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CN1395468A - 啮齿类的生物和化学结合防治 - Google Patents

啮齿类的生物和化学结合防治 Download PDF

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CN1395468A
CN1395468A CN01803880A CN01803880A CN1395468A CN 1395468 A CN1395468 A CN 1395468A CN 01803880 A CN01803880 A CN 01803880A CN 01803880 A CN01803880 A CN 01803880A CN 1395468 A CN1395468 A CN 1395468A
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CN100521944C (zh
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G·黑塞
T·贝克尔
S·恩德波尔斯
T·耶克尔
S·洪纳克
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01NPRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N25/00Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
    • A01N25/002Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests containing a foodstuff as carrier or diluent, i.e. baits
    • A01N25/004Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests containing a foodstuff as carrier or diluent, i.e. baits rodenticidal
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01NPRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01NPRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N63/00Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi, animals or substances produced by, or obtained from, microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi or animals, e.g. enzymes or fermentates
    • A01N63/20Bacteria; Substances produced thereby or obtained therefrom

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Abstract

本发明涉及含有至少一种寄生性单细胞生物体的孢子母细胞和至少一种抗凝血剂的药剂。本发明还涉及该药剂杀灭有害啮齿类的用途。

Description

啮齿类的生物和化学结合防治
本发明涉及含有致病性单细胞生物和抗凝血剂的组合物,及其防治啮齿类的用途。
已知2,3-二氢-1,3-茚二酮衍生物和4-羟基香豆素是维生素K的拮抗物并可降低血中的凝血酶原水平。这样降低了血的凝结力。而且,这些化合物提高了毛细管的通透性。特别是,啮齿类对这些物质高度敏感。因此,将这些衍生物用作杀啮齿动物活性化合物(参见,例如,DE-OS(德国公开说明书)25 06 769,JP-A 48 023 942,CH-OS(瑞士公开说明书)481 580,Tammes PML等1967 Acta Physiol.Pharmacol.Neer. 14,423-433,Paposci L 1974 Beihefte Z.Angew.Zool.,155,DE 2 506 769)。
目前销售的该类活性化合物的急性毒性是0.2mg/kg-30mg/kg(LD50鼠)。对于杀鼠醚,例如,LD50约为16.5mg/kg。第二代抗凝血剂的急性LD50为0.2mg/kg(溴敌拿鼠)至2.0mg/kg(溴敌鼠)。对于抗性鼠,各自的LD50高至10-100倍。(所有数据都是指褐家鼠的口服急性LD50)。
还已知选自肉孢子虫目的原生动物(原生动物门,孢子虫纲,球虫亚纲,真球虫目,艾美亚目)对啮齿类(鼠属,板齿鼠属,田鼠属,地鼠属,小家鼠属)有致病性以及在足够高剂量条件下,可导致动物死亡(Rzepczyk 1974,Intern.J.Parasitol. 4,447-449;Brehm,Frank1980,Z.Parasitenkd. 62,15-30)。特别对鼠类中的多数种类具有致病性的该类寄生物是Sarcocystis singaporensis(Zamann等1975,Z.Parasitenkd. 47,169-185)。
寄生物的终宿主是食肉动物或杂食动物;在为S.Singaporensis情况下,终宿主是蛇,例如网纹蟒蛇。在终宿主的肠内,寄生物形成孢子囊。休眠期随粪便排泄出来。如果中间宿主,在S.Singaporensis情况下例如是鼠时,上述孢子囊经口侵染,子孢子在鼠的肠内孵化并穿透肠壁。通过血液循环,该阶段转移至其它器官,在那里通过分裂增殖(裂体生殖)。
证实存在2次裂体生殖,第一次大约第六天p.i.以及第二次大约14-16天p.i.。裂殖体特别大量地发生于肺,其中它们在内皮细胞中增殖。
如果,由于严重侵染,裂殖性孢子在肺中大量增殖,则约第16天p.i.,在寄生物第二次裂体生殖过程中鼠类发病,然后大多数情况下在几小时内死亡。
可用上述肉孢子虫目的孢子囊喂食啮齿类,以使后者由于感染而死亡。该机理可利用于防治啮齿类(Wood 1985,J.PlantProtect.Trop. 2,67-69)。应用Sarcocystis singaporensis可成功地防治鼠类(Jkel等1996,J.Parasitol. 82,280-287)。
对屋顶鼠和褐家鼠大于20 000个孢子囊的侵染通常是致死量的。多达14天p.i.,动物没有表现症状。然后,由于侵染的原因它们很快地变得虚弱并在约第16天p.i.死亡。
即使14天p.i.后,亚致死侵染的鼠几乎没有表现出任何发病的症状并幸免于侵染而不丧失活力。甚至侵染后几天内,这些动物对病原物产生了免疫力。因此这些动物对采用Sarcocystis singaporensis制剂的任何其它防治都是不敏感的。
令人惊奇的是,目前已发现通过抗凝血剂的单独给药可杀死亚致死侵染的动物。
这里,特别值得注意的是明显低于普通敏感动物LD50的抗凝血剂剂量对本发明目的来说是足够的(参见实施例)。需要小于LD50一半(口服急性)剂量可获得100%死亡率。应用例如杀鼠醚的情况下,甚至6mg/kg对于褐家鼠是足够的。
此处应特别强调的是甚至通常摄食一次以上才有效的单一低剂量的抗凝血剂可足以获得100%死亡率。
令人惊奇的是,应用肉孢子虫的孢子囊侵染的效果可通过亚致死剂量的抗凝血剂而增效。因此提供了一种显著地更有效地防治有害啮齿类的新的且意料不到的可能性。
一般,适合的致病生物体是选自孢子纲的所有原生动物。特别适合的是选自球虫亚纲(coccidia)的种类。更特别适合的是艾美亚目(Eimeriina)的代表性种类。举例来说,但并不限于此,可提及的是肉孢子虫属的种类,如Sarcocystis singaporensis。
通常,用于本发明体系中的肉孢子虫目侵染的适合的增效剂是所有抗凝血剂杀啮齿动物活性化合物。本发明中,可提及的特别是抗凝血剂物质,如4-羟基香豆素衍生物(1-苯基-2-乙酰基)-3-乙基-4-羟基香豆素(“杀鼠灵”),3-(α-丙酮基-4-氯苄基)-4-羟基香豆素(“氯杀鼠灵”),3-(4’-羟基-3’-香豆素基)-3-苯基-1-(4’-溴-4’-联苯基)-丙-1-醇(“溴敌鼠”),3-(3’-对联苯基-1’,2’,3’,4’-四氢-1’-萘基)-4-羟基香豆素(“敌拿鼠”),溴敌拿鼠,氟鼠酮和3-(1’,2’,3’,4’-四氢-1’-萘基)-4-羟基香豆素(“杀鼠醚”),二氢茚二酮衍生物,如1,1-二苯基-2-乙酰基-茚满-1,3-二酮(“敌鼠”)和(1’-对氯苯基-1’-苯基)-2-乙酰基-茚满-1,3-二酮(“氯鼠酮(chlorodiphacinone)”),以及羟基-4-苯并噻喃酮,例如噻鼠酮。
其它可提及的适于制备本发明组合物的抗凝血剂是以下的2-氮杂环烷基甲基-取代的二苯甲酮和二苯甲醇:
公开在DT-OS(德国公开说明书)2 417 783中的1-苯基-3-(2-哌啶基)-1-(对甲苯基)-2-丙酮,3,3-二苯基-1-(2-吡咯烷基)-2-戊酮,1,1-二苯基-3-[2-(六氢-1H-氮杂基)]-2-丙酮,1-(4-氟-苯基)-1-苯基-3-(2-哌啶基)-2-丙酮,1-(4-甲硫基苯基)-1-苯基-3-(5,5-二甲基-2-吡咯烷基)-2-丙酮,1-(对异丙苯基)-1-苯基-3-(4-叔丁基-2-哌啶基)-2-丙酮,3,3-二苯基-1-[2-(六氢-1H-氮杂基)]-2-丁酮,3-(2,4-二氯苯基)-3-苯基-1-(2-哌啶基)-2-庚酮,1,1-二苯基-3-(5-甲基-2-吡咯烷基)-2-丙酮,3,3-二苯基-1-(2-哌啶基)-2-丁酮,α-(α-甲基-α-苯基苄基)-2-哌啶乙醇,α-(α-乙基-α-苯基苄基)-2-吡咯烷乙醇,(2,5-二甲基-α-苯基苄基)-2-哌啶乙醇和α-(二苯基甲基)-2-(六氢-1H-氮杂)乙醇以及它们的盐,以及公开在DT-OS(德国公开说明书)2 418 480中的4’-(氟苯基)-2-(2-吡咯烷基)-苯乙酮,4’-苯基-2-(5,5-二甲基-2-吡咯烷基)-苯乙酮,4’-[对-(三氟甲基)-苯基]-2-(2-哌啶基)-苯乙酮,4’-(对丁氧基苯基)-2-(4-叔丁基-2-哌啶基)-苯乙酮,2’-苯氧基-2-(2-哌啶基)-苯乙酮,4’-(对氟苯氧基)-2-(5,5-二甲基-2-吡咯烷基)-苯乙酮,4’-(对氯苯氧基)-2-(2-哌啶基)苯乙酮,4’-[间-(三氟甲基)-苯氧基]-2-(2-哌啶基)-苯乙酮,4’-(对丁氧基苯氧基)-2-(2-吡咯烷基)-苯乙酮,2-(2-哌啶基)-4’-(反式-对甲苯基亚乙烯基)-苯乙酮,2-(2-六氢-1H-氮杂基)-4’-(反式-苯乙烯基)-苯乙酮,4’-(间甲氧基苯基亚乙烯基)-2-(2-吡咯烷基)-苯乙酮,2-(2-哌啶基)-4’-[(对甲硫基)-苯基亚乙烯基]-苯乙酮,4’-(3-苯氧基丙氧基)-2-(2-哌啶基)-苯乙酮,4’-(4-苯基丁基)-2-(2-哌啶基)-苯乙酮,4’-(α,α-二甲基苄基)-2-(哌啶基)-苯乙酮,4’-苯乙基-2-(3,5-二乙基-2-哌啶基)-苯乙酮,4’-苯基-2-(2-吡咯烷基)-苯乙酮,α-[2-(2-苯基-乙氧基)-苯基]-2-哌啶乙醇,α-(对苯氧基苯基)-2-吡咯烷乙醇,α-[4-(4-溴苯氧基)-苯基]-6-甲基-2-哌啶乙醇,α-(对苯乙基)-苯基-2-吡咯烷乙醇,α-对联苯基-2-(六氢-1H-氮杂)-乙醇,α-[3-(4-苯氧基丁氧基)-苯基]-2-哌啶乙醇和α-(4-苄基)-苯基-2-哌啶乙醇以及它们的盐。
尤其是,但并不限制于此,可提及的实例包括第一代活性化合物氯鼠酮,杀鼠灵和杀鼠醚,以及早期第二代活性化合物溴敌鼠和敌拿鼠。
可将本发明组合物混入常用于制备啮齿类食物诱饵的各种配料中,例如基于谷物、浆糊、胶和蜡段以及谷物和助剂的挤出混合物诱饵中。还可将病原物加入含水的饮用诱饵中。本发明诱饵如同用于防治有害啮齿类的常规诱饵一样使用。根据靶标动物种类以及诱饵点密度,可将它们以每诱饵点5g-500g数量放置在室内和户外。还可以将它们放置在需要防治的啮齿类洞穴入口处。
诱饵中病原物的剂量应为每克诱饵500-200 000个孢子囊。优选浓度为每克2000-50 000个孢子囊,并特别优选每克10 000个孢子囊。还可以使用更高的剂量,但通常是没有必要的。既可以使用仅一种病原物的孢子囊也可以使用不同病原物的孢子囊混合物。
抗凝血剂活性化合物的浓度应为常规应用和/或登记浓度的约10%-150%,例如如下所示浓度:
杀鼠灵30-600ppm
杀鼠醚30-400ppm
溴敌鼠5-60ppm
敌拿鼠5-60ppm
溴敌拿鼠3-50ppm
氟鼠酮3-50ppm
噻鼠酮3-50ppm
优选使用常规应用和/或登记浓度的约10%-25%的活性化合物。本发明可以应用单一活性化合物或适合的不同活性化合物的混合物。
寄生物和抗凝血剂活性化合物或活性化合物混合物可同时或分几次在各自诱饵中提供。然而,还可将它们一起混合在一个诱饵中并应用该混配诱饵防治有害啮齿类。在一个诱饵中的混剂是一种特别有用的溶液。
对于本发明目的来说,需要防治的啮齿类或有害啮齿类是啮齿目啮齿类。特别优选鼠属,小家鼠属,板齿鼠属,地鼠属和田鼠属。更特别优选鼠属和板齿鼠属中的代表性种类,例如屋顶鼠,褐家鼠,Bandicota.bengalensis,板齿鼠。
通过应用本发明体系,可以节省抗凝血剂和致病性生物的用量。因为在诱饵中仅需要低浓度的抗凝血剂,所以降低了生物中的抗凝血剂浓度。
通过应用本发明体系,特别是可以确保即使是最初仅受亚致死侵染的有害啮齿类能够在防治措施过程中被杀死。这些动物不可能再被重复侵染,因为它们在第一次侵染后获得了免疫。
需要强调的是,本发明体系提供了有效的抗性控制方法。对不同作用机制的结合产生抗性的概率显著低于单一作用机制抗性选择概率。
本发明体系的应用确保了在防治措施后存活鼠的比例低于仅采用一种作用机制的数量。特别是对于应用肉孢子虫的防治方法,值得注意的是更少量的获得免疫的抗肉孢子虫动物幸免于防治措施。
本发明建立于两种作用机制的增效活性。这种结合是为了获得更有效地防治有害生物,同时使用更少量活性化合物的“害物综合防治”的一个组成部分,因此可以减少对环境的不利影响。
下述试验实施例用于解释两种作用机制的增效作用。实施例:
对野生褐家鼠的成年鼠试验(褐家鼠)
将3组野生褐家鼠进行相同剂量的下列处理:1)Sarcocystissingaporensis孢子囊,2)抗凝血剂杀鼠醚和3)孢子囊和杀鼠醚的结合。测定死亡率。
经过实验,达到致死作用的最小孢子囊剂量是每只动物20 000个孢子囊。对于非抗性鼠,杀鼠醚的LD50是16.5mg/kg(RacuminTechnische Information Bayer AG)。
将褐家鼠在实验室的标准条件下饲养。在实验以及2周的处理期内,将它们分别放置在由聚碳酸酯(Makrolon)制成的鼠笼中。孢子囊悬浮液和杀鼠醚是通过管饲法给药,在给药过程中使用乙醚将动物轻度麻醉。
组1(S):10 000个孢子囊,0.5毫升聚乙二醇300悬浮液,其中每毫升含有20 000个孢子囊
组2(C):每千克体重6毫克杀鼠醚,0.06毫升的1%浓度的活性化合物的聚乙二醇300溶液
组3(S+C):10 000个孢子囊+6毫克杀鼠醚/千克,类似于组1和2方式给药。
死亡率
              n致死/n              %组(S)               0/6                  0组(C)               1/6                 17组(S+C)             6/6                 100没有发现出血

Claims (4)

1.组合物,其中含有至少一种单细胞寄生物的孢子囊和至少一种抗凝血剂活性化合物。
2.权利要求1的组合物,其特征在于,孢子囊的剂量和/或抗凝血剂的剂量很低以致于它们本身各自不具有任何致死作用。
3.包括权利要求1或2的孢子囊或至少一种抗凝血剂的两个分离的组合物的组合。
4.权利要求1或2的组合物或权利要求3的两个分离的组合物的组合防治有害啮齿类的用途。
CNB018038808A 2000-01-18 2001-01-05 啮齿类的生物和化学结合防治 Expired - Fee Related CN100521944C (zh)

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AU2003226826B2 (en) * 2002-05-07 2008-10-30 Bayer Cropscience Ag Rodenticidal bait system
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AU3017201A (en) 2001-07-31
AR026813A1 (es) 2003-02-26
CN100521944C (zh) 2009-08-05
US7008632B2 (en) 2006-03-07
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