CN1691675B - A method for automatically reporting target user equipment location information - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses a method for automatically reporting the location information of a target user equipment. The method includes: setting a target user equipment and a special number list; when the target user equipment initiates a call to the special number, the positioning center reports the current location information of the target user equipment location information. According to the solution proposed by the present invention, a special number is set, and when the target user equipment calls the special number, the positioning center locates the target user equipment, and then reports the current location information of the target user equipment to the monitoring system, which greatly improves the efficiency of monitoring activities and effectiveness; moreover, the present invention provides multiple implementation modes with flexible options.

Description

A method for automatically reporting location information of target user equipment

technical field

The invention relates to an automatic positioning technology, in particular to a method for automatically reporting the location information of a target user equipment. the

Background technique

Lawful interception refers to the activities of national security agencies to monitor telecommunications services within the scope permitted by law. According to the requirements of the national security department, all operating communication systems, including Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN, Public Switched Telephone Network), Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM, Global System for Mobile Communication) system, Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA, Code Division Multiple Access) ) communication system, as well as the future wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA, Wide Code Division Multiple Access) communication system, next-generation network (NGN), etc., must enable the national security department to monitor the target user and provide the means to realize the monitoring. Listening interface, such as X interface. A user equipment subject to lawful interception is called a target user equipment. the

Fig. 1 is the monitoring interface synoptic diagram of police information center (LIC) and communication equipment, as shown in Figure 1, police information center (LIC) 102 is connected with communication equipment 101 in the mobile communication system by X interface 103, realizes target Monitoring of user equipment communication activity events and content. In the existing monitoring technical standards, the services that can be monitored include: voice service, fax service, supplementary service and short message service. the

The communication device 101 can be a mobile switching center (MSC, MobileSwitch Center), a home location register (HLR, Home Location Register), a short message center (SMC, Short Message Center), a packet data service node (PDSN, PacketData) in a CDMA communication system. Service Node), Authentication Authorization and Accounting (AAA) server, Mobile Positioning Center (MPC, Mobile Position Center), etc. The communication equipment can also be MSC, HLR, Home Subscriber Server (HSS, Home Subscriber Server), SMC, Serving General Packet Radio Service Support Node (SGSN, Serving GPRS Support Node) and Gateway General Packet Radio Service in the W-CDMA communication system. Support Node (GGSN, Gateway GPRS Support Node), Gateway Mobile Location Center (GMLC, Gateway Mobile Location Center), etc. the

The X interface 103 between the LIC 102 and the communication device 101 includes: a signaling interface X1, service interfaces X2 and X3. The X1 interface realizes the management of monitoring activities, including setting the target user equipment, querying monitoring parameters, canceling the monitoring of the target user equipment, etc.; the X2 interface reports the communication activity-related events of the target user equipment to the LIC 102; the X3 interface reports to the LIC 102 The communication content of the target user equipment, such as call voice. The transmission bearer of X1 interface and X2 interface is Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)/Internet Protocol (IP) or X.25; the voice transmission bearer of X3 interface is E1 link, and the packet data transmission bearer is TCP/IP or X.25. the

Both the CDMA communication system and the W-CDMA communication system support the positioning function of the target user equipment, and the positioning accuracy can reach a range of several meters. In the CDMA communication system, the location service is provided by the MPC; in the W-CDMA communication system, the location service is provided by the GMLC, and the MPC/GMLC performs positioning operations on the target user equipment to obtain the location information of the target user equipment. the

In order to monitor the location service of the target user equipment, the LIC is connected to the MPC/GMLC. Fig. 2 is the schematic diagram of the monitoring interface of LIC and MPC/GMLC, as shown in Fig. 2, since LIC 102 and MPC/GMLC 201 manage the monitoring activity of the location service through X interface 202 and report the activity related to the location service of the target user equipment Therefore, the X interface 202 between the LIC 102 and the MPC/GMLC 201 only needs to include the X1 interface and the X2 interface, and the transmission bearer of the X1 interface and the X2 interface is TCP/IP or X.25. The X1 interface is used for signaling interaction between LIC 102 and MPC/GMLC 201, and the functions realized include target user equipment setting, target user equipment cancellation, parameter query, target user equipment positioning, etc.; X2 interface is used to report target user equipment In the activity-related events in MPC/GMLC201, the reported events include the start-up event of the target user equipment, the shutdown event of the target user equipment, the location event, etc. , the MPC/GMLC 201 reports to the LIC 102 the identification of the target user equipment, the occurrence of an event, the time at which the event occurred, and the current location information of the target user equipment. the

Although the existing technology can realize the monitoring of the location service of the target user equipment and obtain the location information of the target user equipment, the condition for the LIC to obtain the location information of the target user equipment is: a specific event occurs or the LIC initiates a monitoring of the target user equipment to the MPC/GMLC. The location of the user device. However, in order to improve the effectiveness of monitoring, the monitoring personnel must timely and accurately grasp the location information of the target user equipment, especially when the target user equipment is performing communication activities, according to the prior art MPC/GMLC will not automatically report the target user to the LIC at all The current location information of the device greatly reduces the efficiency and effectiveness of monitoring the target user device. the

Contents of the invention

In view of this, the purpose of the present invention is to provide a method for automatically reporting the location information of the target user equipment, so as to improve the effectiveness of monitoring activities. the

In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides a method for automatically reporting the location information of the target user equipment, the method comprising the following steps:

A. Set the target user equipment and special number list, wherein the special number list is provided to the positioning center, and the switching center where the target user equipment is currently located stores the special number list provided by the positioning center;

B. When the target user equipment initiates a call to the special number, the positioning center reports the current location information of the target user equipment. the

The provision of the special number list by the positioning center to the switching center where the target user equipment is currently located includes: the positioning center obtains the identification of the switching center where the target user equipment is currently located through the home register, and then provides the switching center where the target user equipment is currently located according to the identification of the switching center. List of special numbers. the

The home register detects that the current switching center of the target user equipment is changed through the location registration of the target user equipment, and the method further includes:

C1. The home register notifies the positioning center of the switching center ID where the target user equipment is currently located, and the positioning center provides the switching center where the target user equipment is currently located with a list of special numbers and the target user equipment ID according to the switching center ID. the

After the step C1, it further includes: the positioning center notifies the original switching center where the target user equipment is located to cancel the setting of the special number list. the

The setting of the special number list in step A is: providing the special number list to one or more switching centers. the

Setting the list of special numbers described in step A includes the following steps:

A31. Provide a list of special numbers to the home register;

A32. The switching center where the target user equipment is currently located stores the list of special numbers provided by the home register. the

The home register detects that the current switching center of the target user equipment is changed through the location registration of the target user equipment, and the method further includes:

C3. The home register provides the special number list to the switching center where the target user equipment is currently located. the

After the step C3, it further includes: the home register notifies the original switching center where the target user equipment is located to cancel the setting of the special number list. the

Described step B comprises the following steps:

B11, the target user equipment initiates a call, and the switching center where the target user equipment is currently located judges whether the called number is a special number, if yes, then execute step B12;

B12. The switching center where the target user equipment is currently located notifies the positioning center to perform a positioning operation on the target user equipment, and the positioning center reports the current location information of the target user equipment. the

The step B12 further includes: the switching center where the target user equipment is currently located provides the positioning center with the special number called by the target user equipment and the target user equipment identifier. the

When the positioning center reports the current location information of the target user equipment in step B12, it further includes: reporting the special number called by the target user equipment. the

The target user equipment and the list of special numbers are set by a monitoring system or a location service client. the

The method further includes: canceling the setting of the special number list. the

When the setting of the target user equipment is canceled, the setting of the special number list is automatically canceled. the

The list of special numbers includes one or more special numbers. the

The special number list further includes an indication parameter, which is used to indicate whether all calls initiated by the target user equipment report the current location information of the target user equipment. the

The call is: a voice service call, or a fax service call, or a data service call, or a short message service call. the

The above-mentioned home register can be HLR, Home Subscriber Server (HSS), etc., and the above-mentioned switching center can be MSC, SGSN, etc. the

According to the solution proposed by the present invention, a special number is set, and when the target user equipment calls the special number, the positioning center locates the target user equipment, and then reports the current location information of the target user equipment to the monitoring system, which greatly improves the efficiency of monitoring activities and effectiveness; and, the present invention provides multiple implementation modes with flexible options. the

Description of drawings

Fig. 1 is the schematic diagram of the monitoring interface of LIC and communication equipment;

Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the monitoring interface between LIC and MPC/GMLC;

Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of the first embodiment in the present invention;

Fig. 4 is the second embodiment schematic diagram among the present invention;

Fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of the third embodiment of the present invention. the

Detailed ways

In order to make the object, technical solution and advantages of the present invention clearer, the present invention will be further described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. the

In the present invention, a special number is set, and when the target user equipment calls the special number, the positioning center locates the target user equipment, and then reports the current location information of the target user equipment to the monitoring system. The positioning center can be an MPC in a CDMA communication system, a GMLC in a W-CDMA communication system, and the like. the

Fig. 3 is the schematic diagram of the first embodiment in the present invention, in the present embodiment LIC sets special number list in MPC/GMLC, as shown in Figure 3, LIC 102 sets special number list in MPC/GMLC 201 by X interface , the special number list may only include one special number, or may include a group of special numbers composed of multiple special numbers. The LIC 102 can set a special number list when requesting the MPC/GMLC 201 to monitor the location service of the target user equipment; it can also set the special number list in the MPC/GMLC 201 through an independent process. the

LIC 102 sends a special number setting request to MPC/GMLC 201, the special number setting request carries at least a target user equipment identifier and a list of special numbers, and the target user equipment identifier can be the mobile directory (MDN) in the CDMA communication system , International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI), Electronic Serial Number (ESN), etc., can also be the Mobile Station International Integrated Service Network Number (MSISDN, Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number) and International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) in the W-CDMA communication system , International Mobile Subscriber Identity), International Mobile Station Equipment Identity (IMEI, International Mobile Station Equipment Identity), etc. The special number list may also include an indication parameter, which is used to indicate whether all calls initiated by the target user equipment need to report the location information of the target user equipment. For example, 0 indicates that when the target user equipment only initiates a call to a special number, the target user equipment's Location information, 1 means that all calls initiated by the target user equipment need to report the location information of the target user equipment, that is, all numbers are set as special numbers. the

After receiving the special number setting request, MPC/GMLC 201 sets the corresponding user equipment as the monitored target user equipment, and stores the special number list, and then sends the service mobile switching center (SMSC, Service MSC) of the target user equipment 301 Sending a special number notification, where the special number notification carries at least a target user equipment identifier, a special number list, and an MPC/GMLC identifier. SMSC 301 is the MSC where the target user equipment is currently located, that is, the MSC connected to the base station subsystem (BSS, Base Sub-System) where the target user equipment is currently located. MPC/GMLC 201 can learn the identification of SMSC 301 through the interaction with HLR 302, and then send the special number notification to SMSC 301 according to the SMSC identification. Further, the MPC/GMLC 201 can store the correspondence between the SMSC and the target user equipment. the

After SMSC 301 receives the special number notification, it sets the corresponding user equipment as the monitored target user equipment, and then stores the special number list. When the target user equipment initiates a call, the SMSC 301 judges whether the called number belongs to the special number list, and if the called number belongs to the special number list, the SMSC 301 sends a location instruction to the MPC/GMLC 201 while continuing the call. Carry target user equipment identification and SMSC identification, and the special number that target user equipment calls can be further carried in this positioning instruction; If the called number does not belong to the special number list, then SMSC 301 only connects the call. the

After the MPC/GMLC 201 receives the positioning instruction, it performs a positioning operation on the target user equipment according to the target user equipment identifier, and then reports the positioning result to the LIC 102. The positioning result carries the target user equipment identifier and the current location information of the target user equipment. If SMSC 301 provides MPC/GMLC 201 with the special number called by the target user equipment, then the positioning result can further carry the special number. the

Through the location registration of the target user equipment, the HLR 302 monitors that the SMSC of the target user equipment changes, and at this time, the HLR 302 sends a notification to the MPC/GMLC 201, which at least carries the target user equipment identifier and the current SMSC identifier. After the MPC/GMLC 201 receives the notification, it sends a special number notification to the current SMSC. The special number notification carries the target user equipment identification, special number list and MPC/GMLC identification. The subsequent process is the same as that of the SMSC described above in this embodiment. 301 The process of setting the special number list is exactly the same, and will not be repeated here. the

Further, the MPC/GMLC 201 sends a revocation instruction to the original SMSC, and the revocation instruction carries the target user equipment identifier. After receiving the revocation instruction, the original SMSC cancels monitoring of the target user equipment and deletes the list of special numbers. the

The implementation process of changing the list of special numbers in MPC/GMLC 201 is exactly the same as the process of setting the list of special numbers in MPC/GMLC 201, and will not be repeated here. the

The LIC 102 can cancel the setting of the special number. At this time, the LIC 102 sends a special number cancellation request to the MPC/GMLC 201, and the special number setting request carries the identification of the target user equipment. After receiving the special number cancellation request, MPC/GMLC 201 deletes the special number list, and sends a special number cancellation instruction to SMSC301, and the special number cancellation instruction carries the identification of the target user equipment. SMSC 301 deletes the special number list after receiving the special number cancellation instruction, and when the subsequent target user equipment initiates a call, it no longer judges whether the called number belongs to the special number list, but directly continues the call. the

If the LIC 102 notifies the MPC/GMLC 201 to cancel the monitoring of the target user equipment, then the MPC/GMLC 201 will delete the special number list while canceling the monitoring of the target user equipment, and the SMSC 301 will also delete the special number list accordingly. When the subsequent target user equipment initiates a call, the SMSC 301 no longer judges whether the called number belongs to the special number list, but directly continues the call. the

In the CDMA communication system, the interface between the above-mentioned MPC and the SMSC 301 is an E3 interface, and the interface between the MPC and the HLR 302 is an L2 interface; in the W-CDMA communication system, the above-mentioned GMLC and the SMSC 301 The interface between them is Lg interface, and the interface between GMLC and HLR302 is Lh interface. the

Fig. 4 is the schematic diagram of the second embodiment in the present invention, in the present embodiment LIC sets special number list in a plurality of MSCs, as shown in Figure 4, LIC 102 sets special number list in a plurality of MSCs simultaneously by X interface , these MSCs include the SMSC 301 of the target user equipment. The list of special numbers may only include one special number, or may include a group of special numbers composed of multiple special numbers. The LIC 102 can set a special number list when requesting the MSC to monitor the target user equipment; it can also set a special number list in the MSC through an independent process. the

LIC 102 sends a special number setting request to each MSC. The special number setting request carries a target user equipment identifier and a list of special numbers. The target user equipment identifier can be MDN, IMSI, ESN, etc. in the CDMA communication system, or can be It is MSISDN, IMSI, IMEI, etc. in the W-CDMA communication system. The special number list may also include an indication parameter, which is used to indicate whether all calls initiated by the target user equipment need to report the location information of the target user equipment. For example, 0 indicates that when the target user equipment only initiates a call to a special number, the target user equipment's Location information, 1 indicates that all calls initiated by the target user equipment, that is, all numbers are set as special numbers, need to report the location information of the target user equipment. After receiving the special number setting request, the MSC sets the corresponding user equipment as the monitored target user equipment, and stores the special number list. the

When the target user equipment initiates a call, SMSC 301 judges whether the called number belongs to the special number list, and if the called number belongs to the special number list, then SMSC 301 sends a location instruction to MPC/GMLC 201 while continuing the call, and the location instruction includes At least the target user equipment identification and the SMSC identification are carried, and the location indication can further carry the special number called by the target user equipment; if the called number does not belong to the special number list, the SMSC 301 only continues the call. The SMSC 301 can learn the identity of the MPC/GMLC 201 through the interaction with the HLR 302, and then send the positioning instruction to the MPC/GMLC 201 according to the identity of the MPC/GMLC. The MSC can also directly find the MPC/GMLC 201 it belongs to according to the user ID. the

After the MPC/GMLC 201 receives the positioning instruction, it judges whether the user equipment is the target user equipment that has been set to be intercepted, and if the user equipment is the target user equipment to be monitored, it performs a positioning operation on the target user equipment according to the target user equipment identifier , and then report the positioning result to LIC 102, the positioning result carries the target user equipment identification and the current location information of the target user equipment, if SMSC 301 provides the special number called by the target user equipment to MPC/GMLC 201, then in the positioning result The special number can be further carried. If the user equipment is not the intercepted target user equipment, no positioning operation is performed on the user equipment. the

Because the LIC sets special number lists in multiple MSCs at the same time, even when the SMSC of the target user equipment changes, the corresponding special number list will be stored in the current SMSC. Therefore, the target user equipment has set special numbers in these When moving within the MSC coverage of the list, there will be no impact on normal monitoring activities. the

The implementation process of changing the special number list in the MSC is exactly the same as the process of setting the special number list in the MSC, and will not be repeated here. the

The LIC 102 can cancel the setting of the special number. At this time, the LIC 102 sends a special number cancellation request to each MSC, and the special number setting request carries the identification of the target user equipment. Each MSC deletes the special number list after receiving the special number cancellation request. the

If the LIC 102 notifies each MSC to cancel the monitoring of the target user equipment, each MSC will delete the special number list while canceling the monitoring of the target user equipment. When the subsequent target user equipment initiates a call, SMSC 301 no longer judges whether the called number belongs to the special number list, but directly continues the call. the

Fig. 5 is the schematic diagram of the third embodiment in the present invention, in the present embodiment, LIC sets special number list in HLR, as shown in Figure 5, LIC 102 sets special number list in HLR 302 by X interface, this special number The list can include only one special number, or a group of special numbers consisting of several special numbers. The LIC 102 can set a special number list when requesting the HLR 302 to monitor the target user equipment; it can also set a special number list in the HLR 302 through an independent process. the

The LIC 102 sends a special number setting request to each HLR 302. The special number setting request carries a target user equipment identifier and a list of special numbers. The target user equipment identifier can be MDN, IMSI, ESN, etc. in the CDMA communication system, or It can be MSISDN, IMSI, IMEI, etc. in the W-CDMA communication system. The special number list may also include an indication parameter, which is used to indicate whether all calls initiated by the target user equipment need to report the location information of the target user equipment. For example, 0 indicates that when the target user equipment only initiates a call to a special number, the target user equipment's Location information, 1 indicates that all calls initiated by the target user equipment, that is, all numbers are set as special numbers, need to report the location information of the target user equipment. the

After receiving the special number setting request, HLR 302 sets the corresponding user equipment as the monitored target user equipment, and stores the special number list, and then sends a special number notification to the SMSC 301 of the target user equipment, in the special number notification Carry target user equipment identification and special number list. the

After SMSC 301 receives the special number notification, it sets the corresponding user equipment as the monitored target user equipment, and then stores the special number list. When the target user equipment initiates a call, SMSC 301 judges whether the called number belongs to the special number list, and if the called number belongs to the special number list, then SMSC 301 sends a location instruction to MPC/GMLC 201 while continuing the call, and the location instruction includes Carry target user equipment identification and SMSC identification, and the special number that target user equipment calls can be further carried in this positioning instruction; If the called number does not belong to the special number list, then SMSC 301 only connects the call. the

After receiving the positioning instruction, the MPC/GMLC 201 performs a positioning operation on the target user equipment according to the target user equipment identifier, and then reports the positioning result to the LIC 102, the positioning result at least carrying the target user equipment identifier and the current location information of the target user equipment, If SMSC 301 provides MPC/GMLC 201 with the special number called by the target user equipment, the special number can be further carried in the positioning result. the

Through the location registration of the target user equipment, HLR 302 detects that the SMSC of the target user equipment changes. At this time, HLR 302 sends a special number notification to the current SMSC. The special number notification carries the target user equipment identification and special number list, and the subsequent process It is exactly the same as the process of setting the special number list by SMSC 301 described above in this embodiment, so it will not be repeated here. the

Further, the HLR 302 sends a revocation instruction to the original SMSC, and the revocation instruction carries at least the target user equipment identifier. After receiving the revocation instruction, the original SMSC cancels monitoring of the target user equipment and deletes the list of special numbers. the

The realization process of changing special number list in HLR 302 is exactly the same as the process of setting special number list in HLR 302, no longer repeat them here. the

The LIC 102 can cancel the setting of the special number. At this time, the LIC 102 sends a special number cancellation request to the HLR 302, and the special number cancellation request carries the target user equipment identification. After the HLR 302 receives the special number cancellation request, it deletes the special number list, and sends a special number cancellation instruction to the SMSC 301, and at least the target user equipment identification is carried in the special number cancellation instruction. SMSC301 deletes the special number list after receiving the special number cancellation instruction, and when the subsequent target user equipment initiates a call, it no longer judges whether the called number belongs to the special number list, but directly continues the call. the

If LIC 102 informs HLR 302 to cancel the monitoring of the target user equipment, then HLR 302 will delete the special number list while canceling the monitoring of the target user equipment, and SMSC 301 will also delete the special number list accordingly. When the subsequent target user equipment initiates a call, the SMSC 301 no longer judges whether the called number belongs to the special number list, but directly continues the call. the

In the CDMA communication system, the interface between the above-mentioned MPC and the SMSC 301 is an E3 interface, and the interface between the SMSC 301 and the HLR 302 is a C interface; in the W-CDMA communication system, the above-mentioned GMLC and The interface between SMSC 301 is Lg interface, and the interface between SMSC 301 and HLR 302 is D interface. the

In addition, the client (LCS Client) in the location service can also use the above method to realize that when the target user equipment initiates a call to a special number, the MPC/GMLC automatically reports the location information of the target user equipment to it. the

The above-mentioned location information of the target user equipment may be a cell identifier and geographic location information, and the geographic location information may be latitude and longitude information. the

The above-mentioned calls may be voice service calls, fax service calls, data service calls, short message service calls, and so on. the

In a word, the above descriptions are only preferred embodiments of the present invention, and are not intended to limit the protection scope of the present invention. the

Claims (13)

1. method that reports the target UE positional information automatically is characterized in that the method includes the steps of:

A, Lawful Interception Center target setting subscriber equipment and special number tabulation; Lawful Interception Center provides special number tabulation and target UE sign to the centre of location; The centre of location is sent special number tabulation and target UE sign to the switching center at the current place of target UE, its special number that provides tabulation of mind-set in switching center's store location at the current place of target UE;

When B, target UE made a call to said special number, the centre of location reported the current location information of target UE.

2. method according to claim 1; It is characterized in that; The said centre of location provides the special number tabulation to comprise to the current place of target UE switching center: the centre of location is obtained the current place of target UE switching center sign through home location register; According to said switching center sign, the special number tabulation is provided then to the current place of target UE switching center.

3. method according to claim 2 is characterized in that, home location register monitors the current place of target UE switching center and changes through the location registers of target UE, and this method further comprises:

Switching center's sign at C1, the current place of home location register notice centre of location target UE, the centre of location identifies according to said switching center, and the switching center to the current place of target UE provides special number tabulation and target UE sign.

4. method according to claim 3 is characterized in that, further comprises after the said step C1: centre of location notification target subscriber equipment belonged to the setting that switching center cancels the special number tabulation originally.

5. method according to claim 1 is characterized in that, the switching center's transmission special number tabulation to the current place of target UE described in the steps A is: to one or more switching center the special number tabulation is provided.

6. according to claim 1 or 5 described methods, it is characterized in that said step B may further comprise the steps:

B11, target UE make a call, and the switching center at the current place of target UE judges whether called number is special number, if, execution in step B12 then;

Switching center's notice centre of location at B12, the current place of target UE positions operation to target UE, and the centre of location reports the current location information of target UE.

7. method according to claim 6 is characterized in that, said step B12 further comprises: special number and target UE sign that the switching center at the current place of target UE provides target UE to call out to the centre of location.

8. method according to claim 6 is characterized in that, when the centre of location described in the step B12 reports the current location information of target UE, further comprises: the special number that reports target UE to call out.

9. method according to claim 1 is characterized in that, this method further comprises: the setting of cancellation special number tabulation.

10. method according to claim 1 is characterized in that, when cancelling the setting of target UE, cancels the setting of special number tabulation automatically.

11. method according to claim 1 is characterized in that, said special number tabulation comprises one or more special numbers.

12. method according to claim 11 is characterized in that, the tabulation of said special number further comprises indication parameter, is used to indicate whether that all-calls that target UE is initiated all reports the current location information of this target UE.

13. method according to claim 1 is characterized in that, said calling is: speech business is called out, or the facsimile service calling, or data service calls, or short message service is called out.

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