CN107810811B - Special improved variety breeding method for curcuma wenyujin - Google Patents
Special improved variety breeding method for curcuma wenyujin Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05D—INORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C; FERTILISERS PRODUCING CARBON DIOXIDE
- C05D9/00—Other inorganic fertilisers
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
- C05G3/80—Soil conditioners
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a method for breeding improved curcuma wenyujin, which comprises the steps of land selection and preparation, seed selection and sowing, field management, purification and rejuvenation, harvesting and seed selection, storage and transportation, wherein a region suitable for the growth of curcuma wenyujin is selected for planting, a base fertilizer is added during the land preparation, the sowing period and the harvesting period are shortened and standardized, early weed suppression is carried out by covering stems, leaves and a mulching film, the yield and the quality of curcuma wenyujin seeds are obviously improved, and the content of effective components is increased.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of medicinal plant breeding, and particularly relates to a special improved curcuma wenyujin breeding method.
Background
Curcuma wenyujin (Curcuma wenyujin) is a plant of Curcuma of Zingiberaceae, mainly produced in Reian county and Leqing county in Wenzhou, Zhejiang province, and is one of famous and famous medicinal materials in Zhejiang province. Its main rhizome, lateral rhizome and root tuber can be used as medicine, and processed into curcuma wenyujin, curcuma longa and curcuma wenyujin respectively. According to the traditional Chinese medicine of China, the curcuma zedoary has the functions of removing blood stasis, promoting qi circulation, removing food retention and relieving pain, the curcuma zedoary has the functions of removing blood stasis, transporting qi, relieving pain of dysmenorrhea and dispelling wind and paralysis, and the curcuma wenyujin has the effects of relieving depression, promoting qi circulation, relieving pain, removing blood stasis, clearing away the heart-fire and benefiting the gallbladder. The curcuma wenyujin volatile oil in various injection for restoring consciousness is high in content and good in quality, so that the curcuma wenyujin volatile oil is popular.
The curcuma wenyujin is a famous genuine medicinal material in Zhejiang province, has a long planting history, and only has a nearly 1000-year planting history in the Zhe-an city pottery town, but the planting of the curcuma wenyujin is basically carried out according to a traditional extensive mode, the mixing and aging of plants are caused by long-term asexual propagation and self-retention of seed sources, and the research on breeding of excellent new varieties is not carried out, in addition, the continuous cropping phenomenon is very common, and more than 5-6 years of continuous planting can cause the following problems:
(1) the turmeric has poor stress resistance, germplasm degeneration and severe plant virification;
(2) the yield is reduced by 40 percent, the serious yield reduction is more than 50 percent, and huge economic loss is caused to local farmers;
(3) the plants are uniform in quality, large in quality variation and low in content of effective components, so that the quality of medicinal materials is unstable, and the effectiveness and safety of clinical medication are seriously influenced;
therefore, based on the above problems, it is an urgent need to provide a method for breeding curcuma wenyujin in good varieties, which can standardize the breeding process of curcuma wenyujin to obtain seeds with high yield and quality, thereby further improving the yield and quality of Chinese medicinal materials.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the above problems, the present inventors have conducted intensive studies and, as a result, found that: the method selects a region suitable for the growth of the curcuma wenyujin to plant, adds a base fertilizer when preparing soil, shortens and standardizes a seeding period and a harvesting period, adopts a mode of covering stem leaves and a mulching film to inhibit the growth of weeds, and carries out purification and rejuvenation in the growth process, can obviously improve the yield and quality of the curcuma wenyujin seeds, and can obviously improve the content of effective components, thereby completing the invention.
Specifically, the invention aims to provide a method for breeding improved curcuma wenyujin, which comprises the steps of land selection and preparation, seed selection and sowing, field management, purification and rejuvenation, harvesting and seed selection, storage and transportation.
The invention has the advantages that:
(1) according to the improved variety breeding method provided by the invention, the base fertilizer is added while soil preparation is carried out, so that the fertility and the water retention of soil are effectively improved, and the soil regulation capability of the Curcuma wenyujin seedlings in a water shortage or water accumulation state is improved;
(2) according to the improved seed breeding method provided by the invention, the ridges are covered with plant stems, leaves and mulching films, so that the growth of weeds is effectively prevented, and the cost of artificial weeding is reduced by 44.9%;
(3) according to the improved variety breeding method provided by the invention, the special fertilizer for the curcuma wenyujin is applied during sowing and topdressing, so that the yield of the curcuma wenyujin and the contents of the volatile oil, the curdione, the germacrone and other effective components in the curcuma wenyujin are effectively improved, and the physical and chemical properties and the fertilizer supply capacity of soil are improved;
(4) according to the improved variety breeding method provided by the invention, a biological control method and a physical mechanical method are preferably selected in the pest control process, so that the method is safe and environment-friendly, and prevents the seed ginger from being polluted;
(5) the improved variety breeding method provided by the invention shortens and standardizes the sowing and harvesting periods, selects reasonable planting density, and effectively improves the content and quality of effective components in the curcuma wenyujin.
(6) According to the improved variety breeding method provided by the invention, purification and rejuvenation are carried out in three periods in the growth process of the curcuma wenyujin, so that the influence of hybrid, inferior and weak plants is reduced, and the seed yield and the purity are improved;
(7) the improved variety breeding method provided by the invention is scientific, reasonable and feasible, and standardizes the breeding process of the curcuma wenyujin to ensure that the yield of the curcuma wenyujin seeds reaches 11000kg/hm2-14000kg/hm2The germination rate of the seeds reaches more than 90 percent, the purity of the seeds reaches more than 95 percent, and the contents of the effective components of the curcuma wenyujin, namely the volatile oil, the curdione and the germacrone are respectively improved by 11.5 to 23.4 percent, 53.1 to 63.3 percent and 10.6 to 48.6 percent.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail below with reference to preferred embodiments and examples. The features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the description.
The word "exemplary" is used exclusively herein to mean "serving as an example, embodiment, or illustration. Any embodiment described herein as "exemplary" is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments.
The invention provides a method for breeding improved curcuma wenyujin, which comprises the following steps:
1) selecting land and preparing land;
according to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the curcuma wenyujin is planted in a region with annual average temperature of 15-20 ℃, perennial minimum temperature of not less than-5 ℃ and average relative humidity of 80-90%.
In a further preferred embodiment, the annual rainfall of the selected planting field is 1400 mm-1700 mm, the annual sunshine is 1600 h-1800 h, and the frost-free period is 220 d-240 d.
The inventor finds that the turmeric likes warm and humid environment, the drought is unfavorable for the growth of root tuber and plant, especially the soil must be kept moist in the seedling stage.
The turmeric root tuber has weak resistance to severe cold, is easy to be killed by freezing injury when the temperature is reduced to below-5 ℃, and needs to grow in a medium-low altitude area with a frost-free period of 220-240 days all the year round.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the soil selected for planting is neutral or slightly acidic, preferably alluvial and/or sandy loam.
Wherein, the planted curcuma wenyujin is preferably soil with deep soil layer, loose and moist soil and good drainage, which is beneficial to water retention and fertilizer retention.
In a further preferred embodiment, the pre-crop selected for planting is a gramineous crop, preferably one or more of rice, corn, sugar cane or wheat.
The inventor finds that the disease and insect pests such as the plot nematode disease and the like with long continuous cropping time of the common turmeric are serious, the soil fertility is reduced, the plants are withered and yellow in advance, and the yield is obviously reduced.
More preferably, rice and Curcuma wenyujin are selected for rotation.
The curcuma wenyujin and rice are crop rotation, which is beneficial to eliminating germs, ova and soil insects in soil, reducing the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests of the curcuma wenyujin, improving the soil reducibility and reducing the absorption of the curcuma wenyujin to harmful heavy metal elements such as cadmium (Cd).
According to a preferable embodiment of the invention, the land preparation time is 3 months and 15 days to 4 months and 1 day, the land is deeply ploughed, and a base fertilizer is applied, wherein the deep ploughing depth is 20-25 cm.
In a further preferred embodiment, the ridge is built on the land, the width of the base of the ridge is 90-100 cm, the height of the ridge is 30-35 cm, and the width of the ridge is gradually narrowed and is 30-35 cm.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the base fertilizer comprises a manure, preferably a composted manure.
In the invention, the hurdle fertilizer is mainly made of livestock manure mixed with various gasket materials, and the decomposed hurdle fertilizer is fully fermented.
The inventor finds that various fertilizer components in the hurdle fertilizer exist in an organic state, cannot be directly absorbed by plants, and needs to be fermented to decompose organic matters into inorganic salt which can be absorbed by the plants; the hurdle fertilizer contains a large amount of bacteria and worm eggs, and most of the bacteria and worm eggs can be killed through the high temperature of fermentation; the high temperature from fermentation of unfermented manure, which is applied, can burn the roots of the plants.
In a further preferred embodiment, the base fertilizer further comprises a microbial liquid, wherein the microbial liquid is a liquid obtained by culturing and fermenting one or more of azotobacter, yeast, bacillus megaterium, sulfate reducing bacteria and photosynthetic bacteria.
The inventor finds that the microbial inoculum has a remarkable decomposition effect, can decompose organic humus contained in planting soil and convert the organic humus into nutrient components which can be absorbed by plant roots through research.
In a further preferred embodiment, the weight ratio of the hurdle fertilizer to the microbial liquid is (4-8): (1-4), preferably (4-6): (2-3), more preferably 5: 3.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, vermiculite powder is further added into the base fertilizer, and the fineness of the vermiculite powder is 100-200 meshes.
In the invention, the vermiculite powder has good adsorbability and water retention property, can improve the microenvironment of the surface of the root system, and can store water and ventilate; and the pH value of the environment around the root system can be buffered, the slow release of nutrients can be kept, and mineral elements can be provided.
In a further preferred embodiment, the weight ratio of the added vermiculite powder to the microbial liquid is 1: 1.
2) Seed selection and sowing;
according to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the seed ginger is selected, planted by a hole planting method, laid in the sowing trench, with the buds of the seed ginger facing to two sides, base fertilizer is applied to gaps at the edges of the seed ginger, and then covered with soil and ridged.
The base fertilizer cannot cover the upper part of the ginger seeds so as to avoid burning roots by the fertilizer, and the thickness of the covering soil is 3-5 cm.
In a further preferred embodiment, the ginger is planted in single row with grade of one grade or two grade, and the planting amount is 1900-2000 kg/hm2。
The grade standard of the ginger seeds is shown in table 1, and the seed size in table 1 is the size value of the turmeric when sowing.
TABLE 1 quality grade index of Curcuma wenyujin seeds
Wherein, the straight rhizome growing upwards in the curcuma wenyujin is commonly called as 'head', the first straight rhizome extracted from the seed ginger is called 'big head', the straight rhizome extracted from the big head is called 'second head', the straight rhizome extracted from the second head is called 'third head', the rest are analogized, and the smallest straight rhizome is called 'nipple'.
The inventor finds that when the specification of the ginger seeds is too small or the quality of the ginger seeds is not high, the nutrient substances supplied to the seedlings are insufficient, the growth and development of the seedlings and the resistance to diseases and insect pests are influenced, and finally the yield and the quality are influenced.
In a further preferred embodiment, the sowing time is 3 months, 20 days to 4 months, 5 days, the plant spacing is 30-40 cm, the row spacing is 110-130 cm, the hole diameter is 10-15 cm, and the hole depth is 6-9 cm.
Wherein, in the sowing process of the curcuma wenyujin, if the sowing is too shallow, the air permeability is good, the temperature is higher, but the water content is often insufficient; if the sowing depth is too deep, the ventilation is poor, the temperature is low, and the seedling emergence is difficult, so that the sowing depth is 6-9 cm.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the applied base fertilizer comprises decomposed oil cake and calcium superphosphate, and the amount of the applied base fertilizer is 2500kg/hm2～3000kg/hm2，
The weight ratio of the thoroughly decomposed oil cake to the calcium superphosphate is (3-10): (1-5), preferably (4-7): (2-4), more preferably 5: 3.
The oil cake is an organic fertilizer prepared from residues of various seeds containing more oil components after oil removal by squeezing.
3) Managing the field;
according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the growth of curcuma wenyujin is field managed after sowing, wherein the field management comprises weeding, top dressing, irrigation, drainage and pest control.
3-1), weeding;
in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, after the emergence of the curcuma wenyujin, the ridges are covered with the stems and leaves of the plant and the thin film in this order, and then the soil is raised.
The inventor finds that covering plant stems and leaves on ridges after the curcuma wenyujin grows out is beneficial to preventing the growth of weeds, meanwhile, the plant stems and leaves are beneficial to becoming organic matters to return soil after rotting, and the soil fertility is increased.
In a further preferred embodiment, the plant stems and leaves are selected from one or more of curcuma wenyujin leaves, sugarcane leaves and straw, and the film is a degradable black mulching film.
The black mulching film is covered on the plant stems and leaves to prevent the weeds from being irradiated by sunlight, so that the weeds are promoted to die, and the effect of preventing and killing the weeds is further achieved.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, during the growth of the curcuma wenyujin, field weeding is carried out according to the growth vigor of weeds, and meanwhile hilling is carried out.
The field weeding mode strictly prohibits the use of chemical herbicides, and the chemical herbicides belong to biocidal substances, so that the chemical herbicides have the advantages of high weeding efficiency and low cost, but cause certain harm to environmental organisms and human beings, and have certain adverse effect on the growth of the curcuma wenyujin.
In a further preferred embodiment, the first artificial weeding is carried out in 5 months of the current year of sowing, and the ridging is carried out after weeding, wherein the thickness of the ridging is 7-10 cm.
Wherein, the first artificial weeding is carried out in the vigorous period of the weeds, the hoe is used for eradicating the weeds, the overground part, underground rhizomes and root systems of the Curcuma wenyujin are not damaged, and the soil in the furrows is lifted to the ridge surface for ridging after the weeds are removed.
In a further preferred embodiment, the artificial weeding is carried out for the second time in 6 months of the current year of sowing, and after weeding, fertilizer is applied and hilled, wherein the thickness of the hilled soil is 7-10 cm.
Optionally, carrying out artificial weeding for the third time in 7-8 months.
Preferably, weeding is stopped after the Curcuma wenyujin plant closes.
Wherein, closing the row means that the curcuma wenyujin plant grows to a certain degree, the leaf area is increased, the ground is completely covered, and the ground between the rows cannot be seen.
3-2) topdressing;
according to a preferred embodiment of the invention, after the second artificial weeding, the topdressing is carried out, and meanwhile, the earthing-up is combined, the fertilizer is a special fertilizer for curcuma wenyujin, and the special fertilizer for curcuma wenyujin comprises the following components in parts by weight:
preferably, the turmeric root tuber special fertilizer comprises the following components in parts by weight:
more preferably, the turmeric root tuber special fertilizer comprises the following components in parts by weight:
the top dressing amount is 1500kg/hm2～2500kg/hm2。
In the invention, the sulfur-coated urea is a slow-release and controlled-release fertilizer which uses sulfur as a main coating material to coat granular urea and realizes slow release of nitrogen. The fertilizer can control the sustained and stable release of nutrients, meet the nutritional requirements of crops and effectively improve the utilization rate of the fertilizer.
The inventor finds that the fulvic acid has stronger complexing, chelating and surface adsorption capacities due to the fact that the fulvic acid contains functional groups such as hydroxyl, phenolic hydroxyl and the like, and can reduce the loss of ammonium nitrogen; the moving distance of phosphorus in soil can be increased, the fixation of water-soluble phosphorus by the soil is inhibited, invalid phosphorus is converted into effective phosphorus, and the absorption of phosphorus by a root system is promoted; the fulvic acid can also absorb and store potassium ions, so that the content of effective potassium is increased, and the synergy of the fulvic acid to the potassium fertilizer is obvious.
The inventor finds that the turmeric has the largest demand for nitrogen fertilizer and potassium fertilizer in the whole growth process and has larger demand for nitrogen fertilizer and potassium fertilizer in the vigorous growth period, so that not only base fertilizer and base fertilizer but also additional fertilizer need to be applied in the planting process.
The fertilizer special for the curcuma wenyujin used in the topdressing process can effectively improve the utilization rate of the curcuma wenyujin to nitrogenous fertilizer and potash fertilizer, reduce the damage to the soil structure and save the planting cost.
In the invention, the curcuma wenyujin is subjected to secondary weeding from late 6 months to early 7 months, the curcuma wenyujin grows into the leaf cluster period, underground rhizomes gradually form, and nitrogen fertilizer and potassium fertilizer are added properly before the vigorous growth period, so that the nutrition required by the growth of the curcuma wenyujin can be ensured.
In a further preferred embodiment, the special fertilizer for the curcuma wenyujin is applied to two sides of the curcuma wenyujin plant, and the ridging is carried out after the fertilizer is applied, wherein the thickness of the ridging is 7-10 cm.
3-3) irrigating and draining;
according to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the irrigation is carried out in the months of 7-9 and not carried out after the months of 10.
The inventor researches and discovers that the common turmeric in the growing period should keep soil moist, the growing period of the common turmeric is 7-9 months, the water demand is large, water needs to be filled in time in continuous high-temperature sunny weather, and particularly, water needs to be filled in the morning or evening in time when the surface of the soil turns white for more than 5 days.
Wherein, in order to keep the field dry at harvest, water is not irrigated any more after 10 months.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the drainage ditch is dredged in time to drain accumulated water in the field in rainy season, so that the common turmeric is prevented from generating diseases.
The inventor finds that although the curcuma wenyujin is fond of wetting, long-time field water accumulation easily causes insufficient oxygen in soil gaps, the curcuma wenyujin can breathe without oxygen under the anoxic condition, a large amount of alcohol can be generated in the root system, and root rot is induced, so that the drainage ditch needs to be dredged in rainy seasons, and the field water accumulation cannot exceed 2 days.
3-4) pest control;
according to a preferred embodiment of the invention, each planting field of the curcuma wenyujin is checked for plant diseases and insect pests once a month, and the disease degree and disease area are recorded.
The main season of the disease and insect pest inspection is 5-11 months, the diseases of the curcuma wenyujin are rare, and the diseases mainly comprise leaf spot and root rot; the insect pests mainly comprise leaf blight, butterfly of ginger, cutworm and grub.
In a further preferred embodiment, after the discovery of pests, comprehensive control is carried out and follow-up checks are carried out after control.
In still further preferred embodiments, the control methods include biological control methods, physical mechanical control methods, and chemical control methods.
Among them, a biological control method, a physical-mechanical control method, and a chemical control method are preferably used as final measures.
The biological control method is characterized in that natural enemies are protected and utilized, the natural enemies and pests are kept in a relatively stable ecological balance state to inhibit the occurrence of diseases and insect pests, and biological pesticides such as polyoxin, pesticide resistance 120 and the like can be used;
the physical mechanical control method is a method for controlling pests by using simple instruments and various physical factors (light, heat, electricity, sound, temperature, humidity, radioactivity and the like);
the chemical prevention and control method is to use chemical insecticides to kill pests.
4) Purifying and rejuvenating;
according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the cultivated curcuma wenyujin is subjected to purification and rejuvenation treatment, wherein the purification and rejuvenation comprises the removal of mixed plants, variant plants, plants with poor growth and plants suffering from diseases and insect pests.
The variant plant is a plant having a morphology different from that of most plants.
In a further preferred embodiment, the purification rejuvenation is performed 3 times, the first purification rejuvenation being performed at the seedling stage, the second purification rejuvenation being performed before closing the row, and the third purification rejuvenation being performed at the time of harvesting.
Wherein, in order to ensure the biological characteristics of the planted curcuma wenyujin, according to the characteristic characteristics of the variety, the impurities, inferior and weak plants are removed in time at different periods, and the removed plants are moved out of the field for deep burying treatment, so as to prevent the occurrence of secondary doping.
5) Harvesting and selecting seeds;
according to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the Curcuma wenyujin Y.H.Chen et C.Ling is harvested within 15 days 12-30 days 12 months, and the harvesting step comprises cleaning withered stems and leaves on the ground, leveling the ridge and harvesting by dividing the plant.
Wherein, the harvesting in a short time can reduce the consumption of the plants and ensure the quality stability and consistency of the medicinal materials.
In a further preferred embodiment, the harvested seed ginger is transported out of the field in time.
The inventor finds that the seed ginger is transported out of the field in time, so that the tuber infection rate is reduced, and the tender root stem bolting is accelerated.
In a further preferred embodiment, the dug-out rootstocks are separated from old heads and tuberous roots, the attached sludge is removed, fibrous roots are retained, and the rootstocks damaged by diseases and pests are removed.
Wherein, the mechanical damage should be paid attention to during harvesting to avoid frost.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the high-quality seed ginger is separated from other rhizome, root tuber and sundries, soil is removed, and the seed ginger of the next production year is selected.
In a further preferred embodiment, the first-grade ginger is selected as the stock ginger for breeding of the fine variety in the next production year, and the first-grade and second-grade ginger are selected as the fine variety ginger produced in the field in the next production year.
Wherein, the selection standard of the first-class seed ginger and the second-class seed ginger is shown in table 1.
In a further preferred embodiment, the selected seed ginger is graded, packaged, weighed and taped.
Wherein, the following labels are required to be noted: time, breed name, quantity and ginger grade.
6) And (4) storage and transportation.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the seed ginger is stored separately from the original seed ginger and the fine seed ginger, and the seed ginger is stored separately in batches.
In a further preferred embodiment, the storage of the seed ginger comprises indoor storage and outdoor storage,
the indoor storage comprises the steps that the seed gingers are placed into a breathable woven bag and then stacked on an isolation plate at an indoor drying position, wherein the stacking thickness of the seed gingers is 30-35 cm, and the seed gingers are isolated from the ground;
the outdoor storage comprises the steps of ridging in the field for 30-35 cm, paving a thin layer of yellow sand, stacking the planted ginger thereon, and sequentially covering silt and curcuma wenyujin stems and leaves, wherein the stacking thickness of the planted ginger is 15-20 cm.
In order to ensure the quality of the planted ginger, storage conditions required by the normal physiology of the planted ginger need to be provided, impurities, diseases and rottenness are reduced, the characteristics of the variety and the vigorous germination capacity are maintained, and the quality of the planted ginger is ensured.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the packed seed ginger is shipped in a container such as a basket, a bag or the like, and a label is attached to the container.
Wherein, the label of the packing object should be written with time, variety name, quantity and ginger grade, so as to avoid mechanical damage and mixing during transportation, and pay attention to rain-proof and heat-proof.
Wherein, when the old container is used for shipping, the soap water or the phosphate soap medicament is required to be disinfected.
In the invention, the seed yield of the curcuma wenyujin can reach 11000kg/hm by utilizing the method2～14000kg/hm2The germination rate of the seeds reaches more than 90 percent, the purity of the seeds reaches more than 95 percent, and the contents of the effective components of the curcuma wenyujin, namely the volatile oil, the curdione and the germacrone are respectively improved by 11.5 to 23.4 percent, 53.1 to 63.3 percent and 10.6 to 48.6 percent。
Examples
The present invention is further described below by way of specific examples, which are merely exemplary and do not limit the scope of the present invention in any way.
Example 1
(1) Land selection and preparation:
selecting an area with the annual average temperature of 17 ℃, the annual minimum temperature of-2 ℃, the average relative humidity of 83%, the annual rainfall capacity of 1550mm, the annual sunshine of 1680h and the frost-free period of 230d, selecting sandy loam as soil, slightly acidic soil, rice as a front crop and good drainage;
preparing soil in 20 days after 3 months, deep-ploughing the soil by 25cm, harrowing, and applying 5000kg/hm2The weight ratio of the decomposed breast fertilizer, the microbial liquid and the vermiculite powder in the base fertilizer is 5:3:3, wherein the microbial liquid is a bacterial liquid obtained by mixed culture and fermentation of azotobacter, saccharomycetes and bacillus megatherium;
after the base fertilizer is mixed, one row of ridge seeds is built, the width of the ridge base part is 95cm, the height of the ridge base part is 30cm, and the ridge surface is gradually narrowed to 30 cm.
(2) Seed selection and sowing:
the purity of the seeds of the curcuma wenyujin is 97 percent, the two ends (5 seeds/kilogram) have yellow sections and plump buds;
sowing the seeds in 30 days in 3 months, and performing hole planting according to the single row spacing of 36cm and the ditch-crossing row spacing of 120 cm. The aperture is 13cm, the aperture depth is 7cm, the ginger seeds are flatly placed in the sowing ditch with the buds facing to both sides, and the seed consumption is 1900kg/hm2；
Uniformly spreading Curcuma wenyujin base fertilizer at the edge gap of the ginger seeds, wherein the base fertilizer is decomposed oil cake and calcium superphosphate with the weight ratio of 5:3, and the fertilizer consumption is 2500kg/hm2And then covering soil for 3cm for ridging.
(3) Field management:
(3-1) after the curcuma wenyujin grows out, covering the ridges with the lukeyujin leaves and the sugarcane leaves, and then covering with a degradable black mulching film;
carrying out first manual weeding within 5 months and 20 days, using a hoe to eradicate weeds, and lifting soil in furrows to the ridge surface for earthing up after weeding, wherein the earthing up thickness is 8 cm;
and (4) carrying out secondary artificial weeding in 25 days after 6 months, using a hoe to eradicate weeds, and then lifting soil in the furrow to the ridge surface for hilling, wherein the hilling thickness is 8 cm.
(3-2) topdressing is carried out after the second artificial weeding in 25 days after 6 months, and the fertilizer is a special fertilizer for curcuma wenyujin and comprises the following components in parts by weight:
the fertilizer consumption is 1500kg/hm2，
After weeds are eradicated by a hoe, the special fertilizer for the curcuma wenyujin is spread on two sides of the curcuma wenyujin plant, then soil in the furrow is lifted to the ridge surface for earthing up, and the earthing up thickness is 8 cm.
(3-3) irrigating in 7-9 months according to the weather condition, and irrigating in the morning or evening when the surface of the soil is whitish for more than 5 days;
and when accumulated water exists after rainfall, dredging the drainage ditch for drainage.
(3-4) from 5 months to 11 months, 1 time per month, carrying out the inspection of the root rot of the curcuma wenyujin, the leaf blight, the butterfly of the ginger, the cutworm and the grub on the planting field, and after finding out the plant diseases and insect pests, carrying out the control according to the priority order of a biological control method, a physical and mechanical control method and a chemical control method.
(4) Purification and rejuvenation:
removing mixed plants, variant plants, plants with poor growth and plants suffering from diseases and insect pests among the planting fields respectively at the seedling stage, before closing rows and during harvesting of the curcuma wenyujin,
and removing the pulled out plants with impurities, inferior and weak plants out of the field for deep burying treatment.
(5) Harvesting and seed selection:
cleaning withered stems and leaves on the ground at 20 days in 12 months, shoveling the whole furrow, then picking and digging by plants, separating dug rootstocks from old heads and root tubers, shaking off attached mud without removing fibrous roots, and removing rootstocks damaged by diseases and pests;
selecting the first-class seed ginger as the seed ginger (original seed) of the fine variety breeding base in the next production year, selecting the first-class seed ginger and the second-class seed ginger as the seed ginger (fine variety) produced in the field in the next production year, grading, packaging and weighing the seed ginger, and tying a label (the label is written on: time, variety name, quantity and seed ginger grade).
(6) Storage and transportation:
storing the seed ginger according to the original seeds and the fine seeds respectively, dividing the seed ginger into regions according to batches and storing the seed ginger in a breathable woven bag at a dry place indoors, stacking the seed ginger on a partition plate, wherein the stacking thickness is 32cm, and the seed ginger is isolated from the ground;
the ginger seeds are loaded and transported by adopting the woven bag, the woven bag is tied with a label, and the label is marked with time, variety name, quantity and ginger seed grade.
Example 2
(1) Land selection and preparation:
selecting an area with the annual average temperature of 20 ℃, the perennial minimum temperature of 0 ℃, the average relative humidity of 87%, the annual rainfall of 1620mm, the annual sunshine of 1750h and the frost-free period of 240d, selecting soil as alluvial soil, slightly acidic, the former crop as rice and good drainage;
preparing soil in 3 months and 30 days, deep-turning the soil by 20cm, raking finely, and applying 4000kg/hm2The weight ratio of the decomposed breast fertilizer, the microbial liquid and the vermiculite powder in the base fertilizer is 5:3:3, wherein the microbial liquid is a bacterial liquid obtained by mixed culture and fermentation of azotobacter, saccharomycetes and bacillus megatherium;
after the base fertilizer is mixed, ridge-making and seed-planting single row is built, the width of the ridge base portion is 100cm, the height of the ridge base portion is 35cm, and the ridge surface is gradually narrowed to 35 cm.
(2) Seed selection and sowing:
the purity of the seeds of the curcuma wenyujin is 95 percent, the two ends (6 seeds/kg) have yellow sections and plump buds;
sowing the seeds at 5 days after 4 months, and performing hole planting according to the single row spacing of 40cm and the ditch-crossing row spacing of 130 cm. The aperture is 15cm, the depth is 9cm, the ginger seeds are flatly placed in the sowing ditch with the buds facing to both sides, and the seed consumption is 2000kg/hm2；
Uniformly spreading Curcuma wenyujin base fertilizer at the edge gap of the ginger seeds, wherein the base fertilizer is decomposed oil cake and calcium superphosphate with the weight ratio of 5:3, and the fertilizer consumption is 3000kg/hm2And then covering soil for 5cm for ridging.
(3) Field management:
(3-1) after the curcuma wenyujin grows out, covering the ridges with the lukeyujin leaves and the sugarcane leaves, and then covering with a degradable black mulching film;
carrying out first manual weeding within 5 months and 15 days, using a hoe to eradicate weeds, and lifting soil in furrows to the ridge surface for ridging after weeding, wherein the ridging thickness is 10 cm;
carrying out second manual weeding in 13 days after 6 months, using a hoe to eradicate weeds, and then lifting soil in the furrows to the ridge surface for hilling, wherein the hilling thickness is 7 cm;
and (3) carrying out third manual weeding on 8, month and 14 days, using a hoe to eradicate weeds, and then lifting soil in the furrow to the ridge surface for hilling, wherein the hilling thickness is 7 cm.
(3-2) topdressing is carried out after the second artificial weeding in 6 months and 13 days, and the fertilizer is a special fertilizer for curcuma wenyujin and comprises the following components in parts by weight:
the fertilizer consumption is 2500kg/hm2，
After weeds are eradicated by a hoe, the special fertilizer for the curcuma wenyujin is spread on two sides of the curcuma wenyujin plant, then soil in the furrow is lifted to the ridge surface for ridging, and the ridging thickness is 10 cm.
(3-3) irrigating in 7-9 months according to the weather condition, and irrigating in the morning or evening when the surface of the soil is whitish for more than 5 days;
and when accumulated water exists after rainfall, dredging the drainage ditch for drainage.
(3-4) from 5 months to 11 months, 1 time per month, carrying out the inspection of the root rot of the curcuma wenyujin, the leaf blight, the butterfly of the ginger, the cutworm and the grub on the planting field, and after finding out the plant diseases and insect pests, carrying out the control according to the priority order of a biological control method, a physical and mechanical control method and a chemical control method.
(4) Purification and rejuvenation:
removing mixed plants, variant plants, plants with poor growth and plants suffering from diseases and insect pests among the planting fields respectively at the seedling stage, before closing rows and during harvesting of the curcuma wenyujin,
and removing the pulled out plants with impurities, inferior and weak plants out of the field for deep burying treatment.
(5) Harvesting and seed selection:
cleaning withered stems and leaves on the ground at 30 days in 12 months, shoveling the whole furrow, then picking and digging by plants, separating dug rootstocks from old heads and root tubers, shaking off attached mud without removing fibrous roots, and removing rootstocks damaged by diseases and pests;
selecting the first-class seed ginger as the seed ginger (original seed) of the fine variety breeding base in the next production year, selecting the first-class seed ginger and the second-class seed ginger as the seed ginger (fine variety) produced in the field in the next production year, grading, packaging and weighing the seed ginger, and tying a label (the label is written on: time, variety name, quantity and seed ginger grade).
(6) Storage and transportation:
the seed ginger is stored according to the original seeds and the fine seeds respectively, the seed ginger is stored separately according to batch division areas, ridge forming is carried out in the field for 32cm, a thin layer of yellow sand is paved, the seed ginger is stacked on the seed ginger, the stacking thickness is 20cm, and then the mud and the stem leaves of the curcuma wenyujin are sequentially covered on the seed ginger.
The ginger seeds are loaded and transported by adopting the woven bag, the woven bag is tied with a label, and the label is marked with time, variety name, quantity and ginger seed grade.
Comparative example
Comparative example 1
The traditional planting method adopting the curcuma wenyujin comprises the following steps:
(1) the planting environment is not considered, the continuous cropping land of the curcuma wenyujin is selected for direct sowing after ploughing, no base fertilizer is applied, and the ridge building has no unified standard.
(2) The planted ginger is not selected and reserved, only a part of the ginger is reserved for planting after mixed harvesting, and the sowing time is from the beginning of 3 months to the last ten days of 5 months.
(3) Adopting glyphosate and other chemical herbicides to weed in the growth process of the curcuma wenyujin, wherein the applied fertilizer is a nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium chemical compound fertilizer; chemical method is adopted to prevent and treat the common turmeric from suffering from plant diseases and insect pests.
(4) Harvesting the ginger in 12 months to 3 months of the next year, selecting the second, third or large ginger with good quality, big size and strong germination capacity during harvesting, removing impurities, putting the ginger into a transparent woven bag, and placing the ginger in a ventilated and dry place for later use.
Comparative example 2
The method used in this comparative example is similar to that used in example 2, except that the base fertilizer applied in the soil preparation in step (1) does not include the microbial liquid and the vermiculite powder.
Comparative example 3
The method used in this comparative example is similar to that used in example 2, except that in step (3-1), after the curcuma wenyujin emerged, the ridges were not covered with luzhou-ju gold leaves, sugarcane leaves, and a degradable black mulching film.
Comparative example 4
The method used in this comparative example is similar to that used in example 2, except that the seeding time in step (2) is from late 4 to late 5 months.
Comparative example 5
The method used in this comparative example is similar to that used in example 2, except that the harvest time in step (5) is from 1 to 3 months old of the second year of sowing.
Comparative example 6
The method used in this comparative example is similar to that used in example 2, except that the fertilizers applied in step (2) and step (3-2) are common nitrogen phosphorus potassium compound fertilizers, wherein the weight ratio of each element is nitrogen: phosphorus: potassium 28:6: 6.
Examples of the experiments
Experimental example 1
The average yield, purity and germination rate of the curcuma wenyujin seeds obtained by the methods described in example 1, example 2 and comparative example 1 were counted, wherein,
seed cleanliness ═ total seed weight-impurity weight)/total seed weight × 100%;
the germination rate is (number of germinated seeds/total number of seeds) × 100%.
The statistical results are shown in table 2:
table 2 quality of curcuma wenyujin obtained in example 1, example 2 and comparative example 1
As shown in Table 2, the average harvest yield, average cleanliness and average germination rate of the improved Curcuma wenyujin variety breeding methods of examples 1 and 2 are significantly improved compared with the conventional breeding method of comparative example 1.
Wherein, the average harvest yield of the example 1 is increased by 34 percent compared with the comparative example 1, and the average cleanliness and the average germination rate are respectively improved by 9.1 percent and 9.4 percent compared with the comparative example 1;
the average harvest yield of example 2 is increased by 41% compared to comparative example 1, and the average cleanliness and average germination rate are increased by 11.5% and 11.8% respectively compared to comparative example 1.
Experimental example 2
The average yield, purity and germination rate of the curcuma wenyujin seeds harvested in example 1, example 2 and comparative example 2 were counted to obtain the results shown in table 3:
table 3 quality of curcuma wenyujin obtained in example 1, example 2 and comparative example 2
As can be seen from table 3, the average harvest yields of examples 1 and 2 were increased by 8.5% and 14.2%, respectively, the average purities were increased by 3.3% and 5.4%, respectively, and the average germination rates were increased by 2.2% and 4.4%, respectively, as compared to comparative example 2.
The inventor does not wish to be bound by any theory, and the addition of the microbial liquid and the vermiculite powder in the base fertilizer effectively promotes the germination and rapid growth of the curcuma wenyujin.
Experimental example 3
The weed coverage and the artificial weeding cost before the first artificial weeding of example 2 and comparative example 3 were counted, and the results are shown in table 4:
TABLE 4 weed coverage and cost of weeding in the growth of Curcuma wenyujin
As can be seen from Table 4, the coverage of the weeds in example 2 is reduced by 44.9% compared with that in comparative example 3, and the artificial weeding cost is also reduced by 44.9%.
Experimental example 4
The average contents of the effective components of the volatile oil of curcuma wenyujin, curdione and germacrone in curcuma wenyujin prepared by the methods described in example 2 and comparative examples 4-6 are calculated and analyzed, and the results are shown in table 5:
TABLE 5 average content of effective component in warm turmeric root tuber in example 2 and comparative examples 4 to 6
As can be seen from Table 5, in example 2, compared with comparative examples 4 to 6, the contents of the effective components of volatile oil, curdione and germacrone in Curcuma wenyujin are all significantly increased, wherein the contents of the volatile oil in example 2 are respectively increased by 11.5%, 23.4% and 16% compared with comparative examples 4 to 6; the content of the curdione is increased by 53.1%, 55.1% and 63.3% respectively compared with the content of the curdione in comparative examples 4-6; the content of germacrone is respectively increased by 40.5%, 10.6% and 48.6% compared with comparative examples 4-6.
The inventor does not need to be bound by any theory, and the shortening of the sowing period and the harvesting period of the curcuma wenyujin and the additional application of the special fertilizer for the curcuma wenyujin are beneficial to the accumulation of the effective components in the curcuma wenyujin.
In conclusion, the improved variety breeding method of Curcuma wenyujin provided by the invention enables the seed yield of Curcuma wenyujin to reach 11000kg/hm2～14000kg/hm2The germination rate of the seeds reaches more than 90 percent, the purity of the seeds reaches more than 95 percent, and the contents of the effective components of volatile oil, curdione and germacrone in the curcuma wenyujinRespectively increased by 11.5-23.4%, 53.1-63.3% and 10.6-48.6%.
The invention has been described in detail with reference to specific embodiments and illustrative examples, but the description is not intended to be construed in a limiting sense. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that various equivalent substitutions, modifications or improvements may be made to the technical solution of the present invention and its embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, which fall within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. A method for breeding improved curcuma wenyujin is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) selecting land and preparing land;
(2) seed selection and sowing;
(3) managing the field;
(4) purifying and rejuvenating;
(5) harvesting and selecting seeds;
(6) storage and transportation;
in the step (1), a base fertilizer is applied in the soil preparation process, wherein the base fertilizer comprises a hurdle fertilizer and a microbial liquid,
the microbial liquid is one or more of azotobacter, yeast, bacillus megaterium, sulfate reducing bacteria and photosynthetic bacteria after culture and fermentation,
the weight ratio of the hurdle fertilizer to the microbial liquid is (4-6): (2-3);
the base fertilizer also comprises vermiculite powder with the fineness of 100-200 meshes, and the weight ratio of the vermiculite powder to the microbial liquid is 1: 1;
in the step (3), the field management comprises weeding, topdressing, irrigation, drainage and pest control, wherein the weeding is carried out in combination with ridging and topdressing;
after the curcuma wenyujin seedlings emerge and before first weeding, covering plant stems and leaves and a degradable black mulching film on the ridges in sequence;
the plant stems and leaves are selected from one or more of curcuma wenyujin leaves, sugarcane leaves and straws;
carrying out first artificial weeding in 5 months of the current year of sowing, and hilling after weeding, wherein the thickness of hilling is 7-10 cm;
carrying out second artificial weeding in 6 months of the current year of sowing, dressing fertilizer after weeding and hilling, wherein the thickness of hilling is 7-10 cm; stopping weeding after the curcuma wenyujin plant is closed;
the fertilizer applied additionally is a special fertilizer for common turmeric, and the special fertilizer for common turmeric comprises the following components in parts by weight:
2. the method according to claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of the brow fertilizer to the microbial inoculum is 5: 3.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the primary or secondary seed ginger is selected in the step (2) for sowing, wherein the sowing time is 3 months, 20 days, 4 months and 5 days, the plant spacing is 30-40 cm, the row spacing is 110-130 cm, the hole diameter is 10-15 cm, and the hole depth is 6-9 cm.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein in step (4), the purification and rejuvenation comprises manually removing mixed plants, variant plants, plants with poor growth and plants suffering from diseases and insect pests,
the purification rejuvenation was performed 3 times, the first time at the seedling stage, the second time before closing the row and the third time at harvest.
5. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the harvesting in step (5) is carried out at 12 months and 15 days to 12 months and 30 days, the harvesting step comprises cleaning withered stems and leaves on the ground, leveling furrows and dividing plants and digging,
separating dug rhizome from old head and root tuber, removing attached mud, retaining fibrous root, and removing the rhizome damaged by disease and insect;
the first-grade ginger is selected as the original-seed ginger for breeding the fine variety in the next production year, and the first-grade and second-grade ginger are selected as the fine-seed ginger produced in the field in the next production year.
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| CN109349041B (en) * | 2018-10-25 | 2020-10-09 | 温州大学 | Curcuma wenyujin excellent seedling breeding method |
| CN109392893A (en) * | 2018-10-30 | 2019-03-01 | 温州大学 | A kind of RADIX CURCUMAE storage practice |
| CN109392638A (en) * | 2018-10-30 | 2019-03-01 | 温州大学 | A kind of preparation method and cultural method of RADIX CURCUMAE detoxic seedling |
| CN109601299A (en) * | 2018-12-03 | 2019-04-12 | 大理药业股份有限公司 | A kind of method of tailored version RADIX CURCUMAE cultivation |
| CN111621517B (en) * | 2020-06-05 | 2022-04-08 | 杭州师范大学 | Method for inducing hairy roots of common turmeric |
| CN111713237A (en) * | 2020-07-06 | 2020-09-29 | 四川智佳成生物科技有限公司 | Fertilizer distribution method for improving yield and quality of Curcuma longa L |
| CN117142908B (en) * | 2023-09-20 | 2025-09-09 | 甘肃省农业科学院旱地农业研究所 | Special fertilizer for film-covered plants and preparation and use methods thereof |
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