CN102107003A - 一种猪繁殖与呼吸综合症病毒体疫苗及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种猪繁殖与呼吸综合症病毒体疫苗及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
一种猪繁殖与呼吸综合症病毒体疫苗及其制备方法,涉及生物医药领域,特别涉及一种具有猪繁殖与呼吸病毒完整表面抗原的病毒体(Virosome)疫苗及其制备方法。本发明公开了一种猪繁殖与呼吸综合症病毒体疫苗,主要包括PRRSVirosom,本发明目的还在于公开该疫苗的制备方法。该Virosome包含有来自PRRSV病毒表面蛋白GP2、GP3、GP4、GP5及病毒包膜所组成的完整的病毒表面,可以激发良好双重的细胞及体液免疫应答。药效试验表明,经此形成的Virosome蛋白抗原加入或不加入佐剂,制备的注射剂型、滴鼻剂型、饮水剂型免疫接种不同动物群体后,可安全、有效预防PRRSV感染,为不同种群母猪、小猪、育肥猪安全、有效免疫防控PRRSV感染提供了理想疫苗。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于生物医药领域,涉及一种猪繁殖与呼吸综合症病毒体疫苗及其制备方法,特别涉及一种具有猪繁殖与呼吸病毒完整表面抗原的病毒体(Virosome)疫苗及其制备方法。
背景技术
猪繁殖与呼吸综合症病毒(Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome,PRRS),是导致母猪流产和小猪呼吸系统疾病的一种病毒,1991年在荷兰被分离出来并命名为莱利斯塔德病毒(Lelystad Virus),1992年在美国也分离出一株能造成相同症状的病毒,随后该病毒被正式命名为猪繁殖与呼吸综合症病毒,并确立了以Lelystad Virus(LV)为代表的欧洲株和以ATCC VR2332株为代表的美洲株。在1995年末在中国大陆也出现了一种临床表现为体温升高、皮肤发红,并伴随高致病率和死亡率的疫情,当时被称作“猪高热病”。当1996年该病毒被分离出来后证实该疫情是由变异的美洲株PRRSV引起的,遂确定为猪繁殖与呼吸综合症,又称“蓝耳病”。在2006-2007年,在中国大陆爆发的大规模蓝耳病疫情,致病率与死亡率远高于以往疫情,这导致了当时中国猪肉价格的飞涨,并对生猪养殖产业造成严重打击。当该高致病性蓝耳病病毒被分离出来,并利用分子生物学方法研究后,发现造成这次疫情的PRRSV在Nsp2编码区缺少90个核苷酸,相应编码蛋白有30个氨基酸的却失,并且有证据表明这是在中国大陆发生突变的一类毒株,其30个氨基酸的缺失虽然与其高致病性没有关系,却是高致病性毒株的一个明显标志。同时在中国爆发的高致病性蓝耳病的另一个特征是多种病原体的共同感染与继发感染,有证据表明,在PRRSV感染的同时也发现了猪瘟、猪伪狂犬病、猪流感、猪细小病毒、猪链球菌的共同感染,以及继发的猪霍乱沙门氏菌、猪胸膜肺炎放线菌肺炎、副猪嗜血杆菌感染。其中最重要的一点是高致病性PRRSV与可以造成仔猪多系统综合症的猪2型圆环病毒(PCV-2)的双重感染,这些共同感染和继发感染造成了病猪的主要临床症状与疫情的大规模传播。
PRRSV与马动脉炎病毒(EAV)、小鼠乳酸脱氢酶病毒(LDV)和猴出血热病毒(SHFV)等非常相似,国际上将其划为一个新的病毒群,即动脉炎病毒科(Arteriviridae),与冠状病毒(Coronaviridae)共同组成尼多病毒目(Nidovirales)(又称网巢病毒目、成套病毒目、套式病毒目)。包含有以Lelystad Virus(LV)为代表的欧洲株(A亚群)、和以ATCC VR2332株为代表的美洲株(B亚群),中国所分离的PRRSV都为变异美洲株,属于B亚群。PRRSV是一类小型有包膜病毒,直径45nm-65nm。属于单股正链RNA病毒,基因组全长15Kb,除去5’端和3’端两个非转录区(5’UTR、3’UTR),共有8个开放阅读框(ORF)。其中ORF1占基因组全长80%,分为ORF1a和ORF1b两个部分,共编码12个非结构蛋白(NSP),包括RNA依赖的RNA聚合酶(反转录酶)以及其他未知蛋白。基因组余下的20%包含ORF2-ORF7六个开放阅读框,其中ORF2编码糖基化结构蛋白GP2、ORF3编码糖基化结构蛋白GP3、ORF4编码糖基化结构蛋白GP4、ORF5编码糖基化结构蛋白GP5、ORF6编码非糖基化结构蛋白M、ORF7编码核蛋白N。其中最主要的结构蛋白为GP5、M、N三种。其中N蛋白长15kD,至少有5个抗原决定簇,其中包括两型的共同决定簇和特异性决定簇,具有一个糖基化位点,但它不是糖基化蛋白。N蛋白的C端在维持蛋白构象上起重要作用。其N端半段是由Arg、Lys和His 3种碱性氨基酸组成,可能和RNA基因组间的相互作用有关。N蛋白之间形成同源二聚体,对病毒的组装至关重要。M蛋白约18kD,在PRRSV中非常保守,在病毒包膜表面三次跨膜,并且N末端的16个氨基酸残基暴露在膜外,虽然M蛋白的功能还没有完全研究清楚,但已有研究推测,M蛋白在PRRSV的组装和出芽时扮演重要角色。同时M蛋白能刺激T淋巴细胞的增生,诱导产生的抗体具有中和作用。GP5蛋白约25kD,是一个糖基化蛋白,含有4个糖基化位点,且非常不保守,三次跨膜,并有一个70个氨基酸残基的胞外区。有6个抗原决定簇,有证据表明GP5与PRRSV的抗体识别过程中起关键作用,是诱导产生中和抗体的主要结构蛋白,病毒中和作用与抗GP5抗体效价呈显著相关性,同时GP5还可诱导细胞凋亡,是公认的PRRSV的主要保护性抗原。
众所周知,疫苗是防控传染病最有效的手段,在中国,早在2000年就CH-1a毒株的灭活疫苗被批准上市,2007年CH-1a毒株的减毒活苗也被批准上市。然而,这两种疫苗的使用却没有达到预期效果,而且还有证据表明,许多PRRSV病例都是由于减毒活苗的使用而引起的。在我国爆发高致病性蓝耳病后,利用JXA1毒株制备的灭活苗被推出,该疫苗的使用却没有得到预期的免疫保护效果。由于PRRSV的GP5蛋白是公认的保护性抗原,与此同时许多基因工程疫苗也被加以研究。比如Lowe J F等用含编码ORF5的质粒进行DNA免疫,可使接种猪产生抗ORF5的特异性中和抗体,接种猪免于强毒攻击造成的全身性病毒血症和肺部病变,并使间质性肺炎和支气管肺泡炎明显减轻。Xue Q等用编码PRRSV ORF5、ORF7和编码猪细胞因子IL2、IFNγ的真核表达质粒联合接种仔猪,诱导出体液免疫和细胞免疫反应。Qiu H J等以PRVBarthaK61株为载体,构建表达PRRSV主要免疫原性蛋白GP5的重组伪狂犬病病毒疫苗,免疫仔猪后可以对PRRSV强毒攻击有保护效果。以及一些其他重组病毒疫苗、亚单位疫苗都对PRRSV产生一定的保护效果,但都由于保护力差、安全性低等种种原因还处于研发阶段。因此克服目前PRRSV活苗、灭活苗、以及基因工程疫苗的低安全性、低保护力等缺点,寻找新的技术策略、研发一种安全、高效、非复制的病毒疫苗,在能较好地保护PRRSV攻击的同时,并能较好地避免共同感染和继发感染的发生,是安全、有效免疫防控PRRSV的重大科学前提。
病毒体(Virosome)是一类病毒样颗粒(Virus-like practical,VLP),是重新装配的病毒表层。包括跨膜蛋白及病毒包膜,但是缺乏病毒的基质蛋白及遗传物质。病毒体的形成是通过将病毒溶解在去污剂中,此时的病毒包膜及其上的跨膜蛋白会分散开并溶解在去污剂中,而使其中包裹的病毒核心暴露出来并悬浮在去污剂中,此时如果应用超离心的方法会轻而易举的将病毒核心去掉,而只留下溶解在去污剂中的含有跨膜蛋白的脂质包膜。由于脂质包膜是在病毒出芽时来自宿主细胞的磷脂双分子层,所以如果将去污剂去掉,脂质包膜会复合成原样,形成一个缺乏遗传物质的病毒体。病毒体具有和天然病毒一致的表面结构,在1998年Bachmann MF等人的报道中对流感病毒体与B淋巴细胞的作用做出了研究,结果指出,病毒体的表面抗原可以被B淋巴细胞上膜介导的受体分子所识别。同时病毒体表面抗原可以通过MHC-I类分子呈递与CD8+T淋巴细胞作用,从而激活细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL)应答,另一方面,表面抗原经核内质溶酶体系统分解后与MHC-II类分子结合,结合物转运到抗原呈递细胞表面后会呈递到CD4+T淋巴细胞,可以激发强烈的Th细胞应答。这说明具有天然病毒一致的膜融合特性一方面说明了病毒体有良好免疫原性潜力,另一方面也说明病毒体有着良好传递能力,而这种传递能力体现在病毒体自身具备了良好佐剂特性,而这些都是灭活疫苗以及亚单位疫苗所不具备的。
病毒体不只是一个缺乏遗传物质的病毒,更确切地说,它应该是一个技术平台。荷兰MEmytic BV公司已经开发出两种基于病毒体的产品,一种是名为的流感病毒体;另一种是名为的甲肝病毒体。R.Mischler等人(Vaccine,2002)对的应用作了跟踪调查,结果非常理想。依靠病毒体平台,首先可以开发针对该病毒的疫苗。其次,基于其良好的佐剂特性,我们可以将其他蛋白抗原、脂类、甚至是佐剂加到病毒体的包膜中,形成病毒体,从而达到预期的目的。目前还没有在各项指标都很理想的PRRSV疫苗,由此开发PRRS Virosome是一项极其有潜在意义的发展疫苗。另外,Virosome还表现出许多理想的特点:首先,Virosome可以激发理想的双重细胞和体液免疫应答;其次,产生的抗体主要是中和性抗体。同时由于其天然的佐剂特性,Virosome可以作为一个携带外源抗原的载体,从而用于多价疫苗、药物传递以及粘膜传递系统。
发明内容
本发明目的在于公开一种猪繁殖与呼吸综合症毒体疫苗,本发明的目的还在于公开该疫苗的制备方法。
本发明目的是通过如下方案实现的:
本发明呼猪繁殖与呼吸综合症毒体疫苗含有猪繁殖与呼吸综合症病毒的完整病毒表面所组成的病毒体(Virosome),即猪繁殖与呼吸综合症病毒体(PRRS Virosome),该Virosome具有和活病毒完全一致的表面结构和功能;本发明猪繁殖与呼吸综合症病毒体疫苗还携带有PRRSV天然病毒的表面GP2、GP3、GP4、GP5、M蛋白及脂质双脂层有效抗原成分,可诱导与天然病毒一致的免疫应答。其中,所述PRRS Virosome包括PRRSV CH-1a、BJ-4、HB-1(SH)、HB-2(SH)、Em2007、NB-04、BJ0706、JX143、JXA1、HUN4、SY0608、JXwn06、Bjsy06、NX06亚型的PRRS Virosome CH-1a、PRRS Virosome BJ-4、PRRS VirosomeHB-1(SH)、PRRS Virosome HB-2(SH)、PRRS Virosome Em2007、PRRS VirosomeNB-04、PRRS Virosome BJ0706、PRRS Virosome JX143、PRRS Virosome JXA1、PRRS Virosome HUN4、PRRS Virosome SY0608、PRRS Virosome JXwn06、PRRSVirosome Bjsy06、PRRS Virosome NX06。
本发明猪繁殖与呼吸综合症病毒体疫苗可不含有或含有佐剂;其中,所指佐剂为如下中的一种:①氢氧化铝或磷酸铝;②新型纳米铝佐剂;③P3BSK4(N-palmitoyl-S-[2,3-bis(palmitoy-loxy)-(2RS)-propul]-[R]-propyl-[R]-cys teinyl-[S]-seryl-[S]-(lysyl)3-lysine)④水凝胶佐剂:季胺化的壳聚糖。⑤rLT(重组不耐热性肠毒素)等。
本发明猪繁殖与呼吸综合症病毒体疫苗可制备成临床可接受的剂型:注射剂型、滴鼻剂型、饮水剂型。
本发明猪繁殖与呼吸综合症病毒体疫苗包括:PRRS Virosome CH-1a疫苗、PRRS Virosome BJ-4疫苗、PRRS Virosome HB-1(SH)疫苗、PRRS VirosomeHB-2(SH)疫苗、PRRS Virosome Em2007疫苗、PRRS Virosome NB-04疫苗、PRRS Virosome BJ0706疫苗、PRRS Virosome JX143疫苗、PRRS Virosome JXA1疫苗、PRRS Virosome HUN4疫苗、PRRS Virosome SY0608疫苗、PRRS VirosomeJXwn06疫苗、PRRS Virosome Bjsy06疫苗、PRRS Virosome NX06疫苗。
本发明猪繁殖与呼吸综合症病毒体(PRRS Virosome)的制备方法包括如下步骤:①在宿主细胞系中培养大量增殖病毒;②收集并纯化病毒;③用去污剂裂解病毒,使病毒表面包膜携带跨膜蛋白一起溶解于去污剂中;④通过超离心,去除病毒核心;⑤通过透析,去除去污剂,使破碎的病毒表面包膜重新组装成携带有跨膜蛋白的完整PRRS Virosome;⑥提供一种用于繁殖PRRSV的细胞系,经转染后可以高效率释放PRRSV;其中,所述PRRS Virosome包括PRRSVirosome CH-1a、PRRS Virosome BJ-4、PRRS Virosome HB-1(SH)、PRRSVirosome HB-2(SH)、PRRS Virosome Em2007、PRRS Virosome NB-04、PRRSVirosome BJ0706、PRRS Virosome JX143、PRRS Virosome JXA1、PRRS VirosomeHUN4、PRRS Virosome SY0608、PRRS Virosome JXwn06、PRRS VirosomeBjsy06、PRRS Virosome NX06。。
本发明猪繁殖与呼吸综合症病毒体(PRRS Virosome)的制备方法中向猪繁殖与呼吸病毒体引入脂类佐剂的方法包括如下步骤:①病毒收集并纯化;②加入去污剂,裂解病毒,并通过超离心去除病毒核心;③同时用所述去污剂溶解佐剂;④将按2∶1∶3.5∶3.5的比例配制的PC/PE/SM/Chol溶解在按2∶1配制的氯仿/甲醇溶剂中;将溶液布满在玻璃试管的管壁上,使其干燥为薄膜,并在真空环境中,使残留溶剂挥发完全;⑤将步骤②所述溶解有病毒包膜的去污剂、以及步骤③所述溶解有佐剂的去污剂加入步骤④中;⑥透析去除去污剂,重建病毒体;⑦提供一种用于繁殖PRRSV的细胞系,经转染后可以高效率释放PRRSV;
其中,所述脂类佐剂为:①P3BSK4(N-palmitoyl-S-[2,3-bis(pal-mitoyloxy)-(2RS)-propul]-[R]-propyl-[R]-cysteinyl-[S]-seryl-[S]-(lysyl)3-lysine);
本发明猪繁殖与呼吸综合症病毒体(PRRS Virosome)的制备方法中PRRSV细胞的培养方法为:在细胞培养基中加入2-100μg/mL的糖胺聚糖,优选10μg/mL;其中,所指糖胺聚糖为硫酸肝素、硫酸软骨素B、硫酸透明质酸或肝素,优选肝素。
本发明猪繁殖与呼吸综合症病毒体(PRRS Virosome)的制备方法中PRRSV细胞的纯化方法为:蔗糖梯度离心或柱层析纯化方法;其中,所述蔗糖梯度离心法选用最佳蔗糖浓度为1.19g/mL;所述柱层析纯化法选用Sepharose6FFTM分子筛并进行DEAE-SepharoseFFTM离子交换。其中,所述的蔗糖梯度离心方法的具体步骤为:①收集培养完成的PRRSV细胞,离心去除细胞及杂质;②取上清液进行蔗糖梯度离心,蔗糖采用PBS缓冲液配置,体系采用0.3g/mL蔗糖3mL;0.45g/mL蔗糖3mL;1.19g/mL蔗糖1mL;4℃100000g离心2h;③吸取0.45g/mL与1.19g/mL夹层,加入适量PBS稀释后继续4℃100000g超离心2h;④收集沉淀,并用折射仪测量密度;保存于PRRSV保存液中备用。
本发明猪繁殖与呼吸综合症病毒体(PRRS Virosome)的制备方法中所述的裂解病毒的去污剂拥有DCPC(1,2-dicaproyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine)、DHPC(1,2-diheptanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine,C20H40NO8P)、Triton X-100、Octylglucoside(OG)、Octaethyleneglycol monoether(C12E8)或CHAPS。其中优选为具有15mM临界束胶浓度的DHPC。
本发明猪繁殖与呼吸综合症病毒体(PRRS Virosome)的制备方法中所述的裂解病毒和去除病毒核心的步骤为:①将灭活后的PRRSV在100000g,4℃,离心2h,取沉淀用pH7.4350-400μL无菌HNE Buffer溶解,于2-8℃保存;②加等量200mM DHPC,冰上孵育30-60min,使病毒裂解;于100000g,4℃,离心2h,去除病毒核蛋白及衣壳;③上清液用0.22μm滤器过滤,去除杂质备用。
本发明猪繁殖与呼吸综合症病毒体(PRRS Virosome)的制备方法中所述的病毒体重建的步骤为:将上清液用HNE稀释5倍,再将上清液加入到透过率为10kD的透析袋中,在1-3L HNE中4℃透析过夜,换液后,继续透析3-5小时。
上述猪繁殖与呼吸综合症病毒体按常规方法制成疫苗,再进一步制备成临床可接受的剂型:注射剂型、滴鼻剂型、饮水剂型。
本发明产品及方法中所述的百分含量均为质量体积百分含量。
本发明涉及一种猪繁殖与呼吸综合症病毒体疫苗,主要包括PRRSVirosome。该Virosome包含有PRRSV完整的病毒表面,可以激发良好双重的细胞及体液免疫应答。经此形成的Virosome蛋白抗原加入或不加入佐剂,制备的注射剂型、滴鼻剂型、饮水剂型免疫接种不同动物群体后,可安全、有效预防PRRSV感染,为不同种群母猪、小猪、育肥猪安全、有效免疫防控PRRSV感染提供了理想疫苗。本发明进行了药效实验,分别通过注射、滴鼻、饮水等途径免疫小猪与怀孕母猪产生好的体液免疫与细胞免疫应答及天然免疫与获得性免疫应答以及黏膜免疫应答效果,且没有免疫损伤或由疫苗接种而导致的发病迹象,具有安全性。本发明猪繁殖与呼吸综合症病毒体疫苗免疫无PRRSV免疫背景的小猪、母猪与育肥猪两次,进一步通过VR2332、CH-1a型毒株以及我国不同地区临床分离的PRRSV及高致病性PRRSV流行野株攻毒,有95%以上的免疫保护效果。用本发明猪繁殖与呼吸综合症病毒体疫苗接种不同地区、种群的母猪、小猪,第1天,第21天各免疫一次,分别采用注射、滴鼻、饮水剂型疫苗免疫,均显示各地区、各种群母猪、小猪没有出现由疫苗接种引发的发病现象,具有安全性。并能产生好的双重免疫应答和免疫保护力,其保护率达90%以上,由此表明研发的猪繁殖与呼吸综合症病毒体疫苗对不同地区、种群的猪群都具有较好的免疫保护效果。
下述实验例和实施例用于进一步说明但不限于本发明。
实验例1 本发明PRRS Virosome疫苗的检定实验
本实验测定实施例7所述疫苗制备的PRRS Virosome CH-1a疫苗、PRRSVirosome BJ-4疫苗、PRRS Virosome HB-1(SH)疫苗、PRRS Virosome HB-2(SH)疫苗、PRRS Virosome Em2007疫苗、PRRS Virosome NB-04疫苗、PRRS VirosomeBJ0706疫苗、PRRS Virosome JX143疫苗、PRRS Virosome JXA1疫苗、PRRSVirosome HUN4疫苗、PRRS Virosome SY0608疫苗、PRRS Virosome JXwn06疫苗、PRRS Virosome Bjsy06疫苗、PRRS Virosome NX06疫苗注射、滴鼻、饮水剂型外观见均一,无异味和染菌;通过豚鼠、家兔试验无热原、异常毒性和急性毒性反应;通过3日龄乳鼠脑内接种,以及3日龄小猪颈部肌肉注射试验无发病现象;通过Lorry法测定蛋白含量均在剂量范围;通过电镜观察病毒体直径约45-65nm;ELISA测定DNA含量均在50EU以下;通过SDS-PAGE和WB检测抗原蛋白成分存在;通过免疫小猪1次血清中和抗体效价在3200以上。
实验例2 本发明PRRS Virosome疫苗对实验猪体内的免疫应答效果实验
本发明实施例7制备的PRRS Virosome CH-1a疫苗、PRRS Virosome BJ-4疫苗、PRRS Virosome HB-1(SH)疫苗、PRRS Virosome HB-2(SH)疫苗、PRRSVirosome Em2007疫苗、PRRS Virosome NB-04疫苗、PRRS Virosome BJ0706疫苗、PRRS Virosome JX143疫苗、PRRS Virosome JXA1疫苗、PRRS VirosomeHUN4疫苗、PRRS Virosome SY0608疫苗、PRRS Virosome JXwn06疫苗、PRRSVirosome Bjsy06疫苗、PRRS Virosome NX06疫苗加入或不加入相应佐剂制备的注射、滴鼻、饮水疫苗剂型,并用PBS、铝盐、纳米铝、P3BSK4、rLT、为对照组,分别按各自途径免疫3日龄小猪,以及后备母猪其免疫剂量按实施例7疫苗低剂量组,免疫两次(0,21天);末次免疫后14天采集各组小猪及母猪的外周血、分离血清和免疫细胞,采集脾淋巴细胞、肺和鼻腔灌洗液;通过ELISA法测定血清抗体效价在6400以上,采用MTT法测定中和抗体效价在3200以上,采用流失细胞仪、ELISPOT仪测定免疫细胞与血清重要细胞因子、炎性分子、趣化因子及嗜酸性粒细胞、中性粒细胞等动态变化使得TH2/Th1应答平衡,采用ELISA法鼻腔、肺灌洗液SIgA抗体效价在160以上。结果显示,本发明PRRSVirosome疫苗不管是加入佐剂与没有佐剂均都能产生满意的双重免疫应答,且试验组有佐剂组好于无佐剂组、高剂量好于低剂量组免疫应答效果,而对照组没有产生双重免疫应答;制备的PRRS Virosome疫苗不管是注射还是滴鼻、饮水剂型均都能产生满意的双重免疫应答,且注射剂型血清抗体效价高于滴鼻、饮水剂型,喷鼻、饮水剂型黏膜和细胞免疫效应好于注射剂型。
实验例3 本发明PRRS Virosome疫苗对实验猪体内的免疫保护效果实验
本发明实施例7制备的PRRS Virosome CH-1a疫苗、PRRS Virosome BJ-4疫苗、PRRS Virosome HB-1(SH)疫苗、PRRS Virosome HB-2(SH)疫苗、PRRSVirosome Em2007疫苗、PRRS Virosome NB-04疫苗、PRRS Virosome BJ0706疫苗、PRRS Virosome JX143疫苗、PRRS Virosome JXA1疫苗、PRRS VirosomeHUN4疫苗、PRRS Virosome SY0608疫苗、PRRS Virosome JXwn06疫苗、PRRSVirosome Bjsy06疫苗、PRRS Virosome NX06疫苗加入或不加入相应佐剂制备的注射、滴鼻、饮水剂型为实验组,并用PBS、铝盐、纳米铝、P3BSK4、rLT、及PRRSV CH-1a灭活病毒为对照组,分别按各自途径免疫3日龄小猪、后备母猪,其免疫剂量按实施例7疫苗低剂量组,免疫两次(0,21天),末次免疫后14天各试验组、对照组实验猪用105.0TCID50临床分离PRRSV毒株分别颈部肌肉注射攻毒观察保护效果。结果显示,本发明PRRS Virosome疫苗均都能产生高水平的保护效果,免疫保护率在90%以上,而对照组PRRSV CH-1a灭活病毒疫苗保护率达60%、其他各对照组保护率达为0%。由此制备的PRRS Virosome疫苗在小猪和母猪体内具有高效的免疫保护效果。
实验例4 本发明PRRS Virosome疫苗对怀孕母猪的免疫应答及免疫保护效果实验
本发明实施例7制备的PRRS Virosome CH-1a疫苗、PRRS Virosome BJ-4疫苗、PRRS Virosome HB-1(SH)疫苗、PRRS Virosome HB-2(SH)疫苗、PRRSVirosome Em2007疫苗、PRRS Virosome NB-04疫苗、PRRS Virosome BJ0706疫苗、PRRS Virosome JX143疫苗、PRRS Virosome JXA1疫苗、PRRS VirosomeHUN4疫苗、PRRS Virosome SY0608疫苗、PRRS Virosome JXwn06疫苗、PRRSVirosome Bjsy06疫苗、PRRS Virosome NX06疫苗加入或不加入相应佐剂制备的注射、滴鼻、饮水剂型,并用PBS、铝盐、纳米铝、P3BSK4、rLT和PRRSV CH-1a灭活病毒疫苗为对照组,分别按各自途径免疫怀孕60天母猪,其免疫剂量按实施例7疫苗高剂量组,免疫两次(0,21天);当末次免疫后14天采集各组母猪的外周血、分离血清和免疫细胞,采集脾淋巴细胞、肺和鼻腔灌洗液;通过ELISA法测定血清抗体效价在12800以上,采用MTT法测定中和抗体效价在6400以上,采用流失细胞仪、ELISPOT仪测定免疫细胞与血清重要细胞因子、炎性分子、趣化因子及嗜酸性粒细胞、中性粒细胞等动态变化使得TH2/Th1应答平衡,采用ELISA法鼻腔、肺灌洗液SIgA抗体效价在200以上。当母猪分娩后观察没有早产、流产、弱仔情况。结果显示,本发明PRRS Virosome疫苗不管是加入佐剂与没有佐剂均都能产生满意的双重免疫应答,且试验组有佐剂组好于无佐剂组、高剂量高于低剂量组免疫应答效果,而对照组没有产生双重免疫应答;本发明PRRS Virosome疫苗不管是注射还是滴鼻、饮水剂型均都能产生满意的双重免疫应答,且注射剂血清抗体效价高于滴鼻、饮水剂型,滴鼻、饮水剂型黏膜和细胞免疫效应好于注射剂型。由此制备的PRRS Virosome疫苗在怀孕母猪体内具有好的免疫应答效果。
上述各类PRRS Virosome疫苗通过各自方法免疫配种前母猪,配种后21天进行2次免疫,在怀孕80天各试验组、对照组怀孕母猪用105.0TCID50临床分离PRRSV毒株分别颈部肌肉注射攻毒,待母猪自然生产后观察保护效果。结果显示,本发明PRRS Virosome疫苗均都能产生高水平的保护效果,免疫保护率在90%以上,而对照组PRRSV CH-1a灭活病毒疫苗保护率达78%、其他各对照组保护率达为0%。由此制备的PRRS Virosome疫苗对怀孕母住具有高效的免疫保护效果。
实验例5 本发明PRRS Virosome疫苗的安全性实验
(1)无菌、支原体试验:将实施例7制备的PRRS Virosome疫苗接种硫乙醇酸盐培养基、营养琼脂斜面培养基和改良马丁培养基培养14d,并以无菌生理盐水做阴性对照,培养温度为25℃、35℃。结果显示,A、B型RSV病毒体疫苗未见细菌生长。将制备的PRRS Virosome疫苗分别用半流体和肉汤培养基,37℃初代培养21天,次代培养21天,无菌生理盐水做阴性对照,结果显示PRRSVirosome疫苗无支原体生长;用DNA染色法将毒种接种2BS细胞培养3天,传代一次,用二苯甲酰胺荧光染料染色。结果显示,PRRS Virosome疫苗无支原体生长。
(2)溶血性试验:选取体重为350g左右的豚鼠,采集新鲜豚鼠血1ml,用PBS洗涤3次,再将血细胞体积恢复并稀释10倍。PBS稀释各类PRRS Virosome疫苗(由实施例7制备),分别为2倍、4倍、8倍,将豚鼠血细胞加入到稀释的待检佐剂中,8小时后,评价血球溶解以目测或者上清浓度检测为准,并在570nm处检测吸光度。结果显示,没有发生血球破裂,无溶血现象。说明PRRS Virosome疫苗中的成分不能使红细胞裂解。因此,PRRS Virosome疫苗无溶血反应。
(3)急性毒性试验:取实施例7制备的PRRS Virosome疫苗0.5ml腹腔注射体重为12~18g Balb/C小鼠,每组10只,同时设PBS阴性对照组,连续2周观察小鼠的活动状态、体重变化和存活率。结果表明,实验小鼠全部存活,没有出现竖毛、精神萎靡、行动迟缓等不良症状,而体重呈现增加,由此证明PRRSVirosome疫苗在试验的浓度下对动物是安全的,且14天后处死进行大体解剖检查,未见脏器有病理改变。在体重为8~10kg的Beagle狗体内的急性毒性结果:取实施例7制备的PRRS Virosome疫苗肌肉注射15mL,每组10只,同时设PBS阴性对照组,连续2周观察行为、体重和存活率变化。结果可见,Beagle狗未见毒性反应,行为正常,没有死亡,与对照组狗比较无差异,各狗体重有所增加,并处死大体解剖未见脏器有明显的病理改变。因此,PRRS Virosome疫苗无急性毒性反应,使用是安全的。
(4)过敏试验研究:取实施例7制备的PRRS Virosome疫苗皮下接种体重为250~350g Hartley豚鼠,每个样品接种豚鼠5只,每只接种0.5ml,隔日一次,共3次。第3次注射后21天,耳静脉给予相同PRRS Virosome疫苗0.5ml,并用人血白蛋白和生理盐水以同样的方法分别接种3只豚鼠作为阳性、阴性对照。注射后30分钟及3天观察动物,阳性、阴性对照均成立,各PRRS Virosome疫苗组豚鼠无死亡,且无鼻痒、喷嚏、烦躁不安、呼吸困难、休克、痉挛等过敏症状。因此,制备的PRRS Virosome疫苗在动物体内无过敏反应。
(5)兔热源质试验:取预检合格的体重为2~3kg家兔3只固定,30分钟后测量体温,共测2次,间隔30分钟,要求2次温差不大于0.2℃,各家兔2次平均温度在38.6-39.5℃。将实施例7制备的PRRS Virosome疫苗预热至38℃,于第2次测温后15分钟内,自家兔耳边静脉缓缓注入0.5ml/只。注射后每隔30分钟测量体温1次,连测6次。结果显示:PRRS Virosome疫苗给予家兔个体升温未超过0.2℃,3只家兔升温总和未超过0.4℃,没有引起家兔的发热反应。因此,制备的PRRS Virosome疫苗疫苗无热源质。
(6)免疫病理损伤试验:由实施例7制备的PRRS Virosome疫苗通过小猪、母猪、种猪及育肥猪外周血抗体亚型、趣化因子、炎性因子、嗜酸性粒细胞、中性粒细胞、嗜碱性细胞及气管、肺脏、肝脏、脾脏、肾脏等检测。试验结果显示,PRRS Virosome疫苗免疫接种在实验乳猪、母猪、种猪及育肥猪体内Th2/Th1免疫应答趋于平衡,没有免疫器官损伤的迹象,因此具有安全性。
实验例6 本发明PRRS Virosome疫苗的稳定性实验
由实施例7制备的PRRS Virosome疫苗,分别置于2-8℃、室温(20-25℃)、37℃1周、2周、1个月、3个月、6个月、12个月、18个月和24个月,取样观察外观、PH值、无菌、电镜观察粒径、免疫动物观察安全性。结果显示:PRRSVirosome疫苗放置2-8℃24个月内均无变色分层等现象,pH值在7.0-7.2之间无变化,电镜观察粒径大小保持一致,且注射或滴鼻给小鼠或实验猪表现正常;PRRS Virosome疫苗放置室温25℃3个月内均有好的稳定性;PRRS Virosome疫苗放置室温37℃1个月内均有好的稳定性效果。由结果说明,PRRS Virosome疫苗放置2-8℃理化性质、生物学性能稳定,有效期至少24个月。
下述实施例均能实现上述实验例所述的效果。
具体实施方式
实施例1:猪繁殖与呼吸综合症病毒体疫苗株筛选及确定
选择了在我国具有代表性的PRRSV CH-1a、PRRSV BJ-4、PRRSVHB-1(SH)、PRRSV HB-2(SH)、PRRSV Em2007毒株,以及具有典型症状的高致病性PRRSV毒株:PRRSV NB-04、PRRSV BJ0706、PRRSV JX143、PRRSV JXA1、PRRSV HUN4、PRRSV SY0608、PRRSV JXwn06、PRRSV Bjsy06、PRRSV NX06毒株。通过用于疫苗生产的细胞培养扩增、过斑纯化RSV病毒,采用理化与生物学、全基因测序、血清学、病毒滴毒及外源因子等检定,筛选候选优势疫苗病毒株。同时,为疫苗评价提供了良好试验材料。
实施例2:细胞培养及细胞批库建立
以猴肾细胞(MARC-145Cell)细胞培养并建库为例:MARC-145细胞来源于American Type Culture Collection(ATCC)。培养基采用Dulbecco′s modified Eagle medium(DMEM),(高糖型,含4500mg/L D-葡萄糖、L-谷氨酰胺,和110mg/L丙酮酸钠,不含碳酸氢钠)添加庆大霉素,不加或加入一定量胎牛血清(5-10%)在细胞工厂或细胞发酵罐进行培养,建立细胞工作种子批库,并及对传代后的外援源因子、致瘤性及稳定性等全面检定,细胞使用代数控制在40代以内,均符合疫苗生产介质的要求。
所述细胞培养及细胞批库建立可以为如下细胞中的一种:①MARC-145;②HS2H细胞;③CL2621细胞;④PK15细胞;⑤PAM细胞。
实施例3:PRRSV培养增殖规模化生产及纯化
①PRRSV接种于布满瓶底的MARC-145细胞中,37℃培养3-5天后收集细胞,4℃5000rmp离心5min,去除细胞及杂质。②取上清液进行蔗糖梯度离心,蔗糖采用PBS缓冲液配置,体系采用0.3g/mL蔗糖3mL;0.45g/mL蔗糖3mL;1.19g/mL蔗糖1mL;4℃100000g离心2h;③吸取0.45g/mL与1.19g/mL夹层,加入适量PBS稀释后继续4℃100000g超离心2h。④收集沉淀,并用折射仪测量密度。保存于PRRSV保存液(17.4%Glycerol,145mMNaCl,2.5mM HEPES,0.1mM MgCl2,0.1mM CaCl2,pH 7.4)中备用。
实施例4:PRRSV灭活及验证
将实施例3得到的PRRSV病毒用HNE缓冲液溶解。用0.025%Beta-丙内脂按1∶1000(v/v)4℃灭活16小时。其间轻微摇动。然后于37℃孵育2小时,使Beta-丙内脂失活。用HNE缓冲液透析去除Beta-丙内脂。将灭活的PRRSV悬液进行ELISA检测,结果呈阳性。将灭活的PRRSV悬液按1%接种铺满整板的MARC-145细胞,37℃培养5天,结果显示细胞无病变,说明PRRSV病毒已灭活。
实施例5:PRRS Virosome形成及纯化
①将实施例4得到的灭活PRRSV在100000g,4℃,离心2h,沉淀用pH7.4375μL无菌HNE Buffer溶解,于4℃保存。②加375μL200mM DHPC,4℃孵育45min,使病毒裂解。6)100000g,4℃,离心2h,去除病毒核蛋白及衣壳。③上清液用0.22μm滤器过滤,去除杂质。④病毒体重建:将上清液用HNE稀释5倍,然后加入到透过率为10kD的透析袋中,在2L HNE中4℃透析过夜。换液,继续透析4小时。此过程可重复。⑤回收粗产品,用HNE配置0.3g/mL与1.19g/mL的蔗糖,并100000g,4℃,梯度离心1.5小时,去除未结合物。⑥回收纯化产品,并加入到透析袋中,在2L HNE中4℃透析过夜。换液,继续透析4小时,并重复3次。
实施例6:PRRS Virosome原液的检定
PRRS Virosome原液的外观为澄清液体;pH值为7.0-7.2;通过血平板进行杂菌鉴定结果为阴性;通过半流体和肉汤培养基培养进行支原体鉴定结果为阴性;通过PAGE-SDS电泳检测结果显示目的条带清晰、无其他杂带;采用Reed&Muench法计算抗血清中和效价高于2800。
通过电镜观察PRRS Virosome,结果显示其外观完整,大小在45nm-65nm左右,与活病毒接近。PRRS Virosome所包含的蛋白质通过micro Lowry assay法检测、磷脂含量用磷酸盐分析法检测,结果显示膜蛋白含量占活病毒90%,磷脂含量占活病毒84%。
实施例7:PRRS Virosome疫苗剂型配制
①注射剂型配制:将纯化PRRS Virosome不加佐剂,配制10ug/0.5ml的低剂量、20ug/1.0ml高剂量的无佐剂注射剂型;将纯化PRRS Virosome蛋白加入氢氧化铝或磷酸铝配置7.5ug(蛋白)/0.5mg(铝盐)/0.5ml、15μg(蛋白)/1.0mg(铝盐)/0.5ml有佐剂疫苗剂型;将纯化PRRS Virosome蛋白加入纳米铝佐剂,分别配制5.0ug/0.5ml低剂量、10ug/1.0ml高剂量的有佐剂注射猪繁殖与呼吸综合症病毒体疫苗剂型。以上注射疫苗溶液装入吸顶瓶,放2-8℃备用。
②喷鼻剂型配制:将纯化PRRS Virosome不加佐剂吸附,配制7.5μg/0.2ml低剂量、15μg/0.2ml高剂量的无佐剂喷鼻疫苗剂型;将纯化PRRS Virosome加入等体积季胺化壳聚糖水凝胶黏膜佐剂与传递系统,配制5.0μg/0.2ml、10μg/0.2ml有佐剂喷鼻疫苗剂型;将纯化PRRS Virosome蛋白加入等体积季胺化壳聚糖水凝胶与10μg细菌鞭毛或10μgP3BSK4黏膜佐剂及传递系统,配制4.0μg/0.2ml、8μg/0.2ml有佐剂喷鼻猪繁殖与呼吸综合症病毒体疫苗剂型。以上喷鼻疫苗溶液装入定量喷鼻装置,放2-8℃备用。
③饮水剂型配制:将纯化PRRS Virosome10μg、20μg分别加入5%蔗糖、0.2%维生素C、0.1%谷维素和0.1%脱脂奶粉,用磷酸盐缓冲液调PH7.2,喷雾干燥,配制10μg/剂低剂量、20μg/剂高剂量的无佐剂舌下含片剂型;将纯化PRRSVirosome蛋白7.5μg、15μg与15μgP3BSK4或Flagellin分别加入5%蔗糖、0.2%维生素C、0.1%谷维素和0.1%脱脂奶粉,用磷酸盐缓冲液调PH7.2,喷雾干燥,配制7.5μg/剂低剂量、15μg/剂高剂量的有佐剂猪繁殖与呼吸综合症病毒体疫苗饮水剂型;以上以上饮水疫苗装入密封塑料袋内,放2-8℃备用。
Claims (13)
1.一种猪繁殖与呼吸综合症病毒体疫苗,其特征在于该疫苗含有猪繁殖与呼吸综合症病毒的完整病毒表面所组成的病毒体(Virosome),即住呼吸与繁殖综合症病毒体(PRRS Virosome),该Virosome具有和活病毒完全一致的表面结构和功能;该猪繁殖与呼吸综合症病毒体疫苗还携带有PRRSV天然病毒的表面GP2、GP3、GP4、GP5糖蛋白及脂质双脂层有效抗原成分,其中,所述PRRSV Virosome包括PRRSV CH-1a、BJ-4、HB-1(SH)、HB-2(SH)、Em2007、NB-04、BJ0706、JX143、JXA1、HUN4、SY0608、JXwn06、Bisy06、NX06亚型的PRRS Virosome CH-1a、PRRS Virosome BJ-4、PRRS Virosome HB-1(SH)、PRRS Virosome HB-2(SH)、PRRS Virosome Em2007、PRRS Virosome NB-04、PRRS Virosome BJ0706、PRRSVirosome JX143、PRRS Virosome JXA1、PRRS Virosome HUN4、PRRS VirosomeSY0608、PRRS Virosome JXwn06、PRRS Virosome Bjsy06、PRRS Virosome NX06。
2.如权利要求1所述的猪繁殖与呼吸综合症病毒体疫苗,其特征在于该疫苗中不含有佐剂。
3.如权利要求1所述的呼吸道合胞病毒体疫苗,其特征在于该疫苗中含有佐剂;其中,所指佐剂为如下中的一种:
①氢氧化铝或磷酸铝;
②新型纳米铝佐剂;
③P3BSK4(N-palmitoyl-S-[2,3-bis(palmitoy-loxy)-(2RS)-propul]-[R]-propyl-[R]-cysteinyl-[S]-seryl-[S]-(lysyl)3-lysine);
④水凝胶佐剂:季胺化的壳聚糖、⑤rLT:重组不耐热性肠毒素。
4.如权利要求1-3任一所述的猪繁殖与呼吸综合症病毒体疫苗,其特征在于该疫苗制备成临床可接受的剂型:注射剂型、滴鼻剂型、饮水剂型。
5.如权利要求1-2任一所述的呼吸道合胞病毒体疫苗的制备方法,其特征在于该方法包括如下步骤:①在宿主细胞系中培养大量增殖病毒;②收集并纯化病毒;③用去污剂裂解病毒,使病毒表面包膜携带跨膜蛋白一起溶解于去污剂中;④通过超离心,去除病毒核心;⑤通过透析,去除去污剂,使破碎的病毒表面包膜重新组装成携带有跨膜蛋白的完整PRRS Virosome;⑥提供一种用于繁殖PRRSV的细胞系,经转染后可以高效率释放PRRSV;⑦猪繁殖与呼吸综合症病毒体按常规方法制成疫苗,再进一步制备成临床可接受的剂型:注射剂型、滴鼻剂型、饮水剂型;其中,所述PRRS Virosome包括PRRSV CH-1a、BJ-4、HB-1(SH)、HB-2(SH)、Em2007、NB-04、BJ0706、JX143、JXA1、HUN4、SY0608、JXwn06、Bjsy06、NX06亚型的PRRS Virosome CH-1a、PRRS VirosomeBJ-4、PRRS Virosome HB-1(SH)、PRRS Virosome HB-2(SH)、PRRS VirosomeEm2007、PRRS Virosome NB-04、PRRS Virosome BJ0706、PRRS Virosome JX143、PRRS Virosome JXA1、PRRS Virosome HUN4、PRRS Virosome SY0608、PRRSVirosome JXwn06、PRRS Virosome Bjsy06、PRRS Virosome NX06。
6.如权利要求3所述的猪繁殖与呼吸综合症病毒体疫苗的制备方法,其特征在于向该呼吸道合胞病毒体引入脂类佐剂的方法包括如下步骤:①病毒收集并纯化;②加入去污剂,裂解病毒,并通过超离心去除病毒核心;③同时用所述去污剂溶解佐剂;④将按2∶1∶3.5∶3.5的比例配制的PC/PE/SM/Chol溶解在按2∶1配制的氯仿/甲醇溶剂中;将溶液布满在玻璃试管的管壁上,使其干燥为薄膜,并在真空环境中,使残留溶剂挥发完全;⑤将步骤②所述溶解有病毒包膜的去污剂、以及步骤③所述溶解有佐剂的去污剂加入步骤④中;⑥透析去除去污剂,重建病毒体;⑦提供一种用于繁殖PRRSV的细胞系,经转染后可以高效率释放PRRSV;⑧猪繁殖与呼吸综合症病毒体按常规方法制成疫苗,再进一步制备成临床可接受的剂型:注射剂型、滴鼻剂型、饮水剂型;
其中,所述脂类佐剂为①P3BSK4(N-palmitoyl-S-[2,3-bis(pal-mitoyloxy)-(2RS)-propul]-[R]-propyl-[R]-cysteinyl-[S]-seryl-[S]-(lysyl)3-lysine)。
7.如权利要求6或7所述的猪繁殖与呼吸综合症病毒体疫苗的制备方法中,其特征在于其中PRRSV细胞的培养方法为:在细胞培养基中加入2-100μg/mL的糖胺聚糖,其中,所指糖胺聚糖为硫酸肝素、硫酸软骨素B、硫酸透明质酸或肝素。
8.如权利要求8所述的猪繁殖与呼吸综合症病毒体疫苗的制备方法中,其特征在于在细胞培养基中加入的糖胺聚糖的浓度为10μg/mL。
9.如权利要求6或7所述的猪繁殖与呼吸综合症病毒体疫苗的制备方法中,其特征在于其中PRRSV细胞的纯化方法为:蔗糖梯度离心或柱层析纯化方法;其中,所述蔗糖梯度离心法选用最佳蔗糖浓度为1.19g/mL;所述柱层析纯化法选用Sepharose6FFTM分子筛并进行DEAE-SepharoseFFTM离子交换。
10.如权利要求10所述的呼吸道合胞病毒体疫苗的制备方法中,其特征在于:其中,所述的蔗糖梯度离心方法的具体步骤为:①收集培养完成的PRRSV细胞,离心去除细胞及杂质;②取上清液进行蔗糖梯度离心,蔗糖采用PBS缓冲液配置,体系采用0.3g/mL蔗糖3mL;0.45g/mL蔗糖3mL;1.19g/mL蔗糖1mL;4℃100000g离心2h;③吸取0.45g/mL与1.19g/mL夹层,加入适量PBS稀释后继续4℃100000g超离心2h;④收集沉淀,并用折射仪测量密度;保存于PRRSV保存液中备用。
11.如权利要求6或7所述的猪繁殖与呼吸综合症病毒体疫苗的制备方法中,其特征在于其中裂解病毒的去污剂拥有15mM的较高的临界胶束浓度;所述去污剂为DHPC、Triton X-100、Octylglucoside(OG)、Octaethyleneglycolmonoether(C12E8)、DCPC或CHAPS。
12.如权利要求6或7所述的猪繁殖与呼吸综合症病毒体疫苗的制备方法中,其特征在于其中所述的裂解病毒和去除病毒核心的步骤为:①将灭活后的PRRSV在100000g,4℃,离心2h,取沉淀用pH7.4 350-400μL无菌HNE Buffer溶解,于2-8℃保存;②加等量200mM DCPC,冰上孵育30-60min,使病毒裂解;于100000g,4℃,离心2h,去除病毒核蛋白及衣壳;③上清液用0.22μm滤器过滤,去除杂质备用。
13.如权利要求6或7所述的猪繁殖与呼吸综合症病毒体疫苗的制备方法中,其特征在于其中所述的病毒体重建的步骤为:将上清液用HNE稀释5倍,再将上清液加入到透过率为10kD的透析袋中,在1-3L HNE中4℃透析过夜,换液后,继续透析3-5小时。
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