vers.- | Konjugierte n--Bin- | 40/60 | (b) | verhält. | verbind | verhält. | % | |||||||
| Nr. | dungsverbindung (a) | (C) | A | B | C | 40/60 | ||||||||
| Art | Kolloidales | 100/200 | .— | 0,5 | Wasser/ | |||||||||
| Silizium | A | B | Methanol | C | ||||||||||
| 325 | Phenazineoxid/ | dioxid | ||||||||||||
| Saurefarbstoff | — | — | A | 0,9 | B | Methanol | C | |||||||
| Schwarz 2 | ||||||||||||||
| 326 | Malonisäure- | A | B | C | ||||||||||
| bis(ß-phenyl- | — | — | 0,7 | Methanol | ||||||||||
| hydrazin) | A | B | C | |||||||||||
| 327 | 3,4-Benzochi- | — | — | 0,3 | Methanol | |||||||||
| nolin | — | — | A | 0,9 | A | Methanol | B | |||||||
| 328 | Benzoflavin | |||||||||||||
| 329 | Triphenyl- | — | — | A | 0,4 | B | Methanol | C | ||||||
| isooxazol | ||||||||||||||
| 330 | Nitrodiphe- | — | Polypyridyl- 100/100 | A | 1,0 | A | Methanol | A | ||||||
| nylether | 80/20 | acetylen | ||||||||||||
| 331 | Picen-5,6- | — | — | A | 0,4 | B | Methanol | C | ||||||
| chinon | — | — | 0,8 | Methanol | ||||||||||
| 332 | Indoanilin | A | B | C | ||||||||||
| 333 | Hydronblau/ | |||||||||||||
| Basisches | — | — | A | 0,5 | B | Methanol | C | |||||||
| Schwarz 2 | ||||||||||||||
| 334 | Benzo[a]ben- | — | — | 0,5 | Methanol | |||||||||
| zofuran | ||||||||||||||
| 335 | 3,4-Phthaloyl- | — | — | 0,9 | Methanol | |||||||||
| furazan | ||||||||||||||
| 336 | 3-Cinnamyl-2- | Zeitf | ||||||||||||
| methyl-1,4- | ||||||||||||||
| naphthochinon | .Waschen (4) | Kesselsteinbildung | ||||||||||||
| Tabelle | 5(3) (Forts.) | m. Wasser nach | Visuelle Beurteilung ( | anhaftende Menge g/m | ||||||||||
| (D | СГ-Κοηζ.,β) | Beendigung | Charge Nr. | 200 | ||||||||||
| Vers.- | obere: Mittel | min. | 10 | 50 | A(0,2) | |||||||||
| Nr. | untere: max.-min., | 15 | A | A | ||||||||||
| ppm | D(18) | |||||||||||||
| 325 | 11 | 15 | A | A | ||||||||||
| 8-14 | D (20) | |||||||||||||
| 326 | 9 | 15 | A | A | ||||||||||
| 7-12 | D(15) | |||||||||||||
| 327 | 12 | 15 | A | A | ||||||||||
| 8-15 | D(17) | |||||||||||||
| 328 | 10 | 15 | A | A | ||||||||||
| 7-13 | D (21) | |||||||||||||
| 329 | 15 | 15 | A | A | ||||||||||
| 11-17 | C(10) | |||||||||||||
| 330 | 20 | 15 | A | A | ||||||||||
| 16-22 | D (20) | |||||||||||||
| 331 | 14 | 15 | A | A | ||||||||||
| 10-16 | B(1,3) | |||||||||||||
| 332 | 7 | 10 | A | A | ||||||||||
| 5-9 | D(18) | |||||||||||||
| 333 | 10 | 10 | A | A | ||||||||||
| 8-12 | D (20) | |||||||||||||
| 334 | 8 | 10 | A | A | ||||||||||
| 6-10 | D (24) | |||||||||||||
| 335 | 16 | 10 | A | A | ||||||||||
| 13-18 | ||||||||||||||
| 336 | 10 | |||||||||||||
| 8-12 | ||||||||||||||
| Tabelle | 5(4) | Anorg. | (a)/(b) | PoIy- | (a)/(c) | (2) | 30 | 50 | 100 | Losungsmittel | Methanol | 2) | 150 200 | |
| (D | Beschichtungslösung | Verbindung | 90/10 Fe(OH)3SoI | Masse- | mer- | Masse- | Konz., | A | A | B | Art Misch | Wasser/ 20/80 | C D(21) | |
| Vers.- | Konjugierte л--Віп- | Misch- (b) | verhält. | verbinc | i. verhält. | % | verhält. | Methanol | ||||||
| Nr. | dungsverbindung (a) | verhält. | (c) | A | A | A | A A(0,5) | |||||||
| Art | 0,4 | |||||||||||||
| — | 100/50 | — | 0,7 | A | A | B | Methanol | C D (20) | ||||||
| 337 | Alizarin | |||||||||||||
| 338 | Leucochini- | — | A | A | B | Methanol | C D(18) | |||||||
| zarin/Lösungs- | 20/80 — | Methanol | ||||||||||||
| mittelfarbst. | — | 0,8 | A | A | A | A B (1,4) | ||||||||
| Schwarz 7 | — | Methanol | ||||||||||||
| 339 | 2,2'-Dianthra- | — | — | 0,2 | A | A | B | Methanol | C D(18) | |||||
| chinolyl | — | — | 0,5 | Methanol | ||||||||||
| 340 | Anhydroniumbase | — | A | A | B | Methanol | C D(19) | |||||||
| 341 | Chromanol/Basi- | — | — | 0,8 | Chloroform | |||||||||
| sches Orange 14 | — | 1,0 | A | A | B | C D (20) | ||||||||
| 342 | Flavonol | NiCI2 | — | 1,2 | Methanol | |||||||||
| 343 | Dicoumarol | — | — | 0,8 | A | A | B | Methanol | C D(16) | |||||
| 344 | Isoxanthon | Polyvinyl- 100/20 | 1,0 | |||||||||||
| 345 | 1-Phenylpyrrol | Zeit f. Waschen (4) | isobutyral | A | A | A | A B(3) | |||||||
| 346 | 3-Phenylindol | m. Wasser nach | 100/5 | — | 0,4 | |||||||||
| Beendigung | — | 0,6 | A | A | A | A B(1,2) | ||||||||
| 347 | Indigoazin | min. | ||||||||||||
| 348 | /3-lsoindigo | 10 | Kesselsteinbildung | A | A | B | C D(17) | |||||||
| Tabelle | 5 (4) (Forts.) | Visuelle Beurteilung (anhaftende Menge g/m | ||||||||||||
| (D | Cl"-Konz.,(3) | 10 | Charge Nr. | |||||||||||
| Vers.- | obere: Mittel | 10 | ||||||||||||
| Nr. | untere: max.-min., | 15 | A | |||||||||||
| ppm | ||||||||||||||
| 337 | 13 | 15 | A | |||||||||||
| 10-15 | ||||||||||||||
| 338 | 12 | 15 | A | |||||||||||
| 9-14 | ||||||||||||||
| 339 | 9 | 15 | A | |||||||||||
| 6-11 | ||||||||||||||
| 340 | 11 | 15 | A | |||||||||||
| 8-13 | ||||||||||||||
| 341 | 19 | 15 | A | |||||||||||
| 15-22 | ||||||||||||||
| 342 | 14 | 15 | A | |||||||||||
| 10-16 | ||||||||||||||
| 343 | 12 | 10 | A | |||||||||||
| 9-14 | ||||||||||||||
| 344 | 6 | 15 | A | |||||||||||
| 4-8 | ||||||||||||||
| 345 | 10 | 15 | A | |||||||||||
| 7-13 | ||||||||||||||
| 346 | 14 | A | ||||||||||||
| 11-17 | ||||||||||||||
| 347 | 12 | A | ||||||||||||
| 9-14 | ||||||||||||||
| 348 | 19 | |||||||||||||
| 15-23 | ||||||||||||||
| Tabelle | 5(5) | Misch | Anorg. | (a)/(b) | Poly | (a)/(c) (2) | 30 | 50 | 100 | Lösungsmittel | 2) | 150 | Misch |
| (D | Beschichtungslösung | verhält. | Verbindung | Masse | mer | Masse- Konz., | A | A | B | Art | C | verhält. | |
| Vers.- | Konjugierte 77-Bin- | (b) | verhält. | verbind | verhält. % | ||||||||
| Nr. | dungsverbindung (a) | 20/80 | (O | A | A | A | A | ||||||
| Art | — | 0,5 | Methanol | ||||||||||
| — | Polysar- | 100/50 0,8 | A | A | B | Methanol | C | ||||||
| 349 | 1,1'Dicarbazol | cosin | |||||||||||
| 350 | Porphyn/Lösungs- | A | A | B | C | ||||||||
| mitte !farbstoff | — | — | 0,4 | Methanol | |||||||||
| Schwarz 5 | — | — | 0,8 | A | A | B | Methanol | C | |||||
| 351 | 4-Phenylthiazol | — | — | 0,9 | Methanol | ||||||||
| 352 | 4-Phenylimidazol | — | — | 0,5 | A | B | C | Methanol | D | 30/70 | |||
| 353 | 5-Phenylpyrazol | Metatetra- | — | 0,7 | Wasser/ | ||||||||
| 354 | Phenylfuroxan | Kieselsäu- | A | A | A | Methanol | A | ||||||
| 355 | 2-Phenyl-1,3,4- | re 100/100 | |||||||||||
| thiadiazol | — | — | 0,4 | A | B | C | Methanol | D | |||||
| 356· | 2-Phenyl-1,2,3- | — | — | 0,8 | A | B | C | Methanol | D | ||||
| triazol | |||||||||||||
| 357 | i-Oxy-5-phenyl- | — | 100/100 1,0 | A | A | A | Aceton | B | |||||
| tetrazol | |||||||||||||
| 358 | 4-Pyridyl-m- | A | A | B | C | ||||||||
| phenylendiamin | — | 0,3 | Methanol | ||||||||||
| — | 0,6 | A | B | C | Methanol | D | |||||||
| 359 | Chinophthalon | ||||||||||||
| 360 | 5-lodoisochinolin | Zeit f. Waschen (4) | |||||||||||
| Tabelle | 5 (5) (Forts.) | m. Wassernach | Visuelle Beurteilung (anhaftende Menge g/m | ||||||||||
| (D | Cr-Konz.,(3) | Beendigung | Charge Nr. | 200 | |||||||||
| Vers.- | obere: Mittel | min. | 10 | D (20) | |||||||||
| Nr. | untere: max.-min.. | 15 | A | ||||||||||
| ppm | A (0,5) | ||||||||||||
| 349 | 7 | 15 | A | ||||||||||
| 5-10 | D(18) | ||||||||||||
| 350 | 8 | 15 | A | ||||||||||
| 6-11 | D(17) | ||||||||||||
| 351 | 14 | 15 | A | ||||||||||
| 10-16 | D(15) | ||||||||||||
| 352 | 12 | 15 | A | ||||||||||
| 9-14 | F (55) | ||||||||||||
| 353 | 10 | 15 | A | ||||||||||
| 7-13 | Hydroxy- | B(2,1) | |||||||||||
| 354 | 12 | 15 | ethyl- | A | |||||||||
| 9-14 | F (53) | ||||||||||||
| 355 | 15 | 15 | cellulose | A | |||||||||
| 12-18 | — | F (56) | |||||||||||
| 356 | 8 | 10 | — | A | |||||||||
| 5-10 | C(10) | ||||||||||||
| 357 s | 14 | 10 | Kesselsteinbildung | A | |||||||||
| 11-17 | D(17) | ||||||||||||
| 358 | 7 | 10 | A | ||||||||||
| 5-9 | F (56) | ||||||||||||
| 359 | 10 | 10 | A | ||||||||||
| 8-12 | |||||||||||||
| 360 | 12 | ||||||||||||
| 10-14 | |||||||||||||
Tabelle 5 (6)
(1) Beschichtungslösung
Vers.- Konjugierte JT-Bin- Anorg.
Nr. dungs-Verbindung(a) Verbindung
Art Misch- (b)
verhält.
(a)/(b) PolyMasse- merverhält. verbind, (c)
(a)/(c) (2) Lösungsmittel
Masse- Konz., Art Misch
verhält. % verhält.
361 9-Phenoxyacridin
362 3-Oxyphenanthridinon
363 2-Benzoylcoumaron
364 Hydrovanilloyl/ 20/80 Lösungsmittelfarbstoff
Schwarzö
365 1,3-Dioxyacridin
366 o-Oxybenzophenon/ 70/30 Lösungsmittelfarbstoff Blau 73
367 2,5-Dioxybenzophenon
368 Acridon
369 2-Oxy-3-phenylindazol
370 Xanthen
371 2,4-Dinitro-9-phenylacridin
372 4,4'-Dibenzoyldiphenyl
Tabelle 5 (6) (Forts.)
Fe(OH)3SoI 100/5 —
| 0,5 | Methanol |
| 0,4 | Methanol |
| 0,8 | Methanol |
| 0,5 | Methanol |
| 0,7 | Methanol |
| 0,8 | Methanol |
| 0,7 | Methanol |
| 0,5 | Methanol |
| 0,5 | Methanol |
| 0,6 | Methanol |
| 0,8 | Methanol |
| 0.4 | Methanol |
(1) Cr-Konz.,(3)
Vers.- obere: Mittel Nr. untere: max.-min.,
ppm
Zeit f. Waschen (4) m. Wasser nach Beendigung min.
Kesselsteinbildung
Visuelle Beurteilung (anhaftende Menge g/m2)
Charge Nr.
30 50 100
200
361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372
15
12-18
20
17-23
13
10-16
16
14-19
12
9-15
5-11
17
14-20
11
8-14
12
9-15
5-10
3-7
12
9-14
10 10 10 10 10 15 15 15 15 15 15 15
A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
A A B A A A A A A A A A
B B C A B A B B B B B B
| C | D(15) |
| C | D(17) |
| D | F(54) |
| A | A(0,5) |
| C | D(18) |
| A | B(2,3) |
| C | D(15) |
| C | D(13) |
| C | D(16) |
| C | D(17) |
| C | D(20) |
| C | D(16) |
Tabelle 5 (7)
| (1) | Beschichtungslösung | Anorg. | — | (a)/(b) Poly- (a)/(c) | (2) | 100 | Lösungsmittel | Ethanol | I | 150 200 |
| Vers.- | Konjugierte гг-Bin- | Verbindung | Masse- mer- Masse | Konz., | Art Misch | |||||
| Nr. | dungs-Verbindung (a) | Misch- (b) | 60/40 Kolloidales | verhält, verbind. verhält. | % | verhält. | Wasser/ 40/60 | |||
| Art | verhält. | Silizium | (O | Methanol | ||||||
| dioxid | Butyl- 100/20 | 0,8 | ||||||||
| 373 | Diaminobenzophe- | 50/50 — | cellulose | Methanol | ||||||
| non | 100/200 — | 0,8 | ||||||||
| 374 | Tetramethoxyindi- | — | Methanol | |||||||
| go/Phenoazoxid | ||||||||||
| — | — | 0,6 | Methanol | |||||||
| 375 | Terphenyl/1,4- | — | Methanol | |||||||
| diphenylnaphthalen | — | — | 0,8 | Methanol | ||||||
| 376 | Aminomethylnaph- | — | Methanol | |||||||
| thalen | — | 0,3 | ||||||||
| 377 | 1-lodonaphthalen | — | — | 0,5 | Methanol | |||||
| 378 | 3,4-Benzcarbazol | — | 0,7 | |||||||
| 379 | a-Naphthol | — | — | 0,4 | Methanol | |||||
| 380 | Methylen-di-ß- | |||||||||
| naphthol | 70/30 — | — | 0,7 | Methanol | ||||||
| 381 | 2-Methoxynaphtha- | |||||||||
| len | Kolloidales | — | 0,8 | Wasser/ 30/70 | ||||||
| 382 | α,/3-Naphthophenyxa- | Silizium | Methanol | |||||||
| zin | dioxid | — | 0,5 | |||||||
| 383 | 2,6-Naphthochinon/ | |||||||||
| Basisches Rot 2 | Zeit f. Waschen (4) | 100/50 — | 1,0 | |||||||
| 384 | 2-Naphthalen-2'- | m. Wasser nach | ||||||||
| indolindigo | Beendigung | |||||||||
| min. | ||||||||||
| Tabelle | 5 (7) (Forts.) | Kesselsteinbildung | ||||||||
| (D | Cr-Konz.,(3) | Visuelle Beurteilung (anhaftende Menge g/m2] | ||||||||
| Vers.- | obere: Mittel | Charge Nr. | ||||||||
| Nr. | untere: max.-min., | 10 30 50 | ||||||||
| ppm | ||||||||||
373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384
5-10
11-17
14-20
7-15
16
14-18
10
7-13
15
13-17
5-10
15
11-18
17
13-20
11
9-14
12
10-15
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
A A A A A A A A A A A A
A A A A A A A A A A A A
A A A B B A B B A A A A
A A B C C B C C B B A A
A A C D D C D D C C A A
A(0,6)
D(17)
F(58)
F(57)
D(15)
F(53)
F(52)
D(20)
D(18)
B(2,3)
Tabelle 5 (8)
| (D | Beschichtungslösung | Anorg. | — | (a)/(b) Poly- (a)/(c) | (2) | 100 | Lösungsmittel | 2) | 150 | Misch |
| Vers.- | Konjugierte я-Віп- | Verbindung | 10/90 — | Masse- mer- Masse | Konz., | Art | verhält. | |||
| Nr. | dungs-Verbindung (a) | Misch- (b) | verhält, verbind. verhält. | % | ||||||
| Art | verhält. | (C) | ||||||||
| — | 0,3 | Methanol | ||||||||
| 385 | Naphthoanilid | Kolloidales | — | 0,5 | Methanol | |||||
| 386 | a-Pyridonaphtha- | Silizium | ||||||||
| lon/Losungsmit- | dioxid | |||||||||
| telfarbstoff | — | 40/60 | ||||||||
| Schwarz 3 | — | 100/100 — | 0,8 | Wasser/ | ||||||
| 387 | a-Nitroso-/3-naphthol | — | Methanol | |||||||
| — | ||||||||||
| — | — | 1,0 | Methanol | |||||||
| 388 | 2-Anilinoanthracen | — | 0,9 | Methanol | ||||||
| 389 | 2-Amino-1-anthranol | — | — | 0,5 | Methanol | |||||
| 390 | Anthracen-9-aldehyd | Kolloidales | — | 0,6 | Methanol | |||||
| 391 | 1-Aminophenanthren | Silizium | — | 0,8 | Methanol | |||||
| 392 | Phenanthren-1,2- | dioxid | ||||||||
| chinon | — | — | 0,7 | Methanol | 20/80 | |||||
| 393 | 2-lodophenanthren | 100/500 — | 0,8 | Wasser/ | ||||||
| 394 | 2-Amino-3- | Fe(OH)3SoI | Methanol | |||||||
| oxyphenanthren- | ||||||||||
| chinon | — | 0,6 | Methanol | |||||||
| 395 | 2,7-Diphenyl[2,3-g]- | Zeit f. Waschen (4) | 50/50 | |||||||
| chinolin | m. Wasser nach | 100/20 — | 0,8 | Wasser/ | ||||||
| 396 | 1,10-Phenanthrolin | Beendigung | Methanol | |||||||
| min. | ||||||||||
| Tabelle | 5 (8) (Forts.) | Kesselsteinbildung | ||||||||
| (D | Cr-Konz.,{3) | Visuelle Beurteilung (anhaftende Menge g/m | ||||||||
| Vers.- | obere: Mittel | Charge Nr. | 200 | |||||||
| Nr. | untere: max.-min., | 10 30 50 | ||||||||
| ppm | ||||||||||
385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396
10
7-13
14
11-18
14
11-17
18
15-22
3-7
11
9-14
6-12
12
10-15
5-11
11
8-14
15
12-18
10
7-13
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 15 15 15 15 15
A A A A A A A A A A A A
A A A A A A A A A A A A
B A A A A A A A A A B A
C A A B B B B B B A C A
| D | F(53) |
| A | B(2,5) |
| A | A(0,4) |
| C | D(19) |
| C | D(20) |
| C | D(22) |
| C | D(18) |
| C | D(20) |
| C | D(21) |
| A | B(2,7) |
| D | F(52) |
| A | B(1,5) |
Tabelle 5 (9)
| (D | Beschichtungslösung | Anorg. | — | (a)/(b) Poly | (a)/(c) | (2) | 100 | Lösungsmittel | Methanol | 2) | 150 200 |
| Vers.- | Konjugierte ;r-Bin- | Verbindung | — | Masse- mer- | Masse | Konz., | Art Misch | ||||
| Nr. | dungs-Verbindung (a) | Misch- (b) | verhält. verbind. | verhält. | % | verhält. | DMF | ||||
| Art | verhält. | (C) | |||||||||
| — | — | 0,4 | Methanol | ||||||||
| 397 | 1,9-Pyridoindol | Kolloidales | PoIy(N-Vi- | 100/30 | Wasser/ 30/70 | ||||||
| 398 | 3-Amino-1,5- | Silizium | nyl-1,2,4- | 1,0 | Methanol | ||||||
| naphthylidin | dioxid | triazol | |||||||||
| 50/50 — | — | 0,7 | Methanol | ||||||||
| 399 | Carocyanin | 100/40 — | 0,9 | ||||||||
| 400 | Phenothiazin | ||||||||||
| — | Methanol | ||||||||||
| — | — | 0,5 | Methylen | ||||||||
| 401 | Phthalazin/ | chlorid | |||||||||
| Säurefarbst. | |||||||||||
| Blau 59 | — | — | 0,4 | Methanol | |||||||
| 402 | 1-Aminophenazin | — | PolyO-vi- | 100/50 | Methanol | ||||||
| 403 | 2,4,6-Triphenyl- | — | nyl-anthra- | 0,6 | Methanol | ||||||
| S-triazin | — | cen) | Methanol | ||||||||
| — | 0,9 | ||||||||||
| 404 | 2-Phenylthiophen | — | — | 0,3 | Methanol | ||||||
| 405 | 3-Oxythiophanthren | — | 0,4 | ||||||||
| 406 | Thiaflavon | Zeit f. Waschen (4) | — | 0,5 | |||||||
| 407 | 2-Aminophenoxan- | m. Wassernach | |||||||||
| thin | Beendigung | — | 0,8 | ||||||||
| 408 | Tetrahydroberberin | min. | |||||||||
| Tabelle | 5 (9) (Forts.) | Kesselsteinbildung | |||||||||
| (D | Cl"-Konz.,(3) | Visuelle Beurteilung (anhaftende Menge g/m | |||||||||
| Vers.- | obere: Mittel | Charge Nr. | |||||||||
| Nr. | untere: max.-min., | 10 30 50 | |||||||||
| ppm | |||||||||||
397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408
13
10-16
20
15-25
12
11-13
10
8-14
5-9
19
14-23
16
13-19
14
11-18
16
13-19
20
16-24
5-8
7-12
15 15 15 15 15 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
A A A A A A A A A A A A
A A A A A A A A A A A A
A A B A A A A A A A B B
B A C A A B A B B B C C
| C | D(17) |
| A | B(1,9) |
| D | F(55) |
| A | A(0,7) |
| A | B(1,8) |
| C | D(18) |
| A | B(2,3) |
| C | D(20) |
| C | D(17) |
| C | D(16) |
| D | F(53) |
| D | F(55) |
| Tabelle | 5(10) | Anorg. | — | (a)/(b) | Poly | (a)/(c) | (2) | 30 | 50 | 100 | Lösungsmittel | 2) | 150 | Misch |
| (1) | Beschichtungslösung | Verbindung | — | Masse | mer | Masse- | Konz., | A | A | B | Art | C | verhält. | |
| Vers.- | Konjugierte 77-Bin- | Misch- (b) | — | verhält. | verbind, verhält. | % | ||||||||
| Nr. | dungs-Verbindung (a) | verhält. | Kolloidales | (c) | A | A | B | C | ||||||
| Art | Silizium | — | 0,5 | Methanol | ||||||||||
| dioxid | — | 0,7 | A | A | B | Methanol | C | |||||||
| 409 | Nicotylen | — | 0,5 | A | A | A | Methanol | A | ||||||
| 410 | Azlen | Zeit f. Waschen (4) | 100/200 | 1,5 | Methanol | |||||||||
| 411 | Rosarin | m. Wasser nach | ||||||||||||
| 412 | Rosarin | Beendigung | ||||||||||||
| min. | ||||||||||||||
| 10 | Schellack | |||||||||||||
| Tabelle | 5 (10) (Forts.) | harz | Visuelle Beurteilung (anhaftende Menge g/m | |||||||||||
| (D | Cr-Konz.,(3) | 10 | Charge Nr. | 200 | ||||||||||
| Vers.- | obere: Mittel | 10 | D(18) | |||||||||||
| Nr. | untere: max.-min.. | Kesselsteinbildung | A | |||||||||||
| ppm | D(18) | |||||||||||||
| 409 | 11 | A | ||||||||||||
| 9-13 | D(20) | |||||||||||||
| 410 | 18 | A | A(0,5) | |||||||||||
| 15-21 | A | |||||||||||||
| 411 | ||||||||||||||
| 412 | ||||||||||||||
Anmerkungen:
(1) + Vergleichsbeispiele
(2) Konzentration der konjugierten π-Bindungs-Verbindung in der Beschichtungslösung
(3) Chloridionenkonzentration in der Aufschlämmung nach Beendigung der Polymerisation
(4) Fließgeschwindigkeit des Wassers 0,1 m3/m2h
Wie aus Tabelle 6 hervorgeht, wurde zur Herstellung einer Beschichtungslösung für jeden Versuch eine konjugierte ir-Bindungs-Verbindung in einem Lösungsmittel, wahlweise unter Zugabe einer anorganischen Verbindung oder einer Polymerverbindung, gelöst oder dispergiert, wie aus der gleichen Tabelle zu sehen ist. Das Formulierungsverhältnis der anorganischen Verbindung oder Polymerverbindung und die Konzentration der konjugierten 77-Bindungs-Verbindung in der Beschichtungslösung sind gleichfalls in Tabelle 6 enthalten. Die Beschichtungslösung wurde auf die polierte Innenwandfläche eines Polymerisationsreaktors aus rostfreiem Stahl mit einem Fassungsvermögen von 1 000 Litern und auf die Teile, die mit den Monomeren in Berührung kommen können, z. B. das Rührwerk, aufgebracht, bei 700C 20 Minuten lang getrocknet und danach gründlich mit Wasser gewaschen.
Anschließend wurde der in dieser Weise beschichtete Polymerisationsreaktor mit 200 kg Vinylchloridmonomer, 400 kg entionisiertem Wasser, 0,25kg Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, 0,25kg Sorbitanmonolaurat und 50g a, a'-Azobis-2,4-dimethylvalelonitril gefüllt, und die Polymerisation wurde 10 Stunden lang bei 57°C vorgenommen. Nach Beendigung der Polymerisation wurde das Polymer entnommen, und der Polymerisationsreaktor wurde innen mit Wasser mit einer Fließgeschwindigkeit von 0,1 m3/m2h gewaschen, wie aus Tabelle 6 hervorgeht. Die oben genannten Arbeitsgänge vom Beschichten und Beschicken bis zum Waschen mit Wasser wurden bei jeder Charge ausgeführt und für maximal 200 Chargen wiederholt.
Wie in Beispiel 1 beschrieben, wurde die Chloridionenkonzentration reguliert und die Kesselsteinbildung beurteilt. Die Bedingungen und Ergebnisse sind in Tabelle 6 enthalten.
In Tabelle 6 handelt es sich bei den mit einem Sternchen versehenen Versuchs-Nummern um Vergleichsbeispiele. So sind vor allem die Versuche Nr.413 und 414 Beispiele, bei denen die Innenwandfläche des Polymerisationsreaktors mit keinerlei Verbindung behandelt wurde.
| (D | Beschichtungslösung | Anorg. | — | (a)/(b) | Poly- (a)/(c) | (2) | Lösungsmittel | Visuelle Beurteilung (anhaftende Menge g/m2) | 30 50 | 100 | 150 | Misch |
| Vers.- | Konjugierte π-Βίη- | Verbindung | — | Masse | mer- Masse | Konz., | Art | Charge Nr. | verhält. | |||
| Nr. | dungs-Verbindung (a) | Misch- (b) | — | verhält. | verbind, verhält. | % | 10 | |||||
| Art | verhält. | Fe(OH)3SoI | (O | |||||||||
| — | — | |||||||||||
| 413* | — | 50/50 Kolloidales | — | — | ||||||||
| 414+ | — | Silizium | — | 0,5 | Methanol | 20/80 | ||||||
| 415+ | 1-Bromonaphthalen | dioxid | 100/30 | — | 0,6 | Wasser/ | ||||||
| 416+ | 1-Naphthalen-2'- | — | Methanol | 50/50 | ||||||||
| indolindigo | Kolloidales | 100/100 | — | 1,2 | Wasser/ | |||||||
| 417+ | 9,10-Diamino- | Silizium | Methanol | |||||||||
| phenanthren/Phe- | dioxid | |||||||||||
| nothiazin | — | — | 0,6 | Methanol | ||||||||
| 418+ | Dioxyacridon | 0/100 | — | 1,0 | Wasser | |||||||
| 419+ | — | — | ||||||||||
| — | Polytetra- 100/50 | 0,7 | Benzen | |||||||||
| 42O+ | 7-Oxy-3,4- | — | hydrofuran | |||||||||
| benzocoumarin | — | Polytetra- 0/100 | 0,5 | Benzen | ||||||||
| 421+ | — | hydrofuran | ||||||||||
| Zeit f. Waschen (4) | — | 0,6 | Methanol | |||||||||
| 422+ | lndophenin | m. Wassernach | — | 0,4 | Methanol | |||||||
| 423+ | Nitrophenothiazin | Beendigung | — | 0,5 | Methanol | |||||||
| 424+ | Dianthrachinoneimid | min. | ||||||||||
| Tabelle | 6(1 ((Forts.) | Kesselsteinbildung | ||||||||||
| (D | Cr-Konz.,(3) | |||||||||||
| Vers.- | obere: Mittel | 200 | ||||||||||
| Nr.- | untere: max.-min., | |||||||||||
| ppm | ||||||||||||
413+ 414+ 415+ 416+ 417+ 418+ 419+ 42O+ 421+ 422+ 423+ 424+
300
260-300
13
8-17
280
260-330
270
250-320
240
220-300
280
260-320
230
210-290
290
270-350
220
200-280
260
240-310
250
230-280
300
280-350
60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60
H(1 400)
H (1200)
H (1 300)
H (1 350)
(1 000)
F H (900)
H (850)
(1 000)
H (900)
H (800) H (800) H (850)
Tabelle 6 (2)
| (D | Beschichtungslösung | Anorg. | (a)/(b) | Poly | (a)/(c) | (2) | Lösungsmittel |
| Vers.- | Konjugierte ff-Bin- | Verbindung | Masse | mer | Masse | Konz., | Art Misch |
| Nr. | dungs-Verbindung (a) | (b) | verhält. | verbind. | verhält. | % | verhält. |
| Art Misch | (O | ||||||
| verhält. | |||||||
Kolloidales Siliziumdioxid
100/50 —
425+ 6-Phenylcoumarin/ 20/80 Kolloidales 100/80 Lösungsmittel- Siliziumfarbstoff dioxid
Schwarz 5
426 N-Naphthyl- — ethylendiamin
427 1-Bromonaphthalen —
428 1,1'-Diamino-2,2'-binaphthyl
429 Benzoindanon
430 Oxybenzoacridin
431 1-Naphthalen-2'-indoleindigo
432 a-Naphthoamidoxim
433 a-Naphthylglyoxal
434 9-Mercaptoanthracen
435 9,10-Diamino- 50/50 Kolloidales 100/100 — phenanthren/ Silizium-
Phenothiazin dioxid
436 2-Aminophenan- — threnchinon
Tabelle 6 (2) (Forts.)
0,6
Wasser/ Methanol
Fe(OH)3SoI 100/30 —
| Polycyclo- 100/30 | 0,8 | Benzen |
| pentaneoxid | ||
| . | 0,5 | Methanol |
| 1,0 | Wasser/ | |
| Methanol | ||
| _ | 0,6 | Methanol |
| — | 0,7 | Methanol |
| 0,6 | Wasser/ | |
| Methanol | ||
| 0,5 | Methanol | |
| — | 0,5 | Methanol |
| — | 0,7 | Methanol |
| _ | 1,2 | Wasser/ |
| Methanol | ||
| Polybuta- 100/10 | 0,5 | Wasser/ |
| dien | Methanol |
| (D | Cr-Konz.,(3) | Zeit f. Waschen (4) | Kesselsteinbildung | 150 | 200 |
| Vers.- | obere: Mittel | m. Wassernach | Visuelle Beurteilung (anhaftende Menge g/m2) | ||
| Nr. | untere: max.-min., | Beendigung | Charge Nr. | ||
| ppm | min. | 10 30 50 100 | |||
| 425+ | 290 | 60 |
| 270-340 | ||
| 426 | 14 | 15 |
| 11-18 | ||
| 427 | 9 | 15 |
| 6-12 | ||
| 428 | 11 | 15 |
| 7-13 | ||
| 429 | 8 | 15 |
| 6-9 | ||
| 430 | 5 | 15 |
| 3-7 | ||
| 431 | 19 | 15 |
| 17-21 | ||
| 432 | 16 | 10 |
| 14-18 | ||
| 433 | 20 | 10 |
| 18-23 | ||
| 434 | 8 | 10 |
| 5-11 | ||
| 435 | 11 | 10 |
| 9-14 | ||
| 436 | 14 | 10 |
| 11-17 |
| с | F | Н(700) | А | В | С(10) |
| А | А | А | С | D | R60) |
| А | А | В | А | А | В(1,5) |
| А | А | А | С | D | F(57) |
| А | А | В | В | С | D(19) |
| А | А | А | А | А | В(2,7) |
| А | А | А | В | С | D(18) |
| А | А | А | С | D | F(59) |
| А | А | В | С | D | F(62) |
| А | А | В | А | А | BI1.2] |
| А | А | А | А | В | C(9) |
| А | А | А | |||
| (D | Beschichtungslosung | Anorg. | (a)/(b) Poly- (a)/(c) | (2) | 100 | Lösungsmittel | 2) | 150 | Misch |
| Vers.- | Konjugierte я-Віп- | Verbindung | Masse- mer- Masse | Konz., | Art | verhält. | |||
| Nr. | dungs-Verbindung (a) | Misch- (b) | verhält, verbind. verhält. | % | |||||
| Art | verhält. | (O | |||||||
| 90/10 — | — | 0,8 | Methanol | ||||||
| 437 | Perylen/2,2'- | ||||||||
| dioxyazobenzen | — | — | 0,4 | Methanol | |||||
| 438 | 1,2-Benzophenazin | — | — | 0,5 | Methanol | ||||
| 439 | 2-lodo-1,4- | ||||||||
| naphthochinon | — | — | 0,5 | Methanol | |||||
| 440 | Dianthrachi- | 20/80 | |||||||
| nonimid | Fe(OH)3SoI | 100/10 — | 0,5 | Wasser/ | |||||
| 441 | Quinizarin- | Methanol | |||||||
| chinon | — | — | 0,6 | Methanol | 40/60 | ||||
| 442 | Dioxyacridon | Kolloidales | 100/300 — | 0,8 | Wasser/ | ||||
| 443 | 3,6-Diamino- | Silizium | Methanol | ||||||
| acridin | dioxid | ||||||||
| — | — | 0,7 | Methanol | ||||||
| 444 | 4'-Nitroso-2- | ||||||||
| nitro-diphe- | |||||||||
| nylamin | — | — | 0,9 | Methanol | |||||
| 445 | 4,4'-Dinitro- | ||||||||
| diphenylamin | — | — | 0,5 | Methanol | |||||
| 446 | Dinitrophenyl- | 50/50 | |||||||
| indazol | Kolloidales | 100/100 — | 1,0 | Wasser/ | |||||
| 447 | Aminobenzophe- | Silizium | Methanol | ||||||
| non | dioxid | ||||||||
| — | — | 0,5 | Methanol | ||||||
| 448 | 1,3,8-Trinitro- | ||||||||
| phenoxazin | |||||||||
| Tabelle | 6(3) (Forts.) | Zeit f. Waschen (4) | Kesselsteinbildung | ||||||
| (D | Cr-Konz.,(3) | m. Wasser nach | Visuelle Beurteilung (anhaftende Menge g/m | ||||||
| Vers.- | obere: Mittel | Beendigung | Charge Nr. | 200 | |||||
| Nr. | untere : max.-min.. | min. | 10 30 50 | ||||||
| Ppm | |||||||||
437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448
17
14-19
10
8-12
5-7
11
9-13
19
16-22
5-11
17
14-20
5-13
15
11-18
17
14-20
11
9-13
14
11-17
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
A A A A A A A A A A A A
| A | A |
| A | B |
| A | B |
| A | B |
| A | A |
| A | B |
| A | A |
| A | A |
| A | B |
| A | B |
| A | A |
| A | B |
B C C C A C A B C C A C
| C | D(18) |
| D | R57) |
| D | F(61) |
| D | F(60) |
| A | B(1,9) |
| D | F{58) |
| A | B(3) |
| C | D(9) |
| D | F(59) |
| D | F(55) |
| A | B(2,5) |
| D | F(57) |
Tabelle 6 (4)
| (D | Beschichtungslosung | Anorg. | — | (a)/(b) Poly- (a)/(c) | 100/40 | — | (2) | 100 | Lösungsmittel | ) | 150 | Misch |
| Vers.- | Konjugierte гт-Bin- | Verbindung | Masse- mer- Masse | — | Konz., | Art | verhält. | |||||
| Nr. | dungs-Verbindung (a) | Misch- (b) | 20/80 Kolloidales | verhält, verbind. verhalt. | — | % | ||||||
| Art | verhält. | Silizium | (O | — | ||||||||
| dioxid | — | 0,5 | Methanol | |||||||||
| 449 | 2,2'-Dioxybi- | — | 100/150 — | 30/70 | ||||||||
| phenyl | 100/80 — | 0,6 | Wasser/ | |||||||||
| 450 | 6-Phenylcoumarin | Kolloidales | Methanol | |||||||||
| Lösungsmittel- | Silizium | — | ||||||||||
| farbst. Schwarz 5 | dioxid | Polytetra- 100/50 | 100/200 — | 0,7 | Benzen | |||||||
| 451 | 7-Oxy-3,4-benzo- | — | hydrofuran | 50/50 | ||||||||
| coumarin | — | 0,9 | Wasser/ | |||||||||
| 452 | 2-Phenyl-3-phe- | — | — | Methanol | ||||||||
| nylazoindol | — | |||||||||||
| Kesselsteinbildung | 0,6 | Methanol | ||||||||||
| 453 | lndophenin | Kolloidales | 0,7 | Methanol | ||||||||
| 454 | Polyphyrajin | Silizium | 0,6 | Methanol | ||||||||
| 455 | 4-Phenyloxazol | dioxid | 0,4 | Methanol | ||||||||
| 456 | 5-Benzoyl-3,4- | — | 30/70 | |||||||||
| diphenylisooxazol | Kolloidales | 0,8 | Wasser/ | |||||||||
| 457 | 2-Amino-4-phe- | Silizium | Methanol | |||||||||
| nylthiazol | dioxid | |||||||||||
| — | 0,5 | Methanol | 40/60 | |||||||||
| 458 | 2-Phenylazoimidazol | 0,8 | Wasser/ | |||||||||
| 459 | 4-Pyridylazoresorcin | Zeit f. Waschen (4) | Methanol | |||||||||
| m. Wasser nach | ||||||||||||
| Beendigung | 0,6 | Methanol | ||||||||||
| 460 | 2,3-Chinolindiol | min. | ||||||||||
| Tabelle | 6 (4) (Forts.) | |||||||||||
| (D | Cr-Konz.,(3) | visuelle Beurteilung (anhaftende Menge g/m2 | ||||||||||
| Vers.- | obere: Mittel | Charge Nr. | 200 | |||||||||
| Nr. | untere: max.-min., | 10 30 50 | ||||||||||
| ppm | ||||||||||||
449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460
12
9-14
17
14-20
18
14-21
12
10-14
20
18-22
16
13-19
6-12
11
8-14
19
17-21
5-10
3-7
11
9-13
15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 10 10 10 10
A A A A A A A A A A A A
| B | C |
| A | A |
| A | A |
| A | A |
| A | B |
| B | C |
| A | B |
| A | B |
| A | A |
| A | B |
| A | A |
| B | C |
D A B A C D C C A C A D
E A C A D E D D A D A E
F(59) D(19)
F(60) F(65) F(59) F(55)
F(60) F(57)
| 6(5) | Anorg | 70/30 | — | (a)/(b) | PoIy- | (a)/(c) | chmoxa- | (2) | -51- | 237 514 | Visuelle Beurteilung (anhaftende Menge g/m2) | 30 | 50 | 100 | 150 | Misch | ||
| Tabelle | Beschichtungslosung | Verbindung | Masse | mer- | Masse- | Im | Konz, | Charge Nr | A | B | C | D | verhalt | |||||
| (D | Konjugierte ττ-Βιπ- | Misch- (b) | — | verhalt | verbinc | i verhalt | — | % | 10 | |||||||||
| Vers- | dungs-Verbmdung (a) | verhalt | — | (c) | Losungsmittel | A | A | A | A | A | ||||||||
| Nr | Art | — | — | 07 | Art | |||||||||||||
| Fe(OH)3SoI | — | A | B | C | D | E | ||||||||||||
| 1-Aminoiso- | PoIy- | 100/60 | 1,0 | |||||||||||||||
| 461 | chinolin | — | Methanol | A | A | B | C | D | ||||||||||
| 9 Oxyacridin/ | Zeitf Waschen (4) | |||||||||||||||||
| 462 | Basisches | m Wassernach | 0,4 | DMF | A | B | C | D | E | |||||||||
| Orange14 | Beendigung | Kesselsteinbildung | ||||||||||||||||
| Nitrophenothia- | min | 0,8 | A | A | A | A | A | |||||||||||
| 463 | zi η | 10 | 0,6 | Methanol | ||||||||||||||
| 2-Phenadinol | A | 10/90 | ||||||||||||||||
| 464 | 2,8-Diaminodi- | 10 | 100/30 | 0,6 | Methanol | |||||||||||||
| 465 | benzothiophen | Methanol | ||||||||||||||||
| Cyclot3,3,3]azin | 10 | |||||||||||||||||
| 466 | Wasser/ | |||||||||||||||||
| 6 (5) (Forts) | 10 | Methanol | ||||||||||||||||
| Tabelle | Cl"-Konz,(3) | 200 | ||||||||||||||||
| (D | obere Mittel | 10 | F(56) | |||||||||||||||
| Vers- | untere max -min , | |||||||||||||||||
| Nr | ppm | 10 | B(2,1) | |||||||||||||||
| 17 | ||||||||||||||||||
| 461 | 14-20 | F(60) | ||||||||||||||||
| 19 | ||||||||||||||||||
| 462 | 15-24 | F(62) | ||||||||||||||||
| 10 | ||||||||||||||||||
| 463 | 8-13 | F(57) | ||||||||||||||||
| 7 | ||||||||||||||||||
| 464 | 5-9 | B(1,3) | ||||||||||||||||
| 6 | ||||||||||||||||||
| 465 | 5-7 | |||||||||||||||||
| 11 | ||||||||||||||||||
| 466 | 9-13 | |||||||||||||||||
Anmerkungen
(1) * Vergleichsbeispiele
(2) Konzentration der konjugierten π-Verbindung in der Beschichtungslosung
(3) Chlondionenkonzentration in der Aufschlämmung nach Beendigung der Polymerisation
(4) Fließgeschwindigkeit von Wasser 0,1 m3/m2h
Wie aus Tabelle 7 hervorgeht, wurde zur Herstellung einer Beschichtungslosung fur jeden Versuch eine konjugierte π-Bindungs-Verbindung in einem Losungsmittel, wahlweise unter Zugabe einer anorganischen Verbindung oder einer Polymerverbindung, gelost oder dispergiert, wie in der gleichen Tabelle gezeigt wird Das Formulierungsverhaltnis der anorganischen Verbindung oder der Polymerverbindung sowie die Konzentration der konjugierten я-Bindungs Verbindung in der Beschichtungslosung sind gleichfalls in Tabelle 7 aufgezeigt Die Beschichtungslosun g wurde auf die polierte Innenwandflache eines Polymensationsreaktors aus rostfreiem Stahl mit einem Fassungsvermögen von 1000 Litern und auf die Teile, die mit den Monomeren in Berührung kommen können, ζ B das Ruhrwerk, aufgebracht, 20 Minuten lang bei 6O0C getrocknet und anschließend grundlich mit Wasser gewaschen
Anschließend wurde der in dieser Weise beschichtete Polymensationsreaktor mit 160kg Vinylchloridmonomer, 40 kg Vinylacetatmonomer, 400kg entionisiertem Wasser, 600g Gelatine, 2kg Tnclene und 350g Lauroylperoxid gefüllt, und die Polymerisation wurde 6 Stunden lang bei 7O0C vorgenommen Nach Beendigung der Polymerisation wurde das Polymer entnommen, und der Polymerisationsreaktor wurde innen mit Wasser mit einer Fließgeschwindigkeit von 0,1 m3/m2h gewaschen, wie in Tabelle 7 angeführt wird Die oben genannten Arbeitsgange vom Beschichten und Beschicken bis zum Waschen mit Wasser wurden fur jede Charge vorgenommen und maximal fur 200 Chargen wiederholt Wie in Beispiel 1 beschrieben wurde die Chlondionenkonzentration reguliert und die Kesselsteinbildung beurteilt Die Bedingungen und Ergebnisse sind in Tabelle 7 enthalten
In Tabelle 7 handelt es sich bei den mit einem Sternchen (*) versehenen Versuchs Nummern um Vergleichsbeispiele Die Versuche Nr 467 und 468 sind besonders Beispiele, bei denen die Innenwandflache des Polymerisationsreaktors mit keinerlei Verbindung behandelt wurde
| (D | Beschichtungslosung | Anorg. | (a)/(b) | Poly | (a)/(c) | (2) | Lösungsmittel |
| Vers.- | Konjugierte π-Bin- | Verbindung | Masse | mer | Masse | Konz., | Art Misch |
| Nr. | dungs-Verbindung (a) | (b) | verhält. | verbind. | verhält. | % | verhält. |
| Art Misch | (O | ||||||
| verhält. | |||||||
467* 468* 469*
470*
2,2'-Diaminodiphenyl 2,2'-Diaminodiphenyl
0,5
Methanol
471* —
| 472* | 1-Amino- |
| phenanthridin | |
| 473* | — |
| 474* | 2-Chlor-chinizarin |
| 475* | Pyrazolanthron |
| 476* | 4,10-Dioxy-1,7- |
| phenanthrolin | |
| 477* | 1,2-Dihydro- |
| naphthalen | |
| 478* | 3,3'-Azopyridin |
| Kolloidales | 100/100 | — | 1,0 | Methanol |
| Silizium | ||||
| dioxid | ||||
| Kolloidales | 0/100 | — | 1,0 | Wasser |
| Silizium | ||||
| dioxid | ||||
| — | Polycyclo- 50/50 | 1,2 | Benzen | |
| pentadien | ||||
| Polycyclo- 0/100 | 1,0 | Benzen | ||
| pentadien | ||||
| — | — | 0,5 | Methanol | |
| — | — | 0,8 | Ethanol | |
| FeCI2 | 100/2 | — | 0,5 | Methanol |
| Fe(OH)3SoI | 100/10 | — | 0,5 | Methanol |
| _ | _ | 0,8 | Methanol |
| Tabelle 7 | (1) (Forts.) | Zeit f. Waschen (4) | Kesselsteinbildung | 30 50 100 | 150 200 |
| (D | Cr-Konz.,(3) | m. Wasser nach | Visuelle Beurteilung (anhaftende Menge g/m2) | ||
| Vers.- | obere: Mittel | Beendigung | Charge Nr. | ||
| Nr. | untere: max.-min., | min. | 10 | ||
| ppm | 60 | H(1 100) | |||
| 467* | 350 | H (700) | |||
| 320-390 | 60 | HdOOO) | |||
| 468* | 10 | F H (600) | |||
| 7-12 | 60 | G | |||
| 469* | 290 | ||||
| 270-350 | 60 | -C | |||
| 470* | 270 | F H (500) | |||
| 250-320 | 60 | H (900) | |||
| 471» | 250 | ||||
| 230-310 | 60 | C | |||
| 472* | 280 | H (950) | |||
| 260-330 | 60 | Hdooo) | |||
| 473* | 250 | H (800) | |||
| 230-320 | 60 | G | |||
| 474* | 240 | F H (700) | |||
| 220-300 | 60 | G | |||
| 475* | 300 | F H (650) | |||
| 280-350 | 60 | C | |||
| 476* | 310 | H (850) | |||
| 290-360 | 60 | C | |||
| 477* | 240 | ||||
| 220-280 | 60 | G | |||
| 478* | 260 | ||||
| 240-310 | |||||
Tabelle 7 (2)
(1) Beschichtungslösung
Vers.- Konjugierte 77-Bin-Nr. dungs-Verbindung (a)
Art
Mischverhält.
Anorg.
Verbindung
(b) (a)/(b) PolyMasse- merverhält. verbind, (c)
(a)/(c) (2) Lösungsmittel
Masse- Konz., Art Misch
verhält. % verhält.
479* i-Amino-5-
phenyltetrazol
48O+ Phenazin/
Lösungsmittelfarbstoff Schwarz 3
481 2,2'-Diaminobiphenyl
482 2,2'-Diaminobiphenyl
483 Roseindol
484 Indophenin
485 Chlorophyll b
486 Phthalocyanin/ 2,4-Diaminophenazin
487 3,3'-Azopyridin
488 7,8-Dioxyflavon
489 N-Nitroso-anaphthylhydroxylamin
490 2-Chlorochinizarin
0,8
Ethanol
70/30 —
50/50
Kolloidales Siliziumdioxid Fe(OH)3SoI
Orthokieselsäure 100/100 —
100/20 —
100/50 —
| 0,5 | Methanol |
| 1,0 | Methanol |
| 0,5 | Methanol |
| 0,5 | Methanol |
| 0,5 | Ethanol |
| 0,7 | Methanol |
| 0,8 | Methanol |
| 0,5 | Ethanol |
| 0,3 | Methanol |
0,5
Methanol
Tabelle 7 (2) (Forts.)
(1) СГ-Κοηζ.,β)
Vers.- obere: Mittel Nr. untere: max.-min.,
ppm
Zeit f. Waschen (4) m. Wasser nach Beendigung Kesselsteinbildung Visuelle Beurteilung (anhaftende Menge g/m2) Charge Nr. 30 50
150
200
482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490
280 260-330
6-11
10
8-12
5-10
15
12-17
20
16-22
15
12-17
13
10-15
14
11-16
11
8-13
10
7-12
60
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 H (800)
| B A | C A | F B | H (500) C | D | F (60) |
| A | A | A | A | A | A(0,5) |
| A | A | A | A | A | B(2,5) |
| A | A | B | C | D | F (55) |
| A | A | B | C | D | F (28) |
| A | A | A | A | A | A (0,4) |
| A | A | B | C | D | F (56) |
| A | A | A | B | C | D (20) |
| A | A | A | B | C | D(18) |
| A | A | B | C | D | F (57) |
| Tabelle | 7(3) | Misch | Anorg. | (a)/(b) | Poly | (a)/(c) (2) | 30 | 50 | 100 | Lösungsmittel | 2) | 150 | Misch |
| (D | Beschichtungslösung | verhält. | Verbindung | Masse | mer | Masse- Konz., | A | A | A | Art | A | verhält. | |
| Vers.- | Konjugierte я-Віп- | (b) | verhält. | verbind | verhält. % | ||||||||
| Nr. | dungs-Verbindung (a) | (C) | A | A | A | A | |||||||
| Art | Metatetra- | 100/200 | — | 1,5 | Methanol | ||||||||
| kieselsäure | A | B | C | D | |||||||||
| 491 | 2-(o-Aminophe- | — | Polyiso | 1,0 | Methanol | ||||||||
| nyl)oxazol | buten | A | A | A | A | ||||||||
| 492 | 2-Phenylazothiazol | — | 0,8 | Ethanol | |||||||||
| A | A | A | A | ||||||||||
| 493 | i-Amino-5- | Kolloidales | 100/20 | — | 1,0 | Methanol | |||||||
| phenyltetrazol | Silizium | A | A | A | A | ||||||||
| 494 | 3,2'-Diindolyl | dioxid | |||||||||||
| — | 50/50 1,5 | A | A | A | Benzen | A | |||||||
| 495 | 1-Aminophe- | 70/30 | FeCI2 | 100/2 | 0,5 | A | B | C | Methanol | D | |||
| nanthoridin | |||||||||||||
| 496 | 4,10-Dioxy-1,7- | — | 0,5 | A | A | B | Methanol | C | |||||
| phenanthrolin | |||||||||||||
| 497 | Phenazin/Lösungs- | A | B | C | D | ||||||||
| mitte !farbstoff | — | 0,3 | Methanol | ||||||||||
| Schwarz 3 | — | 0,7 | A | B | C | Ethanol | D | ||||||
| 498 | Dibenzosuberol | — | 0,5 | Methanol | |||||||||
| 499 | a-Methoxyphenazin | A | A | A | A | ||||||||
| 500 | 2-Phenylbenzo- | — | 0,3 | Toluen | |||||||||
| thiazol | Zeitf | Fe(OH)3SoI | 100/10 | 0,5 | Methanol | ||||||||
| 501 | 3-Phenylcoumaron | ||||||||||||
| 502 | 1,2-Dihydro- | .Waschen (4) | |||||||||||
| Tabelle | 7(3) (Forts.) | m. Wasser nach | Polycyclo- | Visuelle Beurteilung (anhaftende Menge g/m | |||||||||
| (1) | Cl"-Konz.,(3) | Beendigung | pentadien | Charge Nr. | 200 | ||||||||
| Vers.- | obere: Mittel | min. | — | 10 | A(0,7) | ||||||||
| Nr. | untere: max.-min., | 15 | A | ||||||||||
| ppm | — | B(2,3) | |||||||||||
| 491 | 9 | 15 | A | ||||||||||
| 6-11 | F (58) | ||||||||||||
| 492 | 12 | 15 | — | A | |||||||||
| 9-14 | — | A(0,6) | |||||||||||
| 493 | 14 | 15 | — | A | |||||||||
| 11-16 | B(3) | ||||||||||||
| 494 | 15 | 15 | — | A | |||||||||
| 13-17 | — | A (0,4) | |||||||||||
| 495 | 14 | 15 | A | ||||||||||
| 11-16 | Kesselsteinbildung | A(0,7) | |||||||||||
| 496 | 15 | 15 | A | ||||||||||
| 12-17 | F (56) | ||||||||||||
| 497 | 17 | 15 | A | ||||||||||
| 14-19 | D(21) | ||||||||||||
| 498 | 11 | 15 | A | ||||||||||
| 8-13 | F (55) | ||||||||||||
| 499 | 18 | 15 | A | ||||||||||
| 16-20 | F (54) | ||||||||||||
| 500 | 14 | 15 | A | ||||||||||
| 11-16 | A(0,5) | ||||||||||||
| 501 | 10 | 10 | A | ||||||||||
| 7-12 | |||||||||||||
| 502 | 8 | ||||||||||||
| 5-10 | |||||||||||||
| 7(4) | Anorg. | (a)/(b) | Poly | (a)/(c) (2) | 30 | 50 | 100 | -55- | 237 514 | Misch | |
| Tabelle | Beschichtungslösung | Verbindung | Masse | mer | Masse- Konz., | A | A | B | verhält. | ||
| (D | Konjugierte 7г-Віп- | Misch- (b) | verhält. | verbind | verhält. % | ||||||
| Vers.- | dungs-Verbindung (a) | verhält. | (C) | A | A | A | Lösungsmittel | ||||
| Nr. | Art | 20/80 — | — | 0,4 | Art | ||||||
| A | A | B | |||||||||
| Perimidin/ | |||||||||||
| 503 | Phenylrosin- | HiCI2 | 100/5 | — | 0,5 | A | B | C | THF | ||
| dorin | |||||||||||
| IO-Benzoazo-9- | — | — | 0,7 | ||||||||
| 504 | phenanthrol | Methanol | |||||||||
| 4-Nitroso-1- | — | — | 0,8 | ||||||||
| 505 | naphthylamin | Methanol | |||||||||
| Pyrazol- | |||||||||||
| 506 | anthron | Zeit f. Waschen (4) | Kesselsteinbildung | Ethanol | |||||||
| 7 (4) (Forts.) | m. Wasser nach | Visuelle Beurteilung (anhaftende Menge g/m2) | |||||||||
| Tabelle | Cl -Konz.,(3) | Beendigung | Charge Nr. | 200 | |||||||
| (D | obere: Mittel | min. | 10 | D (20) | |||||||
| Vers.- | untere: max.-min.. | 10 | A | ||||||||
| Nr. | ppm | B(2,1) | |||||||||
| 12 | 10 | A | 150 | ||||||||
| 503 | 9-14 | C | D(9) | ||||||||
| 9 | 10 | A | |||||||||
| 504 | 6-11 | A | F (60) | ||||||||
| 10 | 10 | A | |||||||||
| 505 | 7-12 | C | |||||||||
| 15 | |||||||||||
| 506 | 12-17 | D | |||||||||
(1) * Vergleichsbeispiele
(2) Konzentration von konjugierter гг-Bindungs-Verbindung in der Beschichtungslösung
(3) Chloridionenkonzentration in der Aufschlämmung nach Beendigung der Polymerisation
(4) Fließgeschwindigkeit von Wasser 0,1 m3/m2h.
Wie aus Tabelle 8 hervorgeht, wurde zur Herstellung einer Beschichtungslösung für jeden Versuch eine konjugierte π-Bindungs-Verbindung, wahlweise unter Zugabe einer anorganischen Verbindung oder einer Polymerverbindung, gelöst oder dispergiert, wie in der gleichen Tabelle angegeben wird. Das Formulierungsverhältnis der anorganischen Verbindung oder der Polymerverbindung sowie die Konzentration der konjugierten n--Bindungs-Verbindung in der Beschichtungslösung sind gleichfalls aus Tabelle 8 zu entnehmen. Die Beschichtungslösung wurde auf die polierte Innenwandfläche eines Polymerisationsreaktors aus rostfreiem Stahl mit einem Fassungsvermögen von 1 000 Litern und die Teile, die mit den Monomeren in Berührung kommen können, z. B. das Rührwerk, aufgebracht, 10 Minuten lang bei 800C getrocknet und danach gründlich mit Wasser gewaschen.
Anschließend wurde der Polymerisationsreaktor mit 200kg Vinylchloridmonomer, 400kg entionisiertem Wasser, 40g eines teilweise verseiften Polyvinylalkohol, 60g Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose und 80g Di-2-ethylhexylperoxycarbonat gefüllt, und die Polymerisation wurde 7 Stunden lang bei 57°C ausgeführt. Nach Beendigung der Polymerisation wurde das Polymer entnommen und der Polymerisationsreaktor innen mit Wasser mit einer Fließgeschwindigkeit von 0,1 m3/m2h gewaschen, wie inTabelle 8 angegeben wird. Dieoben genannten Arbeitsgänge vom Beschichten und Beschicken biszum Waschen mitWasser wurden für jede Charge vorgenommen und für maximal 200 Chargen wiederholt.
Wie in Beispiel 1 beschrieben, wurde die Chloridionenkonzentration reguliert und die Kesselsteinbildung beurteilt. Ebenfalls wurde die Anzahl der Fischaugen in den Produkten, die aus den in der 10., 30., 50., 100., 150. und 200.Charge erzeugten Polymeren gewonnen worden waren, wie in Beispiel 4 erläutert ermittelt. Die Bedingungen und Ergebnisse sind in Tabelle 8 enthalten.
In Tabelle 8 handelt es sich bei den mit einem Sternchen (*) versehenen Versuchs-Nummern um Vergleichsbeispiele. Die Versuche Nr. 507 und 508 sind besondere Beispiele, bei denen die Innenwandfläche des Polymerisationsreaktors mit keinerlei Verbindung behandelt worden ist.
| Tabelle | 8(1) | ppm | Misch | Anorg. (a)/(b) | Poly | (a)/(c) | (2) | Lösungsmittel | 50 100 | Misch |
| (1) | 290 | verhält. | Verbindung Masse- | mer | Masse | Konz., | Art | verhält. | ||
| Vers.- | Beschichtungslösung | 260-300 | (b) verhält. | verbind. | verhält. | % | ||||
| Nr. | Konjugierte π-Bin- | 10 | (c) | |||||||
| 8-12 | — | — | — | |||||||
| dungs-Verbindung (a) | 280 | — | — | — | ||||||
| 507* | Art | 240-300 | — | — | 0,5 | — | ||||
| 508* | 290 | 90 130 | ||||||||
| 509* | — | 250-310 | Orthokie- 100/300 | — | 1,0 | — | ||||
| — | 15 | seisäure | ||||||||
| 510* | 2-Phenyl-3- | 13-18 | 80/20 | Orthokie- 0/100 | — | 0,8 | — | |||
| phenylazoindol | 270 | seisäure | 80 100 | |||||||
| 511* | 2-Phenyl-3- | 230-290 | Kolloidales 100/100 | — | 1,5 | — | ||||
| phenylazoindol | 250 | Silizium | ||||||||
| 512* | — | 230-280 | dioxid | |||||||
| 310 | ||||||||||
| 9-Acridin/ | 280-350 | — | — | 0,5 | — | |||||
| Säurefarb | 13 | 2 9 | ||||||||
| 513* | stoff | 10-15 | — | — | 0,5 | — | ||||
| Schwarz 2 | 12 | — | — | 0,5 | Ethanol | 0 0 | ||||
| 514* | 2-Phenyl- | 9-15 | ||||||||
| 515 | thiophen | 15 | Orthokie- 100/300 | — | 1,0 | Ethanol | 6 11 | |||
| Alizarin | 13-18 | seisäure | ||||||||
| 516 | 2-Phenyl-3- | 17 | — | — | 0,7 | Methanol | 3 10 | |||
| phenylazoindol | 15-20 | Zeit f. | — | — | 0,5 | Methanol | ||||
| 517 | 2-Phenyl-3- | Waschen (4) | ||||||||
| 518 | phenylazoindol | m. Wasser | Kesselsteinbildung | Fischaugen (Anzahl) | ||||||
| Tabelle | 2-Aminophenazin | n. Beendig. | Visuelle Beurteilung | Charge Nr | ||||||
| (D | Alizarin | min. | (anhaftende Menge g/m2) | |||||||
| Vers.- | 8(1) (Forts.) | 60 | Charge Nr. | 150 200 | ||||||
| Nr. | Cr-Konz.,(3) | 10 30 50 | 100 150 | 200 | 10 30 | |||||
| obere: Mittel | 60 | HdOOO) | 300 | |||||||
| untere: max.- | ||||||||||
| 507* | min. | 60 | H (950) | 280 | ||||||
| 508* | 60 | G H (900) | 110 220 | |||||||
| 509* | 60 | BCF | H (950) | 20 40 | ||||||
| 510* | 60 | Hdooo) | 290 | |||||||
| 511* | 60 | BCF | H (500) | 18 35 | ||||||
| 512* | 60 | G H (950) | 100 200 | |||||||
| 513* | 10 | G H (900) | 90 210 | |||||||
| 23 37 | ||||||||||
| 514* | 10 | AAA | B C | D (20) | 0 0 | |||||
| 2 6 | ||||||||||
| 515 | 10 | AAA | A A | A(0,3) | 0 0 | |||||
| 20 35 | ||||||||||
| 516 | 10 | AAA | B C | Dd8) | 0 0 | |||||
| 30 41 | ||||||||||
| 517 | AAA | B C | D(21) | 0 0 | ||||||
| 518 | ||||||||||
| Tabelle | 8(2) | ppm | Misch | > | Zeit f. | Anorg. | (a)/(b) | 50 | Poly | 150 | (a)/(c) | (2) | Lösungsmittel | 50 100 | Misch | 8 |
| (D | 11 | verhält. | Waschen (4) | Verbindung | Masse | A | mer | A | Masse | Konz., | Art | 0 0 | verhält. | |||
| Vers.- | Beschichtungslosung | 8-14 | m. Wasser | (b) | verhält. | verhält. | % | 42 | ||||||||
| Nr. | Konjugierte fS-Bin- | 9 | n. Beendig. | A | C | 5 9 | ||||||||||
| dungs-Verbindung (a) | 7-12 | min. | Fe(OH)3SoI | 100/10 | 0,5 | Methanol | 5 | |||||||||
| Art | 12 | 10 | A | A | 0 0 | |||||||||||
| 519 | 10-14 | 80/20 | — | verbind. | 0,6 | Methanol | 40 | |||||||||
| 1-Amino- | 7 | 10 | A | (O | C | 2 7 | ||||||||||
| 520 | phenanthoridin | 5-10 | Kolloidales | 100/100 | — | 0,8 | Methanol | 30 | ||||||||
| IO-Benzoazo-9- | 14 | 10 | Silizium | A | C | 1 8 | ||||||||||
| 521 | phenanthrol | 12-16 | dioxid | — | 15 | |||||||||||
| 9-Acrydin/ | 16 | 10 | — | A | B | 0,5 | Benzen | 0 2 | ||||||||
| Säurefarbst. | 14-19 | — | 9 | |||||||||||||
| 522 | Schwarz 2 | 12 | 10 | — | A | A | 0,7 | Ethanol | 0 0 | |||||||
| Dinitrophenyl- | 10-15 | |||||||||||||||
| 523 | indazol | 10 | — | — | 1,5 | Toluen | ||||||||||
| 4-Pyridyl-m- | ||||||||||||||||
| 524 | phenylendiamin | 10 | FeCI2 | 100/5 | — | 0,7 | Methanol | |||||||||
| 2-Phenylthiopher | ||||||||||||||||
| 525 | Kesselsteinbildung | Fischaugen (Anzahl) | ||||||||||||||
| a-Nitroso-/3- | Visuelle Beurteilung | Charge Nr. | ||||||||||||||
| (D | naphthol | (anhaftende Menge g/m2) | ||||||||||||||
| Vers.- | Cr-Konz.,(3) | Charge Nr. | 150 200 | |||||||||||||
| Nr. | obere: Mittel | 10 30 | 200 | 10 30 | 3 | |||||||||||
| untere: max.- | A A | A(0,5) | 0 0 | |||||||||||||
| min.. | 28 | |||||||||||||||
| 519 | A A | D (20) | 0 0 | |||||||||||||
| 1 | ||||||||||||||||
| 520- | A A | A (0,6) | 0 0 | |||||||||||||
| 25 | ||||||||||||||||
| 521 | A A | D (20) | 0 0 | |||||||||||||
| Polycyclo- | 20 | |||||||||||||||
| 522 | A A | hexanoxid | D(17) | 0 0 | ||||||||||||
| — | 7 | |||||||||||||||
| 523 | A A | C(10) | 0 0 | |||||||||||||
| 4 | ||||||||||||||||
| 524 | A A | A (0,8) | 0 0 | |||||||||||||
| 525 | ||||||||||||||||
| 100 | ||||||||||||||||
| A | ||||||||||||||||
| B | ||||||||||||||||
| A | ||||||||||||||||
| B | ||||||||||||||||
| B | ||||||||||||||||
| A | ||||||||||||||||
| A | ||||||||||||||||
(1) * Vergleichsbeispiele
(2) Konzentration der konjugierten ;7-Bindungs-Verbindung in der Beschichtungslosung
(3) Chloridionenkonzentration in der Aufschlämmung nach Beendigung der Polymerisation
(4) Fließgeschwindigkeit von Wasser 0,1 m3/m2h.
Claims (1)
- Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Vinylchlondpolymeren durch Suspensionspolymerisation oder Emulsionspolymerisation von Vinylchloridmonomer oder einem Gemisch von Vinylchlondmonomer mit einem mit dem Vinylchloridmonomer in einem wäßrigen Medium copolymensierbaren Vinylmonomer, gekennzeichnet dadurch, daß die Polymerisation in einem Polymerisationsreaktor vorgenommen wird, dessen Innenwandflachen und Teile der Zusatzeinrichtungen, die mit dem Monomer wahrend der Polymerisation in Berührung kommen können, vorher mit einem Kesselsteinverhutungsmittel beschichtet wurden, das mindestens aus einem unter Farbstoffen, Pigmenten und aromatischen oder heterozyklischen Verbindungen mit mindestens 5 konjugierten 7r-Bindungen ausgewählten Stoff besteht, wobei die Chlondionenkonzentration in dem Reaktionsgemisch auf höchstens 100 ppm eingestellt wird Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, gekennzeichnet dadurch, daß das Kesselsteinverhutungsmittel wenigstens einen Farbstoff oder ein Pigment enthaltVerfahren nach Anspruch 2, gekennzeichnet dadurch, daß das Kesselsteinverhutungsmittel aus mindestens einem unter Azofarbstoffen und -pigmenten, Anthrachinonfarbstoffen und pigmenten, Indigofarbstoffen und -pigmenten, Phthalocyaninfarbstoffen und -pigmenten, Carboniumfarbstoffen und -pigmenten, Chinoniminfarbstoffen, Methinfarbstoff en, Chinolinfarbstoffen, Nitrofarbstoffen, Benzochinonfarbstoffen und Naphtochmonfarbstoffen, Naphthalimidfarbstoffen und -pigmenten, Pennonfarbstoffen, Sulfidfarbstoffen, Fluoreszenzfarbstoffen, Azofarbstoffen und Reaktivfarbstoffen ausgewählten Stoff bestehtVerfahren nach Anspruch 3, gekennzeichnet dadurch, daß das Kesselsteinverhutungsmittel einen Azinfarbstoff enthalt Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, gekennzeichnet dadurch, daß das Kesselsteinverhutungsmittel eine aromatische oder heterozykhsche Verbindung mit mindestens 5 konjugierten тг-Bindungen enthalt Verfahren nach Anspruch 5, gekennzeichnet dadurch, daß es sich bei der aromatischen oder heterozyklischen Verbindung mit mindestens 5 konjugierten ir-Bmdungen um eine mit mindestens einer Aminogruppe handelt Verfahren nach Anspruch 6, gekennzeichnet dadurch, daß die mindestens eine Aminogruppe aufweisende Verbindung ausgewählt ist unter Aminonaphthalenen wie Diaminonaphthalenen,Triaminonaphthalenen und Tetraaminonaphthalenen, 1,4 Diaminoanthracenen, 9,10-Diaminophenanthren,2,2'-Diaminodiphenyl, 1,1'-Diammo-2,2' dinaphthyl, 2-Amino-5-phenyloxazol, 1-Aminophenanthridin, 2-Amino-4-phenylthiazol, 2-Amino-5-phenylthiazol, 3-Amino-1,5-naphthyl, 1-Ammophenanthridin, Aminoacndinen wie 4-Aminoacridin, 2-Aminoacridin, 1-Aminoacndin und 3,6-Diaminoacridin sowie Aminophenazinen wie 1- Aminophenazin, 2-Aminophenazin und 2,3-Diaminophenazin Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, gekennzeichnet dadurch, daß das Kesselsteinverhutungsmittel außerdem eine anorganische Verbindung enthaltVerfahren nach Anspruch 8, gekennzeichnet dadurch, daß die anorganische Verbindung ausgewählt wird unter Kieselsauren, Silicaten, Salzen von Erdalkalimetallen, Metallen der Zinkfamilie, Metallen der Aluminiumfamilie, Metallen der Zinnfamilie, Metallen der Eisenfamilie, Metallen der Chromiumfamilie, Metallen der Magnesiumfamihe, Metallen der Kupferfamilie und Metallen der Platinfamilie, und anorganischen Kolloiden Verfahren nach Anspruch 9, gekennzeichnet dadurch, daß es sich bei der anorganischen Verbindung um ein Silicat, Kieselsaurekolloid oderEisen(lll)-hydroxidkolloid handeltVerfahren nach Anspruch 8, gekennzeichnet dadurch, daß das Kesselstemverhutungsmittel mindestens einen Farbstoff oder ein Pigment enthaltVerfahren nach Anspruch 8, gekennzeichnet dadurch, daß das Kesselsteinverhutungsmittel mindestens einen unter Azofarbstoffen und pigmenten, Anthrachmofarbstoffen und -pigmenten, Indigofarbstoffen und pigmenten, Phthalocyaninfarbstoffen und -pigmengen, Carboniumfarbstoffen und -pigmenten, Chinoniminfarbstoffen, Methinfarbstoffen, Chinolinfarbstoffen, Nitrofarbstoffen, Benzochmon- und Naphthochinonfarbstoffen, Naphthalimidfarbstoffen und -pigmenten, Perinonfarbstoffe^ Sulfidfarbstoffen, Fluoreszenzfarbstoffen, Azofarbstoffen und Reaktivifarbstoffen ausgewählten Vertreter enthaltVerfahren nach Anspruch 12, gekennzeichnet dadurch, daß das Kesselsteinverhutungsmittel einen Azinfarbstoff enthalt Verfahren nach Anspruch 8, gekennzeichnet dadurch, daß das Kesselsteinverhutungsmittel eine aromatische oder heterozykhsche Verbindung mit mindestens 5 konjugierten π Bindungen enthalt Verfahren nach Anspruch 14, gekennzeichnet dadurch, daß es sich bei der aromatischen oder heterozyklischen Verbindung mit mindestens 5 konjugierten ^-Bindungen um eine mit mindestens einer Aminogruppe handelt Verfahren nach Anspruch 15, gekennzeichnet dadurch, daß die Verbindung mit mindestens einer Aminogruppe ausgewählt wird unter Aminonaphthalenen wie Diaminonaphthalenen, Triaminonaphthalenen und Tetraaminonaphthalenen, 1,4-Diammoanthracenen, 9,10-Diaminophenanthren, 2,2'-Diammodiphenyl, 1,1-Diamino-2,2'-dmaphthyl, 2-Amino-5-phenyloxazol, 1-Aminophenanthridin, 2-Amino-4-phenylthiazol, 2-Amino-5-phenylthiazol, 3 Ammo-1,5-naphtyl, 1-Aminophenanthndin, Aminoacndinen wie4-Aminoacndin, 2-Aminoacridin, 1-Aminoacndin und 3,6-Diaminoacndin, sowie Aminophenanzinen wie 1-Aminophenanzin, 2-Ammophenanzin und 2,3-Diaminophenanzin Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, gekennzeichnet dadurch, daß ein Fixiermittel zur Verstärkung der Haftwirkung des Kesselsteinverhutungsmittels angewendet wirdVerfahren nach Anspruch 17, gekennzeichnet dadurch, daß es sich bei dem Fixiermittel um mindestens ein unter Olefinpolymeren, Dienpolymeren, Acetylenpolymeren, aliphatischen Vinyl- oder Vinylidenpolymeren, aromatischen Vinylpolymeren, heterozyklischen Vinylpolymeren, Acryl- oder Methacrylpolymeren, Polyethern, Polysulfiden, Polysulfonen, Additionspolymeren, Polyestern, Polyamiden, Polyharnstoffen, Polyurethanen, linearen kondensierten Polymeren, heterozyklischen kondensierten Polymeren, naturlichen Polymeren, modifizierten natürlichen Polymeren, Polysiloxanen, organischen Metallpolymeren und anorganischen Polymeren ausgewähltes handelt Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, gekennzeichnet dadurch, daß die Teile des Ruckgewinnungssystems fur nicht umgesetzte Monomere, an denen sich Kesselstein angesetzt haben kann, weiter vorher mit dem Kesselsteinverhutungsmittel beschichtet werden20 Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, gekennzeichnet dadurch, daß die Innenwandflache und die Teile der Zusatzeinrichtungen des Polymerisationsreaktors, die mit dem Monomer ι η Berührung kommen können, eine Oberflachenrauhigkeit von 10>m oder weniger habenAnwendungsgebiet der ErfindungDie Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Vinylchloridpolymeren, vor allem bessere Verhütung von Kesselsteinbildung an der Innenwandoberflache eines Polymerisationsreaktors im Laufe der Polymerisation von Vinylchlorid
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP15252284A JPS6131406A (ja) | 1984-07-23 | 1984-07-23 | 塩化ビニル系重合体の製造方法 |
| JP15596784A JPS6134006A (ja) | 1984-07-26 | 1984-07-26 | 塩化ビニル系重合体の製造方法 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| DD237514B5 true DD237514B5 (de) | 1995-06-01 |
Family
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| DD27878385A DD237514B5 (de) | 1984-07-23 | 1985-07-19 | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Vinylchlorid-Polymeren |
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| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4757124A (de) |
| EP (1) | EP0172427B2 (de) |
| KR (1) | KR920004802B1 (de) |
| AR (1) | AR242595A1 (de) |
| AU (1) | AU578109B2 (de) |
| BG (1) | BG50388A3 (de) |
| BR (1) | BR8503491A (de) |
| CA (1) | CA1249099A (de) |
| DD (1) | DD237514B5 (de) |
| DE (1) | DE3571324D1 (de) |
| EG (1) | EG17349A (de) |
| ES (1) | ES8701201A1 (de) |
| FI (1) | FI81816C (de) |
| GR (1) | GR851794B (de) |
| HK (1) | HK71690A (de) |
| HU (1) | HU201786B (de) |
| ID (1) | ID977B (de) |
| IN (1) | IN165525B (de) |
| MX (1) | MX163186B (de) |
| NO (1) | NO165757C (de) |
| NZ (1) | NZ212815A (de) |
| PH (1) | PH20811A (de) |
| PL (1) | PL146867B1 (de) |
| PT (1) | PT80846B (de) |
| RO (1) | RO92870B (de) |
| RU (1) | RU2012565C1 (de) |
| SG (1) | SG15690G (de) |
| SK (1) | SK358591A3 (de) |
| YU (1) | YU44514B (de) |
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| US5486582A (en) * | 1991-07-03 | 1996-01-23 | Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd. | Polymer scale preventive process using a coating of chitosan salt and phenothiazine |
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| US5599924A (en) * | 1992-08-14 | 1997-02-04 | Trustees Of The University Of Pennsylvania | Electron-deficient porphyrins and processes and intermediates for preparing same |
| US5493017A (en) * | 1992-08-14 | 1996-02-20 | The Trustees Of The University Of Pennsylvania | Ring-metalated porphyrins |
| US5371199B1 (en) * | 1992-08-14 | 1995-12-26 | Univ Pennsylvania | Substituted porphyrins porphyrin-containing polymers and synthetic methods therefor |
| US5817830A (en) * | 1992-08-14 | 1998-10-06 | Trustees Of The University Of Pennsylvania | Pyrrolic compounds |
| JP2678711B2 (ja) * | 1992-08-28 | 1997-11-17 | 信越化学工業株式会社 | 重合体スケール付着防止剤及びそれを使用する重合体製造方法 |
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| US6025361A (en) * | 1994-12-13 | 2000-02-15 | Euro-Celtique, S.A. | Trisubstituted thioxanthines |
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| JPS4814437B1 (de) * | 1969-12-15 | 1973-05-07 | ||
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1985
- 1985-07-03 IN IN525/DEL/85A patent/IN165525B/en unknown
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- 1985-07-17 CA CA000486934A patent/CA1249099A/en not_active Expired
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- 1985-07-22 EP EP85109161A patent/EP0172427B2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
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Free format text: DER VERTRETER BAUMBACH, F., DR., PATENTSTELLE BIOTEZ, O-1115 BERLIN-BUCH, DE IST ZU STREICHEN |
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