CN1059683C - 聚烯烃组合物的制备方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种具有高挠性的弹塑性聚烯烃组合物及其制备方法和含其的制品。该组合物包含:(A)10-50重量份的全同立构指数大于80的聚丙烯均聚物,或丙烯与乙烯、另一种α-烯烃、或其混合物的共聚物;B)5-20重量份的含乙烯的共聚物;C)40-80重量份的乙烯和丙烯、或另一种α-烯烃、或其混合物、及任选的少量二烯烃的共聚物。
Description
本发明与高挠性的弹塑性聚烯烃组合物及其制备方法有关。
众所周知,通过先由聚丙烯(可任意地含少量的烯烃共聚单体),而后由乙烯/丙烯或者乙烯/α-烯烃混合物顺次地进行共聚合,可以制得具有高弹性,同时又保持优良热塑性的聚烯烃组合物,即可以使用热塑性聚合物所通用的工艺方法将其加工成最终产品。
为此,可以使用基于卤化钛化合物(以氯化镁为载体)的催化剂。
对于这种类型组合物日益引起人们重视的原因之一特别在于它的有价值的性能,它们是聚烯烃的典型性能(例如化学惰性、机械性能和无毒性),其日益增长的工艺技术成就,使所说组合物的应用扩大到许多不同的领域。
欧洲专利公开号400333中叙述一种由顺次聚合而获得的弹塑性聚烯烃组合物,它包括:
A)10~16重量份的丙烯结晶聚合物或共聚物;
B)10~40重量份的含有乙烯的聚合物成分,它在环境温度下不溶于二甲苯;
C)30~60重量份的乙烯/丙烯共聚物成分,它在环境温度下溶于二甲苯。
所说的组合物具有挠性和有价值的弹性性能,其表现为低的挠曲模量值(小于700MPa,一般高于200MPa)、同时具有优良的拉伸变形值,但是光特性(透明性)不是特别好。
人们也已发现,在顺序聚合过程中,当第一步聚合中生成较高含量的结晶聚合物时,所制得的组合物可得到优良的透明性能,而其弹性和挠曲性卻受损。
例如,公开的欧洲专利申请373660号介绍由顺序聚合获得的聚丙烯组合物,它包含(A)70~98%重量的结晶的丙烯共聚物和(B)2~30%重量的乙烯与丙烯和/或另一种α-烯烃的弹性共聚物,该弹性共聚物部分地溶于二甲苯、其特性粘度与某种(A)结晶共聚物符合特定的相互关系。
然而,这种组合物虽具有优良的光性能,但也具有高的挠曲模量(一般高于600MPa),和高含量的结晶共聚物(A)。
因此,出现一种对比已有产品具有更好挠性(即,具有较低挠曲模量)的弹塑性聚烯烃组合物的需求。对于所说的组合物也要求其具有优良的光性能。
事实上,挠性聚合物材料被广泛地应用于各种领域,诸如医药领域(例如用于生产装血浆或静脉注射溶液的容器,或者静脉输液管),以及诸如包装材料、压延材料或电线和电缆的挤塑涂层或复盖层。
在许多的上述应用中,目前使用氯乙烯聚合物,它含有相当量的增塑剂。增塑剂是使聚合物具有理想的挠曲性所必不可少的。
然而,所说的聚合物产品在以下两方面不断地受到抨击。一是它所含增塑剂的可疑毒性;另一是当它被焚烧时会向大气中释放极其有毒的副产物,例如二噁英。
因此,用除了具有想望的挠曲性和任意地具有透明性外,还具有一般烯烃聚合物的化学惰性和无毒性的产品来替代所说的材料是非常有益的。
本发明提供一种高挠性的弹塑性聚烯烃组合物,它含有:(以重量份计)
A)10~50、优选为10~40而更优选为20~35的丙烯均聚物(其全同立构指数大于80,优选的为85~98),或者是丙烯与乙烯、一种式CH2=CHR的α-烯烃(其中R为2~8个碳的烷基)或其混合物的共聚物,该共聚物含有大于85%、优选为90~99%重量的丙烯,并且其全同立构指数大于80;
B)5~20、优选的为7~15的含乙烯的聚合物成分,它在环境温度下不溶于二甲苯;
C)40~80、优选为50~70的乙烯与(i)丙烯或(ii)另一种式CH2=CHR的α-烯烃(其中R为2~8个碳的烷基)或(iii)它们的混合物,以及可任选的少量的二烯烃的共聚物成分,所说的共聚物成分含有少于40%重量、优选为20~38%重量、更优选为25~38%重量的乙烯,它在环境温度下溶于二甲苯,其特性粘度为1.5~4dl/g、优选的为1.7~3dl/g;
(B)和(C)成分之和相对于全部聚烯烃组合物的重量百分数为50%~90%、优选为65%~80%,并且(B)/(C)重量比小于0.4、优选为0.1~0.3。
被共聚乙烯的总量优选为15%~35%重量。
用差示扫描量热法测定时,该组合物在温度高于120℃时至少显现一个熔融波峰,在温度为-10℃到-35℃时,相对于玻璃化转变,至少显现一个波峰。
还有,所说组合物的挠曲模量小于150MPa、一般为20~100MPa;屈服值为3~20MPa;断裂时的拉伸应力和伸长率分别为10~20MPa和大于400%;在75%伸长率时的拉伸残余形变为20%到50%;肖氏硬度D为20~35;此外,在-50℃下进行悬臂梁式冲击试验时不产生断裂。优选的雾度值小于40%。
优选的组分(A)为丙烯与乙烯或另一种α-烯烃或它们的混合物的共聚物,因为它使本发明的组合物具有高的透明性。
该组合物可由至少包括二个步骤的聚合工艺制取,其中第一步是由相应的单体聚合生成组分(A),在紧接着的步骤中,由乙烯——丙烯、乙烯和另一种α-烯烃、乙烯-丙烯-另一种α-烯烃,以及任选的一种二烯烃的混合物进行聚合生成组分(B)和(C)。
聚合过程可以液相,气相或液-气相进行。
例如,可以使用液体丙烯作为稀释剂进行丙烯的聚合步骤,接着在气相中进行共聚合步骤,除了进行丙烯的部分脱气外没有中间步骤。
由丙烯聚合生成组分(A)的过程可以在乙烯或α-烯烃,例如丁烯-1、戊烯-1、4-甲基戊烯-1、己烯-1和辛烯-1、或它们的混合物存在下进行,其量应足以使所生成的组分(A)的全同立构指数不小于80%。
如前所述,丙烯与乙烯或另一种α-烯烃或它们的混合物生成组分(B)和(C)的共聚合过程可在二烯烃(共轭的或非共轭的),例如丁二烯、1,4-己二烯、1,5-己二烯和亚乙基-降冰片烯-1的存在下进行。
当二烯烃存在时,其量一般为(B)+(C)重量的0.5~10%。
制备组分(A)的聚合步骤的反应温度和制备组分(B)和(C)的聚合步骤的反应温度可以相同,也可以不同,对于制备组分(A)通常为40℃到90℃、优选为50~80℃,对于制备组分(B)和(C)为40~60℃。
如果是在液态单体中进行的话,第一步骤的压力与在所使用的操作温度下的液态丙烯的蒸汽压力不相上下,并且可以通过被用来添加到催化剂混合物中的少量惰性稀释剂的蒸汽压、以及任意单体的过压和用作分子量调节剂的氢气来加以调节。
如果是在液相中进行聚合的话,其压力的特征值为5.0665×105~3.0399×106Pa。关于两个步骤的滞留时间则取决于组分(A)和(B)+(C)之间所需的比例,通常为15分钟到8小时。作为分子量调节剂,可以使用现有技术中公知的传统的链转移剂,例如氢或ZnEt2。
聚合中使用的催化剂包含有下述的反应产物,即以氯化镁为载体的含钛化合物和电子给予体化合物(内给予体)的固体组分和三烷基铝化合物和电子给予体化合物(外给予体)的反应产物。
为了制得具有高松密度的可流动的球形颗粒的本发明组合物,关键在于应使用显现出如下性质的固体催化剂:——表面积小于100m2/g,优选为50~80m2/g。——孔隙率为0.25~0.4cc/g。——X-射线光谱:在2ν角为33.5°到35°处存在有晕圈,
而在2ν=14.95°处没有反射。该催化剂组分按如下方法
制备。
氯化镁和醇的加成物(通常为每摩尔MgCl2含有3摩尔醇),它是通过如下方法而获得的球形颗粒:在熔融状态下、在与加成物不混溶的惰性液态烃中,使该加成物乳化,然后快速地将乳化液冷却,以便使加成物以球形颗粒形式固化。
该颗粒通过在50°~130℃温度下循环加热而被部分脱醇,结果每摩尔MgCl2的醇含量为1~1.5摩尔。
然后,将加成物悬浮于冷的(一般为0℃)TiCl4中,浓度为40~50g/l;然后升温至80°~135℃并保持1~2小时。
电子给予体化合物优先选用烷基、环烷基或芳基的邻苯二甲酸酯,例如将二异丁基、二正丁基和二正辛基邻苯二甲酸酯加入到TiCl4中。
过量的TiCl4用过滤或沉降的方法进行热分离,并用TiCl4重复处理一次或多次,尔后用庚烷或己烷洗涤固体颗粒,并进行干燥。
这样制得的催化剂组分显现出如下的性能:——表面积小于100m2/g,优选为50~80m2/g。——孔隙率为0.25~0.4cc/g。——孔容积分布,其中有50%以上的孔的半径大于100。——X-射线光谱:在2ν角为33.5°到35°处存在最大密度
的晕圈,而在2ν=14.95°处没有反射。
将这样的催化剂组分与三烷基铝化合物、特别是三乙基铝和三异丁基铝,和一种优选自下式R′R″Si(OR)2的硅烷化合物的电子给予体化合物进行混合而制得催化剂,式中的R′和R″可以相同,也可以不同,它们为C1-1a烷基、C3-18环烷基或C6-18芳基;而R为C1-4烷基。
典型的硅烷为二苯基二甲氧基硅烷、二环己基二甲氧基硅烷、甲基叔丁基二甲氧基硅烷、二异丙基二甲氧基硅烷、二环戊基二甲氧基硅烷、环己基甲基二甲氧基硅烷。
硅烷化合物诸如苯基三乙氧基硅烷,也可以被使用。
Al-Ti比通常为10~200,而硅烷/Al摩尔比为1/1到1/100。
可将催化剂与少量的烯烃预先接触(预聚合),使催化剂在烃溶剂中保持悬浮,并在环境温度到60℃的温度下进行聚合,由此生成的聚合物量为催化剂重量的0.5~3倍。
该操作也可在液态单体中进行,在此种情况下,生成的聚合物量为催化剂重量的1000倍。
由于使用上述的催化剂,所得到的聚烯烃组合物为球形颗粒,所说颗粒之平均直径为0.5~7mm。
由本发明的聚烯烃组合物获得的产品,特别在医药、汽车、包装和电缆覆盖物领域,以及压延材料领域得到应用。
也可以在该组合物中添加那些烯烃聚合物中通常使用的添加剂、填料和颜料,例如成核剂、拉伸油、矿物填料、有机和无机颜料。
实施例所报导的数据以及有关下列性能的说明是根据下述方法确定的。性能 方法——熔体流动速度(MFRL) ASTM-D1238 condition L——乙烯的重量百分比 红外光谱——特性粘度 在135℃的四氢化萘中测定——二甲苯可溶物的重量百分比 (见下文注)——在23℃与玻璃化转变温度(Tg) 使用动态力学测量聚合物的DMTA
下的挠曲模量 装置进行测量
实验室条件如下:
频率量度:1Hz;性能 方法
扫描温度:2℃/min.
用Carrer压机、在200℃和9.8×108Pa
(10吨)的压力下,模压10分钟后以15℃
/min的速度冷却制得板,再由薄
板制得40×10×2mm的薄片作为
分析用的聚合物样品。——带切口的悬臂梁式冲击强度 ASTM-D256——雾度 ASTM-D1003——肖氏硬度 ASTM-D2240——75%的拉伸残余形变 ASTM-D412——在断裂和屈服点时的拉伸强度 ASTM-D638——表面积 B.E.T.法——孔隙率 B.E.T.法——松密度 DIN——53194
除非另有说明,受各种物理-力学分析的试样是用Negri & Bossi90注压机模塑的,在试样用IRGANOXR1010受阻酚稳定剂(0.1%重量)和BHT(2,6-二叔丁基对甲酚)(0.1%重量)稳定后,用单螺杆Bandera挤塑机(机筒直径为30mm)在210℃将试样造粒。其条件如下:——熔融温度 250℃;——模具温度 60℃;——注射时间 20秒:——冷却时间 25秒。
对用作雾度分析的试祥,用GBF G 235/90注压机,在下述条件下进行模塑:——熔融温度 260℃;——模具温度 40℃;——注射时间 20秒;——冷却时间 10秒。
用作雾度测试的试样的尺寸为75×75×1mm。
(B)和(C)成分总数的重量百分比,用%(B+C)表示,是通过测定在第二步骤中注入的混合物重量,并与最终产品重量进行比较而算出来的。
在试验中所说的(A)、(B)和(C)组分的重量百分数,是用下述公式确定的:
%(A)=100-%(B+C)
%(C)=SF-PASA
其中SF和SA分别为最终产品和成分(A)在二甲苯中溶解部分的重量百分数;PA是所述的成分(A)和最终产品之间的重量比。
%(B)=100-%(A)-%(C)
其中:
CF=最终产品溶于二甲苯中的乙烯的百分数;
CA=成分(A)溶于二甲苯中的乙烯的百分数;
X=SA·PA/SF
成分(C)的特性粘度(I.V.c)是用下列公式计算的:
(I.V.C)=(I.V.SF-I.V.A.X)/(1-X)
其中:
I.V.SF为最终组合物在二甲苯中可溶成分的特性粘度;
I.V.A为成分(A)在二甲苯中可溶解部分的特性粘粘度。注
在二甲苯中可溶部分百分数的测定
在搅拌下,将2.5g的聚合物溶于250ml温度为135℃的二甲苯中。20分钟后将溶液冷却至25℃(同时进行搅拌),然后让其静置30分钟。
沉淀物用滤纸过滤;滤液在氮气流中蒸发,其残留物在80℃的真空条件下干燥,直至达到恒重。然后计算在环境温度下聚合物在二甲苯中可溶解部分的重量百分数。在环境温度下聚合物在二甲苯中不溶部分的重量百分数被认为是聚合物的全同立构指数。该值与按照聚丙烯的全同立构指数的定义,用沸腾的正庚烷萃取所测定的全同立构指数基本上是一致的。实施例一般操作条件
试验是在22升的不锈钢高压釜中进行,其中装有螺旋形磁搅拌器、其转速约为90rpm。
用气相色谱仪对气相进行连续的分析以检测乙烯、丙烯和氢气的含量。在聚合期间,乙烯、丙烯和氢的添加量应满足其在气相中的浓度保持恒定。
操作是分二个阶段不连续地进行:第一阶段是在液态单体中使丙烯和乙烯聚合,第二阶段是在气相中的乙烯和丙烯的共聚合。a)第一阶段:
在20℃的高压釜中,按照顺序加入16升的液态丙烯、适量的乙烯和氢气(如表1A所示)、以及催化剂络合物。该催化剂络合物是由固体组分(约0.15g,其制备如下面所述)和75ml的10%浓度的三乙基铝(TEAL)己烷溶液和适量的环己基甲基二甲氧基硅烷(CMMS)给予体的混合物(Al/CMMS摩尔比=7.5)所组成的。催化剂体系是靠丙烯的压力而加到高压釜的。在约10分钟内将温度升至70℃,并在整个聚合过程中保持恒定。
经过一段时间后,在60℃和1.0×105Pa(大气压力)下脱气,基本上排掉所有未反应的单体。b)第二阶段:
在取出进行各种分析的样品后,将第一阶段的聚合物升温至预定温度。然后,以一定的比例依次加入丙烯和乙烯,其加入量应满足达到所需要的气相组成及预定的压力。
在聚合期间,通过添加与所需共聚物相同组成的乙烯-丙烯混合物,并通过调整和/或检测流速用的仪器,来保持气压和气相组成的稳定。加料时间的长短取决于催化剂体系的反应性和所生成的共聚物的量。
在聚合过程结束时,将聚合物颗粒卸出,按上述方法添加稳定剂,并在60℃和氮气流下在烘箱中将其干燥。所用的催化剂组分由MgCl2·3C2H5OH加成物组成,其制备如下:
将28.4g的无水MgCl2、49.5g的无水纯乙醇、100ml的ROL OB/30凡士林油和100ml的硅油〔3.5m2/秒(350CS)的粘度〕加入到浸在可调温的浴中的烧瓶中,在120℃和惰性气氛下进行搅拌直至MgCl2完全溶解。然后将热的混合物在惰性气氛中被转移到一150ml的装有加热夹套、并含有150ml凡士林油和150ml硅油的容器中。混合物被保持在120℃并进行搅拌。搅拌是用Hanke & Kunkel K.G.Ika Werke Ultra Turrax T-45 N搅拌器进行的。搅拌以3000rpm连续3分钟。将混合物卸入一个2升的含有1000ml无水正庚烷的容器中,搅拌并冷却使最终温度不超过0℃。将这样制得的MgCl2·3EtOH微粒过滤,并在环境温度下进行真空干燥。在温度逐渐地从50℃增加到100℃的加热条件下,将用该方法制得的干燥加成物进行脱醇操作,直至每摩尔MgCl2的醇含量为1.5摩尔。
此部分脱醇的加成物之表面积为9.1m2/g,其松密度为0.564g/cc。
在0℃和搅拌条件下,将25g所说的加成物加入到625ml的TiCl4中。在一小时内将该混合物加热至100℃。当温度达到40℃时,加入二异丁基邻苯二甲酸酯,其量应使得Mg/二异丁基邻苯二甲酸酯的摩尔比为8。所生成的混合物在100℃下加热二个多小时,然后让其静置,并趁热将液体虹吸出来。加入550ml的TiCl4,并将混合物在120℃下加热1小时。
将混合物静置,并趁热将液体虹吸出来。在60℃下用200ml无水己烷将固体洗涤6次,在环境温度下用200ml无水己烷洗涤3次以上。
经真空干燥后,该固体显现如下的性能:——孔隙率=0.261cc/g;——表面积=66.5m2/g;——松密度=0.55g/cc。
所要进行的所有分析及其相关的操作条件如表1A和1B所示。
表1A
| 实施例 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 第一阶段温 度 ℃压 力 Kpa时 间 分气相中H2 %(摩尔)气相中乙烯 %(摩尔)聚合物中乙烯 %(摩尔)特性粘度 dl/g溶于二甲苯部分(SA) %(重量)溶于二甲苯中的乙烯(CA) %(重量)溶于二甲苯部分的特性粘度(I.V.A) dl/g | 703.14×103300.581.453.02.189.4111.15 | 703.14×103200.102.604.33.099.0161.39 | 703.14×103300.302.504.12.3110.7171.19 | 703.14×103300.491.963.82.5411.0221.28 | 703.14×103300.221.703.92.7212.5201.32 |
表1A(续)
| 实施例 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 第二阶段温 度 ℃压 力(表压) Kpa时 间 分气相中H2 %(摩尔)气相中乙烯 %(摩尔) | 501.15×1033352.2315.9 | 501.17×1035003.016.9 | 501.15×1032502.0522.54 | 501.15×1032502.218.65 | 501.15×1032602.118.9 |
表1B
| 实施例 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 最终产品收率kg聚合物/g 催化剂共聚单体 %(重量)二聚物(B+C) %(重量)特性粘度 dl/g在二甲苯中溶解部分(SF) %(重量)溶于二甲苯中乙烯(CF) %(重量)溶于二甲苯部分的特性粘度I.V.SF dl/g成分(B) %(重量)成分(C) %(重量)乙烯成分(B) %(重量)乙烯成分(C) %(重量)成分(C)的特性粘度(I.V.C) dl/g | 1124.6702.0563.430.21.839.4560.5551.931.11.86 | 16.322.7672.360.527.02.029.3757.6357.127.62.05 | 9.929.071.82.3463.534.82.1211.3460.4653.735.72.18 | 8.022.6572.4251.331.21.8310.446.652.932.11.89 | 9.125.5662.460.531.41.989.7556.1559.832.32.03 |
表1B(续)
| 实施例 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 熔点 ℃挠曲模量 MPa在-50℃带切口的悬臂梁式冲击强度 J/m肖氏硬度75%伸长率的拉伸残余变形 %拉伸应力 MPa在屈服点的拉伸应力 MPa断裂伸长率 %雾度 %玻璃化转变温度1) ℃ | 15030DB2)244113.85.051731-25(P)-75-128 | 14777DB2)252815.85.892534-23(P)-119 | 14582DB2)203615.44.694035-28(P)-81-121 | 144106DB2)294517.315.541036-31(P)-2-125 | 144120DB2)243816.46.189236n.d. |
1)(P)=主波峰
2)DB=未断裂
Claims (6)
1.一种制备聚烯烃组合物的方法,该组合物包含:
A)10~50重量份的全同立构指数大于80的丙烯均聚物,或者是丙
烯与乙烯、其中R为2~8碳烷基的式CH2=CHR的α-烯烃或它
们的混合物的共聚物,该共聚物含有大于85%重量的丙烯并且
其全同立构指数大于80;
B)5~20重量份的含有乙烯的共聚物,它在环境温度下不溶于二甲
苯;
C)40~80重量份的乙烯与丙烯、或其中R为2~8个碳烷基的式CH2=CHR
的α-烯烃、或它们的混合物,以及可任选的少量二烯烃
的共聚物,所说的共聚物含有小于40%重量的乙烯,它在环境温
度下可溶于二甲苯,其特性粘度为1.5~4dl/g;
(B)和(C)成分的总量相对于全部聚烯烃组合物的重量百分比为
50%~90%,并且(B)/(C)重量比小于0.4;
所述方法包括:第一步的由丙烯聚合、或者丙烯与乙烯或另一种其中R为2~8个碳原子烷基的式CH2=CHR的α-烯烃或它们的混合物聚合,生成聚合物组分(A)的聚合过程;以及一步或多步的由乙烯-丙烯、乙烯和另一种α-烯、或乙烯-丙烯-另一种α-烯,以及可任选地含有的一种二烯烃的混合物聚合,生成聚合物组分(B)和(C)的聚合过程;所述聚合反应中所使用的催化剂是由三烷基铝化合物和载于氯化镁上的含有Ti化合物和电子供体的固体组分制得的,所说的固体组分的表面积小于100m2/g,孔隙率为0.25~0.4cc/g,孔容积分布是这样的,其中大于50%的固体组分的颗粒半径大于100,其x-射线光谱在角2ν为33.5°和35°之间有最大密度的晕圈,而在2ν为14.95°处没有反射。
2.权利要求1的方法,其中得到的组合物为球形颗粒状,其平均直径为0.5-7mm。
3.权利要求1的方法,其中乙烯的总含量为15%~35%重量。
4.权利要求1-3中任一权利要求的方法,其中得到的组合物,其挠曲模量小于150MPa,在75%伸长率时的拉伸残余变形为20%~40%,雾度值为小于40%。
5.权利要求1-3中任一权利要求的方法,其中第一步聚合是在液态单体中进行的,而随后的一步或多步聚合是在气相中进行的。
6.权利要求4的方法,其中所有步骤均是在气相中进行的。
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| IT02116990A IT1243188B (it) | 1990-08-01 | 1990-08-01 | Composizioni poliolefiniche elastoplastiche |
| IT21169A/90 | 1990-08-01 | ||
| IT21169A/1990 | 1990-08-01 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN1059537A CN1059537A (zh) | 1992-03-18 |
| CN1059683C true CN1059683C (zh) | 2000-12-20 |
Family
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Family Applications (1)
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|---|---|---|---|
| CN91105939A Expired - Lifetime CN1059683C (zh) | 1990-08-01 | 1991-08-01 | 聚烯烃组合物的制备方法 |
Country Status (26)
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| US (1) | US5286564A (zh) |
| EP (1) | EP0472946B2 (zh) |
| JP (2) | JP3270074B2 (zh) |
| KR (1) | KR100217158B1 (zh) |
| CN (1) | CN1059683C (zh) |
| AR (1) | AR245462A1 (zh) |
| AT (1) | ATE130320T1 (zh) |
| AU (1) | AU643810B2 (zh) |
| BR (1) | BR9103295A (zh) |
| CA (1) | CA2048152C (zh) |
| CZ (1) | CZ283090B6 (zh) |
| DE (1) | DE69114613T3 (zh) |
| ES (1) | ES2080863T5 (zh) |
| FI (1) | FI103513B1 (zh) |
| HU (1) | HU219765B (zh) |
| IL (1) | IL98936A (zh) |
| IT (1) | IT1243188B (zh) |
| MX (1) | MX9100433A (zh) |
| MY (1) | MY106820A (zh) |
| NO (1) | NO301023B1 (zh) |
| PL (1) | PL291297A1 (zh) |
| PT (1) | PT98541B (zh) |
| RU (1) | RU2036942C1 (zh) |
| SK (1) | SK280009B6 (zh) |
| UA (1) | UA26437A (zh) |
| ZA (1) | ZA915782B (zh) |
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| CN100342459C (zh) * | 2002-04-26 | 2007-10-10 | 矢崎总业株式会社 | 汽车用绝缘电线 |
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- 1991-08-01 DE DE69114613T patent/DE69114613T3/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN100342459C (zh) * | 2002-04-26 | 2007-10-10 | 矢崎总业株式会社 | 汽车用绝缘电线 |
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