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CN105190003A - 用于使液化天然气（lng）蒸发的系统 - Google Patents

用于使液化天然气（lng）蒸发的系统 Download PDF

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CN105190003A
CN105190003A CN201480027050.7A CN201480027050A CN105190003A CN 105190003 A CN105190003 A CN 105190003A CN 201480027050 A CN201480027050 A CN 201480027050A CN 105190003 A CN105190003 A CN 105190003A
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coolant
lng
heat
engine
vehicle
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M.胡贝尔
S.魏森迈尔
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Robert Bosch GmbH
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Robert Bosch GmbH
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N5/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus combined or associated with devices profiting by exhaust energy
    • F01N5/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus combined or associated with devices profiting by exhaust energy the devices using heat
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K23/00—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids
    • F01K23/02—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled
    • F01K23/06—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled combustion heat from one cycle heating the fluid in another cycle
    • F01K23/10—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled combustion heat from one cycle heating the fluid in another cycle with exhaust fluid of one cycle heating the fluid in another cycle
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01P—COOLING OF MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; COOLING OF INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01P3/00—Liquid cooling
    • F01P3/22—Liquid cooling characterised by evaporation and condensation of coolant in closed cycles; characterised by the coolant reaching higher temperatures than normal atmospheric boiling-point
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
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    • F02G5/00—Profiting from waste heat of combustion engines, not otherwise provided for
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    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M21/00—Apparatus for supplying engines with non-liquid fuels, e.g. gaseous fuels stored in liquid form
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    • F02M21/02—Apparatus for supplying engines with non-liquid fuels, e.g. gaseous fuels stored in liquid form for gaseous fuels
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    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
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    • F01N2240/00—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being
    • F01N2240/02—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being a heat exchanger
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    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
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    • F02M26/22—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories with coolers in the recirculation passage
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    • F17C2223/00—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel
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    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
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    • F17C2223/00—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel
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    • F17C2225/00—Handled fluid after transfer, i.e. state of fluid after transfer from the vessel
    • F17C2225/01—Handled fluid after transfer, i.e. state of fluid after transfer from the vessel characterised by the phase
    • F17C2225/0107—Single phase
    • F17C2225/0123—Single phase gaseous, e.g. CNG, GNC
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    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
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    • F17C2225/00—Handled fluid after transfer, i.e. state of fluid after transfer from the vessel
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    • F17C2227/00—Transfer of fluids, i.e. method or means for transferring the fluid; Heat exchange with the fluid
    • F17C2227/03—Heat exchange with the fluid
    • F17C2227/0302—Heat exchange with the fluid by heating
    • F17C2227/0309—Heat exchange with the fluid by heating using another fluid
    • F17C2227/0323—Heat exchange with the fluid by heating using another fluid in a closed loop
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2227/00—Transfer of fluids, i.e. method or means for transferring the fluid; Heat exchange with the fluid
    • F17C2227/03—Heat exchange with the fluid
    • F17C2227/0302—Heat exchange with the fluid by heating
    • F17C2227/0327—Heat exchange with the fluid by heating with recovery of heat
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F17C2227/03—Heat exchange with the fluid
    • F17C2227/0367—Localisation of heat exchange
    • F17C2227/0388—Localisation of heat exchange separate
    • F17C2227/0393—Localisation of heat exchange separate using a vaporiser
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    • F17C2260/00—Purposes of gas storage and gas handling
    • F17C2260/04—Reducing risks and environmental impact
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    • F17C2265/00—Effects achieved by gas storage or gas handling
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于在具有用天然气来运行的发动机的车辆内使液化天然气（LNG）蒸发的系统（1），其中所述系统（1）包括用于LNG的蒸发器（2），并且其中所述系统（1）包括用于从车辆的废气中回收热能的热力发动机（3），其中所述热力发动机（3）具有用于使冷却剂冷凝的冷凝器（4），其中为了进行热交换该冷凝器（4）与用于LNG的蒸发器（2）处于作用连接之中。

Description

用于使液化天然气（LNG）蒸发的系统
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于在具有用天然气来运行的发动机的车辆内使液化天然气（LNG）蒸发的系统。
背景技术
废气-热力发动机可以用于回收车辆的废气的热能的一部分并且由此用于提高发动机尤其是载重车的发动机的效率。用这种废气-热力发动机可以节省大约5%的燃料。
用天然气作为燃料由内燃机来运行的车辆久为人知，并且被称为天然气汽车、天然气轿车或者英语“Natural Gas Vehicle”（NGV）或者“CNG Vehicle”（CNG =“Compressed Natural Gas”）。在内燃机的气缸中，燃烧准备好的天然气-空气-混合物。为了有足够的能量密度，将天然气（CNG）压缩并储存在大约200bar的压力下。常规的汽油发动机（汽油机）用作内燃机。在商用车领域中存在经改装的柴油机，所述柴油机可以将天然气用作燃料，例如DING-发动机（“Direct Injection Natural Gas”）。液化天然气（LNG =“Liquid Natural Gas”）越来越多地尤其是在美国并且在亚洲用作载重车的燃料。天然气以液化的形式存在，并且在从车辆储罐中取出时蒸发。蒸发器用来自发动机的冷却回路的冷却剂液来加热。
天然气的主要组成部分是甲烷，天然气可以非常清洁地燃烧。与汽油车相比，产生较少的二氧化碳、较少的一氧化碳和较少的碳氢化合物。与柴油车相比，在总体上产生较少的一氧化碳、较少的碳氢化合物、较少的氧化氮并且几乎不产生炭黑颗粒。用于驱动机动车的天然气也可以非常容易地通过处理从生物气中提取。生物气和化石天然气于是可以混合地存在。生物天然气例如可以从腐烂的食物或者其他生物废料中获得。因此用天然气进行的再生的能量生产不直接与食品生产相竞争（其他生物燃料的问题）。天然气是少数再生的、可以长期地（在几个月的范围内）加以储存的能量载体之一，并且因此将来对于车辆驱动发挥越来越大的作用。
为了作为LNG来储存而将天然气液化大约需要气体的内能（Energieinhalt）的10-25%。这种能量在通过来自所述发动机的冷却回路的冷却剂液体来加热（LNG的蒸发）时会失去。
在对LNG加热时所失去的能量应该至少部分地加以回收，以改进天然气汽车的能量平衡。
发明内容
本发明建议一种按权利要求1所述的、用于在具有用天然气来运行的发动机中使液化天然气（下面称为“LNG”）蒸发的系统。有利的设计方案从从属权利要求和以下说明中获得。
按本发明的系统包括用于LNG的蒸发器以及热力发动机、尤其是用于从车辆的废气中回收热能的废气-热力发动机。按照本发明，用于LNG的蒸发器现在被耦合到所述热力发动机上，其中所述热力发动机具有用于使冷却剂冷凝的冷凝器并且为了进行热交换该冷凝器与用于LNG的蒸发器处于作用连接之中。
为了建立这种热交换，本领域的技术人员已知不同的措施。例如可以将所述冷却剂的管路围绕着或者也可以通过用于LNG的蒸发器来敷设，或者可以将用于LNG的管路围绕着或者通过所述冷凝器来敷设，或者将这两个管路热交换地沿着彼此来敷设。最后，热交换可以通过另外的介质来进行。
热力发动机在理想情况下可以作为卡诺循环来描述，在所述卡诺循环中废气将第一热量输送给所述热力发动机的冷却剂，其中这种热交换通过使所述冷却剂蒸发的蒸发器来进行。在较高的温度和较高的压力情况下蒸气用于运行膨胀机。在此产生电能和/或机械能。通过这种方式可以回收废气的热能的一部分。随后将所述冷却剂输送给冷凝器，在所述冷凝器中所述冷却剂得到冷凝，随后借助于泵又将其输送给所述蒸发器。
理想的卡诺循环的效率为
η =1-TU/TO,
其中TO是较高的温度、也就是所述蒸发器中的冷却剂的温度，并且TU是较低的温度，也就是所述冷凝器中的冷却剂的温度。从公式中可以看出，如果降低所述较低的温度TU，就可以提高效率。本发明实现了这一点。由于所述冷凝器与用于LNG的蒸发器的热耦合而可以实现所述较低的温度TU的降低。由此可以更加有效地运行所述热力发动机。此外，按照本发明可以回收为了使天然气液化而耗费的能量的一部分。按本发明的系统的总效率由此高于单独废气-热力发动机的总效率。
按本发明的系统尤其适合于用天然气来运行的机动车，尤其是适合于载重车（LKW）。也就是说，优选将蒸发冷度（Verdampfungskälte）用于将LNG保持在液态的状态中。这一点尤其在无持续较长时间的中断的情况下运行车辆时实现，例如对于LKW来说就是这种情况。
作为所述热力发动机的膨胀机，在实践中活塞机械或者涡轮机已经证实是有利的。
在一种特别有利的设计方案中，为了进行热交换所述热力发动机的冷凝器与车辆的冷却剂回路、尤其是与车辆的一个或所述发动机冷却回路处于作用连接之中。关于用于建立这种热交换的措施，以类似的方式适用上面所作的描述。
在该设计方案中，可以实现热交换的第一和第二级，其中原则上可以在所述系统的运行中并且由此在所述车辆的运行中可选地使用所述两个级之一，或者但是也可以将所述两个级之一布置在相应地另一个级之前。
有利地，一方面所述热力发动机的冷凝器与用于LNG的蒸发器之间的作用连接并且另一方面所述冷凝器与所提到的（发动机-）冷却剂回路之间的作用连接如此设计，使得为了进行热交换所述热力发动机的冷却剂在第一级中与所述（发动机-）冷却回路处于作用连接之中并且在第二级中与用于LNG的蒸发器处于作用连接之中。特别地所述第一级布置在所述第二级之前，其中两个级均被通过。通过这种方式所述冷却剂被两级式地冷却，用于目标明确地利用LNG的冷能量。在所述第一级中，例如用所述（发动机-）冷却回路的冷却水来尽可能地对所述冷却剂进行冷却并且部分地使其冷凝。而后在所述第二步骤中使所述冷却剂在所述LNG蒸发器中完全冷凝。
在所述两级的热交换的、这种有利的实施方式中，有利的是，所述热力发动机具有旁通管路，该旁通管路在所述第一级旁导送所述热力发动机的冷却剂。特别地在车辆发动机的暖机过程情况下，所述（发动机-）冷却回路中的冷却水还是冷的（环境温度），同样的情况适用于所述热力发动机中的冷却剂，但是所述冷却剂的温度由于废气热而上升得比所述（发动机-）冷却回路的温度快。为了因而有足够的热可供LNG的蒸发所用，有意义的是，在所提到的第一级旁导送所述热力发动机的一部分冷却剂流或者全部冷却剂流，并且将其直接导送给所述第二级。为此，优选可以设置控制单元，该控制单元如此操控相应的阀，从而只要所述（发动机-）冷却回路中的温度未超过预先给定的温度（例如工作温度），就通过所述旁通管路来导送所述热力发动机的冷却剂。
本发明的其他优点和设计方案从说明书和附图中获得。
不言而喻，前面所提到的和下面还要解释的特征不仅可使用在相应说明的组合中、而且也可使用在其他组合中或者可单独的使用，而不离开本发明的范围。
附图说明
借助于一种实施例在附图中示意性地示出了本发明并且下面参照附图对本发明进行详细描述。作为唯一的附图：
图1示出了按本发明的、用于使液化天然气（LNG）蒸发的系统的一种实施方式。
具体实施方式
在图1中所述热力发动机用3来表示。所述热力发动机3的冷却剂在理想情况中以在说明书中所给出的效率经历卡诺循环。为此所述冷却剂被蒸发，蒸气驱动膨胀机7，并且紧接着所述冷却剂被冷凝，以便随后泵回给所述蒸发器。详细来说，为此设置了废气再循环装置的蒸发器9以及排气设备的蒸发器10，通过所述蒸发器来将废热输送给所述冷却剂（通过两个箭头来勾画出来），所述冷却剂被蒸发并且例如以300℃的温度和50bar的压力被输送给所述膨胀机7。所述膨胀机7、尤其是活塞机械或涡轮机产生机械能和/或电能。借助于具有阀的旁通管路8可以在所述膨胀机7旁引导蒸气的一部分。这一点尤其是有利的，如果应当要在暖机过程的过程中保护所述膨胀机以防止水冲击（冷却剂在所述膨胀机中提前冷凝）并且/或者应当要提供更多的热量用于使所述LNG蒸发。随后所述冷却剂在所述热力发动机的冷凝器4中冷凝。借助于冷凝泵14可以将所述冷却剂泵送到容器13中。所述冷却剂通过流体泵12又到达所述蒸发器9和10中，其中可以通过分配阀11（量调节阀）来调节用于这些蒸发器的冷却剂的份额。
在所述系统1的、所示出的特别有利的实施方式中，设置了两级的热交换。为此，所述冷凝器4在第一部分中可以与所述发动机的冷却剂回路5进行热交换。所述冷凝器4的、沿着所述冷却剂的输送方向尤其是布置在所述冷凝器4的第一部分的后面的第二部分可以与用于LNG的蒸发器2进行热交换（通过箭头来勾画出来）。
用于LNG的蒸发器2使来自LNG储罐的液化天然气蒸发，并且通过这种方式产生经过压缩的天然气（CNG）。在所述蒸发器2之前，可以在前面布置另外的用于对车辆进行空气调节的热交换器（未示出）。
在车辆运行中特别地所提到的两个级被依次通过。采用这种方式通过所述发动机冷却回路5的冷却剂（冷却水）来使所述热力发动机3的冷却剂尽可能地在所述第一级中冷却下来。而后，在所述第二级中通过与所述LNG蒸发器2进行的热交换来使所述冷却剂冷凝。通过这种方式，可以最佳地利用现有的冷能量。特别地，这种两级的热交换对于在仅通过第二级的情况下未被充分冷却以进行冷凝的冷却剂来说是有意义的。
此外，图1示出了具有阀的旁通管路6，所述旁通管路将所述冷却剂从所述第一级的旁边直接导送给所述第二级。控制单元15为此操控所述旁通管路6的阀（并且必要时操控另外的在这里未示出的阀）。当车辆处于暖机过程中时所述旁通管路6特别地由所述控制单元15来打开。在这种情况中，也就是说有利的是，所述热力发动机3的冷却剂同时供与所述LNG蒸发器2的热交换所用，以使所述LNG蒸发，而不必事先还将热量输出给所述冷却剂回路5。
所述控制单元15例如可以测量所述发动机冷却回路5中的冷却剂的温度，并且只有当所述冷却剂回路中的温度超过预先给定的、足以用于可靠并且完全使所述LNG蒸发的温度时才关闭所述旁通管路6。所述冷却剂的温度在此取决于所述冷却剂和有待蒸发的LNG的质量流量及其热容量。所述LNG的蒸发热、所述热交换器的热容量以及进入到环境中和来自环境的热流同样对所述温度有影响。合适的温度可以简单地通过在样机上进行的试验来确定。
按本发明的系统改进了所述热力发动机3的效率，可以回收为了使天然气液化而耗费的能量的一部分，并且同时通过所述膨胀机7来可以部分地回收所述废气热。

Claims (10)

1.用于在具有用天然气来运行的发动机的车辆内使液化天然气（LNG）蒸发的系统（1），其中
所述系统（1）包括用于LNG的蒸发器（2），并且其中
所述系统（1）包括用于从车辆的废气中回收热能的热力发动机（3），其中
所述热力发动机（3）具有用于使冷却剂冷凝的冷凝器（4），其中为了进行热交换该冷凝器（4）与用于LNG的蒸发器（2）处于作用连接之中。
2.按权利要求1所述的系统，其特征在于，为了进行热交换所述热力发动机（3）的冷凝器（4）与所述车辆的冷却剂回路（5）处于作用连接之中。
3.按权利要求1和2所述的系统，其特征在于，一方面所述热力发动机（3）的冷凝器（4）与用于LNG的蒸发器（2）之间的作用连接并且另一方面所述冷凝器（4）与所述车辆的冷却剂回路（5）之间的作用连接被如此两级式地构造，使得为了进行热交换所述热力发动机（3）的冷却剂在第一级中与所述车辆的冷却剂回路（5）处于作用连接之中并且在第二级中与用于LNG的蒸发器（2）处于作用连接之中。
4.按权利要求3所述的系统，其特征在于，所述热力发动机（3）具有旁通管路（6），该旁通管路在所述第一级的旁导送所述热力发动机（3）的冷却剂。
5.按权利要求4所述的系统，其特征在于，所述系统（1）具有控制单元（15），该控制单元如此设置，从而只要所述冷却剂回路（5）中的温度未超过预先给定的温度，就通过所述旁通管路（6）来导送所述热力发动机（3）的冷却剂。
6.按前述权利要求中任一项所述的系统，其特征在于，在所述蒸发器（2）之前安装有另外的用于对所述车辆进行空气调节的热交换器。
7.按前述权利要求中任一项所述的系统，其特征在于，所述热力发动机（3）具有用于产生机械能和/或电能的膨胀机（7）。
8.按权利要求7所述的系统，其特征在于，所述膨胀机（7）是活塞机械或者涡轮机。
9.在回引权利要求2的情况下按前述权利要求中任一项所述的系统，其特征在于，所述车辆的冷却剂回路（5）是发动机冷却回路。
10.按前述权利要求中任一项所述的系统，其特征在于，所述车辆是载重车。
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