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CN1303039C - 陶瓷材料、玻璃陶瓷材料和其它矿物材料和复合材料的制造 - Google Patents

陶瓷材料、玻璃陶瓷材料和其它矿物材料和复合材料的制造 Download PDF

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CN1303039C
CN1303039C CNB038159406A CN03815940A CN1303039C CN 1303039 C CN1303039 C CN 1303039C CN B038159406 A CNB038159406 A CN B038159406A CN 03815940 A CN03815940 A CN 03815940A CN 1303039 C CN1303039 C CN 1303039C
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O·宾克勒
R·诺宁格尔
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Itn Nanovation AG
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Abstract

一种用于制造陶瓷、玻璃陶瓷和其它矿物材料和复合材料的无机粘结剂,其中包含至少一种平均粒径<100nm的无机化合物和至少一种溶剂。所述无机化合物优选选自硫属元素化物、碳化物和/或氮化物。进一步优选平均粒径<50nm,特别是<25nm。所述溶剂是,特别是,一种极性溶剂,特别是水。

Description

陶瓷材料、玻璃陶瓷材料和其它矿物材料和复合材料的制造
本发明涉及陶瓷材料、玻璃陶瓷材料和其它矿物材料和复合材料的制造,特别是适合这种制造的无机粘结剂。为此,本发明还提供一种含有这种无机粘结剂的组合物以及用此组合物制造的物品和涂层。
在现有技术中,有机粘结剂(如酚醛树脂)和无机粘结剂(如水泥)都被用于在材料的制造中粘结各种物质。使用基于溶胶-凝胶法制造的混合材料作粘结剂也已经是已知的。
有机粘结剂或混合材料被用来将一个期望的结构结合在一起。然而,如此结合在一起的材料不能在高温下使用,因为有机粘结剂和混合材料都会燃烧从而失去其强度。此外,使用这些粘结剂形成的热解产物大多数情况下都是有毒的。如果要求材料结合在一起后所获得的复合材料是热稳定的,则要使用无机粘结剂。
在无机粘结剂中,又分两种,即需要水来固化的粘结剂(如水泥、石灰和熟石膏)和除水之外还需要其它添加剂来固化的粘结剂(如水玻璃、氧化镁粘结剂和磷酸盐粘结剂)。
无机粘结剂中最有名的肯定是水泥、石灰和熟石膏。与水混合后,它们可以作为无机粘结建筑材料而在灰泥和混凝土的制造中充当填料和固化剂。它们使得可以获得几乎任意的、但时间有限的成型性,且只能在低温下固化或硬化。
水泥、石灰和熟石膏都对水起反应。这些无机材料与水混合之后,发生化学转变并生成多少有些晶态的产品。在硬化方法中,分三种:水合硬化、水硬硬化和形成碳酸盐硬化。在水合硬化中,添加水以分子形式结合和合并(如CaSO4被转化成CaSO4*H2O);在水硬硬化中,发生起始物质的水解(如CaO被转化成Ca(OH)2);而在形成碳酸盐硬化中,二氧化碳被吸收并化学结合(如CaO被转化成Ca(OH)2并在第二步骤中转化成CaCO3)。实际中很少有纯的某种类型的硬化,一般存在两种或三种硬化类型的组合。还应当声明,这些无机粘结剂的硬化都是放热性的。
除水泥、石灰和熟石膏外,还有一组无机粘结剂,它们在硬化时除水之外还需要添加剂。氧化镁粘合剂(MgO)的固化是基于加入氯化镁或硫酸镁溶液后所造成的难溶性碱性镁盐水合物的形成。而磷酸盐粘结剂的固化则是Al(OH)3与磷酸(H3PO4)混合或Al(OH)3与Al(H2PO4)3溶液混合形成叔磷酸铝的结果。对于水玻璃(Na2O和SiO2的水溶液),其硬化是加入添加剂如有机酸酯、一般的酸的酯或加入氧化物或氢氧化物的结果。对于加入氧化物(如ZnO)或氢氧化物后硬化的情形,发生了难溶的硅酸盐水合物(如ZnSiO3)的形成。在上面讨论的三种情形的最后一种中,水并不直接导致化学反应,但水作为反应介质的存在是所发生的化学反应的基本条件。
矿物层特别是陶瓷层向金属、玻璃、搪瓷或陶瓷基材上的施加或陶瓷制造通常需要使用粘结剂,因为矿物起始物质特别是陶瓷起始物质是粉末形式的。这里几乎只使用有机粘合剂,它在烘烤(烧结)前给予涂层或成形体以足够的强度。在烧结过程中,有机粘合剂热解分解并以气体分解产物脱离陶瓷成形体或陶瓷层。在烧结过程中,有机粘合剂的烧尽引起陶瓷层或成形体的收缩,此收缩又转而导致在层或成形体中产生应力或裂缝。
因此,理想的是使用在烧结过程中仍保留在层或成形体中的无机粘结剂来制造陶瓷成形体,这样收缩可以保持很小,也就不会导致应力的产生。
但是,在现有技术中讨论的无机粘结剂并不能满足此处的要求。所讨论的所有无机粘结剂都表现了过快从而不能充分控制的反应速率,以致几乎不可能在例如工业喷涂工艺或常见的陶瓷成型方法如带浇铸、挤出或注塑中均匀地施加层。此外,在工艺中放出的反应热以及如此结合在一起的陶瓷层/成形体在热作用下会经受后冷凝、导致应力破坏的事实会产生问题。而且还有很多不允许使用水作溶剂或反应物的应用。
因此本发明的一个目的就是消除现有技术中的已知缺陷,或者至少将其回避至相当程度。具体地,本发明应当提供一种具有无机粘结剂的最重要的一些优点的无机粘结剂。因此所述无机粘结剂在陶瓷材料、玻璃陶瓷材料或其它矿物质材料或复合材料的制备中应是化学中性的。不过它应当将需要彼此结合在一起的颗粒/粉末颗粒/纤维和类似材料彼此结合或粘结。所述粘结剂应当不需要外部激活,例如在水泥的固结中通过加入水,而是作为粘结剂的一种内在性质就能作用。所述无机粘结剂在材料的固化、特别是在烧结或烘焙过程中应当保留在材料中,从而在烧结/烘焙过程中发生的收缩应当保持尽可能小,以避免产生应力和裂缝。
所述目的是由本发明的无机粘结剂和组合物达到的。本发明还涉及相应制造的材料和具体无机粘结剂的应用。
根据本发明所述的无机粘结剂是计划用来制造陶瓷材料、玻璃陶瓷材料和其它矿物质材料与复合材料的,包括至少一种平均粒径小于100nm的无机化合物和至少一种溶剂。
下面进行详述。
对本发明的粘结剂的作用的一个决定性特征就是该粘结剂含所谓纳米尺寸的无机化合物。术语纳米尺寸的颗粒或粉末通常是指平均粒径在亚微米范围的颗粒或粉末。在此,该粒径适用于非团聚状态的单个颗粒/粉末微粒。由于其高表面能,纳米尺寸的颗粒常常团在一起并由此形成粒径看起来大于单个颗粒的实际尺寸的团块或聚集体。本发明的描述中所说的尺寸都尽可能是指单个颗粒,在这点上又可称作“初级颗粒”,的平均粒径。
为提供本发明所述的优点,根据本发明所用的通常以粉末形式使用的无机化合物的粒径应当,如上所述,远在亚微米范围。因此,平均粒径通常应当<200nm,特别是小于<100nm。
本发明所用的术语“陶瓷”、“玻璃陶瓷”、“矿物”和“材料”以及“复合材料”对于本领域技术人员来说是已知的,应当尽可能广义地理解。根据本发明所述的无机粘结剂适于和有利于非常多的无机材料/复合材料的制造。如人们所知,陶瓷材料和制品是用陶瓷技术的方法由粉末成形,并随后通过烧结工艺或烘焙工艺转化成其最终形状的。玻璃陶瓷是通过控制结晶由玻璃制造的材料,而术语矿物材料是上述无机材料的通称。这将在下面参照沸石作进一步说明。总之,本发明应扩展到制造所有借助于粘结剂,由原料体固化形成的、特别是通过在200℃以上的温度进行固化而形成的无机材料。
在无机粘结剂的优选实施方案中,所用无机化合物的平均粒径远小于100nm。在此重点强调2-50nm的粒径,更优选2-25nm的粒径。
用于本发明粘结剂的纳米尺寸的颗粒尤其是纳米尺寸的硫属元素化物粉末、碳化物粉末或氮化物粉末。硫属元素化物,如所知,是其中由氧、硫、硒和碲元素作电负性组分的二元化合物。由此,硫属元素化物粉末可以为氧化物粉末、硫化物粉末、硒化物粉末或碲化物粉末。优选纳米尺寸的氧化物粉末。特别是,可以使用通常用于粉末烧结的所有粉末。实例是(需要时经水合的)氧化物如ZnO、CeO2、SnO2、Al2O3、CdO、SiO2、TiO2、In2O3、ZrO2、钇稳定的ZrO2、Al2O3、La2O3、Fe2O3、Fe3O4、Cu2O、Ta2O5、Nb2O5、V2O5、MoO3或WO3,以及磷酸盐、硅酸盐、锆酸盐、铝酸盐和锡酸盐,硫化物如CdS、ZnS、PbS和Ag2S,硒化物如GaSe、CdSe和ZnSe,碲化物如ZnTe或CdTe,碳化物如WC、CdC2或SiC,氮化物如BN、AlN、Si3N4和Ti3N4,相应的混合氧化物如金属-锡氧化物,例如氧化铟-锡(ITO)、氧化锑-锡、掺氟氧化锡和掺Zn的Al2O3,含有含Y或含Eu化合物的发光颜料,或者具有钙钛矿型结构的混合氧化物,例如BaTiO3、PbTiO3和锆钛酸铅(PZT)。也可以使用所述粉末颗粒的混合物。
本发明的无机粘结剂优选包含纳米尺寸的颗粒,它们包括Zr、Al、B、Zn、Si、Cd、Ti、Ce、Fe、Sn、In、La、Cu、Ta、Nb、V、Mo或W、特别优选Zr、Al、Ti、Fe和Si的硫属元素化物,优选氧化物、水合氧化物、氮化物或碳化物。特别优选使用氧化物。优选的纳米颗粒为氧化铝、勃姆石、氧化锆、钇稳定的氧化锆、氧化铁和二氧化钛的颗粒或这些纳米颗粒的混合物。
本发明的粘结剂中存在的溶剂的量原则上并不重要,并可以根据粘结剂的应用变化。但是,优选溶剂组分在粘结剂中的量为基于粘结剂总重的40-95重量%。在此范围内,又优选50-80重量%。原则上可以使用各种溶剂,例如脂族化合物和油。但是,在很多情况下有利的是使用极性溶剂,特别是酯、醇、二醇、乙二醇等。如果用醇,则优选使用C1-C5链烷醇,特别是乙醇。一种特别优选的溶剂是水,必要时与醇混合使用。水性粘结剂体系,特别是由于其低毒性,非常容易处理。
如果合适,本发明的粘结剂可以进一步包含额外的添加剂。特别是有助于无机化合物在粘结剂体系中的分散和/或防止单独纳米颗粒结团的添加剂。这些添加剂可以为,例如,阴离子或阳离子表面活性剂。
用来制造陶瓷材料、玻璃陶瓷材料和其它矿物材料和复合材料的本发明的组合物或起始物质的特征在于包含至少一种根据本发明的无机粘结剂。区分本发明与现有技术组合物的也正是此粘结剂。
组合物中所含的粘结剂的量根据本发明原则上并不重要。此含量的选择应使可以提供根据本发明所述的效果。出于成本原因,粘结剂的量通常应当尽可能小。优选粘结剂在组合物中的量为1-40重量%,特别是5-20重量%。如果含量是基于纳米尺寸的无机化合物计,则优选在组合物中的含量为1.5-15重量%,更优选5-10重量%。
根据粘结剂组合物和根据组合物中的其它组分,组合物的稠度可以在很宽范围内变化。因此,组合物可以是低粘度的悬浮液形式的、相对较高浓度的悬浮液形式的或迅速形成相对坚实的、浆状的物质形式的滑泥形式。从而,当组合物被当作涂层应用时,常常会选择例如可以涂刷、喷涂或者甚至通过浸涂或淹没来施涂的低粘度的悬浮液。当用此组合物制造成形体时,则以随后可以被浇铸、挤出等的可能为浆状物料的形式采用该组合物。
除粘结剂之外,本发明的组合物首先包含构成要制造的材料或复合材料的那些成分(然后被粘结剂粘合在一起)。这些成分优选是对于制造陶瓷和玻璃陶瓷已知的所有常用无机颗粒或纤维。因此作为组合物的进一步成分的这些常用“陶瓷粉末”一般优选粒径大于粘结剂中的纳米尺寸的颗粒。这些颗粒通常是微米级的,特别是在1-500μm的范围。不过,根据本发明同样优选在组合物中除了纳米尺寸(<100nm)的粘结剂颗粒外还存在亚微米的颗粒,例如粒径在500-1000nm(1μm)范围内的粉末颗粒。
用于制造陶瓷和玻璃陶瓷的无机颗粒或纤维优选是上面所述的硫属元素化物、碳化物和/或氮化物,在此同样优选使用氧化物。有关这些化合物的上述相关信息在此特意引入作为参考。
此外,用于制造其它矿物材料和复合材料时,还应当提及那些除了本发明的粘结剂之外还使用了所谓沸石的组合物。已知沸石是本领域技术人员熟知的一类基于硅铝酸盐的含水矿物。沸石的内部具有空隙,这注定了它们可以用于不同的领域。因而沸石被用作所谓分子筛或用于离子交换剂中。根据本发明所制造的沸石基材料的优点将在下面进行详述。
最后,本发明的组合物在任何情况下都可以包含例如影响组合物本身的性能(例如加入分散助剂、表面活性剂等)或它的加工性能(例如,用作涂层材料时的增粘剂)的其它常用添加剂。如果需要,可以在本发明的组合物中除本发明的无机粘结剂之外,还加入至少一种其它有机粘结剂,该有机粘结剂在相对较高温度下进行固化时被从组合物中再次除去,即烧尽。
本发明还包括借助于本发明的粘结剂或由本发明的组合物制造的或可以制造的无机成形体和无机涂层。在此点上,本发明还包括(整体或部分)具有这种本发明涂层的所有制品。
这里,将解释在本发明的粘结剂中所含的纳米颗粒的作用。
用作无机粘结剂的纳米颗粒具有非常大的、优选带有活性羟基的比表面积。这些表面基团可以,甚至在室温下,即在烧结或烘焙工艺前,与要粘结的材料(例如陶瓷粉末或纤维等)的表面基团交联。这样,就可以实现类似于有机粘结剂的未烧(生坯)层/成形体的强化。由于纳米颗粒的高曲率半径,纳米颗粒还具有非常高的表面能。甚至在200℃以上的温度,优选在300℃以上,发现这些表面能导致物质从纳米颗粒向被粘结的材料(通常较粗)的接触点传输(扩散)。粘结的较粗粉末颗粒具有明显较低的表面能,因此此时并不烧结,这意味着它们同样也还未收缩。由纳米颗粒引起的物质传输导致粘结的颗粒在没有发生粘结的较粗颗粒的转移的情况下就烧结。这种形式的质量传递是全新的,因为用作粘结剂的纳米颗粒以类似于牺牲材料的形式溶解,即失去其原形状并在该过程中使较粗粉末颗粒彼此结合/烧结。这种无收缩烧结首先导致了具有所谓开孔结构的多孔(通常为高度多孔)层。在本文中,术语开孔结构是指存在于层/成形体中的孔可以从外面进入,即向外不封闭。这样,开孔性在层/成形体上至少部分扩展,但不一定要扩展至整个层/成形体。如果这样,则相应的成形体就可以例如用作过滤器特别是陶瓷过滤器了。不过,当温度进一步升高时,多孔层可以烧结成接近理论密度或达到理论密度。因此,在实施本发明时,可以通过选择和控制温度来调节孔隙率。只要所采用的烘焙温度低于较粗粉末颗粒烧结时的温度,即,表现出质量传递,强化发生时就不会产生收缩或应力。
从上述内容可以看出,本发明的无机成形体和本发明的无机涂层可以选择作成或多或少多孔性的。如果本发明的材料/复合材料,特别是陶瓷材料和玻璃陶瓷材料/复合材料是在相对较低的温度下和/或相对较短的时间内强化或烧结的,则获得具有相对较高孔隙率的成形体和涂层。如果强化或烧结是在较高温度下和/或较长时间内进行的,则得到接近理论密度或达到理论密度的材料/复合材料。在适当的强化/烧结条件下,可以得到无收缩且无应力因此也基本上无裂缝的成形体和涂层。这使本发明的成形体和涂层显著区别于现有技术。这种成形体和涂层对高温也非常稳定。
本发明的陶瓷材料和玻璃陶瓷材料以及复合材料特别适合于广泛的各种应用。值得特别提起是它们可以用作绝缘材料、气体和液体过滤用的过滤器、抗划层、柴油粒子催化剂和催化活性物质的高孔隙率载体材料。
当本发明的材料和复合材料被用作制品的涂层时,可能的基体材料为,特别是,金属、陶瓷、玻璃陶瓷、玻璃和搪瓷。
如上所述,本发明的粘结剂可被用于粘结所谓沸石。这样就既可以制造沸石层或沸石涂层,又可以制造沸石成形体。
在用沸石制造的上述材料中,沸石的孔隙出人意料地没被填满。从而,沸石的孔隙和沸石的大(内)表面积都得以保留。对于沸石层的情形,层的强化甚至可以在相对较低的温度下,特别是在500-600℃的范围,和较短的时间内,例如几秒内,进行。获得的层具有极好的耐热冲击性,并可以毫无问题地承受反复地在短时间内,例如仅3秒内,从室温加热到较高温度,如600℃。可以获得任意高的层厚直至具有厚壁的成形体。通常优选层厚在1-300μm的范围。如果这种层被施加到挠性基材、特别是金属基材上,则带有涂层的基材可以弯曲/变形,而所施加的沸石层不剥落。还可以很容易地涂覆金属编织体结构(例如,薄金属丝网和薄金属小片)。
沸石层和沸石成形体的优选应用领域是,例如,气相反应用的催化剂层或催化剂成形体,用于气体分离的过滤器,可能用作传感器,特别是气体传感器,可能用作吸附层(例如,以除去污染物或用于气体吸附)和可能用作离子交换剂。
最后,本发明包括平均粒径<100nm的无机化合物在陶瓷材料、玻璃陶瓷材料和其它矿物材料和复合材料的制造中作为粘结剂成分的应用。此应用已被上述说明公开。因此,特意引入上面所给的相应信息作为参考。
所述的本发明的优点和进一步优点可从下面对实施例的说明和所附的权利要求中导出。本发明的各个特征可以单独实现也可以彼此组合实现。
                            实施例
实施例1
将40g氧化铝粉末(来自德国Condea-Chemie GmbH的CeraloxAPA 0.5(相当于0.5μm的粒径))与10g水浆化。向由此得到的悬浮液中加入10g无机粘结剂溶液(45重量%的纳米尺寸的氧化锆(平均粒径<50nm)在55重量%的水中的溶液)。然后混入0.9g可商购的有机粘结剂(PVA,聚乙烯醇)。这样获得了悬浮液形式的根据本发明的一种组合物。此悬浮液的粘度可以通过添加优选少量的水和/或硝酸或通过改变所加入的有机粘结剂的量来任意调节。这些悬浮液随后可以通过喷涂工艺被施加到金属、陶瓷、玻璃陶瓷、玻璃和搪瓷基材上以制成陶瓷层。通过在500℃以上的温度烧结/烘焙进行强化。所得陶瓷层的孔隙率也可以通过选择最终的温度和/或烧结/烘焙过程的持续时间来调整。
实施例2
按实施例1所述,制备另一种低粘度陶瓷悬浮液。通过粉浆浇铸由此悬浮液获得陶瓷成形体。所获得的生坯首先于70℃下在干燥箱中干燥,然后在500℃以上烧结/烘焙。在此,所得成形体的孔隙率同样可以通过类似方式改变温度水平和时间来相应改变。
实施例3
用1.63g勃姆石AlOOH(Sasol有限公司的商品Disperal P3)和7.43g水通过搅拌制备所谓溶胶。在球磨机中向此溶胶内加入1.64g Ceralox粉末(参见实施例1)并将混合物球磨10分钟。最后加入作为填料和着色剂的4.5g沸石(德国Alsi-Pentha-Zeolith Gm bH出品的Fe-MSM-1S)和Riedel-de Haen出品的1.5g氧化铁(Fe2O3)。
将由此获得的悬浮液作为涂层喷涂在陶瓷载体上,在室温下干燥并随后在600℃烘焙。

Claims (24)

1.一种用于制造陶瓷材料、玻璃陶瓷材料和其它矿物材料和复合材料的无机粘结剂,其中所述粘结剂包含至少一种平均粒径小于100nm的选自硫属元素化物、碳化物和/或氮化物的无机化合物和至少一种溶剂。
2.根据权利要求1的无机粘结剂,特征在于所述无机化合物的平均粒径小于50nm。
3.根据权利要求1的无机粘结剂,特征在于所述无机化合物的平均粒径小于25nm。
4.根据权利要求1的无机粘结剂,特征在于所述硫属元素化物为氧化物或硫化物。
5.根据权利要求1的无机粘结剂,特征在于所述硫属元素化物是氧化物。
6.根据权利要求5的无机粘结剂,特征在于所述氧化物是Zr、Al、B、Zn、Si、Cd、Ti、Ce、Fe、Sn、In、La、Cu、Ta、Nb、V、Mo或W的氧化物。
7.根据权利要求1的无机粘结剂,特征在于所述溶剂在粘结剂中的含量,以粘结剂的总重计,为40-95重量%。
8.根据权利要求1的无机粘结剂,特征在于所述溶剂是极性溶剂。
9.根据权利要求8的无机粘结剂,特征在于所述极性溶剂是至少一种醇。
10.根据权利要求8的无机粘结剂,特征在于所述极性溶剂是水。
11.一种用于制造陶瓷材料、玻璃陶瓷材料和其它矿物材料和复合材料的组合物,其特征在于包含至少一种如上述任何一项权利要求所述的无机粘结剂。
12.根据权利要求11的组合物,特征在于所述粘结剂在该组合物中的含量,以组合物的总重计,为1-40重量%。
13.根据权利要求11或12的组合物,特征在于所述组合物是悬浮液形式的。
14.根据权利要求11的组合物,特征在于除粘结剂之外它还包含在制造陶瓷材料和玻璃陶瓷材料以及复合材料中常用的无机颗粒和/或纤维。
15.根据权利要求14的组合物,特征在于所述颗粒和/或纤维包含硫属元素化物、碳化物和/或氮化物。
16.根据权利要求11的组合物,其特征在于除粘结剂之外还包含至少一种沸石的颗粒。
17.一种无机材料或复合材料,它能用或已用权利要求1-10中任何一项的无机粘结剂制造,或者能由或已由权利要求11-16中任何一项的组合物制造。
18.一种无机涂层,它能用或已用权利要求1-10中任何一项的无机粘结剂制造,或者能由或已由权利要求11-16中任何一项的组合物制造。
19.一种制品,特征在于它至少部分地涂覆了根据权利要求18的无机涂层。
20.平均粒径小于100nm的选自硫属元素化物、碳化物和/或氮化物的无机化合物在陶瓷材料、玻璃陶瓷材料和其它矿物材料和复合材料的制造中的应用。
21.根据权利要求20的应用,特征在于所述无机化合物是氧化物。
22.根据权利要求21的应用,特征在于所述氧化物是Zr、Al、B、Zn、Si、Cd、Ti、Ce、Fe、Sn、In、La、Cu、Ta、Nb、V、Mo或W的氧化物。
23.根据权利要求20-22中任何一项的应用,特征在于所述无机化合物的平均粒径小于50nm。
24.根据权利要求20-22中任何一项的应用,特征在于所述无机化合物的平均粒径小于25nm。
CNB038159406A 2002-05-05 2003-05-05 陶瓷材料、玻璃陶瓷材料和其它矿物材料和复合材料的制造 Expired - Fee Related CN1303039C (zh)

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