CN111165286A

CN111165286A - Special high-yield planting method for sand ginger black soil planting area based on the concept of nutrient drought

Info

Publication number: CN111165286A
Application number: CN202010097424.XA
Authority: CN
Inventors: 邵立威; 乔匀周; 张喜英; 吴丽芳; 李晓鹏; 曹建生
Original assignee: Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology of CAS
Current assignee: Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology of CAS
Priority date: 2020-02-17
Filing date: 2020-02-17
Publication date: 2020-05-19
Anticipated expiration: 2040-02-17
Also published as: CN113079980B; CN113079980A; CN111165286B

Abstract

The invention discloses a special stable-yield high-yield planting method for a sand ginger black soil planting area based on a nutritional drought concept, which takes winter wheat and summer corn as main planting modes, and the planting of the winter wheat adopts the conventional planting scheme of the sand ginger black soil planting area, and ensures that the volume water content of the soil of the winter wheat at 35-40cm of the green turning-jointing stage is not lower than 23 percent by a timely manual supplement measure on the basis. The method breaks through the traditional cognition that areas with abundant rainfall do not need irrigation, obviously improves the crop yield of the mortar black soil area, and has very important practical value.

Description

Nutritional drought concept-based high-yield planting method special for black soil planting area of sand ginger

Technical Field

The invention relates to the technical field of agricultural planting, in particular to a special stable-yield high-yield planting method for winter wheat in a black-soil planting area of sand ginger.

Background

The black soil planting area of the sand ginger is widely distributed in China and is more concentrated in the south of Huang-Huai-Hai plain. From the administrative region, 5 thousand mu and more than ten thousand mu are distributed and concentrated in Anhui, Jiangsu, Henan and Shandong 4 provinces. The black soil of the sand ginger is most widely and intensively distributed in the plain area of north Anhui, and the number of the black soil reaches 2 thousand and more than ten thousand mu.

the mortar black soil is formed under specific geological conditions and has sufficient interaction with the surrounding environment, and today's sand ginger black soil and distribution are formed in a long history period, wherein the mortar black soil mainly comprises ① river and lake phase deposition, loess matrix, underground water buried depth and rich bicarbonate, calcium carbonate precipitation and condensation to form sand ginger through alternation of dry and wet, alternation of rot and decomposition, humic residue and clay mineral compounding, and humin dyeing (see attached figure 1).

From the perspective of agricultural planting, mortar black soil areas have very obvious geographical and climatic properties. On one hand, the annual precipitation total amount of the area is sufficient, and sufficient shallow groundwater exists, and the general burial depth range is 1-2 m; on the other hand, the mortar black soil is particularly sensitive to moisture and is wet-swelled and dry-cracked due to the texture and physicochemical characteristics of the mortar black soil, so that the water and fertilizer utilization of crops is hindered. Due to the non-uniformity of the precipitation time distribution, the sand ginger black soil is easy to be subjected to drought and crack phenomena in the winter wheat growing season with less precipitation (see the attached figures 2 and 3).

based on the comprehensive characteristics of the soil science, the cultivation science, the climate science and the geography, the existing planting mode and the characteristics of the mortar black soil area are that the mortar black soil area is in the north-south climate transition area of China, the climate resources are rich, the winter wheat, summer corn or soybean are used as main parts, the annual precipitation is sufficient, the shallow groundwater is sufficient, the irrigation water resources are rich, the rain-culture planting is mainly used for a long time, the influence of unstable precipitation and uneven time distribution is caused, and the yield fluctuation is large.

Based on the above discussion, the planting of winter wheat in the mortar black soil area has a remarkable characteristic: from early spring of the green turning of winter wheat, with the rapid increase of water demand and water consumption of crops, the upper soil of the mortar black soil is cracked and drought frequently due to less rainfall, so that the absorption and utilization of water and nutrients by the root system of the upper soil are restricted; however, the wheat has developed root system and can be distributed even to 2m soil layer, the shallow groundwater in the area is buried shallow (1-2m) and sufficient, and abundant deep soil water and shallow groundwater can be directly or indirectly absorbed and utilized (see the attached figures 2, 3, 4 and 5).

Therefore, the phenomenon of 'cracking and drought of upper soil and no obvious drought of crop growth' occurs specially in the black soil farmland of the sand ginger (see attached figure 3). However, what is not known is: because the crop root system and the soil nutrient are more enriched in the shallow layer, the cracking and drought of the upper layer soil restricts the utilization of the root system to the water of the upper layer soil, and more importantly, restricts the absorption and utilization of the root system to the nutrient enriched in the upper layer soil; the deep root system of the crop can effectively absorb and utilize abundant deep soil water and shallow groundwater, and does not show the drought character of water shortage. Not only is: although wheat still appeared to be vigorous, significant negative effects have been seen at the nutrient absorption level. This unique finding was named "vegetative drought" by the research group (see figures 6, 7, 8, 9).

Based on the above-mentioned novel discovery, the development of a corresponding special improved planting scheme to stabilize and increase the yield of winter wheat in the mortar black soil area is a technical problem to be solved urgently.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to provide a special stable-yield high-yield planting method for a black soil planting area of sand ginger based on a nutritional drought concept.

In order to solve the technical problems, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows.

A special high-yield planting method for a sand ginger black soil planting area based on a nutritional drought concept is characterized in that winter wheat and summer corn are used as main planting modes, the winter wheat is planted by using the conventional planting scheme of a mortar black soil planting area, and the volume water content of the soil of the winter wheat at the 35-40cm position in the green turning-jointing stage is not lower than 23% by virtue of a timely manual supplement measure.

As a preferred technical scheme of the invention, the volume water content of the soil of the plough layer with the volume of more than 35cm in the key growth period of the green turning-jointing stage of the winter wheat is ensured to be not less than 17 percent by effective water control and timely manual supplement measures at key points with the length of 35-40cm, thereby avoiding the occurrence of cracking and nutritional drought.

As a preferred technical scheme of the invention, on the basis of the conventional planting scheme of winter wheat in the mortar black soil planting area, the following treatment measures are further added: and performing timely artificial supplement irrigation in the early spring and winter wheat green turning period.

As a preferred technical scheme of the invention, the flood irrigation is adopted, the irrigation quantity is 30-40 square/mu, and the uniform and in-place irrigation flood flow is ensured according to the field condition.

As a preferred technical scheme of the invention, the supplementary irrigation adopts a sprinkling irrigation mode, and the irrigation quantity is 25-35 square/mu.

As a preferable technical scheme of the invention, the supplementary irrigation adopts a drip irrigation mode, and the irrigation quantity is 20-30 square/mu.

As a preferred technical scheme of the invention, the supplementary irrigation adopts an infiltration irrigation mode, and the irrigation quantity is 20-30 square/mu.

As a preferred technical scheme of the invention, the quick-acting fertilizer is applied along with the artificial supplementary irrigation.

As a preferred technical scheme of the invention, the quick-acting fertilizer is a soluble quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer, water and fertilizer are synchronously applied, and the topdressing amount is 5-6 kg/mu of pure nitrogen.

As a preferred technical scheme of the invention, the following treatment measures are further added: and carrying out straw dislocation wheel returning treatment on winter wheat and summer corn.

Adopt the produced beneficial effect of above-mentioned technical scheme to lie in: based on serial researches on mortar black soil planting areas, a brand new concept of 'nutritional drought' is provided developmentally. Based on the technical scheme, the invention provides a special improved scheme combination aiming at the existing planting mode of the mortar black soil area, wherein the nutritional drought is reduced by establishing the water control point and the water control threshold value of the sand ginger black soil field. According to the soil moisture condition of the water control point, the simple operation of supplementing and irrigating after early spring green turning is carried out (under the existing planting mode, the annual precipitation is abundant, and deep soil water and shallow groundwater are sufficient, so that the annual irrigation is not carried out), and the yield increasing effect is very obvious; on the basis, water and fertilizer irrigation, accurate control of water and fertilizer amount and a specific straw returning scheme are assisted, so that the planting yield of the mortar black soil area is remarkably improved, and the method has great scientific research and practical values. See the examples below for detailed study and experimental data.

Drawings

FIG. 1 is a sectional view of a sand ginger black soil.

FIG. 2 shows severe mortar black soil cracking in the late growth stage of winter wheat.

FIG. 3 shows that the crops are not drought due to cracking and drought occurring on the upper layer of the black soil of the sand ginger.

FIG. 4 shows the distribution of winter wheat root system on the sand ginger black soil section.

FIG. 5 distribution of soil nutrients.

FIG. 6 shows the water content characteristics of the sand ginger black soil.

FIG. 7 shows the change of the withering coefficient of the black soil of the sand ginger along with the soil profile.

FIG. 8 shows the change of groundwater level after the winter wheat is turned green.

FIG. 9 shows the generation mechanism and regulation mechanism of the sand ginger black soil nutritional drought.

FIG. 10 distribution of soil available nutrients at harvest for different irrigation treatments.

FIG. 11 is the effect of dressing nitrogen fertilizer on the distribution of the available nitrogen in soil.

FIG. 12 effect of irrigation and topdressing on winter wheat yield.

FIG. 13 is the influence of malposition straw returning on the root distribution of winter wheat.

Detailed Description

The following examples illustrate the invention in detail. The raw materials and various devices used in the invention are conventional commercially available products, and can be directly obtained by market purchase.

In the following description of embodiments, for purposes of explanation and not limitation, specific details are set forth, such as particular system structures, techniques, etc. in order to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments of the present application. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art that the present application may be practiced in other embodiments that depart from these specific details. In other instances, detailed descriptions of well-known systems, devices, circuits, and methods are omitted so as not to obscure the description of the present application with unnecessary detail.

It will be understood that the terms "comprises" and/or "comprising," when used in this specification and the appended claims, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.

It should also be understood that the term "and/or" as used in this specification and the appended claims refers to and includes any and all possible combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.

As used in this specification and the appended claims, the term "if" may be interpreted contextually as "when", "upon" or "in response to" determining "or" in response to detecting ". Similarly, the phrase "if it is determined" or "if a [ described condition or event ] is detected" may be interpreted contextually to mean "upon determining" or "in response to determining" or "upon detecting [ described condition or event ]" or "in response to detecting [ described condition or event ]".

Furthermore, in the description of the present application and the appended claims, the terms "first," "second," "third," and the like are used for distinguishing between descriptions and not necessarily for describing or implying relative importance.

Reference throughout this specification to "one embodiment" or "some embodiments," or the like, means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in one or more embodiments of the present application. Thus, appearances of the phrases "in one embodiment," "in some embodiments," "in other embodiments," or the like, in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment, but rather "one or more but not all embodiments" unless specifically stated otherwise. The terms "comprising," "including," "having," and variations thereof mean "including, but not limited to," unless expressly specified otherwise.

Example 1 distribution of crop roots in sand ginger black soil.

See fig. 4. The winter wheat and the summer corn are distributed with developed root systems in the black soil of the sand ginger, and the root systems of the wheat are still distributed in 2 meters and the root systems of the corn are still distributed in 1.5 meters; the root distribution is influenced by the soil profile property and the soil moisture condition; the root system of winter wheat is more enriched in the upper soil layer, especially the soil layer of more than 60-70cm, and then the root length distribution begins to be obviously reduced, and the layer above is more critical to the growth of crops.

Example 2 surface desiccation and changes in crop performance and groundwater level.

See figures 2 and 3. In winter wheat growing seasons, seasonal drought causes the black soil of the sand ginger to crack, but the crop growth does not show the water shortage character; the developed root system of winter wheat can directly or indirectly utilize deep soil water or groundwater with shallow water level.

Example 3 precipitation, groundwater and crop water consumption interaction.

See fig. 8. The rainfall in the growing season of the winter wheat cannot meet the water consumption requirement of crops, and the winter wheat directly or indirectly consumes underground water, which is one of important drivers for causing the underground water level to be reduced; in summer corn growing seasons, rainfall is more abundant, more depends on the rainfall and the supplement of the rainfall to soil water, part of the rainfall is supplemented to underground water, and the rise of underground water level is not obvious; the concentrated precipitation after the corn harvesting period is more directly supplemented to the underground water, so that the underground water level is rapidly raised.

Example 4, different water treatments affect the available nutrients of soil with a surface layer of 30 cm.

See fig. 10. Compared with non-irrigation, different irrigation of winter wheat improves the utilization efficiency of the quick-acting nitrogen, the quick-acting phosphorus and the quick-acting potassium to different degrees. Meanwhile, the utilization efficiency of available nutrients of too much irrigation treatment is lower than that of less irrigation treatment, and the upper-layer nutrients are also transported downwards along with moisture in the process of being absorbed and utilized.

Example 5, different periods, mode of moisture treatment and yield of top dressing winter wheat.

See fig. 12. Irrigation and top dressing in spring obviously improve the yield of winter wheat, and the yield is increased by 21.6 percent to the maximum extent; under the current fertilization level, the yield of irrigation is more obvious than that of top dressing, the yield of irrigation in spring is increased by 16.3% on average, the yield of top dressing is increased by 5.6% only, and the fertilizer and water have the best yield increasing effect integrally.

See fig. 6 and 7. The water control point is generally set to be 35-40cm, the water control threshold value is 23% of volume water content, the water content of the root layer soil can be kept not lower than the wilting coefficient, and the water content of the upper layer soil is kept in an effective water and fertilizer utilization state with the volume water content of 17% or more in the production period.

Example 6 yield effect of straw shift rotation.

See fig. 13. Compared with the conventional straw returning treatment, the straw dislocation wheel also improves the structure of the soil of the plough layer, is beneficial to the distribution of root systems, and expands the utilization space of the root systems for nutrient and moisture coefficients.

In conclusion, the invention provides a special improvement scheme combination aiming at the existing planting mode of the mortar black soil area, wherein the simple operation of timely supplementing and irrigating after early spring green turning is particularly adopted (in the existing planting mode, annual rainfall is abundant and shallow groundwater is sufficient, so that the irrigation is not carried out all the year round), and the yield increase effect is very obvious; on the basis, water and fertilizer irrigation, accurate control of water and fertilizer amount and a specific straw returning scheme are assisted, so that the planting yield of the mortar black soil area is remarkably improved, and the method has great scientific research and practical values.

The above-mentioned embodiments are only used for illustrating the technical solutions of the present invention, and not for limiting the same; although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that: the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments may still be modified, or some technical features may be equivalently replaced; such modifications and substitutions do not substantially depart from the spirit and scope of the embodiments of the present invention, and are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. based on the special high-yield planting method of the sand ginger black soil planting area based on the concept of nutritional drought, take winter wheat and summer corn as the main planting pattern two times a year, it is characterized in that: the planting of winter wheat follows the existing conventional planting scheme of the mortar black soil planting area, On this basis, through timely artificial supplementary irrigation measures, the volumetric water content of the soil at 35-40 cm in the greening-joining stage of winter wheat is not less than 23%.

2. the special stable-yield and high-yield planting method for the sand ginger black soil planting area based on the concept of nutritional drought according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: by the effective water control to the key point at 35-40cm place, artificial supplementary irrigation measures in time, to ensure The volumetric water content of the soil above 35cm in the key growth period of winter wheat in the turning green-jointing period should not be less than 17% to avoid cracking and nutrient drought.

3. the special stable and high-yield planting method in the sand ginger black soil planting area based on the concept of nutritional drought according to claim 2, is characterized in that: on the basis of the conventional planting scheme of winter wheat in the mortar black soil planting area, the following treatment measures are further increased: Timely artificial supplementary irrigation was carried out during the early spring and winter wheat turning green period.

4. the special high-yield planting method of the sand ginger black soil planting area based on the concept of nutrient drought according to claim 3, it is characterized in that: described supplementary irrigation adopts flood irrigation mode, and irrigation amount is 30-40 square/mu, according to field conditions Make sure that the irrigation flood is evenly in place.

5. The special high-yield planting method for sand ginger black soil planting area based on the concept of nutritional drought according to claim 3, characterized in that: the supplementary irrigation adopts a sprinkler irrigation method, and the irrigation amount is 25-35 cubic meters/mu.

6. The special high-yield planting method for sand ginger black soil planting area based on the concept of nutritional drought according to claim 3, characterized in that: the supplementary irrigation adopts the drip irrigation method, and the irrigation amount is 20-30 cubic meters/mu.

7. The special high-yield planting method for sand ginger black soil planting area based on the concept of nutritional drought according to claim 3, characterized in that: the supplementary irrigation adopts the infiltration irrigation mode, and the irrigation amount is 20-30 cubic meters/mu.

8. The special stable and high-yield planting method for sand ginger black soil planting area based on the concept of nutritional drought according to claim 3, characterized in that: along with the artificial supplementary irrigation, topdressing quick-acting fertilizer.

9. The special high-yield planting method for sand ginger black soil planting area based on nutritional drought concept according to claim 8, it is characterized in that: described quick-acting fertilizer is soluble quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer, water and fertilizer are applied synchronously, and topdressing amount is pure nitrogen 5-6 kg/mu.

10 . The special high-yield planting method for sand ginger black soil planting area based on the concept of nutritional drought according to claim 1, characterized in that the following treatment measures are further added: returning the winter wheat and summer corn to the field with staggered stalks.