CN1622283A - 复合氧化物半导体纳米材料的制备方法 - Google Patents
复合氧化物半导体纳米材料的制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G1/00—Methods of preparing compounds of metals not covered by subclasses C01B, C01C, C01D, or C01F, in general
- C01G1/02—Oxides
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
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- C01G30/00—Compounds of antimony
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- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
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Abstract
复合氧化物半导体纳米材料的制备方法,涉及复合氧化物半导体纳米材料氧化铟锡,氧化锑锡及氧化铝锌的制备方法。它是将生成复合金属氧化物的两种金属盐,按所需重量配比溶入含有同金属离子络合的有机物的有机溶剂中,另取去离子水溶解高分子保护剂配成水溶液,将反应物滴入水溶液中,发生水解反应生成两种金属氢氧化物的共沉淀物,将生成物过滤清洗、烘干、再煅烧,得到5-25nm的复合金属纳米粉。本发明使用金属的有机络合剂,同金属离子形成络合物,使两种金属在同一pH值下同时水解,高分子保护剂在反应中阻止生成物粒子长大,使两种金属的氢氧化物达到分子级的均匀混合。采用本发明,能批量生产粒度小、导电性好、分散度好的复合金属氧化物纳米粉。
Description
技术领域 本发明涉及一种复合氧化物半导体纳米材料氧化铟锡(ITO),氧化锑锡(ATO)及氧化铝锌(AZO)的制备方法。
背景技术 复合氧化物半导体纳米材料系指氧化铟锡(ITO),氧化锑锡(ATO)及氧化铝锌(AZO),它们被广泛用作透明导电膜,透明导电涂料及防辐射(主要指红外,紫外及电磁波)膜等。例如液晶显示器,太阳能电池,电致发光片,透明隔热膜和玻璃,以及冰箱使用的透明加热器,微波炉中的防辐射膜等。在电子,建筑,汽车,家电等行业,复合氧化物半导体纳米材料已被广泛使用。现在复合氧化物半导体纳米粉体材料的制备方法主要分为气相法和液相法二大类。气相法虽有良好的品质保证。但因高能耗,低产率而无法用于量产;目前国际上主流是采用液相法生产,但传统的液相法有以下几方面问题:
a、因大量使用无机酸和碱,排放的废液对环境造成很大污染,同时废液的处理也增加了成本;
b、小尺寸的粉体制备特别是纳米粉体,是在低浓度下完成的,一般情况下不到5%wt,这样一来生产设备数量增加而引起投资增加,生产效率降低;
C、粉体合成中金属盐水解,生成氧化物共沉淀,两种金属离子水解pH值相差很大,无法实现真正的共沉淀,引起两种氧化物复合时形成微观的不均匀,其结果是粉体电阻过高而影响产品质量;
D、沉淀氢氧化物在干燥过程中易团聚,在高温烧结前不得不将干燥物重新球磨粉碎,增加了加工工序,带来新的杂质而影响生成物的纯度。
e、因无法真正实现共沉淀,粉体烧结温度很高,除引起高能耗外,也会使有效成份升华。
发明内容 本发明的目的是提供一种使用液相法,在高浓度下,可使两种金属的氢氧化物达到分子级的均匀混合,能得到5-25nm的复合金属氧化物纳米粉的复合氧化物半导体纳米材料的一种制备方法。
本发明的目的的实现方式为,复合氧化物半导体纳米材料的一种制备方法,将生成复合金属氧化物的两种金属盐,按所需复合重量配比溶入含有同金属离子络合的有机物的有机溶剂中,取去离子水溶解高分子保护剂,配成水溶液,用碱性物保持该水溶液pH=4-7,在45℃下将反应物滴入水溶液中,发生水解反应生成两种金属氢氧化物的共沉淀物,将生成物过滤清洗,在120℃下烘干8小时,再在500℃下煅烧5小时,得到5-25nm的复合金属氧化物纳米粉,
两种金属盐为铟、锡盐,锑、锡盐或铝、锌盐,可同金属离子络合的有机物有醇胺类、有机酸类、胺类,其加量为金属盐0.1-30%,高分子保护剂有聚乙烯醇、聚乙二醇、甘油、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚乙烯亚胺,其加量为金属盐3-35%。
本发明使用同金属离子络合的有机物的有机溶剂,同金属离子形成络合物,改变了金属离子的电极电位,从而调节了金属离子水解的pH值,使其在同一pH值下同时水解,这样可使沉淀出的两种金属的氢氧化物达到分子级的均匀混合。均匀共沉淀所得到的两种金属氢氧化物的混合体,可以在较低温度下形成固熔体,同时生成的半导体具有更低的电阻,故能在低能耗下制得高品质的半导体材料;在发应中避免使用无机酸,有效的保护了环境,同时制得的粉体更易于分散;另一方面,在反应物中加入适量的高分子保护剂,采用了高分子保护法,通过其活性基团,限制反应物的反应范围,从而达到高浓度下生成粒径分布均匀的纳米粉末,能实现稳定地在20%wt左右的浓度下实现纳米粉的批量化生产,生产的复合金属氧化物纳米粉粒度小、导电性好、分散度好。
具体实施方式本发明将生成复合金属氧化物的两种金属盐,按所需重量配比溶入能同金属离子络合的有机物的有机溶剂中配成反应液,取去离子水溶解高分子保护剂,配成水溶液,用碱性物保持该水溶液pH=4-7,在45℃下将反应物滴入水溶液中,发生水解反应生成两种金属氢氧化物的共沉淀物,将生成物过滤清洗,在120℃下烘干8小时,再在500℃下煅烧5小时,得到5-25nm的复合金属氧化物纳米粉。
在制备复合氧化物时,其前驱物氢氧化物的均匀混合至关重要。一般情况下,两种金属盐在强酸条件下均分布于水溶液中,逐渐加碱来提升反应液的pH值,这样两种金属分别在不同的pH值时水解成氢氧化物析出,客观上两种金属的氢氧化物无法均匀混合。本发明使用金属的有机络合剂,同金属离子形成络合物,从而改变金属离子的电极电位。这样金属离子有机络合物同同种单纯金属离子水解pH值会发生改变,从而达到调节金属离子水解pH值,使两种离子在同一pH值下同时水解,这样可使两种金属的氢氧化物达到分子级的均匀混合。
均匀共沉淀所得到的两种金属氢氧化物的混合体,可以在较低温度下形成固熔体,同时生成的半导体因熔体具有更低的电阻,这样就能在低能耗下制得高品质的半导体材料。
本发明将反应物溶解在醇或同类的有机溶剂中,避免使用无机酸,有效的保护了环境,同时制得的粉体更易于分散。
为提高产率,即提高反应物浓度,本发明采用了高分子保护法,在反应物中加入高分子保护剂,通过其活性基团,限制反应物的反应范围,从而达到高浓度下生成粒径分布均匀的纳米粉末,该方法使我们能稳定地在20%wt左右的浓度下实现纳米粉的量产。
下面举出本发明配方实施例:
例1氧化锑锡(ATO)纳米粉的制备方法
称取120g SnCl4.5H2O和SbCl3 12g溶入200ml异丙醇中,加入乙二酸1g配成反应液。另取100ml去离子水溶解聚乙烯醇3g,配成水溶液,用氢氧化钠保持该水溶液pH=4。在45摄氏度温度下将反应物滴入水溶液中,发生水解反应生成氢氧化锡和氢氧化锑的共沉淀物,将生成物过滤清洗,120℃×8h烘干,500℃×5h烧结,即可得到5-10nm的ATO纳米粉A1。
按传统方法:
称取120g SnCl4.5H2O,12g SbCl3和浓HCl一并溶入200ml去离子水中配制成反应液,取浓氨水50ml,溶入50ml去离子水中配制成中和液,将反应液和中和液并流滴入100ml用HCl调制成PH=4的水中,保持PH=4,反应温度45℃,到反应完成为止,将沉淀物过滤清洗,50℃下抽真空干燥8h,球磨,120℃×8h烘干,850摄氏度烧结,即可得到10-80nm的ATO纳米粉B1。
将A1和B1进行特性对比测试:
a、将A1粉和B1粉在电子显微镜下观察,发现A1粉粒径小且分布均匀;而B1粉团聚严重,大小在10-80nm的广大分布范围。实验证明,B1粉如果要达到A1粉的粒径及分布,其反应物浓度应降低5倍;
c、分散性试验:分别将A1和B1各0.5g倒入盛有乙醇50ml的烧杯中,室温下超声30min观察粉体沉降速度,A1 24h后在乙醇中仍有大量悬浮,相反,30min后,B1即全部沉淀至烧杯底部。
例2氧化铟锡(ITO)纳米粉的制备方法
方法同例1,不同的是称取100g InCl3、11g SnCl4.5H2O,络合剂采用三乙醇胺5g,高分子保护剂采用聚乙二醇8g,用氢氧化钠保持该水溶液PH=6。在45摄氏度温度下将反应物滴入水溶液中,发生水解反应生成氢氧化锡和氢氧化铟的共沉淀物,经过滤清洗、烘干、烧结,即可得到15-25nm的ITO纳米粉A2。
按传统方法:
同例1,不同的是称取100g InCl3,11g SnCl4.5H2O,将反应液和中和液并流滴入100ml用HCl调制成PH=6的水中,最后得到30-80nm的ATO纳米粉B2。
将A2和B2进行特性对比测试:
a、同例1,不同的是B2粉如果要达到A2粉的粒径及分布,其反应物浓度应降低4倍;
b、导电性:通例1,不同的是R(A2)=0.15Ω,R(B2)=2.1Ω;
c、分散性试验:通例1,不同的是A2 24h后在乙醇中仍有大量悬浮,相反,30min后,B2即全部沉淀至烧杯
例3氧化铝锌(AZO)纳米粉的制备方法
同例1,不同的是,称取136gZnCl3、AlCl3·6H2O12.5g和7g乙二胺络合剂,19g聚乙烯吡咯烷酮溶入200ml异丙醇中配成反应液,用氢氧化钠保持该水溶液PH=7,将反应物滴入水溶液中,发生水解反应生成氢氧化锌和氢氧化铝的共沉淀物,最后得到10-20nm的AZO纳米粉A3。
按传统方法:
同例1,不同的是,称取136g ZnCl3,12.5g AlCl3·6H2O,将反应液和中和液并流滴入100ml用HCl调制成PH=7的水中,最后得到45-80nm的ATO纳米粉B3。
将A3和B3进行特性对比测试:
a、同例1,不同的是,B3粉如果要达到A3粉的粒径及分布,其反应物浓度应降低6倍,
b、导电性:同例1,不同的是,R(A3)=0.45Ω,R(B3)=4.5Ω。
c、分散性试验:同例1,不同的是,A3有大量悬浮,B3即全部沉淀至烧杯。
例4氧化锑锡(ATO)纳米粉的制备方法
同例1,不同的是,采用39.6g柠檬酸作络合剂,使用46.1g甘油作为高分子保护剂,用氨水保持该水溶液pH=7,将反应物滴入水溶液中,发生水解反应生成氢氧化锌和氢氧化铝的共沉淀物,最后得到5-10nm压片电阻为0.35Ω的ATO纳米粉。
Claims (1)
1、复合氧化物半导体纳米材料的制备方法,其特征在于将生成复合金属氧化物的两种金属盐,按所需复合重量配比溶入含有同金属离子络合的有机物的有机溶剂中,取去离子水溶解高分子保护剂,配成水溶液,用碱性物保持该水溶液pH=4-7,在45℃下将反应物滴入水溶液中,发生水解反应生成两种金属氢氧化物的共沉淀物,将生成物过滤清洗,在120℃下烘干8小时,再在500℃下煅烧5小时,得到5-25nm的复合金属氧化物纳米粉,
两种金属盐为铟、锡盐,锑、锡盐或铝、锌盐,可同金属离子络合的有机物有醇胺类、有机酸类、胺类,其加量为金属盐0.1-30%,高分子保护剂有聚乙烯醇、聚乙二醇、甘油、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚乙烯亚胺,其加量为金属盐3-35%。
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