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CN1285880A - Method for producing hot metal - Google Patents

Method for producing hot metal Download PDF

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Publication number
CN1285880A
CN1285880A CN98813116A CN98813116A CN1285880A CN 1285880 A CN1285880 A CN 1285880A CN 98813116 A CN98813116 A CN 98813116A CN 98813116 A CN98813116 A CN 98813116A CN 1285880 A CN1285880 A CN 1285880A
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China
Prior art keywords
reduction
additives
melter
iron
slag
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Pending
Application number
CN98813116A
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Chinese (zh)
Inventor
P·扎赫蒂
J·乌尔姆
J·斯托金格
H·米泽利
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Primetals Technologies Austria GmbH
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Voest Alpine Industrienlagenbau GmbH
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Application filed by Voest Alpine Industrienlagenbau GmbH filed Critical Voest Alpine Industrienlagenbau GmbH
Publication of CN1285880A publication Critical patent/CN1285880A/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21B—MANUFACTURE OF IRON OR STEEL
    • C21B3/00—General features in the manufacture of pig-iron
    • C21B3/02—General features in the manufacture of pig-iron by applying additives, e.g. fluxing agents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21B—MANUFACTURE OF IRON OR STEEL
    • C21B13/00—Making spongy iron or liquid steel, by direct processes
    • C21B13/0006—Making spongy iron or liquid steel, by direct processes obtaining iron or steel in a molten state
    • C21B13/0013—Making spongy iron or liquid steel, by direct processes obtaining iron or steel in a molten state introduction of iron oxide into a bath of molten iron containing a carbon reductant
    • C21B13/002—Reduction of iron ores by passing through a heated column of carbon
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21B—MANUFACTURE OF IRON OR STEEL
    • C21B13/00—Making spongy iron or liquid steel, by direct processes
    • C21B13/14—Multi-stage processes processes carried out in different vessels or furnaces
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
    • Y02P10/10—Reduction of greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions
    • Y02P10/134—Reduction of greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions by avoiding CO2, e.g. using hydrogen

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
  • Manufacture Of Iron (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for producing molten pig iron, the raw materials of which consist of iron ore, preferably in the form of lumps and/or pellets, and optionally additives, preferably limestone and/or dolomite, which are reduced to sponge iron in a reduction zone. The sponge iron is melted in a melt-down gasification zone with the addition of a solid carbon carrier and an oxygen-containing gas to obtain molten pig iron, and a reducing gas and slag are produced. The reducing gas is at least partially introduced into the reduction zone where it reacts to form top gas and is discharged. The invention also relates to a device for carrying out the method.

Description

Produce the method for thermometal
The present invention relates to produce the method for molten iron, its raw material is made of iron ore that is preferably bulk and/or pelletizing shape and additive in case of necessity, additive is preferably Wingdale and/or rhombspar, and these starting material are reduced to sponge iron in the reduction zone, this sponge iron is melted to obtain molten iron in fusion/gasification zone under the condition of having added solid carbon carrier and oxygen-containing gas, and the reducing gas of partly being introduced the reduction zone at least is converted into stock gas therein and is discharged from, and has formed slag.The invention still further relates to the equipment of this method of enforcement.
By DE PS 35 03 493 known so a kind of methods.In this method, a direct reductive shaft furnace is provided, add carbon carrier together with iron ore, this carbon carrier at least in part in the reducing gas by the reduction of iron ore those oxidized components restore.The intention of this method is the caking that prevents iron ore particle and/or sponge iron particle on the one hand, but mainly is the thermal equilibrium of improving melting gasification furnace, so its effect aspect direct reduction shaft furnace is to have reduced and contains CO and H 2Thereby gas volume and reduced the reducing gas scale of construction.
Yet the minimizing of the reducing gas scale of construction no longer is a last word in direct reductive shaft furnace.By melting gasification furnace and directly the remarkable economic worth of the system that forms of reductive shaft furnace can (in case of necessity through after the gas scrubbing) be used as reducing gas once again and/or can add the gas of thermal utilization owing to the stock gas of from direct reductive shaft furnace, discharging.Therefore the minimizing of the reducing gas scale of construction has also weakened a kind of like this economic benefit of method.
In the reduction of some iron ore, produce such problem, that is: the void volume that is seated in the ore per ton in the feedstock bed is not sufficient to make for ore reduces the needed reducing gas scale of construction by reduction shaft furnace to be passed through.This has many reasons: high volume density, or little ore average particle size particle size, and thick particle size distribution or big particulate ratio, perhaps an ore particles or a significant particle are cracked in reduction process, or because due to the mechanical stress.Described void volume is interpreted as the empty volume in the feedstock bed here.Very little void volume cause the inadequate of sponge iron and/or the fluctuation metallization, this be because, except the very little reducing gas scale of construction, the distribution of gas in reduction shaft furnace inside also is uneven.In fact, passage can be formed on feedstock bed inside, and reducing gas preferably flows into wherein, and the inflow gas that other zone obtains no longer is fully, or does not have gas to flow at all.
In addition, uneven gas distribution also causes uneven temperature distribution in the feedstock bed, and this has a negative impact to the calcining that is included in additive, for example Wingdale and/or rhombspar in the raw material.Owing to directly do not reaching metallization and/or calcining in the reductive shaft furnace.These must be finished in fusion one vapourizing furnace at last, and this also causes the melting behaviour of fusion one vapourizing furnace to reduce and cause its production is not completely stable.
European patent EP 0623684A discloses a kind of method, three classes are collected and be gathered into to the waste material and the residue of the iron that wherein will contain coal dust and exist with metallic forms and oxide form respectively according to their composition, the first kind mainly comprises the iron of oxide form, second class mainly comprises the iron of metallic forms, and the 3rd class mainly comprises carbonaceous material.Their utilization is supplied to the fusion and gasification district by first kind material is supplied to the reduction zone with the second and the 3rd class material and realizes.
Yet particularly adopting the aggregation block contain ferric oxide in the reduction zone is not a kind of method that is suitable for that is used for increasing the voidage of feedstock bed, because these aggregation block often cause particle cracked and have a low-down mechanical stability.
The purpose of this invention is to provide a kind of method, wherein compare the reducing gas scale of construction that has increased and to pass through reduction shaft furnace with the state of the art, and owing to gas is distributed more equably, the metallization of sponge iron and additive and degree of calcination have all increased and are more even.
According to the present invention, this purpose reaches by this way, also supplies with other block additive with raw material to the reduction zone that is:, and these additives are inert basically under the reaction conditions of reduction zone.
To this, " inert " is interpreted as is unreactiveness basically, that is to say additive that this is other and reducing gas react with and has only inappreciable or basic not reaction to raw material.And " inert " will also be understood that to being fully thermal stress and anti-mechanical stress basically.Yet, a spot of gas such as CO 2And/or H 2The discharge of O is possible.Therefore, other additive can't suffer because in the impact type heating that takes place when introduce the reduction zone or owing to be positioned at the corrosion of the cracked or increase of particle that the feedstock bed rest part above the additive causes in further reaction process.
Described other additive moves past the reduction zone basically unchangeably.The void volume of ore per ton has been increased owing to having added the block additive of inert in the feedstock bed.
According to an embodiment preferred of the inventive method, the reducing gas scale of construction that increases can be passed through the reduction zone from the fusion and gasification district.The reducing gas scale of construction than being that the needed amount of reducing iron ore is big about 5 to 50%, is preferably 20 to 40% at this moment.Owing to increased void volume, the formation of feedstock bed interior passageway and the situation of caking have also reduced, and therefore make the distribution of gas more even, and the result have improved the metallization and the calcining of raw material on the whole and made it more even.
Advantageously, the other additive that is adopted is the carrier of coke and/or slag components, and coke is inert basically under reaction conditions, and the main ingredient of slag is CaO and/or MgO and/or SiO 2And/or Al 2O 3
Although in the above-mentioned state of the art, obviously require to fill in the direct reductive shaft furnace coke at least in part with the reducing gas react with, but do not need in this case, because the average particle size particle size of other additive can not change in by the process of reduction zone.A kind of like this coke of the present invention is for example become inert when the grey layering that approaches by one deck.In the situation of the slag components carrier that the present invention adopts, there is not problem equally with raw material or reducing gas react with.
According to an embodiment preferred, adopt from steel-making converter and/or blast furnace and/or electric furnace and/or from the quartz in fusion and gasification district and/or slag as other additive.
Except these materials have the good suitability the inventive method, adopt slag can also utilize the slag that in ironmaking and Steel industry, produces at least in part.Up to now, these slags generally are dropped, and preferably are to be applied in the building material industry in addition only.
Therefore, it is particularly preferred adopting from steel-making converter, the particularly slag from the steel-making converter of operating by oxygen top blown (LD) method.These slags have low especially phosphorus content and therefore can not make any phosphorus additionally introduce the fusion and gasification district adjacent with the reduction zone.
Advantageously, the average particle size particle size of other additive is 6 to 40mm, is preferably 10 to 25mm.The particle size of this scope is equivalent to the particle size of surplus stock basically and therefore can makes it increase the ventilation property of feedstock bed and make ventilation property more even.
According to another advantageous embodiment of the inventive method, the volume of other additive accounts for 5 to 30% of all material cumulative volume of supplying with the reduction zone, is preferably 5 to 20%.In this scope, the feedstock bed in the reduction zone has best ventilation property, best feed metalization and/or incinerating degree, the melting behaviour of the best in reducing property of the accessible the best in reduction zone and fusion and gasification district.
The invention still further relates to the equipment of implementing a kind of method, this method is used for producing molten iron next life by the raw material that is preferably that bulk and/or pelletizing shape iron ore and additive in case of necessity constitute, additive is preferably Wingdale and/or rhombspar, this equipment comprises: a reduction reactor that is used for iron ore, a fusion-vapourizing furnace, a service that melting gasification furnace is connected to reduction reactor, this pipeline is used for carrying the reducing gas that forms at melting gasification furnace, one or more line of pipes that reduction reactor are connected to fusion-vapourizing furnace, this line of pipes is used for carrying the reduzate that forms at reduction reactor, one starts from the stock gas discharge line of reduction reactor, a service that is used for carbon carrier is introduced melting gasification furnace, with the service that is used for oxygen-containing gas is introduced melting gasification furnace, and a spout that is used for the pig iron and slag that is arranged on the melting gasification furnace.
A kind of like this equipment is characterised in that the filling device that is used to add other block additive is arranged on reduction reactor, and these block additives are inert under the current reaction conditions in reduction reactor basically.
According to an embodiment preferred, the device that is used for controlling the stock gas volumetric flow rate of being discharged by reduction reactor is arranged on the stock gas vent pipe.These devices can be designed to for example adjustable valve.By adjusting, also regulated the volumetric flow rate of the reducing gas that enters reduction reactor that increases according to the present invention simultaneously to the stock gas volumetric flow rate.
Advantageously, a vent pipe is come out by the reducing gas service branch that fusion-vapourizing furnace is connected to reduction reactor, and discharges that part of reducing gas that does not infeed in the reduction reactor by it.Preferably, a pressure regulating device is arranged in this vent pipe, and this device defaults to a pressure that limits usually, discharges reducing gas when surpassing this pressure with box lunch from system.
Advantageously, the filling device that is used for other additive comprises a weighing device, can regulate it with respect to the desired quantification of surplus stock by this device.
Following reference one exemplary embodiment illustrates in greater detail method of the present invention:
Raw material in the shaft furnace (not having inert material):
150 tons/hour in ore
15 tons/hour in Wingdale
10 tons/hour of rhombspars
Reducing gas 157000m 3/ hour
Voidage: about 45%
The degree of metallization of sponge iron: about 80%
The degree of calcination of additive: about 80%
The characteristic process data of deriving:
Reducing gas/m 3Charging: about 2050m 3
Reducing gas/ton ore or pellet: about 1050m 3
Raw material in the shaft furnace (having inert material):
140 tons/hour in ore
5.5 tons/hour of rhombspars
28.5 tons/hour in oxygen item blow converter (LD) slag
Reducing gas 166000m 3/ hour
Voidage: about 45%
The degree of metallization of sponge iron:＞90%
The degree of calcination of additive:＞85%
The characteristic process data of deriving:
Reducing gas/m 3Charging: about 2050m 3
Reducing gas/ton ore or particle: about 1180m 3, specifically increased by about 12% gas
The gas volume system means standard state under each situation, that is to say 273.15K and 101325Pa.
The exemplary that following reference is shown among Fig. 1 illustrates in greater detail the present invention, and this figure illustrates the face of land to show to be used to implement an embodiment preferred of the equipment of the inventive method.
Comprise block raw material as ore 4 ferric oxide such as grade (add in case of necessity as Wingdale and/or rhombspar etc. not incinerating additive 5) and pack into via service 3 from top and be designed to the reduction reactor of shaft furnace 1, that is to say its reduction zone 2 of packing into.Shaft furnace 1 is connected in fusion-vapourizing furnace 6, wherein produces reducing gas by carbon carrier and oxygen-containing gas, and this reducing gas flows to raw material 4,5 via service 7 input shaft furnaces 1 and through latter's adverse current.
In addition, other additive 8 is introduced reduction reactor 1 by filling device 9.Filling device is equipped with weighing device, can regulate quantification or the volumetric ratio of other additive 8 with respect to raw material 4,5 by weighing device.
Melting gasification furnace 6 has service 10 that is used for the solid block carbon carrier and the service 12 that is used for oxygen-containing gas.In melting gasification furnace 6, molten iron 14 and slag 15 collect in the bottom of fusion-gasification zone 13 and discharge via relief outlet 16.
The raw material 4,5 that partly or entirely is reduced into sponge iron in the reduction zone 2 of shaft furnace 1 for example is admitted to melting gasification furnace 6 by worm conveyor via one or more line of pipes 17.The top of shaft furnace 1 comprises device 19 in abutting connection with the discharge line 18. stock gas discharge lines 18 that are useful on the stock gas that forms in reduction zone 2, and an adjustable valve for example is in order to the volumetric flow rate of the row of adjusting from the stock gas of shaft furnace 1.The device 19 that is arranged in the stock gas discharge line 18 is also regulated the volume of introducing the reducing gas in the shaft furnace 1 via reducing gas service 7.
Branch out discharge line 20 from reducing gas service 7, discharge the reducing gas that does not enter reduction reactor 1 by pipeline 20.Discharge line 20 can comprise a pressure regulating device 21.Pressure regulating device 21 defaults to a pressure that limits usually, when surpassing this pressure with box lunch reducing gas is arranged from system.
The volume of the reducing gas of input shaft furnace 1 is worked in coordination with the device 19 that is used for the volume adjusted flow by pressure regulating device 21 and is controlled.
The invention is not restricted to the exemplary shown in Fig. 1, and comprise known to those skilled in the art, can be used for implementing whole device of the present invention.

Claims (12)

1．生产生铁水的方法，其原料由优选为块状和/或球团状的铁矿石和必要时的添加剂构成，添加剂优选为石灰石和/或白云石，该原料在还原区被还原为海绵铁，该海绵铁在添加了固体载碳体和含氧气体的条件下在熔融-气化区被熔化以获得生铁水，并且至少被部分地引入还原区的还原气体在其中转化为炉顶煤气且被排出，而且形成炉渣，其特征在于，还与原料一起向还原区供给另外的块状添加剂，这些添加剂在还原区的反应条件下基本上是惰性的。1. A method for producing molten pig iron, the raw material of which is composed of iron ore preferably in the form of lumps and/or pellets and, if necessary, additives, preferably limestone and/or dolomite, the raw material being reduced to sponge iron in a reduction zone, The sponge iron is melted in the melting-gasification zone with the addition of a solid carbon carrier and an oxygen-containing gas to obtain molten pig iron, and the reducing gas, which is at least partially introduced into the reduction zone, is converted therein to top gas and is is discharged, and a slag is formed, characterized in that, together with the raw material, additional bulk additives are supplied to the reduction zone, which additives are essentially inert under the reaction conditions of the reduction zone. 2．按照权利要求1的方法，其特征在于，引入还原区的还原气体量与还原铁矿石所需要的量相比大了约5至50％，优选20至40％。2. 2. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the amount of reducing gas introduced into the reduction zone is approximately 5 to 50%, preferably 20 to 40%, greater than the amount required to reduce the iron ore. 3．按照权利要求1或2的方法，其特征在于，所采用的另外的添加剂为焦炭和/或炉渣组分的载体，焦炭在反应条件下基本上是惰性的，炉渣的主要组分是CaO和/或MgO和/或SiO2和/或Al2O3。3. According to the method for claim 1 or 2, it is characterized in that, the additional additive that adopts is the carrier of coke and/or slag component, and coke is inert substantially under reaction conditions, and the main component of slag is CaO and/or or MgO and/or SiO 2 and/or Al 2 O 3 . 4．按照权利要求1至3中任一项的方法，其特征在于，所采用的另外的添加剂是来自炼钢转炉和/或高炉和/或电炉和/或来自熔融气化区的石英和/或炉渣。4. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the additional additives used are quartz and/or slag from steelmaking converters and/or blast furnaces and/or electric furnaces and/or from the melter-gasification zone . 5．按照权利要求4的方法，其特征在于，所采用的另外的添加剂是来自炼钢转炉、特别是来自通过LD法操作的炼钢转炉的炉渣。5. The method according to claim 4, characterized in that the additional additive used is slag from a steelmaking converter, in particular from a steelmaking converter operated by the LD process. 6．按照权利要求1至5中任一项的方法，其特征在于，另外的添加剂的平均颗粒尺寸为6至40mm，优选为10至25mm。6. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the additional additives have an average particle size of 6 to 40 mm, preferably 10 to 25 mm. 7．按照权利要求1至6中任一项方法，其特征在于，另外的添加剂的体积占供给至还原区的全部材料总体积的5至30％，优选为5至20％。7. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the volume of the additional additive is 5 to 30%, preferably 5 to 20%, of the total volume of all materials supplied to the reduction zone. 8．用于由原料(4，5)生产生铁水的设备，其原料(4，5)由优选为块状和/或球团状铁矿石(4)和必要时的添加剂(5)构成，添加剂优选为石灰石和/或白云石，该设备包括：一个用于铁矿石的还原反应器(1)，一个熔融气化炉(6)、一个将熔融气化炉(6)连接至还原反应器(1)的供给管道(7)、该管道用于输送在熔融气化炉(6)中形成的还原气体，一个或多个将还原反应器(1)连接至熔融气化炉(6)的输送管线(17)、该输送管线用于输送在还原反应器中形成的还原产物，一始自还原反应器(1)的炉顶煤气排出管道(18)，一个用于将载碳体(11)引入熔融气化炉(6)的供给管道(10)，和用于将含氧气体引入熔融气化炉(6)的供给管道(12)，以及一个设置在熔融气化炉上的用于生铁(14)和炉渣(15)的流出口(16)，其特征在于，用于添加另外的块状添加剂(8)的装填装置(9)设置在还原反应器(1)上，这些块状添加剂在还原反应器(1)中通行的反应条件下基本上是惰性的。8. Plant for producing molten pig iron from raw materials (4, 5), the raw materials (4, 5) consisting of iron ore (4), preferably lumpy and/or pelletized, and optionally additives (5), the additives Limestone and/or dolomite are preferred, the plant comprises: a reduction reactor (1) for iron ore, a melter-gasifier (6), a melter-gasifier (6) connected to the reduction reactor (1) supply pipeline (7), which is used to convey the reducing gas formed in the melter-gasifier (6), one or more connecting the reduction reactor (1) to the melter-gasifier (6) Delivery line (17), the delivery line is used to transport the reduction product formed in the reduction reactor, one starts from the furnace top gas discharge pipe (18) of the reduction reactor (1), and one is used to transfer the carbon carrier (11 ) into the supply pipeline (10) of the melter-gasifier (6), and the supply pipeline (12) for introducing oxygen-containing gas into the melter-gasifier (6), and a supply pipeline (12) arranged on the melter-gasifier for Outlet (16) for pig iron (14) and slag (15), characterized in that a charging device (9) for adding additional block-shaped additives (8) is arranged on the reduction reactor (1), these block-shaped The additives are essentially inert under the reaction conditions prevailing in the reduction reactor (1). 9．按照权利要求8的设备，其特征在于，用于对排离还原反应器(1)的炉顶煤气的容积流量进行调节的装置(19)设置在炉顶煤气排出管道中。9. 8. The plant according to claim 8, characterized in that the device (19) for regulating the volume flow of the top gas leaving the reduction reactor (1) is arranged in the top gas discharge line. 10．按照权利要求8或9的设备，其特征在于排出管道(20)从还原气体供给管道(7)分支出来。10. 8. Apparatus according to claim 8 or 9, characterized in that the discharge duct (20) branches off from the reducing gas supply duct (7). 11．按照权利要求8至10中任一项的设备，其特征在于在排出管道(20)中设有压力调节装置(21)。11. 10. Apparatus according to any one of claims 8 to 10, characterized in that a pressure regulating device (21) is provided in the discharge line (20). 12．按照权利要求8至11中任一项的设备，其特征在于用于另外的添加剂(8)的装填装置(9)包括一称量装置。12. 11. Apparatus according to any one of claims 8 to 11, characterized in that the filling device (9) for the further additive (8) comprises a weighing device.
CN98813116A 1998-01-15 1998-12-22 Method for producing hot metal Pending CN1285880A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT0004998A AT407054B (en) 1998-01-15 1998-01-15 METHOD FOR PRODUCING LIQUID PIG IRON
ATA49/98 1998-01-15

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CN1285880A true CN1285880A (en) 2001-02-28

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EP (1) EP1047795A1 (en)
JP (1) JP2002509192A (en)
KR (1) KR20010034175A (en)
CN (1) CN1285880A (en)
AT (1) AT407054B (en)
AU (1) AU2417099A (en)
BR (1) BR9814005A (en)
CA (1) CA2318185A1 (en)
PL (1) PL341942A1 (en)
TW (1) TW479073B (en)
WO (1) WO1999036579A1 (en)
ZA (1) ZA99166B (en)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN110512043A (en) * 2019-09-11 2019-11-29 中南大学 A method for co-producing iron ore pre-reduction products by calcining limestone in a gas-based shaft furnace
CN111218535A (en) * 2020-03-15 2020-06-02 苏亚杰 Method for producing direct reduced iron by heating circulating reducing gas in gas production of molten iron bath coal
CN116529395A (en) * 2020-10-30 2023-08-01 首要金属科技奥地利有限责任公司 Production of steel from iron melts

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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN110512043A (en) * 2019-09-11 2019-11-29 中南大学 A method for co-producing iron ore pre-reduction products by calcining limestone in a gas-based shaft furnace
CN111218535A (en) * 2020-03-15 2020-06-02 苏亚杰 Method for producing direct reduced iron by heating circulating reducing gas in gas production of molten iron bath coal
CN116529395A (en) * 2020-10-30 2023-08-01 首要金属科技奥地利有限责任公司 Production of steel from iron melts

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KR20010034175A (en) 2001-04-25
CA2318185A1 (en) 1999-07-22
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WO1999036579A1 (en) 1999-07-22
TW479073B (en) 2002-03-11
BR9814005A (en) 2000-10-10
AU2417099A (en) 1999-08-02
ATA4998A (en) 2000-04-15
EP1047795A1 (en) 2000-11-02
AT407054B (en) 2000-12-27

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