CA1181602A - Commonwealth flexible wall dams (abbreviated as cfd2) - Google Patents

Abstract

ABSTRACT
1- The present invention deals with combined interrelated adjoint inventions dealing with flexible wall dams, flexible wall waterlocks, flood control flexible retaining walls, flexible liquid reservoirs etc. generally referred to hereinafter as Commonwealth flexible wall dams and abbreviated as CFD2, using in combination:
1-1- An upstsading,flexible, impermeable, inextensible, reinforced flexible wall having elongated upper and lower peripheral edge, with the lower edge, positively and sub-stantially sealingly secured to the base of the waterbed the riverbed, the seabed or the like and the rest of the flexible wall supported directly or indirectly by contained fluid media or by loose solid substance, shielded by the front flexible wall receiving the upstream water pressure.

Description

PHIOR ART CFD2 Po2 __

2-1 Up till now, to control river floods~ people are using sandbags piled up in a trapezoidal cross section shape.
If the sandbags were emptied and piled ~n the sa~e trapezoidal shape and wrapped all around with a continuous piece of canvas or Jute they would still hold the water of the rivers and prevent it from spilling out.
However, sand is heavy and has to be brought from à
distance to the river bank and has to be returned once the river water ~s receding~
2~2 If a new material easier to hsndle is av~ilable and closer to the river bank it would save us the cost of the sand and its tran~portation.
2-3- Water is the nearest at hand, it is free and needs no transportat~on. W~ter is ~ncompressible like sand but unlike sand cannot stand by itself, it needs a solld containsr where lt could be retainedO
~-4~ A solid container is impractical and a flexible container has the sams disadvantage as the water that it cannot stand up by itselfO
2-5- However, together the water pumped inside an lmpermeable~
flexible9 inextensible container1 it inflates the container to open to its maxim~m and to stand as a substantlally solid block.
2 6- But said water filled9 flexible container~ like a water-bed ba~, would take a low, curved shape that the welght and the pressure of the water would force it to take.
2-7-1- If the skin of the flexlble wall bag has been restrai~-ed by means of internal ties or the like to assume a ce~tain shape llke for example9 a trapezoidal large base cross section bag~ it could retain that shape once filled with water and form a perfect, solid~ trapezoidal ~ross section shaped bloc~
stable enough to stand the outside water pres~ure of the .~

'z s~slling river9 and heavy enough, due to the weight of the water, to reslst sliding under the water pres~ure and at the same time lts heavy welght and large base of the trapeze prevent the water seepage under the water filled flexible blockO
2-7-2 However the easiest way to create a solid blocX out of a liquid filled flexlbls container~ is by uslng a circular ~lexlble container of a tubular shape or the lika.
2~7-3- If in th0 case of the flexible dlke, the tubular dike is left free without restrainlng t1es9 said flexible tube, when filled with water, it would take a slightly oval shape rest~g on a narrow strip around its cur~ature9 whioh fact allcws the water to ssep underneath the water filled tube and onca the water reaches a certain height it would push away the water filled tube slnce the area of contact between the water fille~ tube and the ground ls too little to offer any frictlon resistance with the groundO
2-7-4- If the tubular dike is provided with a water ~illed shoe to give a better seat for the water ~illsd tube and to enlarge the area of contact with the ground 9 the water filled tube could be ideal to belused as a flexible dike, saving the prevlously desoribed restraining ties to give the ~lexlble tube a stable trapezoidal llke shape~
2-7-5- The flexible shoe could be a tubular section ~oined to each other somewhere about its longitudinal center line to form two separate water tight se~tions.
The so formed multl tubular section could be used as a shoe under the ~ain curvaceous flexib:Le tube to form together a stable upstanding structure that, when ~illed with water it could stand fir~ on the ground to resist~ with the help of anchoring lines in tha waterbed9 the building water pressure acting on it~

2-7-6- lf the above mentioned structure comprising a long-ltudinal9 tubular9 water or alr filled structure7 is made continuous to close ln a clrcular shape9 the so formed structure could hold water inside it without the necessity to be anchored to the ground~ due to the fact that the forces inside the so for~ed circular container counterbalance each other.
2-7-7- If on the other hand the said tubular structure wlth its tubular shoes ls extended and rolled in a spiral sh~pe to build up layer over layer and then ~illed with liquid or air3 such blown up flexible s~iral would stand up as a circular reser~oir that could hold inside lt liquld or solid substance provided lt ls ~ade watertight and provided it is laterally supported to avoid any lateral swaylng in one way or the other 2-7-8~ Moreover, to give a better stability to the structure already described in para. 2 7-7/the main tube forming the tubular structura could be ~ade tapered beginnlng at a large dia~eter at one end and ending at a narrow dia~eter at the o~posite endO
This fact mak~s each super imposed layer7 of the spiral ~orming the reservoir, narrower than the layer und~rneath it where the all around for~ad wall of the rese~voir would be large at its base and narrow at its top; which fact gives a ~etter lateral stability to the so formed reservoir.
2-7-~- Another method to gi~e stability to the upright, spira~
circular structure~ is by erecting concentric~ upright9 circular structures interconnected to each ~ther with upright walls to keep the concentric structures upright and equidistant from each other in a position that guarantees their sta~ility9 2-7-10- For lar~e water dams, instead of having longitudinal water or air filled structuras it is advantageous in certain cases to have ~ulti l~y~rs water filled flexlble blocks, ~Installed like a brick laylng pattern9 some blocks installed longitudinally along the line of the dam while other blocks are lald transversally across the line of the dam.
Such flexlble blocks could be lald in place9 while e~p~y~
then fllled gradually to ~orm the type of dam requlred Said blocks could be pre-fabricated with the largest uni~s possible to handle while e~pty.
I~ the foundation of the dam ls made at a slope towards the upstream direction9 the so described multi block flexible da~, when erected, it would result tilting against tpe dire~tion of the upstream water9 which fact gives it a stability advantage against the water pressure fro~ upstream.
If~ the so described ~ulti block flexible wall has its blocks so~ehow ce~ented to each other7 and with a thln water barrier flexible ~all covering the upstream side o~ the multi block wall and tightly a~hor~id to the waterbed~ such multi block flexible wall could hold 8 considerable water head pressure~
Besid~s, for further reinforcement, additional strapping anchored at the base of the wall on the downstream side~
wrapping the so described ~ulti block wall and extending over the top of the da~ to be anchored to f~xed polnts upstream.
2-7~ Furthermore, if a water filled wall is built of continuous, longitudinal9 flexible9tubular conduits piled over each other to for~ altogether a trapezoidal cross section structure composed of multi tubulrr sectlons tied9 each row to each other and to the ad~acent rows above and below ~nd the whole trapezoidal li~e shaped structure is inserted into a m3 ~or flexible tubular condu~t ~oining the smaller tubes in one compact trapezoidal shaped structure, said structure, when laid on the ground in a contlnuous CFD2 P.6 sinusoidal shape, with its base tightly and ~irmly anchor(ed to the waterbed, and its lnner tubes fllled with compressed air, or water and with proper anchoring ties connecting the upper parts of the said fluid f~lled. structure, such struc~ure could retain a cons~d~rable waterhead actlng on it.
2~8- And the idea that holds true with the small scale r:~
water fllled continuous flexible tubular structures usèd to replace the sandbags on the river banks9 it could hold tr~e for the large colossal concrete da~s used on large rivers for the Hydro pro~ects etcO
2~9- If an earth dam or a concrete dam is wrapped with a flexible, impermeable, inextensible~contlnuous wall that is tightly anchored to the waterbed at the oppos~te sldes on the base of the dam) then the earth or the concrete of one half of the dam is excavated out and replace~ wlth water9 that excavated. half would stlll stand up, the same as the solld co~crete side of the dam provided that the o~ter skin of the flexible wall, retaining the water in the excayated halfS
is restralned wlth certain internal ties or other means etc.
to retain the shape of the original da~9 2-10 If this idea stands true and we have the water available in place, what for then would we need the complexity of the earth dam or concrete dam in the first place?
2~ U~ till recently the ~anufacturing and ~oinlng o~ such large flexible walls to wrap the area of a large dam~ it was difficult and costlyg However9 comparing the co~plexity and the high cost of the solid dams vi.sa-vis the cost o~ a flexible ~embrane to cover only the periphery of a dam9 there is no co~parison no ~atter how costly ls the flexible membrane.
2~12- This theory to build solid blocks relying on water incompressibility will find large fields of applicationO

CFD2 p~7 A~ For construction o~ dams~
B- For construction of dikes on tha rlver banksO
C~ For the extension of existlng waterloch-s.
D- For the construotion of new waterlocksO
E- For liquid reservoirs and swi~ing poolsO
F- For the constructlon of te~porary and even permanent dwellings.
G- And in general, to replace many types of temporary or per~anent structural compression ~embers used in construction of any klnd, 2-13-1 Although by restralning the skins of the water cont~
ainer we force the water to build up inside the water cont-ainer as if it possessed an an~ie of repose that is already establ~shed by the restraining of the contalner 7S skin to take a certain structural shape when fl'led with water~ as the height of the water increases lnside the restrained flexible wall tunnelg the cost of restralnlng the skins of the flexible wall tunnel increases tre~endously that lt becomes uneconomlc to build flexlble wall tunnals to restra~n the flow o~ water.
2-13 2- For exa~ple a flexible wall water tunnel with 50 ~et~rs water dspth would requlre tles to ~rans~er stresses increaslng fro~ 0 at the sur~ace of the water to 50 tons per square meter at the base of the tunnel~
Thls kind of flexible structure becomes costly and i~pract-ioal~
2-13-3- Although the water is cheap and needs no tr~nsporbat-lon as lt flows by ltself to flll the flexlble water tunnel dam, the water has no an~le of repose and bullds a water pressure incr~aslngly with the helght of the water columnO
2013-4~ On the other hand, concrete built dams are costly CFD2 P~8 and time consuming~
2-13-5~ Loose earth dams are cheaper than concrete dams but they would melt and b~ washed away if they ara built in a wall to retain a water col~mn of a certain height.
2-13--6- Xowever, loose earth or sand possess an angle of repose and do not transfer highipressure to the base of the structure the same way as water does, their inconvenience ls that the water seeps through the loose earth, turns lt muddy and washes the loose earth awayO
2~13~7- Consequently~ if a loose earth dam is protected ~rom the watsr by being covered on the upstream side with a contin-uous impermeable me~brane, a trapezoidal w~ll dam, built rest comfortably at its angle of repose and maintained dryg could retaln a water column of a ~onsiderable height the same as a concrete da~ would do~
2-14- As a result o~ the foregoing description in para. 2-13 for dams o~ high waterheads, lt ~ould be more ideal to have the flexible wall tunnels stuffed with earth instead o~ water.
In thls case the material of the ~lexible wall need not to bs heavily reinforced and need no transversal ties as is the case with the waterfilled flexible tunnels since the earth has an angle of repose and does not transmit lateral pressure to the base of the earth filled trapezoidal cross section flexible tunnel~
2-15- On the other hand1 a trapezoidal cross section earth filled dam need not to be covered with an lmperoaable, ~lexib~
wall all around as is the case with the water filled flexible tun~el; a thin, impermeable ~ambrane of any kind on the upstr~m slde of the earth wall would be enough to prevent the water ~ro~ upstream from seeping through the earth filled dam~
~elting the loos9 earth and washing it awayO

In this case9 caution would be made to havea watertight foundation to prevent the water also from seeping beneath the lm~er~eable me~brane and causing the whole earth da~ to slide away downstream.
2~16 For thls purpose9 to prevent the earth filled dam from slldl~g away downstream9 staggered rows of plles are driven lnto the base o~ the earth filled dam, protruding up through the area where the earth is to be fllled and tiltlng against the water pressure direction.
2;17 Then a deep and watertight wall is driven in the waterbed at the upstream base o~ the earth filled dam9 to be used as a tight anchoring base to the impermeable fle~ible membrane covering the upstream side of ths earth dam~
2-18- Ne~t9 the impermeable flexible ~embrane is tightly anchored to the concrete base described in paraO 2-17 and lifted over the water surfaceO
2-19~ Following that, the earth is filled in between the already planted piles3 protected ~y the already installed flexible membrane, gradually reducing the width of the watercourse untll the full earth dam is in place~
2-20- To keep the earth dam dry, it will be useful to lnstall through the dam transversal porous drain pipes draining towards the downstream area~
2-21~ Bçsides, to prevent the downstream side of the earth dam from being washed away with the rain~ 1~ could be either:
A~ covered with an impermeable, flexible membrane.
B- covered with asphaltO
C_ covered with grass and planted with trees to prevent the loose earth from being washed away with the rain.
2-22- For reversible da~s with water on both sides o~ the dam it would be necessary to cover both sides of the dam with continuous flexible me~brane hav~ng the lower part of the

3~
CFD2 P~10 me~brane ~ade porous to allow the passage of eventual high pressure water inslde the membranes but prevents the passage of loose earth~ through its pores~
The loose earthp being heavier than ~ater would precipitate and solldify through the years so forming a compact block around the planted piles scattered throughout the earth filled dam.
2_23- Upon reviewin~ the different alternatives so far described in this patent CFD2 and the ~revious patents CFDl and RCFD~ ths an81ysis shows that by tlltlng the flexlble water retainlng wall to a certain degree in the upstream direction and by supporting the back of the flexible wall ~-~th cable bea~s so subdividing the one large arch of the fle~ible wall into smaller arches~ the so-formed s~aller arches of the flexible wall could be balanced to have the resultant forces acting along the direction of the anchorln~
tles tying the supporting cable beams to the waterbedg so elimlnating the downward ~ertical component previously generated by the anchoring ties tilting down~rds to the waterbed.
2 24- The result of this eli~inates the need for the buoyantg:,used ln the previous patents CFDl and RCFD~
However, residual horizontal forces precipitate at the top part o~ the flexible wall~ at the last leg of the curvesO
2-2~- By installin~ opposite fle~ible walls tilting upwards towards each other and restrained as already described9 the residual forces of the opposite flexible walls~ sometimes towards and someti~es away fro~ each other get counterbalan~ed~
2-26- Such descrlbed water wall could be designed to resist also outside water pressure fro~ either side.
2-27- The same idea applies for closed in c~rcular container bullt on the sa~e principle as the water wall described aboveO

L`~'~

CFD2 P.ll 3~ AB3REVIATIONS ~ND KEY WORDS
BW- Breakwater CFB- Canadlan Flexible Breakwater CFD~ Canadian flegible wall dams conslsting o~ rlexible9 impermeable, inextensible plate supported at lts upper end by a buoyant~ a cable~ a structure or the like.
CFD2_Com~onwealth ~lexible wall dams consistlng of fle~ible, lmper~eable91nextensible wall supported by ~luld or loose solld substance arranged or contained in a statically stable structure to support the shielding flexible wall.
FTD~ Flexible tunnel dikes FW- Flexlble water barrier wall, ~ade o~ flexible~impermeable, ine~tensible9 rein~orced plate FWT- Flexible wall tunnel ~WT_Fle~ible wall water tunnel PL~Drawlng plate or sheet RCFD-Reversible Canadian fl~xlble dams Sect.l/l-l~section l-l taken on plate l Sect~l-l/22=section l-l detailed on plate 22 TS- Tunnel skin WBP~ Water barrier flexible,impermeable,i~extenslble plate WL- Waterlock WR Water reservoir WT- Water tunnel WW- Water wall contained by flexible membrane wall.
The term water is used to mean liquids as well, The term air ls used to mean gases as well~
The term fluid is used to mean li~uids or gas~

CFV~ Pol2 3~
I~ Plate 101 s~owing 2 plan views of different alternatives using flexlble walls connected ln a certain shape to isola~e a mass of water, s-tanding up across a river9 lake9 sea or the like p~aying the role of a solid wall da~ to restraln the flow of water.
II~ Plate 102 shows a waterwall cross section of the flrst plan view shown on plate 10~, and describes the positioning of the water wall and the re~ted ac¢essories.
III~ Plate 103 shows a water wall cross section of the second plan vlew shown on plate 101 with the positioning o~ the water ~all and the related accessories.
In this cross section the water wall is installed in a way to create ~n outwRrd pressure to balance the water pressure created ~y the retained water~ ln the same way as the stones o~ an arch push against each other to help holding each other in place~
IV~ Plate 104 shows an alternative cross section of planul shown on PL.101~ for a generally trapezoidal shape, water retal~hng, water fllled flexlble tunnel that could be used to extend the height along the river banks and waterlocks and prevent the river water from overflooding outside the river channel.
V- Plate 105 shows an alternative plan of the design shown on PL.101~ folded ln a circular or other shape9m~dified to b~ usable for an adjustable swi~ing pool or the like.
VI~ Plate 106 shows an ad~ustable curvaceous liquid reservoir similar to the one shown on PL~105 e~cept t~at the flexible water tunnel is ~ade lnto sections installed at distances from each other and ~olned with a flat flexible ~embrane and ky approaching the sections of the flexlble water tunnels or puttlng the~ apart the size of the flexible CFD2 P.,l~
reservolr is reduced or enlarged~
VII~ Plate 107 shows a plan view of rubble fill wall supporting the flexible wall descrlbed on PL~-lOlo VIII_ Plate 108 shows a section view of a rubble wall supporting the flexible wall described on PLo~101~
IX- Plate 109 shows a rubble fill wall supporting opposlte flexlble walls of the type described on PL~-lOlQ
This arrangement ls used for reversible dams.
X- Plate 110 shows anchoring plers for the ties and the flexible wall used on PLo lOlo XI- Plate 111 shows alternative piers used for anchoring the tles and the flegible wall shown on PL~-101~
XII Plate 112 shows a curvaceous9 tubular~ longitudinal channel used for anchoring the ties and the flexible wall shown on PL~-101.
Thls curvaceous channel is e~bedded in the concrete platform capping the piers shown on PL~ 110 and 111~
Plate 112 is a repetition of a patented design by the lnve~tor, called Canadian Flexible Dams (CFD)~
XIII Plate 113 shows a varlety of water filled open and ~losed rlsxible structures with differffnt types of settings to support the fle~ibl~e water barrier wall described in plate 1, XIV Plate 114 shows a continuous, water filled flexible tubul~r structure sittlng on water filled flexible structures used as a shoe to the main tubular structure~ The deslgn shown on this plate is adaptable to be used as a river flood dike where the water could fill in the tube gradually as it overflows or that the water could be pumped lnside the tubular structures to build up the fle~ible dike to a cons ffl -erable volu~e, weight and height higher than what the river flood would reach so that the dike would be heavy enough: to ~ 3~!~
CFD2 P.14 stand the flooding water pressure.
The wall of the tubular str~ture described on this plate plays the role of the water ~arrier fronk flexible plate described on plate lOl.
XV_ Plate 115 shows a contlnuous closed in fluid filled tubular structure using as well spllt fl~id ~i~led contin-uous shoe used to give better stability and larger base~
to the upper tub~lar structure9 At the same tlme the shoe prevents the water fro~ pushing th0 inner membrane under the main tubular structure and lifting it up, This closed in tubular structure uses an inner water barrler p~ate as that described on plate lOl and counter balances itself due to its circular shape.
XVI_ Plate 116 shows a design similar to plate 115 with a dl~ference that it uses a continuous spiral tapered flexible fluid f1lled tubular structurs rolled around in spiral shape building up one s~iral roll over the other wlth the lowest roll beginning with the largest diameter and the top roll is tapered to the ~lnimum dla~eter, whi~h fact ~akes the cross section of the circulflr reservoir of a more stable trapezoidal shaped section.
Ths flexible tubular structure is as well ~rovidad with multi fluid fllled tubular structure used as a shoe to tha~
~a~n.tube to-glve it a better stabilityO
The manifold tubular rolls are tied up to each other at intervals to make them act as a one unit circular wall.
XVII- Plate 117 shows a concentrio clrcular reservoir using ~ontinuous splral fluid filled flexible tubular structure ~o support ths water barrier front flexible wall described in plat~ lOl~
This design uses internal and sometimes external transv*
ersal ~lexible walls to help the wa~ls of the concentric reservolrs to st~nd up and prevent the reserv~lrs from side swaylng one way or the other, Pol5 XVIII- Plate 118 shows a design slmilar to that of plate 117 wlth the d1f~erence that this design ends in a shape of a do~e that could be covered with an external weather me~brane in addition to the internal water barrier flexlble wall described in plate lOlo The domed concentric circular structure use~ a skeleton fra~e that could be filled wlth a different fluid than the continuous circular spiral tubes rolled up to for~ the ~ain walls of the reservoir.
This design could be better adapted to be used as inflated dwelling houses for e~treme cold and extreme hot regions.The main skeleton tubular structure could be water filled to stand up first and give the outline shape of the d~elling and then the peripherical concentric spiral tubss could be air inflated next to have the flnal shape of the house~
Then an external waterproof weather membrane could be installed to cover the whole do~e structure.
Provision could be made to ha~e doors and window openings through the structure as requiredr XIX; Plate 119 shows a fluld filled ~ultiple piece flexible structure built in a brick layi~g shape for~ing an upright trapezoidal like cross section structure that supports the front water barrier flexible wall described on plate 101.
The trapezoidal cxoss section fluld filled ~lexible wall is set on a tllted base inclined against the upstream water pressure to give it a better advantage aæainst the upstrea~
water pressure.
The layers o~ flexible fluid filled tubular units, laid in dlfferent direction to each other could be interwoven w~th the upper and lo~er layers to gi~e the trapezoidal shaped continu~u~ wall a better bonding strength in itself.
XX Plate 120 shows a trapezoidal like cross~-section continuous fluld fllled fle~lble wall supporting the water C~D2 P~16 barrler front flexible wall descri~ed on plate 101.
This cross sectlon is made o~ multi inner tubular fluld filled conduits stacked in rows over each other and ti~d to the upper and lower rows to form a stable trapez-oldal shape core which is inserted into a lar~er tubular structure to hold the whole pile ln shape. The outer tu~ular skin already described is tied internally at opposite sldes in between the rows of the core to givè
the cross section a firm and tight structureO
Such descrlbed design could be installed in sinusoldal shape to hold the water from upstream.
At the sa~e time the continuous sinnsoidal shape fluid filled structure could be mounted on a slanted base til~ed again~t the dlrection of the upstream water to give it a better chance to resist the wa~er pressure~
At the same ti~e the base of the sinusoidal wall could be anchored at lts base to the waterbed and could be tied at its upper part with ties connecting it to fixed points upstream to make the whols structure stronger and ~irmer to resist considerable high waterheadO
This design of the multi tubular trapezoldal shaped flexible wall, if ~lade continous in a circular shape, it could be used as a liquid reservoir9 a swimming pool etct Again th~s deslgn on plate 120 is adaptable to be used as a river flood dike when provlded with the accessories shown on plates 104 and 114.
Th~ internal fluid filled flexible tubes are provided w_th indlvidual vents and pressure relief devices.
XXI- Plate 121 shows a true water wall without maJor buoyantsgsupporting the outside water pressure9 it consists of opposite restrained flexible walls anchored to the water-bed and tilted on top towards each other causing the internal water to lift them up~

CFD2 P.17 XXII- PL.-122 shows a self sunportin~ true w~ter colu.~n usin~ the impermeàble, inexte~sible~front~flexible wall described on ~L~-101 in a continuous way snding in a tronc~ted~conic shaped,upri~ht,water filled reservoir uslng outside clrcular rings to restrain its outer skin instead of the tles previously used for restralning the flexible wall supporting the water pressure.

C~D2 P~18 PLATE lOl NOr l- Flexible,impermeable9inextensibl 8 cross reinforced ~all made of rubber, rubberized material or the~ike,folded generally in a form of a closed trapeze to create a water~
tight, empty, longitudinal trapezoidal tunnel ca~able o~
holding a masslve water ins1de it under pressure whlle con~erving to a certain exte-nt its orlglnal shapeO
2- Flexible separation walls to create dlfferentD isolated~
waterti~ht components inside the tunnel described ln no.lD
3,4,5,6 Opposlte oable bea~s supporting the fle~ible wall and transferring their loads to each other through internal tles across the water filled tunnel.
798 Ties conneotln~ the opposite cable bea~s no~3~4~596 to each other to help the flexible wall no. l conserving its shape when the tunnel is full of water~
9~lO- Anchoring t~es connecting the flexlble wall water-~illed tunnel no. l to fixed poi~ts upstream to p~event the water filled tunnel from sllding downstream when sub~ected to outside water pressure fro~ upstream.
These anohoring ties ~re usually outside e~tensions to the lnner ties no. 7980 ll- Make up water pipe to compensate for any loss of water throu~h the waterfilled tunnel to help keep constant water pressure inside the tunnel~
12- Sole of the closed in watertight tunnel, ~ade of the same ~aterial as the ~le~ble wall no.l itselfO Howsver~
since the sole is usually supported b~ the waterbed itself and is not sub~ected to high stresses as the upper periphery of the flexible wall, the sole would need less reinforcement than the other p~rt of the fle~lbla tunnel.
, ~3- Same as no~ lo CFD2 P~19 14 Same as no 3 2~
15,16917~ Cable beams same as no~ 3~4~5060 18,19,20- Transversal ties connecting the cable beam like no. 15~16~17 (same as no. 7j8).
21, 22, 23- Anchoring lines connecting the fleY.ible wall tunnel to flxed points upstream (S~E~ as no~ 9910) 9 24- Make up water pipe sa~e as no, 11 P~ TE 102 Nocl- Flexible91mpermeable, inextensible cross reinforced wall ~ade of rubber, rubberized ~aterlal or the like, folded generally in a for~ of a closed trapeze to create a water-tight, empty, longitudinal tra~ezoldal tunnal capable of holding a massive water lnslde it under pressure while conserving to a certain extent its orlginal shapev 2- Flexlble separation walls to create differentgisolatedg watertight compartments inslde the tun~el described. in no71 3- Interlor cable b~a~, same as no~ 2.

4- Ties connecting the opposite cable beams to each other to help the flexible wall noOl conserving its shape when the tunnel is full of water.
5_ Diagonal ties connecting the oppos~a cable bea~s diagonally to each other or to the base of the tunnel~
6- Anchoring lines connecting the flex1ble wall water filled tunnel no~ 1 to fixed points upstream to prevent the water filled tunnel from sliding downstrea~ when sub~ected to outside water pressure from upstream.
These anchoring tles are usually outsid.e eY.tenslons to t~e inner tles connecting the oppasite cable beams~
7_ Water isolated inside flexible wall tunnel filllng the tunnel to rendar the water filled tunnel to act as 3 sol~d structura.
8- Free water level outslde the wa~er filled tunnel~

CFD2 ~20 9~ Waterbed cut in a shape to ~ake the solid llkH body o~
the water tunnal fall ln a trench w~th an inclination opp oslte to the dir~ction o~ the wa~er pressure act~ng on the tun~el3 10~ Water m~ke up condult co~ing from a higher leve~'to create a pressur~ higher than the pres~ure acting on the flexible wall water tunnel~ due to the water pressure and to the tension in the anchoring cables etcO
11- Transversal continuous key lock to help preventing the sole of the tunnel fro~ sllding or wrinkling due to the water pressureO
Besldes, such key locks would help prevent water seepage underneath the sole o~ the ~lexible tunnel~
12- Inclined ~ulti key locks to prevent the sole of the tunnel ~rom sliding in one directlon or the other.
These ~oles would be ~ade in a way to prevent shearing the sole of the tunnel9 which sole is also reinforced to reslst æuch shearing.
13 Manhole to allow inspection and~repalr during the installation of the fleæ~ble wall tunnel~ Simllar manholes are installed at the top of the tunnel to allow inspsction once the tunnel ls water ~llled.
14- Press~-~e relief valve set to open once the water tunnel is pressurized over a certain pressure.
Yent at the top o~ the water tunnel to let out any air aocumulat~ng over the water surface inside the tun~el.
16~ TerraDe that could be built over the top curved surface o~ the tunnel to be used as operation platform or even a road p~ssage over the water tunnel.
17 Tail of the flex~ble wall connecting the flexible wall tunnel to a ~lrm and tight anchoring ~ine paralle~ all along the tunnel.

o~
CFD2 P~21 18~ Anchoring platform ~astened to the waterbed generally with piles drlven il1to the waterbed or as the case ~ay requirsO

NoOl - Fle~lble wall, waterfillad tunnel Wt thout sole at l~s base relying only on the tight anchorage at the base and t~ e water ~ake up supply to keep the water tunnel under a ce~taln pressure. Besides~ this water tunnel is installed ln an unbalanced way to counterbalance the outside water pressure from upstrea~.
2~3J4~ Internal transvers~l ties connecting cable bea~s fro~
opposlt~ slde~ of the tunnelO

5,6- Diagonal tles connecting the walls of the water tunnel to each other or to the base o~ the tunnel.
7,8- Downstream anchoring lines to prevent the unbalanced water tunnel ~rom falling when there is no opposite water pressure from upstream~;
9~10- Front anchoring lines to help keep the water tunnel in plaoe against tha Qutsids water pressure fro~ upstream.
11- Water- ~ake up conduit to keep the water pressure const~nt inslde the water tunnel. This water has to be under pressure to counterbalanoe the outside water pressure and the pressure due to the anchoring cables eteO
12- ~ent to let out the air accu~ulating inside the tunnel on the sur~ace o~ the water.
13- Manhole 14 Pressure relief valve.
Anchoring pier~
1~,17- Watertight anchoring piersO
18- Water level upstream~
19- Water lnside tunnel.

NOrl- Flexible wall water tunnel.

CFD2 Ph 22 2~ Continuous tall of the rlexible wall used to tightly and firmly anchor the water tunnel, 3~4~ Cable bea~s on oppos~te sides of the ~lexible tunnel to h~lp keep the tunn~l in a certa~ upstanding shape when it ls ~illed wlth waterv 5- Tle lines connecting opposite cable beams to each ot~her.

6- Diagonal ties connecting the opposite cable bea~s to each other or to the base of the tunnel.
7_ Anchoring lines connecting the tunnel block to r~ xed polnts upstream to prevent the tunnel from being pushed away by the ~ater pressure~
8 Anchoring block.
9_ Alr tube in~lated before the tunnel is filled with water.
Th1s alr tube is used to ~ontaln a shallow water le~el on the river slde to allow the rising river water to fill the water tunnel gradually through the inlet tubes noO 13 causing the lnflated tube to keep floating pulling up with it the top skln of the tunnel.
10- Vent at the top of the water filled tunnel.
11- Manhole.
1~- Pressurs rellef valveO
13- Water~,supply conduit.
14- Check valve mounted-on the water supply conduit inside the water ~illed tunnel to prevent the water inside the tunnel fro~ backing out.
1~- Water level supposed ~o be the same inside and outsi~e the water tunnel~
16- Air supply to ~lr tube.
17- Compressed alr inside alr tube~

No. 1 - Flexible~ i~per~eable, ine~tensible wall made in a closed in tubular shape with restrained skln to form a CFD2 P~23 trapezoidal cross sectlon tunnelO
2- Flexib~e, impermeabla9 inextenslble wall used as the inner sole of a water filled contlnuous flexible wall tunnelO
3 Flexlbleg ~perme~ble?inextensible wall u~6d as the bottom floor o~ a water retaining reservo~r~
This sole could be the extension of the sole no~ 2O
4- Horizontal separation watertight flegible wall.
This intermediate flexible wall h~lps filling partially the flexible wall tunnel up to this horizontal separation wall, which fact makes the reservoir a height adjustable reservoir or swlmming pool as ls the caseO
5- Cable beams at differa~t heights of the fl~xible wall tunnel supporting tha skin of the tunnel.
6- Ties connecting the opposite cable beams no. 5 to each other.

7- Vertical transversal flexible separation walls.

8- Vent to let out the air aocumulatin~ at the sur~aae of the water insid~ the water tunnelO

9- Pressure relief valve to let out the water in case the water tunnel is ~ubjected to excessive outside pressure.

10- Internal water level inside the water tunnel.
The flexlble wall tunnsl has to be totally fllled with water to stand upright~

11- L1quid level in the open reservoir or swimming pool as the case may be.
P~TE 106 No.1,2~3- Flexible9 impermeableg inextensible wall made in a closed in ~bular shape with restrained skin to form substan~
ially trapezoidal cross section tunnels made of closed in curvaceous sections with the vertical, transversal9 flexible walls,no. 14g that are installed along a circular path and Joined with each other with a flexible,flat wall (like no.l3 ) CFD2 P,24 of the same material to ~orm altogether a closed in circular reservoir capable of holding water lnslde i-t~
4- Sole at the base o~ the flexlble water tunnelsv 5_ Central sole covering the floor o~ the reservoirO It is usually the extension of the inner sole no. 4.
6- Eorizontal separation watertight flexible wall.
This intermediate ~le~ible wall helps filling partially the flexlble wall tunnel up to the horizontal separation wallJ which ~act makes the reser~oir a height ad~ustable reservoir or swlmming pool as is the caseO
7- Cable beams at different heights of the ~lexible wall tunnel and the vertical separation walls no. 14 restraining the skin of the tunnelO
o- Ties tying the oppos1te cable beams to each otherJ
9- Vent to let out the air accumulating at the surface of the.water inside the water tunnel~
lO~ Pressure relief val~e to lat out the water ~n oase the water tunnel is sub~ected to excessive water pressure~
ll Llquld inside the flexible water tunnel.

12- Liquid level inside the open reservoir or swi~mlng po~l as the case may be.

13- Flexible, imp0rmeable, inextensible wall ~oining the flexible water tunnel sections to form a closed in reservoir~

14- Vertical9 transversal, flexible, impermeâ;~le wall closing the sect~onal tunnels.
~Z
No.l - A reinforced~ flexible, impermeable9inextensible wall.
2- Goncrete ~ier used to anchor the ~lexible wall to the waterbed.
3- Loose earth and rubble accumulated in a structurally sta~le wall to support the flex1ble wall noO l that shlelds said rubble structure from the upstream water that could wash away ~ 3~J~
CFD2 ~25 the accumulstea rubble.
4 Concrete or wooden plles or the like used to anchor the rubble wall no. 3 to the waterbed and help said rubble wall to stand up firm in pla¢eO
5_ Drain pipes dralning the water from the rubble wall towards the downstrea~ areaO

No, 1~ Flexible, impermeablep inex-tensible wall tightly anchored to the waterbed and the re~aining part of it is supported by loose earth or rubble structure that the ~lex-ible wall shlelds fro~ being washed a~ay by the upstream water retalned b~ the sald ~lexible wall~
2-- Loose ear~h and rubble accu~ulated in a stable upstandlng structure to support the flexible wall no.l that shields said rubble structure from the upstrea~ water that could wash away the accumulated rubble.
3- Con~rete or wooden piles or the like used to anchor the rubble wall no. 2 to the waterbed and help said rubble wall to stand up fir~ in place.
These piles are driven into the waterbed at an -~nclined direction opposite bo the direction o~ the water fro~
upstrea~ and are left protruding high up before the rubble is dumped ln to fill the area in between the said protruding piles~
4- Drain plpes installed through the rubble ~all~ to drsin eventual water that could seep through the rubble~ towards the downstrea~ area~
5_ Back cover covering the downstream side of the rubble wall to protect it from erosion due to rain water etc.
This cover could be:
A~ A flexible ~embrane coverO
B- Asphalt paVinv-CFD2 P~2 C- Green grass vegetation and trees to hold the earth in place.
6- Concrete platfornt capping rows of piles and provlded with means to anchor the flexible wall no~ 1 to the w~terbed.
For more details see PL.~1109PL.-lll;PL. 112.
7- Water level at the upstream side of the damO

1- Flexible,impernteablej inextensible wall tightly anchored at opposite ends to the waterbed at t~e opposite sides of the base of the rubble wall and the retltaining part of it ls supported by loose earth or rubble structure tha~ the flexible wall shields frot~ being washed away by the upstrea~t water retained by the said fle~ible wall.
This arranget~tent is applicable for re~ersible dams.
In certain cases the flexible walls covering the opposite sides of the rubble wall are two separats fle~ible walls installed opposite to each other while in other casss ths two fle~ible walls are lnterconnected to each other.
2 Earth fill and rubble piled ln an upstanding stable structure to support th~ flexlble wal~s shielding the rubble pile from being washed away by the upstream water.
3~4- Concrete piles, wooden piles or the like driYen into the waterbed in an inclined direction opposite to the dlrection of the water frot~ upstreant~ and left protruding up high before the rubble is dumped in to fill the area between the said ~iles.
~ inGe the da~t in question is a reversibls datD and has to support ~ waterhead alternatively from the two opposite sides9 the piles ln each half of the rubble wall are lncl1ned towards the ~e~tical center in opposite dlrections to each otherO
~6- Concrete platfornts at opposite sides of the base of the rubble wall~ capping rows of piles driven into the waterbed, wittl concrete Joints to m~e a ccntinuous underground, C~D2 ~27 imper~eable concrete wall to prevent water seepage underne&th the rubble wall which could cause sliding of the said wall towards the downstream area~
The said concrete p~atfor~s are provided with means to ensure a tight anchorage of the flexible wall no. 1 to the wa-terbed.(For ~or~ de~ails see PL.-llO~PL~ PL. 112)u 7- Hlgh water level or high tides~ upstrea~ area.
8~ Low water level or low tldes~ downstream area~
9910311,12 Relief outlets allowing water lnside the rubble wall to ~low to areas of lower water pressure through the flexlble wall nou 1 to avoid exerting pressure on the said flexible wall.

No~l~ Central core of the winged conc~ete pileO
2,3- Two opposlte hollow e~ensions of the ma~n core no.l~
45_ Concrete wings at opposite sides o~ the ~ain core of the pile no~l.
5_ Right side, poured ln place7 concrete dish~
6- Le~t side, poured ln place, concrete dlsho 7- Poured in place~ concrete plate passing thro~gh the ~ain core no. 1 and ~oining the 2 concrete dlshes noO5 and 6 at a short distance above t.~e base of the pile.
899_ Nozzles at the botto~ of the tubular core reinforce~ent (noO2 and 3), T~se nozzles ¢arry hlgh pressure water to excavate the area at opposite sides of the pile~
The exc~vated earth is either pumped. up or suc~ed up through the central core and then replaced by concrete, in~ected through either the cental core or the secondary cores no. 1 and 2, 10- Concrete filling in between adjacent wings to create a w2tertight concrete wall below the ~ier and prevent water CFD2 ~28 seepa~e underneath the foundation of the damO

Nol-Concrete platfQr~ capping a series of piles (no.2,3 and 4) that anchors the platform to the waterbed.
~ t the sa~e ti~e, sald concrete platform serves as a tight,anchoring pier on the waterbed to the lower part of the ~ater retalnlng flexible wall no~ 60 2~4~ Multi rows of piles with their lower ends converging towards each other~
~ aving the piles with wings adjacent to each other and driven at short distances fro~ each other with their lower ends converging towards each other, it allows the opposite piles to clamp over a large mass of earth, which fact gives the eets of piles a much stronger anchorage to the ground and to pull up these piles we hav~ to overcome:
A- The skin friction forces actlng~ on the piles.
B- T`r;e weight of the huge mass of earth trapped in between said pilesO
3- Line of piles in between the piles no~ 2 and 4 to have~
a better cohesion to the mass of ^earth clamped in between the rows of plles no. 2 and 4.
This setting helps us to increase the pulling out capacity o~ the piles without the complex operation of pouring conc~
rete in place,underground, to create a larger cap at the bottom of the piles like in PL,-llO, no. 8 and 9~
5- Curvaceous, continuous channel tightly and firmly anch~red to the concrete platform no. 1 and serves to anch~r the lower part of the water retaining flexible wall~(For more details, see PL -112)~
6- 'later retaining flexible wall.
PL~T~ 112 No.l_FW

CFD2 ~.~29 2- Curvaceous, continuous, metallic tube made of relatively corrosion resisting material.
~ he wall of the curvaceous tube is ~ade ondulated to offer a better grip to the FW.
3- Rubber lining over the tube or corrosion resist~nt cladding.
4- ReinforGing bars welded to the tube and to the flange, their role is to create bond between the tube shell and the concrets block~
5_ Xelnforcing flan~e plate welded around the tube -installed at intervals along the tube.
6- A dip in the bottom of the tube to allow place for excess of the FW.
7- Loop at end of FW (ite~ 2) created by folding the tension reinforcement of the ~ dur1n~ manuf~cturing.
8- Round pieces of wood, pl~stic, metal or the like inserted inside the ~nd of the F~ through o~eninOs provided for them at intervals along ths ~ end. The combined role of no. 7 and no. 8 is to prevent the FW
from slipping out from under the wooden blocks No.9~
9- Longitudlnal wooden, plastic~ ~etallic blocks or the like that could be full trees cut lo~gitudinally and inserted in the tube, the two side blocks first and finally ths ~iddle block that acts as a wedge between the two others and locks the ~ tightly inside the tu~e.
10- Concrete - the whole curvacsous tube ls lnstalled below the surface of the concrete platfor~ at the pierO
11- Pin to hold ~iddle block of wood in pl~ceO
12,13- Ties fastened to the bottom of the curvaceous tube snd tightened at the top over ths longitudinal blocl~s.
14- Bars ~oining the top of the ties no. 12 9 1~ ~
1~ Longitudinal bars T~elded to the botto~ of the CFD2 ~
curvaceous tube; their role is to hold -the ties no.l2pl3 at the botto~ of the tube~
16- Alternative folding of the tip of the flexible wa 19 in between the longitudinal blocks no. 9, to prevent the FW fro~ slipping out~

No.l~lexible wall anchored at its opposite ends, forming a longitudinal, water filled9 closed tunnel.
Such structure ¢ould stand up as a solid block to support an upstream water pressure of a certain waterhead.
2,3- Watertight anchoring points of anchorage of the flexible wall no. 1 to the waterbedO
4- Flexible wall same as no. 1.
3 A flexible wall sole jolning the opposite ends of the flexible wall no. 4 to prevent water leakage through the ground~
697- Points of anchorage of the flexible wall no. 4 to t~e waterbadO
8- Flexible wall same ~s no.l.
9_ Flexible, i~permeable, ine~tensible separation wall to give ~ore rigidity to the structure and reduce the stresses at the opposite anchoring pointsO
10,11 Watertight anchoring points to the flexlble wall no~ 8~
12- Closed in curvaceous flexible wall similar to no.l.
13- Anchoring line tying the flexible wall no. 12 to the waterbedO
14- Closed ln curvaceous flexlble wall similar to no. lo 15916- Two opposite closed, longitudinal~ flexible walls that could be made g0nerally of a tube closed in longitud inally to form two lsolated ~ttached s~aller tubes.
The resultin~ structure is used as a shoe to the curvaceous tube no. lL~.
The said opposite smaller tubes are equally filled of liquid or air as the case may be.
17~18~ Anchoring points to the secondary tubes no915 and 16.
1~- Belt like ties around the tube no. 14 connecting the joint structure to the waterbed.
200 Closed in curvaceous~ flexible ~/~all slmllar to no. 1.
21,22- Same as no. 15,16.
23,24~ Anchoring points to items no.21 and 22.
25- Same as no. 19 26_ Water level.
Structure in figure 6 is sat inclin0d to give better resistance to the water pressure.
NOT~:
A~ All structures are liquid filled or air filled~
B- All structures are provided wlth vents and with pressure relief valves.

No l- Continuous~f~e:-ible9tubular, fluid filled container used to retain a high ~Jaterhead acting directly on the skin of the tube or 1ndirectly on a water barrisr flexible wall resting on the skin of the said container.
The present desi~n is adapted to be used as a river flood dike to contain the over flo~ing water.
2,3- Fluid filled curvaceous contalners used ~s a shoe or a saddle to the container no.l.
These two containers could be ~ade of a flexi~le,tubular containar with its skin ~oined or restrained a~ about its longitudinal centerq When such split9flexi~1e9 tubular container is la~d flat underneath the main tubular container, then all the tU~QS

=

CFD2 Pg32 are filled with water~ the lower spllt tubes would serve as a saddle to the ~ain tubular container, whlch saddle would give a l~rger base and a better stabiliky to the main tubular container res-tlng over it.
Such a saddle is tied or ce~ented to the main, tubular container above ito The front section of the saddle (no.3) at the upstream slde is tightly and firmly anchored -to the waterbed~
4- Air filled flexible tubeg which gives an edge to the ~ain tube ~1 te allow the flooding water to fill in the main tubes no~l92~3 without ove~crossing them.
And while the main tube no.l is being filled with the flooding water, t~e alr filled tube keeps floating at the surf~ce of the water and pulls up with it the skin of the main tube ,Yl, 5~ Water in~et hose to allow the flooding water to fill in the ~ain tube ~1.
6- Water lnlet hose to fill in the saddle tube no. ~.
7_ Water inlet hose to fill in the saddle tube no~ ~.
8- Air inlet hose to the air filled tube no.4.
9- Tail of the flexible tube no. 3 used to anchor the whole rlexible structure tightly and firmly to the waterbsdO
lO- Water level on the upstream side.
NOTES J
A~ All feeding hoses are provided with chec~ valves to prevent the water or air from backlng upO
B- All units under pressure are provided with pressure relief valves.
C- If possible to install the whole structure on an i~nclined base tilting against the upstream water~ to give the stru~ture a better advant~ge to support the water pressure from upstrea~

~ 3~

CFD2 ~3 D In certain cases, instead of gravity flow to fill i~
the f~e~ible, tubular dike9 the water~.is pumped into the tubes to raise the tubes to a level hi her than the flood water could reach in order to give the dlke a heavier weight to stand aga1nst the water pressure fro~ upstrea~.

No~l- Flexible~inextenslble9i~permeable9 tubular ~luid filled contalner made continuous in a circular shape to contain fluid directly or indirectly inside the cylinder it so forms.
2,3- Fluid ~llled flexible tubular saddle used as a base to the ~ain tub~ no.l.
4- I~per~eable,inextensible me~brane coverlng the area for~ed inslde the continuous tube no.l to ~!ake -the so for~ed. reservoir watertight.
5~ Lio~uld le~el inside the reservoir.
6- Fluid substance inside the tube no.l~
This substance is generally air or waterO
PL.4TE 116 No,1- Flexible, i~permeable~lne~tensible wall used as a water barrier to cover the area formed within the continu~us spiral tubes~
2- Flexible, i~per~eable~inextensible, fluid filled tube rolled around in a spiral way to build over each other, layer over layer~ and form wlthin the spiral ~ curvaceous conta1ner that could be used to contain liauid~
This tube is generally tapered with a large dia~eter at the beginning and a s~all dia~eter at lts end, which fact ~akes larger spiral at the base and thinner spiral at the top layers to end with so~ehow a triangular cross section which shape gi~es a better stability to the curvaceous reservoir so for~ed~

CFD2 ~",34 3,4- Base saddle to the tube no~ 2~ made of generally a split tube to give better stabil~y to the tube noO2~
5~ Str~ps holding the different spirals together in placeO
6~ Water level inside the so formed reservoir~
PLATE~
No.l Flexiblegimpermeable~inegtensible water barrler membrane covering the inner walls of the concentric reservoirs.
2- Fle~ible, i~permeable~inextensi~le fluid filled tubes rolled in a spiral way to build up layer over layer and ~rm an upstanding curvaceous structure.
Multl concentric curvaceous structures are built upright inslde each other and connected ~Jith transversal separation walls like no. 5 to ~ive the whole structure a better stability~
3p4 Split tubular saddles used under and in betwean the flexible tubes no, 2 ko give the~ a better standing with each otherO Said tubular saddle is also fluid filled to give it the shape it is required to haveO
5- ~ubular, flexible fluid filled transversal separatlon walls used mainly to brace the peripherical walls of the structure.
Said separatlon walls could also ba used to have differOEnt sorts of lbquids in esch co~partment.
6~ Liquid level ln the outer compartment of the concentrlc reservoirs J
7_ Liquid level in the inner compartm~nt of the concentric reservoir~
The walls of the inner co~partm~nt could be higher and w1th the higher liquid level.
8- Fluid substance that is generally ~ater or air filling the flexi~la tubes.

PLAT
1- Flexible~impermeable~inextensible fluid filled (general-ly water filled) tubes ~ormlng the outer skeleton of the inflated house~
2- Flexible~impermeable, inextensible fluid filled ~general-ly water filled) tube used as a base ring ~oining the upright tubes ~lo 3- Inner upri~ht skeleton similar to #1.
4~ Tube ~oining the inner upright skeleton ~3 Ite~ ~ 4 is similar to ltem ~2~
5- Fluid filled tubes ~oining the inner and outer skelet~n at different levels~
6- Flexiblet impermeable9 inextensible fluid filled (generally air filled) tubes built over each other as separating walls in between the inner and outer skele-ton and ser~e as well to brace the concentric skeletons and give them better stability~
7~ Hardw~re cap ~oining the tubular skeletons #1~3~
8- Flexlble~ imper~eab~e, inextensible fluid filled (generally air filled) tubes rolled in spiral shape over each other around the tubular skeleton ~1.
9- Same as ~ 8 e~.cept that they form the inner part of the double inflated wall structureO
10- Same as ~ 8 except that it for~s an inner concentrlc inflated wall inside the inflated house.
11- Window opening ~n the inflated wall structureD
12- Door opening in the inflated wall structura, The inflated tubes are sealed and cut to form the open ings required.
13- Hardware rings at different levels around the tubes r 1 and 3 form~ng the ~ain skeletons of the house.
14- Ties ~oining the tubes ~1 and 3 of the ~ain slseletons CFD2 ~3 to keep them in place.
Thesa ties generally connect to the rings # 13.

No.1~ Fle~ible,imperme~ble~ine~tensible, front water barrler rnembrane tightly and fir~ly anchored to the waterbed and the rel~aining part of it is supported by the flexible built up water filled structure.
2- Strap around fle~ible wall no.1.
3~ ~nchoring platfo~ms to straps no. 2~
4- Flexible,~mpermeable, inextensible, fluid filled (generally water filled) longitudinal tubes built in brick laying patterns to form a stable trapeeoidal upstanding structure used to su~port the water pressure actlng on the front flexible wall no.l.
5- Same as #4 except that it ls laid transversally to #4.
6 Same as ~4 except that it interlocks with lower and upper layers.
7- Water level on the upstream side~

No.l- Flexible9 impermeable, inextensible outer tube englobing inside lt a series of smaller fluid filled tubes ~2 built in rows over each other and strapped to each other to form an upstanding stable structure that could stand the outsid~ water pressure actlng on lt~
2- Flexible tubes tsee no.l).
3_ Straps tying the flexible tubes ~2 to each other and the upper and lower rows of tubes to each other.
4 Fle~ible, imper~eable, inaxtensible wall ti~htly and fir-~ly connected at its upper end to the external,flexible tube #l to form a tail of it and at its lower end connected to the waterbed through the platform ~5.
Continuous, concrete plat~orm used to anchor the item CFD2 P~7 ,~4 to the waterbed.
6_ Water level on the upstream side of the water filled flexible structure.
The fle~ible structure could ~e built higher enough over the ~ater level to give the sald structure a heavier weight, ~n advantage and a bet-ter stability to withstand the water pressure acting on it.
7_ Anchoring ties connecting the upper parts of the flexible str~cture to fixed points ~pstrea~ to give the said stru~t-ure a better stab11ity~
8- Fluid substance (~enerally water) filling the fle~ible tubes, PI~TE 121 No.1~2- Opposite9flexlble~imper~eable~inextensible3 reinforced plates sat upright to contain within them a true water wall without a substant~al buoyant to support them.
3- Anchoring llne at the base of the ~lexible wall no.le 4- Anchoring llne at the base of the fle~ible wall no~20 Ties anchoring lntermedlate points of the flexlble wall no,l dlrectly or indirectly to the waterbed.
6- Ties anchoring intermediate points of the flexible wall no.2 directly o~ indirectly to the waterbed.
7_ Anchoring platforms to the ties no~5~
8- ~nchoring platfor~s to the ties no. 6.
9- Upper tles tying the top of the flexible ~alls n~Ol and 2.
10- Water level inside the opposite flexible walls no~l and 2 11- Water level outs~de one or both of the flexible walls no. 1 and 2.
In the case of tidal powersgdiffarent water levels could be outside the flexib~e walls noO 1 and 2~
12- Middle posts or continuous walls(not shown) could be used to tie the ties no.5 and 6~ without bringing them down to t~e w~terh~d.

fI.~TE 122 No,l- Fle~l~lep i~er~eable9inextensible wall rolled in 3 circular way to end in an upri~ht troncated conic shape with a watertight ~lexible sole (like no,2) at its base flnd outside horizontal rings~like no~3) to restrain the outer skin of the so-formed water column to assume the required shape when fllled with water~
2- Flexible9 i~permeableg~ inextensible membrane that ~akes part o~ the water column skin (like no~lj.
3- Horizonkal rings cupporting the outer skin of the water column at di~ferent levels to have lt assu~e the required shape needed to bal3nce the water pressure acting on the c^nic shaped sXin of the water ~]all in order to el~minate the residual downward oomponents generated ~y the ~,~ater pressureO
4 Tra~sversal ties tying the rings no. 4 to reduce the stresses on the~.
5- Additiona~internal9 d~agonal ties to add to the stabil-ity of the l,~ater column and prevent it from swaying in one directlon or the other, These ties are arbitrary and could be replaced by e~ternal ties.
6- Top ring ~oining the upper edges of the water wall skin and balancing the upper residual stresses on the skin.
7- ~ater level inside the conic shapelself standing water colu~n~

..

CFD2 P~39 4~ DETAILS
The present invention deals with ccmbined interrelated ad~oint in~entions dealing with flexible wall dams,~lexibl~e wall waterlocks, flood control flexible retaining walls, flexible ll~uid reservoirs etc. generally referred to herelna~ter as Co~monwealth flexible wall dams and abbreviated as CFD29 usi.ng in com~ination:(See chapter 4,~96).
4-1 (See PL,102) A fle~ible3 im~ermea~le, inextensible~
cross reinforced flexible wall folded and joined to for~ a w~tertight, closed in, hollow structure capable of retain-ing pressuri~ed liquid inside it.
4-2- The hollow tu~ular structure descri~ed above (see no.
1) is reinforced longitudinally with cable ~eams (see noc 2,3~ to support the skin of such a tubular structure~
4-3- Said cable beams are t'nen connected internally throu$h the tubular structure with transversal ties like no. 4~5 that oonnect the opposite ca`Gle beams to each other in a wsy to for~ a generally trapezoidally shape cross section tunnel with its larger di~enston at the base of the trapezoidal tunnel to give a better ~tability ~ihen said tunnel is filled with liqui~d~
4-4- At the same ti~e the cable beams are interconnected with diagonal ties like no. ~ to each other and to the ~ase of the tunnel to give better rigi-dity when said tunnel ~.s internally filled l~ith liquid snd is subjected to outside water pressure.
4-5- Such water filled, skin restrained flexible wall block would act flS a perfect solid wall damO
The heavy weight at the b~se of the tunnel and the large area of the tunnel base would prevent the water filled tunn~l from sliding due to the external ~ater pressure acting on the dsm, specially if said tunnel rests in an fllready prepared.~

~ ~FD2 P.40 ~
dltch, ~ith a slant opposite to the water pressure direct~on below the level of the waterbedg wlth Xey locks like no.ll, 12 interfering with the sole of the tun~ to prevent said sole fro~ slidi~g or foldin~O
4-6- Such fle~ible sole tun~el n]ay not need a foundation due to the fact that if the ~ater tends to seep on the soft ground below the sole of the tunnel, the flexible sole of the tunnel wo~ld curve to fill any hole o~ened by the seeping water and the wei~ht of the water filled tunnel and the width of its base would prevent it from jumping out of the ditch due to the external water pressure acting on the tunnel bloc~ fro~ upstream.
4-7- Furthermore9 the resultant of the water pressure acting on the trapezoidal shape tunnel block would fall lnside the middle third of the hase of the tunnel which fact reduces the tendency of the tunnel block to slide downstream.
4-8- Additional a~choring ties (like no. 6) could be added to connect the tunnel block to fixed points ~pstrea~
to ~lve additional stren~th to the tunnel ~lock a~ainst the water pressure from u strea~
4-9- (See PL.103) In certain cases the cross section of the water tunnel is ~ade in an unbalanced shape tilting to~ards the u~stream so that when the external water pressure o~ the dam acts against the tilting tunnel block, it balances the gravity forces of the tiltin~ tunnel block in the san]e way as the ad~acent stones of an arch act against each other to balance their opposite ~orces and create an equilibriumO
4-10- If the soil of the waterbed is of clay na-ture, it is ~ossible to nave tne water t~nnel without c ntinuo~s flexible sole at its base relying on the clay w~terbed and ~ CFD2 P 41 on the tignt anchoring foundation li~e noO 16,17 to prevent water losses from inside the water tunnel.
4 11- To compensate for occasional wster losses inslde the water tunnelg the top of the water tunnel is connected to a water ~ ke up conduit (like no~ 11) to keep the water tunn~l always full and under certain pressure~
Due to the effect of the anchoring ties acting on the water tunnel block, the water ~ressure inslde the water tunnel oould be higher than ~he water pressure outside the water tunnel by an average equivalent to ten or twenty ~etres waterhead~
Consequently1 the make up water should be at a ~ressure slightly higher than the pressure inside the water tunnel itself.
4~12- A controlled vent is installed at the ton of the tunn~l (like no. 12) to let out the air accu~ulatln~ at the water sur~ace inside the tunnel, 4-13~ anholes are installed at the lower and upper parts of the tunnel, (like no. 13) to allow for inspection and repair.
4-14- The tunnels are ~rovided with pressure relief valves, (lik0 no.l4) to let o~t water when the water ~essure inside the tunne] rises over a certain value.
4-15- (SeePL.104) Apart from large da~s the water walls idea could be applied to build te~porary, fle~ible,portable dikes to be used to control river floods and replace the heavy sandbags used up till nowO
4-16- Plate 104 shows a fle~;ible water tunnel basically similar to the water tunnels shown on PL.-1029PL.~103 with some addltional features needed for the operation of the fle~ible tunnel dikes.
4~17 The flexible tunnel dike is provided wlth an air CFD2 P~4 inflated tube~(like no4 9) at the top of the tu-nnel used to:
A~ To create a basic edge at the riverside to stop the water from overpassin~ -the empty fle~ible tunne]. spread all alon~ the river bank and at the sa~e ti~e retain a shallow layer o.~ water in front of the dike to allow enough w3ter to get into the e~pty ~ ter tunnel th.rough the primlng conduits (l.ike no~ 13)o B.~ By floating at the surface of the water~ the air filled tube helps pulling up with it the top of the tunnel and keeps the inlet of the pri~ing conduits and the are3 around them well open.
4~18- The pri~in,~ conduits are provided wlth check valves inside the ~ater t~nnel to prevent the water inside the tunnel fro~ backing out in case the water tunnel is subjected to additionsl external pressure other than the overflowing water of the .river.
4-19- The operation of the fle~ble dike tunnel is 3S
follows:
A_ When a river starts to overflow its banks5 instead of bringin~ sandbags and pilin~ them all alon~ the river bank, the empty fleg~ble wall tunnel is brought in ~erhaps in a large roll9 and unrolled along the river banX in sections that are later connected to each other.
B- The continuous, watertight tail at the base of the flexible water tunnel,(like no.2) is then spread and pressed against the ground by ~eans of longitudinal bars that are either pinned through the sand or3 in the case of concrete river bank, these lon3itudinal bars are fastened to the concrete by 7,~eans of ra~sets or the like to prevent the overflowing water from seeping underne3th the empt.y flexible water tunnel. However~ when the ~,~ater tun~lal is full of water CFD,~ ~O43 its -.A?ei~ht -~ould pre~ent the overflowing water fro~
seeping underneath lts sole.-At the same time the tail of the tunnel serves to anchor the base of the tunnel and help preventing it from slidin~ downstream due to the overflo~in~ water pressure.
C- Then the air tube, (llke no~ 9) ls inflat~d which fact creates a little edge to stop the overflowing water from crossin~ over the empty flexible~ ~ater tunnel.
D- The water inlet conduits7 (llke no. 13) are s~read out through the overflowin~ ~later to allow water intake into the empty water tunnel.
E- The overflowing water ~ould start filling the empty flexible water tunnel so that the wate,r level inside the tunnel will be constantly the same as outside the tunnel whl~e ~.he air lnflated tube keeps floating over the surfa~e o~ the water while ~eeping an edge of the tunnel '~igher than the surface of the water.
The l~evel of the water rises inside and outside of the tunnel in a way that when the water pressure outside the tunnel increases9 the welgh~ of the tunnel increases with it and lncrea ses the firmness capacity o~ the water tunnel to withstand the outside water pressure acting on it.
4-20 (See Pl.-105) Another application of the fle~ib'e ~ater tunnels' idea ls in the construction of closed ln circula~ireservoirs or the like. I~ the ~lexible:~all tunnel is made continuous (see no~ 1) ln a circular shape or the like the geometry of the clrcular~ fle~ible ~ater tunnel would help the forces due to the liquld pressure~
accu~ulated lnside the sald reservoir3 balance each otherD
4-2:L- Se,tion 1-1 on PL.- 105 shows typical contlnuous V~2 C~i,~ rr l~!~
fle~lble wster tunnel bullt on the ssme p~ lncirple~ 3S the r~revlo-~s flexible tunnels described on ~ 101 to 104~
4-22- The di~ference in the fle~ible ~11 tunnel shown on Pl.~105 is:
A- The ~T shown on Pl~-105 ls a closed in, continuous tunnel ~ade in a circul~r shape which f~ct ~akes the out-slde water pressur~ acting on the skln of the tunnel block cDunterbalance ltself from all around the internal periphery of the circular formed reservoir and creates ~n equilibrlu~
B- The circular reservoir is provided wl*h an additional horizontal separation membrane (llke no. 4) which glves the choloe to have a clrcular reservoir with ad~ustable height as the case may re~uire~
4-23- The floor of the circular reservolr could be ~ de as the e~tensio~ of the sole of the clrcllar ~wT or it can be ~ade of ~n independent me~brane thrown over the top of the reservolr while the welght of the water would make it fall in the hole inside ~e circular tunnel~
with the outslde border of the membrana extendln~ all around over the top of the flex~ble ~911 tunnel.
4-2~- Pl~-106 shows an 2d~ustsble liquld reservoir sppllcable as well to an adjustable~ fle~ible swlmmln~ pool made of sectional~fle~ible water tunnels, (like no.l,2~3)joined together generally ln ~ circular shape by meens of fl2t9 fle~ible ws~lls ~like no. 13) ~oining the different FWT sections~
~-25- By appro~ch~ng the FWT sections to each other, the overall dismeter of the reservoir is reduced ~nd by spreading apart the FWT sections, the overall dia~eter of the liquid reservolr gets larOer.

4-26- At the s~me ti~e the Fw'T sectlons have horizonta separation ~embranes at different hei~hts ~!here the ~T

CFD2 P~45 sections could be filled up to -the level of the hor~zont separation walls which fact prcduces generally a circular reservoir of hal~ or two third height etc. of its total possible heightg 4-27~ In other ~10rds this arrangement prod~ces a li.~uid reservoir ad~ustable in width as well as in height of the reservol~.
Besides~ such a reservoir could be slso ad~ustabie in shape to be so~etimes c:ircular and sometimes as the location requires.
5~ ee Prior Art~
chapter 2-13 to 2-22)~
5-1- With the increase in the waternead inside the l~1ster-fllled flexible wall tunnels described in chapter 4, the water pressurs at the bflse of the tunnel beco~es too high and too costly to sustqinO
5-2 Consequently, the water inside the trape~oidal cross section tunnel is replaced ~11th earth that has an ~n~le of re~ose and does not trans~it lateral f~ressure from the top of the earth ~all to its base, but for -this end the fle~ible w~ll tunnel and the earth wall is redesigned to suit the characte istics of the earth ~aterial itself~
5_~_ PL.-108 shows a generally trapezoid-ll cross section earbh wall da~ (see no.2)0 The earth wall is covered on the u~stream side l~ith a continuous, flexlble9 i~permeable~ ine~tensible membrane (like no.l) tlghtly and flrmly anchored to the water`oed (see no. 6) through a solid, continuous, concrete, substantially watertlght ~all (like no. D 1) driven to a certaln depth in the water~ed to ~revent water seepage underneath the earth filled wall da~
Be~ides~ the continuous concrete wall anchoring base, CFD2 ~-4 ~o the fle~ible mer~br~ne is also reinforced with r~tinuous, hi~ tensile9 steel wire cable (not sh~
~il along the base of the dam to prevent the slldln~J down cf a section of the dfl~ under ~e water pressure from u~stre3m.
5-4- Slnce, unli~e water9 the earth filled wall dam has 3n angle of rer~ose and while dry, it stays solld by~
itself, then the fle~lble wall membrane does not need to rap both sides of the eærth filled dam~
The role of the i~per~e~ble~ flexiblè W311 here is to lsolate the earth wall dam'fro~ the water mainly on the upstre~m side~ to prevent the water rrom seeplng through the earth dam, meltin~ the loose earth and gradually washi~g away the whole earth dam.
Consequently, the flexible9 lmpermeable me~brane covers the earth w~ll dam msinly on the upstresm side while the d~nstream side of the earth wall is protected ag~inst e3rth erosion b~ different other means~
5-5- To glve the earth filled wall dam some ~nchorage to the ~aterbed~ staggered rows of piles (like noO3 ) are driven ln the waterbed all along the dam llne before the earth is brought ln to ~ill the dam site. Such piles are left protruding up through the earth filled wall to be.
Apart from thls9 said piles are lnclined at a certain angle against the water pressure direction to give a better resistance to the earth da~ unitO
5~6- ~esides1 to prevent the earth fill from be~ng washed aw~y, soon they are dum~ed, the flexible9 impermesble wall is ti~htly anc'nored to the continuous, concrete l~all ~sse on t'.le upstream side of the dam before the earth i~
dumped to form the earth wall da~
Next9' the esrth ~illinO is dumped in ~etween the . . _ , . .

~ 2 ~~
elreedy ~lanted ro~ of ~ilesD gradually n~rrowin~ the open~
lng of the waterccurse untll the full dam is ~ullt~
5 7- To keep the earthls da~ dry, porous d7sain plpes (llXe no, 4 ) are lnstalled transversally through the da~g drain-ln~ their water to~rds the downstream are3.
5-8- For reversible da~s~ like in the ~undy Bay tldal power pro~ect where the water ls supposed to be on bo~h sides o~ ths da~, the flexible9 lmper~eable ~all has to cover completely both sides of the earth's dam~
At the sa~e ti~e, the flexible wall has to be po~ous at the base o~ the dam7 to allow eventual hi~h pressure water to pass through the pores whlle kee~in~ the loose earth inside the flexible walls.
5-9- The sta~ered rows o~ piles planted inside the earth .
wall dam h~e to be inclined at o~posite directions to each other, considerin~ a ~enerally trapezoid31 cross section of the earth wall, the piles on each side of the vertical center line of the trapeze are inclined towards the ~enter line of the trapeze which makes each half of the piles in¢lined against the opposite half so gi~ing the earth wall dam a solldarity ln both directlons against the water pressure that could come alternatively from either side of the dam.
5-10 Since the earth f111 has a heavler gravity than water~ the earth fill of the dam would ~radually preciplta~s and solldlfy in between the planted plles ~nd would ma'xe a da~ more solid and more compact 8S the time goes by~
5~11 An additiona~ make up layer of ea~th could ~e needed at the surface of the dsm as the e rth fill precipltates `-throu~h the depth of the earth wall dam.
5-12- This arrangement co~bines the solidlty and the low cost Or the earth flll da~s with the i~permeability and CFD2 P.48 -the low cost of the little reinforced, slm~ly spre~d fle~i~le wPll coverin,~ the earth fill de~, to rel?lace costly, ti~e consu~,ing concre-te da~s~
6-1- To develop a strong anchor3ge to the waterbed espec ially when the subsurface of the waterbed is a soft ground where the nor~al piles could not develc~ stron~ skin friction with the grcund, new re-t'nods are develo~ed to give higher anchorage strength to t,he l,~iers ~nchorin~ the wster retain-ing fle~ible wall and to the ties su~portin~ said water retaining flexi~le wall.
6-2- PL~-110 shows a concrete plle coml,~osed of a central core no~ 1 with ~ulti reinforcing s~aller cores at opposite sides (like no, 2 and 3) that are used to ~ass water ~et hoses and with opposite win~s (llke no. 4) stretching at opposite sldes of the central core which wingsS when the ad~acent plles are driven into the ground, would overlap with the wings of the adjaoent ~ile leaving an earth fill colu~n (like at noO 10) in between the adjacent wings.
6-3_ This earth fill column is e~cav~ted out by ~eans of a drlll or with a high ~ressure water jet and sucked out by means of a centrifu~al pum~ ~ounted at the botto~ of a suction hose or by ~eans of one high pressure air hose beside a vacuu~ hose etc. and then the earth colu~n is replaced ~ th a fresh concrete column (see no. 10) poured in between t'ne overlapping concrete wincs, The fresh concrete ~oint no. 10 in between the adjacent overlapping wings no. 4 makes a watertlght~ vertical ~oin-t all along the length of the ad~acent piles and consequently a continuous watertight wall deep into tne ground to the bottom of the piles thenselves whic'n continuous wall would insure w~ter tightness and prevent any water leak~ge und~r-neath the concrete ~latform (like no~ 1~ PL,-106)~

P6~
CFD2 Po4S
6-4- To increase the '.onding capacity of the piles with -the gro~nd, a special f'laring concrete cap is added at -the bottom of the pile after t~e pile has been driven into the ground, This ls done by~
A Washing away the earth inside the centralcore of the pile no. 1, same procedure as in para. 6-3~
B- In~ecting hi~h pressllre water ~et through outlets provlded at the bottom of the ~ile to excavate and create a hollow area about the bottom of -the pile.
C- Takin~ out the ~1ashed away earth by ~1eans of a centri-fugal pump or a suction hose.
D~ Pouring concrete through the central or the side cores to fill the exc~vated space which fact cre~tes a lar~e fl~red concrete cap (like noO 5769 and 7,PL.-llO) at the ~otto~o~
the piles that increases the anchorage of the pile to the ground and oonsequently increases the pulling out capacity o~ the pile.
6-5- A concrete platform is poured on top of the piles to ~oin the whole line of piles and serves ~t the sarDe time to anchor the water retaining flexi~le wall to the groundO
6~6- See PL~lll The use of concrete cap poured undergro~nd at the botto~ of the ~iles to increase the anchorage capac~ty of the piles as describèd on PL.-llO, is a com~?le~ and costly oper~tlon.
PL.-lll uses a simple and ~Dore efficient met'nod to ensure stron~ anchorage of the concrete platfor~ no. 1 to the grou~dO
6-7- PL.lll uses similar rows of piles as described in PL-_llO.
The said rows of piles (like no~ 2 ~nd 4) are driven in the ground with their lower ends tilted towards each other whi ch fact makes the o~posite rows of piles like two jaws CFD2 P.50 closing towards each other and c~a~ping over a large mas of earth that to pull out the opposite rows of piles one has to overcome:
A- The skin friction forces holdtng the ~iles to the grou~d.
B_ And the weight of the huge ~ass of earth ~rapped ln between the opposite rows of piles.
6-8_ The rows of piles nou 3 is there -to glve a better ho~d between the rows of ;oiles and the earth.
6-9_ The platform noO 1 capping the rows of piles is given a certain thickness -to giv~ a better hold on the tilted rows of pilesO
At the same time, said platform houses a continuous, curvat10us channel (lilse nou 5) that is used to anchor the water retaining flexible wall no. 6 or to anchor the ties holding the said water retaini~g~ flexible wall.
6-10- This setting insures a continuous, watertight, deep, concrete wflll below the concrete platfor~ and a strong anchorage of the s~id plfltform to the ground, FL~ID FILLED FLEXIBLE CURVAC~OUS STRUCTURES
`~
=~
7~1- Chapter 4 useS flexible9 fluid filled9 tubular struotures with restrained sXins by means of cable beams and internal tles to ~ive the fluid filled structure an upstanding stable somehow trape~oidal cross section to support the water pressure acting on sald structure~
~-2- The use o~ straps and cable bea~s transfsr~ing thelr loads through the flexible membrane to transversal ties all along the structure~ adds too much to the cost o~ the str~cture and creates ~any problems and requires conblnuous maintenance~ .
7_3~ The simplest way to create a solid like body from fluid and fle~ible container is to use a plain circular container; spheric, cylindrical, tubular or the likeO
7-4- (See PLu-113) PL,- 113 shows dif~erent alternatives of flexlble structures using the minimum or no transversal ties transferring the stresses across the flexl~le skin o~ the structure.
7-5- Filgure 1 shows a curvaceous flexible wall (no,l) tightly and firmly anchored:'to the waterbed at its opposite ends (se~ no. 293) and fully inflated with water to stand up ~here lt could support a certain external waterhead acting on ito 7-6 - To insure a better tightness ænd pre~ent the water escaplng through the ground9 an additional watePtig'n* sole ts added in between the anchorin~ points 19 2 to make the waterfilled structure watertlg~*. where it could be filled with air instead of water in certain cases. ~See ~igure 2)~
7-7_ (See PL.~1137figura 3) To gl~e a better rigidity to the ~luid ~llled1 flexible structure, an additional longitudlnal~ internal ~embrane is added (see n~) ?~

CFD2 P~52 inside the fluid filled tube to reduce the stresses on the flexible wall (noO8) and on the anchoring linestno~10 and 11 ) O
7-8- (See figure 4) Figure 4 shows a continuous~ tubular9 flùld fllled structure (no. 12) anchored in place by ~eans of straps rolled over the tubula~ structure and anchored at their opposite ends er by ~eans of tail attach~ent connected to the skin of the tubular structure at its upper end and tightly and flrmly anchored to the waterbed at its lower end.
7-9- ~See figure 5) ~ Figure 5 shows a closed in flexibla, tubular, fl~id f111ed structure noO 14 resting on a fluld filled saddle made of multi fluid filled tubular structures no. 15916 which give stability to tha ~aln tubular structure re~ting on them.
~ he split tubular structurs forming the saddle ls tightl~ anchored at its opposite ends (see noO17,18) to the waterbed to giV8 solidarity to the whole structure with the ground~
Finally the whole structure is strapped with belts wrapped around the structure and anchored at thelr opposite ends to the waterbed~
7-10- ~See figure 6) To glve a better advanta~e to the structure shown 1n figure 5 against the external water pressure, the whole structure shown in fig~re 5 is installed on a slanted base9 tilted aga~nst the external water pressure, whlch fact gives an advantage to the structure to resist the external water pressure acting on it.
7~ (See PL.~113~figure 6I PL. 114 and 104) C FD 2 ~ r `
PLo_114 shows a flexlble9 imperr~eable3 inextensible tubular fluid filled structure restlng on a fluid fllled saddle and adapted to be used a~ a river flood dike to contaln the flooding water.
The desi~n on PLo~114 is the sa~e as descrlbed on PL.-113 figures 5 .and 6 and ls operated as already descrlbed for the deslgn on PLo~104 (See P~39 para~4-l~)b The advantage of the design on PL9-114 over the deslgn Dn PL.- 104 is that it saves the use of cable beamsgstraps and transversal ties which add to the cost and complexity of the structureO However9 to reinforce the large tubular structu~e shown on PLo 1149 the flexible tube could be either reinfor~ed with transversal.~internal_ties llke no. 11 or strapped with spixal straps ll~e no,, 12 to reinforce the ~aln tubular structure against hlgh internal water prsssure acting on it.
7-12 ~See PL o ~115 ~
PL~ 115 shows a design si~llar to the deslgn on PLo~114 except that the flexible~tubular structure ~noOl) on Pl..-115 is made oontlnuous9 closed in to form a circular struot~
ure with an empty hole in the mlddle that oould be used as a liquid reservolr3 a porta~le swi~ing pool, etc.
The hole inside the closed in tubular structure ls cover-ed wlth a rlexible9imperme~ble ~e~brane(like noO 4) to m~ke lt watertight, able to hold water wlthout seepage through the~ase of the so~for~ed res,er~olr and wlth precautions to avold the water to push under the tubu.lar structure and li~t it up~
The so-for~ed liquld reservoir does not need lateral supports to prevent it from sliding one way or the other slnce the water pressure inside the hole, acting outward on the liquid filled tubular structure~ ~ounterbalances itself all around tha reservoir.

7-13 (See PL~-116) PL~ 116 shows a contlnuous~closed in 9 circular structure similar to the design shown on PL~ 115 except that the design on PL -116 uses a taperedp~leg1ble~ tubular structure rolled in spiral way~ layer over layer~ rolled over each other to orsate a hole inside the clrcle whlch hole could be ~ade watertight by different means,one o~ them is by bèing lined with a flexlble~ impermeable membrane (like noil)~
When suoh reservoir is filled with water the water pressure acting outward on the so-for~ed circular container counterbal~nces it~elf fro~ all around the area inslde the ¢ontalner~
Such type of container could be made higher than the des~
lgn describ~d on PL.-115 and by tapering the tubul~r structure (llke noO 2)~ ~orming the reservolr~ the lower layers of t~e splral would be larger dlameter and the upper layers of the spiral would be of a smaller diameter, a fact which makes the oross section of the wall of the reser~oir end so~ehow ln a trapezoidal shape that gives a better stability to th~ structure to stand upright.
7-14- ~he splral folds rolled over each other are tled together with straps (like no95)5 to ~a~ the splral stand upright ~etter and react as one plece wall.
7-15- (See PL. 117) PL.~117 shows concentric reservoirs built of fle~ible, i~permeable, inextensible, fluid filled tubes (like no~2) 9 rolled in spiral way, layer over la~er, to for~ uprigh~*
conaentr~c reservoirs that are stiffened by means of additional separation walls (like no.~) made also of fluid f~lled tubular pieces.
The so-formed structure is covered with a water retaini~g fle~ible wa]l (like no.l).

C~D2 ~ p.~-Su¢h conce~tric reservoirs could hold water wlthout anchoring ties due to the fact that the stiffening walls ~nd the way it is installed with its concentric curvaceous reservoir help keep the whole assembly in stabilityO
The outward water pressure on the walls of the reservoir counterba'ance each other from all directions.
7-16- The fluid filled~ conti.nuous, flexible tu~es are provided with tubular ssddles to give the~a better standing stability 7-17- The flexible, spiral tubes are connected to the transversal, stiffening walls (like no~ ~) to help keep the upright concentric reservoirs in a firm position~
The rows of flexible, spiral tu~es are also strapped to each other to keep them in place.
The advantage of this design over the design shown on plate 115~ is that lt is possible to build a taller reservoir with less ~aterial and less weight than ls the case with the design shown on r~late 115,116.
It is as well possible to subdivide the concentric reservoir~ to be used for differen-t types of liqulds.
Besides it is also possible to have the concentric reservoirs contain dlfferent levels of liq~idsO
7-18~1- See PL~;118 PLo_ 118 sho~s a ~ultipurpose structure, similar in a way to the desisn shown on PL.-117, with a difference that the dssign on PL -118 is built ~lith a ~in skeleton ~ade of upright 9 flex.~.ble 5 i~perm-eable, inext~nsible,fluid filled7 tu~ular posts (like no.l) 9 mountad around a curvaceous path and ~oined at their base with a similar~ flexible, curvaceous ring beam (like no.2) Joining all the upright posts to each otherO
7-18-2- The said upright posts converge towards each other st their upper ends to close in together to one spot where C~D2 p 5 they are ~oined wlth a common neader cap (like no.7) ending the structure in a form of a dome which fact give5 the total structure a certain strength to resist super i~posed loads like sno~ for e~ample over its domed roofQ
7-18~3 Sl~ilar concentric skeletons are bullt inslde each other like no 3~4 ~oined together at thelr base and at different levels ~,~1ith similar, tubular sections (like no.5) to stiffen said structures and closed in at their top to a main header cap to increase the carrying capacity of the dome cover.
7 18-4- The s~eletons so described are covered with simlla~r flexible, imperme3~1e9 1n~tensible9 f~uid filled ~generally alr fllled) tubes (like no.8~9,10) rolled over each other in ~ splral way around the skeleton posts all the way up to cover the whole dome formed by the concentric skeletons.
These spiral inflated tubes are tied to each other and to the skeleton posts~
7-18-5- The outer skeleton is covered with multi spiral walls9 on the outer and inner face of the uprlght tubular posts no, 1 to lea~e an air gap between the outside walls and keep the inside o~ the structure better sheltered ~rom extre~e outside atmospheric high and low temperatures.
The inside skeleton, no. 334 is also covered w~th inflated ~piral tubes all around.
7-18-6- The concentric9 curvaceous~ upright structures so-formed are stiffsned with transversal~ inflated~ tubular walls ~hich serve also to subdivide the so-formed structure lnto dlfferent co~part~ents~
7~ 7_ The whole domed structure is covered with an impermeableg flexible cover to prevent the rain from seeping throu~h and protect the interior structure from atmospheric ef~ects.

~-18-8- At the same time the interior part of the dome Govered concentric s5ru~ture is lined with a flexible9 impermeable~ lnextensible membrane in each of its compart~
ments including the floors of said structure.
7-18-9- Such structure as already descri~ed could be used to cont~in li~uid or gas ln each of it~ co~partments by providing lt with inlet and outlet hoses and with the add~
itional needed accessories.
7~18~10- On the other hand the above d~scri~ed.structure could be provided wlth doors and window openings in its di~ferent compartments and it could be better used as human dwellings and offices or ~actories and it would be specially useful for hot weather climate and better useful for arctic climate where, in wintsr9 the water inslde the tubular skeltton oould freeze and form a solid skeleton to support the heavy snowfall that could pile up on the dome of the structurs~ and slnce the tubular skeleton is of flexible material, it would expand to accomodate the expanding ice insids them wlth no harm to the fabrlc of the tubes~
7 lo~ In other words such a structure could replace the historic lgloo of the north where it could stand as a summer/
winter portable arctic residence that could perhaps be better called the Canaclian fleYible i~os o~ the 20th century.
However since these kind of dwellings could be equally favourable in hot weather countries as well, they would be ¢alled commonwealth in Mated dwellings abbrev~ated as (CI~).
7-19-1- See PLo~119 PL~-119 shows a built up wall made of flexible~ lmpermeabley ~nextensible~water ~illed,tu~llar sections made ln rows in a bricklaying pattern~ some are in a longitudinal way (like no~
4) while others are in a transversal pqttern (like noO

CFD2 P.58 with sections (like no~ 6~ interlocking between the 10~Jer and upper layers~
7~19-2- The water filled tubular sections are asse~bled in a way to for~ a longitudinal wall with so~ehow trapezoldal cross section, which wall has to support the front water retaining flexible wall no~ 1 and through it support the upstrea~ water pressure~
7-19 3 The front ~lexible wall no~ 1 serves as well to ~rap up the sectlons of the wall and help the~ to keep in the desired shape.
7~19-4~ At the sa~e time the front flexible wall ls kept ln place by means of straps ~ e noO2) rolled over the front flexlble wall and anchored at lts opposite ends to the waterbed (see no.3)O
7-19-5- The front flexible wall (like noOl) is firmly and t~ghtly anchored to the water~ed at the base of the su~port-ing flexible wall on the upstrea~.sida of the structure~
7-19-6- The whole flexible trapezoidal wall is built on a slanted base tilted against the direction of the upstrea~
water to give the struc~ure a better advantage to support the upstrea~ water pressure~
7-19-7- A~ the same ti~e the so described. fle~ible wall could be ~nstalled in a sinusoidal shape to distri~ute the direct water pressure on a lar~er area o~ the supporting wall and convert such a part of such a pressure sideways tending to close the legs of the sinusoidal arches towards each other.
7-19-8- To resists these stresses described in para~ 7-19-7 the back of the sinusoidfll horizontal arches are connected with continuous ties (not shown) tying the~ to each other .
to keep the~ in placeO
7-20-1- See PL.-120 PL.-120 shows an upstanaing, longitudinalg~lexible water CFD2 P~59 filled wall with somehow a trapezoidal cross section to give a better st,ructural stabllity to the wall.
This wall is si~ilar to the wall described on PLo~119 with the dlfference:
A- That the rows of the tubular sections (like no~ 2) forming the wall are all or ~ost of the~ laid in a longitud-inal way with straps llke noO3 Joining the t~bes of each row together and s~m11ar straps tying the rows to each ot'ner.
~- Instead of the outer flexible wall, on PL.-ll9 w~apped around the tubular sections to keep the~ in place~ the design on PL.-120 uses alternatively a large, tubular sectlon (like no.l) to ~Qnglobe the s~aller tubular sections.
This design makes the whole ~ssembled wall independent and portable whlch fact ~akes it u~able for diffsrent purposes namely; for a portable flood water dlka9 for a swi~ming pool~ portable reservoirg for dikes around chemi~al reser~`oirs~ for secondary dikes around containers of radlo-active liquids,stcO
7-20-2 This design bypasses the proble~ of restraining the water filled flexible tubes with transversal ties through the flexible skin o~ the tubes, in order to a-ssume a trapezoidal shape cross section9 whioh f~ot requires contlnuous maintenance to prevent leakage at the connection s~ots~
By using s~aller diamete~ tubes piled over each other and strapped together we could set such tubes to assume the required cross section shspe.
Besldes in the case of one ~embrane ~lexible wall it would be necessary to relnrorce the whole area of the w~t~r retaining flexible wall with the s3me reinforce~ent (for practical reasons) while the heavy reinforce~ent is only required at the lower part of the da~ where the water C~D2 Po60 pressure is at its 3axlm~.
7-20-3~ ~y usin~ smallsr diameter pleces stacked over each other~ the lower rows of water ~illed tubes are sub~ected ;
to higher press~re whlle this pressure decreases in the upper rows of tubes. Apart fro~ this 9 the tubes with smaller diameters could bear high water pressure much easi~r than large diameter tubular structuresO
7-20-4- The so-described~flexible, composite7 wate~ filled structure inserted. into a larger, tubular section could be covered on the upstream side wlth a front water retaining flexible wall ~lke in the design on PLo~119 or that the outer tube is used itesl~ as a water retaining flexi~le wall with an add.itional,i~ermeable, continuous strip at its upstream base~ firmly connected to the skin of the outer tu~e at its u~per end and the lower part of said strip would be tightly and ~irmly anchored to the waterbed.
7-20-5- ~his water ~illed, composlte flexible wall could be installed on a slanted base and in a sinusoidal pattern as shown in the plan on PL. 120 with additional ties (llke-nov g) tying ~.;the back o~ the horizontal arches to keep said arches ln place and anchoring ties tying parts o~ the wall to fixed points upstream~
7-20_6- The above mentioned waterfilled co~posite ~lexlble wall could be provided with the same accessories used on the design shown on plates 104 and 114, to be used as a flood water dike along the river banks etc. (See pa~a97--20-l-B)~
7 20 7- At the same ti~e the compos~te~flexible wall could be made continuous in the same way as the design shown on pl~-10~ and 1159 where it could be adapted to be used as a circular reser~oir) a swimmin~ pool9 a curvaceous dike around tanks containing che~ical liouids or radioactive liquids etc.

?2 CFD2 P~61 7-20-8- To assemble such composite flexible wall:
A~ Inflate with air the internal tubes~ each row separa~e and apply the straps around them whbre necessary; flrst ea~h row separatep t'nen strap the rows to eæ,ch other to assume the re~,luired cross section shape.
B Deflate the lnternal'.tubes and insert them through ~the outer ~a~or tube4 7-20-9; It is advisable to have the flexible, waterfilled structure hi~her than the water level lt supports. This gives heavier weight to the supporting wall t;o better stand the exterior water pressure.
7-21-1 See PL.-121 ~ TRUE ~ATER W4LLS
PL.-121 show~ oppositeDim~ermeableJinextenslble~lexible walls (like no.l,2) containin~ water in between them and installed in abalan¢ed way that would allow them to retain a water wall ln between them and support an external w~ter-head without the need of a substanial buoyant to support them at the sur~ce of the water.
7-21-2_ Upon reviewing the designs in CFDl where the water retalning flexible wall was substanially inclined against the upstrea~ water to have the fle.~ible wall ride over the wate~
using the water underneatln lt as a saddle and convertlng the water pressure fro~ the hori~ontal dlrection to an inclined upward direction that cculd be ~roken into a horizontal d~rection and an upright vertical direct1.on~
7-21-3- ~owever to harness these vertical upright forces~
the oable bea~s and the anchoring tie~c supporting them had to be balanced by balancin~:the curvatures of the membrane in a way that the upward forces asting on the lower leg of the arbhed fle~ible wall is balanced b~ the downward. forees acting on the lower leg of the adjacent arched flexible wall so that the direction of t,he re.~ nt, forc~s ac~in.rr ~n t,'--iL'~

CFD2 P~62~oint would pas~ through the tie tying th~t Joint so elimlnating the vertical downward forces that required buoyants at the surface of the water to s~pport the vertical downward forces generated by the inclined anchoring ties tying the unbalanced water retaining fle}:ible wall, 7-2~ 4- However, residual horlzontal forces are left at the upper leg of the top arch for~ed by the restrainsd fle~-ible wall.
7-2~-5- In the RCFD patent (already issued~ use was ~ade of opposi.te fle~ible walls to su~port a waterhead from either side of the fle.Yible walls.
On a si~llar pattern use is ~ade here of opposite rest-rained fle~ible walls used to:
A- Counterbalance each other, including the residual forces at the upper arches of the flexib~e ~embranes9 ~ithout sukstantial buoyants to support ther.
B~ The erection of a water ~all supperted by opposlte~
restrained9 balanced flexible walls ending in a somehow trapezoidal shape cross section whic'r combina-tion of balanced ar~hed flexible walls and t~e trapezoidal shape wster wall ~ould give the water wall R character as if it is standing on an angle of re~ose7 which fact gives the whole asse~bly a better position and a relative rigidi.ty, to stand hlgh wate-lheads on either side of the water wall as if it was a solid concrete da~ limited only b~ the strength of the reinforcing cables of the flexible wall.
7-21-6- The present design on PL~-121 shows two opposite flexible walls (like no. 1 and 2) ti~htly anchored to the waterbed (see no. 3~4) and the re~na ning parts are tilted towards each other to end in a somehow trapezoidal cross section shape which ~ivas the water wall a better stabil1ty to stand internal and external water press~re acting on it, 13~
CFD2 Po63 7-21-7~ The opposite fle~ble walls are supported at inter~edlate lines in between the waterbed and the surface of the water with cakle beams and anchoring ties (like no~5, 6) calculated and balanced to 'nave the direction of the resulta~t forces acting on the ties~ pass through the ties themselves without ~eneratin~ vertical down~ard forces that would require a buo,~ant at the surface of the w~ter to support them.
7-21~8- Said anchoring ties (no. 5,6) could be anchored directly to the waterbed (see no. 7,8) or to intermediate structures that could transfer thelr stresses where~er possibleO
7 21-9- The upper ends of the flexible walls are connected to each ot'ner witl1 conrections (li~e no.9) that could transfer forces to each other so that the residual forces at the up~er parts of the fle~i~ie walls are counter-balanced with each other.
7-21-10~ The already descri~ted w3ter wall could stand different waterheads on either side of the wall.
7-22-1- See PL.~ 122 - l L ~ ~
If a troncated pyr3mid is built of solid impermeable sides (standing upright on its larger base) and filled with water3 the resultantg u~right water pressure acting on the four walls of -the ~yramid would tend to uplift and detaoh~-the inward slanted four walls of the pyramid fro~
their base.
7-22-2- If two opposite walls of the tron¢ated pyramid are~
extended to a certain length9 the two opposite extended solid walls wo~ld be su'~Jected to an upward vertical result~t due to the internal water pressure on the inward slanting extended walls, 7 22-3- If one of the e~tended walls of t'ne ~yramid is CFD2 P.64 taken out and the op~oslte e~tended ~1al] is still s~ ected to the same water level, (S'3~ from 3 flOl~ from -a stream etc.) the e}-tended w311 would still be subjected to the s~me uplifting l~ater ~ressure as it T~]as before remov1n~ t.he opposite u~ll.
If that re~air.in~ e~-tended ~a11 U3S ex~ended for a considera~le lensth it would need supports to take the horizontal component of the outward T.~ateI pressure and its uplifting vertical com~onentO
These forces covld be su~ported by either ~- h solid structure on the douns~re~ areP of the solid wall of the ~yre~id ?h1ch could t3ke the stresses in compression ~s is the c~se of the conventional solid dan~s.
B Or by ties connected to that remailling rrolonged side of the original pyramld and extended to be anchored to g fixed point in the upstrea~ are~, which ties ~ould t3ke the stresses in tension 1nstead of comrression.
7 22-4- The balanced ties described in the ~revious para-sra~h in com~in3tion ~ith th~t solid w?ll of the re~airing ?rolon~ed side of the ~yra~id ~ouid hold the ~J3terhe3d .3cting on theF3~ithout the need of a buoy?nt at the surface of the water in a ~1ay as if the water is ~ss~in~ en an~le of re?ose to rest on it.
7-22-~~ If the re~aining e-~tended ,!~11 of the pyr~3~id is renlaced ~ith a fle~:ible ~r~ even that the flexible :wall would take a cur~!aceous share, tl1is doec n^i~ ~pset the ~al~
ance of the tension tles that were holdi~r the re-..-air.i n,g stra~ght 9 solid i--ll of the l~r3mid.
7-22-6- To reduce the stresses --3ctins on the flexl~le ~Yg the one s~an --rcned, flexible T:-311, re~l~cing the solid wall of the pyr~3mid7 is subdi~Tided into ~ulti sper.s ~3nd ~ i multi curves or arches ~;h~ch are ~alanced with e-3ch other CFD2 P.63 to eliminate the residual downward vertical forces and in certain cases generate some upT~ard ~ertical components to carxy the flexible wall and its accessories etc.
7 22-7 Since the water pressure increases with the depth, the lower arches closer to the waterbed ~ould be smeller than the ad~acer~t arcles above the~.
7-22-8- The resultant~ balanced forces T.10uld ~enerally be in the sa~e direction as the dlrection of the tensio-n ties connecting the flexible wall to fi.ed points on the waterb~d or elsewhere upstrea~.
7-22-9- On the other hand, if the ori~lnal troncated, solid ~yra~id described in 7-22-1- is replaced ~ith a flexible wall waterfilled, troncated, ci~cular cone restin~ upright on its larger base, even-that the o~ter skin of the ,.lexible cone would assume a single arch all around, this would not upset the balanoed up~ard re~ultants that were ac-tin~ on the four opposite solid walls of the ~yramidO
7-22-10- Tc reduce the sl;resses on the outer skin o-f the cone, one arch,flexible outer skin of the cone is subdivided into ~ulti spans, multi arches, flexible walll which ar~hes are balanced with each other to have the resultant foroes actin~ on them, have the same direction as the direction of the ties a~choring the~ to the water~ed~ leaving so~e residual9 upward force~ to carry the outer skin of the cone with its accessories etc.
7-22-11- In the ease of a circular, conic structure as already descri~ed, lnstead of the internal ties restrainilng tlle flexible skin of the cone~ such a-structure could have .norizontal outside rin.~s at different levels to restrain the flexible skin of the ccnic structure (like no~ 3~ PL.-122)~
Besides9 for large dia~eter water colu~ns, these `r!orizontal rings could be tied with transversal ties (lil-CFD2 P~66no.4) to reduce the stresses on the~O
Also, addition~l internal diagQnal ties (like no. 5) or external ties (not shown) could be added to stif~en the flexible structure and prevent it fro~ swaylng~
7-22-12- A top ring, solid or flexible~ is used to balance the residual forces acting on the skin ~like no~l) of the flexible troncated cone.
7-22-13~ Such described conic struct~lre with or witho~t restrained fle~ible outer sk1n9 balanced to be self standing without substant~al buoyants at the surface of the Tqater could ~e referred to a s a TRUE W~TE~ I;J~LL or WATER COLU~
7-22~14- The basic principles governing the true self supportin~ water walls and water columns co~ld l~e a~breviat~d ~s follc~s.~
lst- It is understood that the water pressure actin~ under-neath an inclined soli~ strai~'nt wall eAerts a horizontal outward pressure and a vertical upward pressure proportional to the inward inclination ~f said l~all.
. -. This fact holds true even ~hen the straight solid wall is replaced with a fle~ible9 i~permeable ~all~
2nd- A ~ater wall is a wall of water assumin~ somehow a trapez^idal cross section shape rest~:ng upright on its larger kase and retained u~rig1nt with two opposite wall sklns tightly anchored at their lower edges to the base of the water wall and connected at their upper edges to each other to counterbalance the stresses actin~ on t.hem.
3rd To reduce the stresses acting on the opposite .~all skins retaining the water wall, rows of ties are connected to the opposite wall skins at ~ifferent heights and trans-fer their lo~ds to each otner or to opposite points at the base of the T~later ~all or further `~eyond.

~`
4th- In the case of fle~ .le wall skirls retainin~ the wat~.r J~ J)~2 C'~D2 P.67 wall" the arbhes for~ed by the fle~ible wall skin are balanced to have the direction of the resultant of the water pressure forces acting on the flex1ble wall skin pass ælon~ the line of the anchoring ties tying the said flexible wall sklns.
5th- The larger is the number of rows of ties su~portin~
the flexibla wall ski~:~s9 the higher would be the rssulting water wallO
6th- Unequal nu~ber of rows supporrin~ the opposite flex~`
ible wall skins upset the balance of the fle~ible wall skins and tilt t~e water wall to tlle side Wit~l less supporting rows of anc'noring ties, 7th~ ~ater walls as described a~ove could be used as da~s to replace solid conventional da~s.
For water wall dams in staep vallèys~, to have the water wall tiltin~ against the upstream direction" the flexible wall skin on the downstream side should have larger number of rows o~ anc'n~rin~ ties than the flexlble wall skin at the ups~rea~ side of the water wall.
This setting is also advantageous for waterwall dams in flat areas as it gives the water wall an advantage to have it inclined against t'ne u-s~-re3~ water pressure.
8th Testa show that a water wall dam as descri~ed above Gould nold a waterhe~d of appro~ ately 9/10 of the heig'nt of the water wall itself.
~th- The water walls have to be provided ~ith a makeup T~at~r supply to keep t!^e wæter level of the water wall at least 10~ higher than the ~aterhead it supports.
lOth- Circular closed in water walls ære called water colu~ns~

llth- T~later colu~ns u se rings to sup~ort the flexible ~all skln instead of the rows of ties used in watèr walls~

~. a~ 3~

CFD~ P.68 12th~ The above ~entioned rules will be referred to as the commonwealth blind w~ter wall rules and abbreviated as CBWR~

~ . -

Claims (28)

P.69 The embodiment of the invention in which an exclusive property and privleges claimed are defined as follows:

1- A flexible wall dam, breakwater, waterlock, water reservoir, for use in restraining the flow of river, sea water, flood water or the like and for containing water, comprising in combination; an upstanding flexible wall, having elongated upper and lower peripheral edge, with the lower edge, positively and substantially sealingly secured to the base of the water basin and the rest of the flexible wall supported by contained fluid media or by loose solid media shielded by the front flexible wall receiving the water pressure.

2- A flexible wall dam as described in claim 1, having the flexible wall extended to form a continuous, closed in longitudinal, tubular structure which structure has its outer wall supported by cable beams where such opposite cable beams are interconnected to each other by means of transversal ties restraining the shape of the said tubular structure to a substantially trapezoidal, triangular or any required shape of upstanding, stable cross section which fact makes of the extended flexible wall a closed in longitudinal tunnel at the back of the main flexible wall which tunnel is filled with liquid to form a continuous, substantially solid tunnel block that supports the front flexible wall that is subjected to water pressure from upstream.

3- A flexible wall dam as in claim 1 having the flexible wall extended to form a continuous wall restrained tunnel, that is filled with liquid to form a substantially solid block which longitudinal tunnel block is installed in a foundation ditch with its base tilting against the direction of the water pressure of the dam, which fact makes P.70 makes the longitudinal liquid filled tunnel block better resisting to sliding or to overturning since the resultant of the external water pressure forces acting on the tunnel block would fall within the middle third of the base of the water tunnel block.

4- A flexible wall dam as in claim 1 having the front flexible wall extended to form a closed in longitudinal flexible tunnel that is filled with water to form a continuous tunnel block supporting the flexible wall which tunnel block is anchored at different heights with ties connecting the tunnel block to fixed points upstream to give the said tunnel block a better resistance against the external water pressure from upstream.

5- A flexible wall dam as in claim 1 having the flexible wall extended and folded back to be tightly and firmly anchored to the waterbed where it creates a flexible tunnel structure having its sole, either the waterbed itself or a thin impermeable film joining the opposite anchored legs of the flexible wall tunnel where the flexible walls of the sole formed tunnel are supported with cable beams and the opposite cable beams are tied to each other with internal transversal ties and diagonal ties to form a structurally stable structure when filled with water which waterfilled structure would stand up like a waterfilled longitudinal tunnel block that could resist the eternal water pressure applied on it from upstream, where at the same time, to give an advantage to the water filled tunnel block, said tunnel block is made inclined against the direction of the external water pressure from upstream instead of acting first to over-turn the water tunnel block it would have to act first to balance the weight of the section of the water leaning P.71 over the exterior water.

6- A flexible wall dam as in claim 1 having the flexible wall extended to form a continuous watertight tubular structure with its outer walls restrained to form a stable, upstanding structure when filled with water, which structure would resemble to a water filled stable flexible tunnel that could reach the tallest, stable height possible with its actual overall cross section perimiter where the socalled water filled longitudinal tunnel block is provided with an internal air inflated tube at the top of the flexible wall tunnel, with vents, pressure relief valves and priming tubes to make a structure usable for water flooding dikes along the river banks where such flexible structure is first laid empty along the river bank, then a continuous tail provided at the foot of the so called flexible tunnel could be fastened to the river bank to prevent the over flooding water from seeping underneath the empty flexible structure, next, the air tube inside the flexible tunnel is inflated to give an edge that would hold the overflowing water and force it to flow through the priming tubes inside the flexible tunnel where the water inside the tunnel rises with the rising water outside the tunnel, forcing the inflated tube to keep floating at the surface of the water and gradually the overflooding water rises and the water inside the flexible tunnel rises with it making the water filling tunnel heavier and more stable in the ground to prevent the water from seeping underneath its base and firm enough to resist sliding due to the outside flooding water pressure.

7- A flexible wall dam as described in claim 1, with the flexible wall extended all around to form a closed in tubular structure at the back of the main flexible wall P.72 that has to support the external water pressure, where the tubular structure, beside having the external wall restrained to form a stable hollow tunnel, upstanding high when filled with water, larger at its base and narrow at its apex, the said tunnel like water filled structure is made continuous in a curvatious shape where it could be used to contain liquid inside its periphery that has at the same time a flexible, impermeable floor which could be the extension of the sole at the base of the tunnel and at the same time said continuous flexible waterfilled flexible tunnel has internal,vertical,transversal, flexible separation walls and horizontal, flexible separation membranes at certain heights of the flexible tunnel which horizontal flexible membranes gives the choice of adjusting the height of the curvatious reservoir by filling the flexible tunnel up to the height of the horizontal membrane when a shorter reservoir is needed, which reservoir is also provided with vents and pressure relief valves where it is necessary.

8- A flexible wall dam as described in claim 1, having with the flexible wall extended all around to form a closed in tubular structure at the back of the main flexible wall that has to support the external water pressure, where the tubular structure, beside having the external wall restrain-ed to form a stable hollow tunnel, upstanding high when filled with water, larger at its base and narrow at its apex, the said tunnel like water filled structure is made into short curvatious lengths, closed at opposite ends, and multi sections of the so called water filled flexible tunnel short blocks are set along a curvatious periphery line with separation spaces in between the said blocks, which spaces are covered with flat, flexible, impermeable plates that P.73 close the gaps between the flexible tunnel blocks and create altogether an all around closed in curvatious liquid reserv-oir or swimming pool, with flexible, impermeable floor, where, by approaching the flexible tunnel blocks to each other or by putting them further apart, the said curvat-ious reservoir is made smaller or larger where at the same the a horizontal separation membrane installed at certain heights inside the flexible tunnel blocks allows to make the reservoir shorter by filling it only up to the horizontal separation membrane or all the way to the top of the flexible tunnel, which arrangement makes the curvatious reservoir adjustable in width as well as in height as the case may require, where apart from this the water filled flexible tunnel blocks are provided with vents and with pressure relief valves where it may be necessary.

9- A flexible, wall dam as described in claim 1, having the back of the flexible wall supported by loose earth, rubble or any sort of solid material piled behind the flexible wall in a structurally stable upstanding cross section with at least the downstream side of the cross section resting at its angle of repose and the upstream side of the cross section totally covered with the main, impermeable, flexible wall that protects the accumulated pile of rubble or the like supporting the main flexible wall, from water seepage that could wash away the rubble or the loose earth cementing between the rubble blocks.

10- A flexible, wall dam as described in claim 1, having the back of the flexible wall supported by loose earth, rubber or any sort of solid material piled behind the flexible wall in a structurally stable upstanding cross section with at least the downstream side of the cross section resting at its angle of repose and the upstream P.74 side of the cross section totally covered with the main, impermeable, flexible wall that protects the accumulated pile of rubble or the like supporting the main flexible wall where to have such accumulated loose materiel, stands up better and be better anchored to the waterbed, first, staggered rows of concrete riles are driven in the waterbed inclined against the direction of the water pressure and left protruding up high before dumping the loose rubble to fill the area in between the concrete piles where such loose material is dampened and allowed to settle so cementing the areas in between the protruding concrete piles to form altogether a compact solid mass that when protected from the upstream water by the main flexible,impermeable wall would sta nd like a solid, firm dam to support the flexible wall subjected to the external water pressure from upstream in a setting arranged that the resultant of the water pressure forces falls in the middle third of the base of the earth wall supporting the flexible wall membrane and where, to keep the loose earth dam dry and to avoid melting and erosion of the ea rth, the accumulated earth wall is provided with porous drain pipes that drain any eventual water from inside the block of earth towards the downstream area, and to prevent water seepage below the flexible wall, and underneath the block of loose material supporting the flexible wall, the flexible wall is tightly anchored to a continuous pier resting on piles driven in the waterbed and cemented in between to have a continuous, impermeable underground concrete wall that prevents water seepage underneath the rubble wall and as an additional measure against brea king of the underground concrete wall and against sliding of a section of the rubble wall due to water seepage underneath the loose earth P.75 wall, the said continuous concrete wall and the pier capping it are reinforced with continuous steel wire cables all along the foot of the dam to hold the base of the dam firm against sliding downstream.

11- A flexible, wall dam as described in claim 1, having the back of the main flexible wall, facing the water press-ure from upstream, supported by loose earth, rubble or any sort of solid material piled behind the flexible wall in a structurally stable upstanding cross section, where, to have a reversible dam capable of holding a waterhead alternatively on both sides of the dam, the said earth fill dam is made with a structurally stable upstanding structure with a cross section allowing the material of the earth wall to rest at its angle of repose at both opposite sides of the cross section, where, in such cases a similar flexible, impermeable wall as the one on the upstream side, is mounted to cover the opposite downstream side of the earth fill wall and to be tightly and firmly anchored at the opposite base of the earth fill wall the same way as the main flexible wall is anchored on the upstream side of the earth fill wall, since the downstream side of the wall would be alternatively once upstream side and once downstream side as the tidal water changes direction and to avoid seeping water from building up pressure in between the opposite, flexible,impermeable walls anchored at the opposite bases of the earth fill walls of the compiled block supporting the flexible walls, the said opposite flexible walls are made porous at the low water level which in the case of the tidal power dams, is the level of the low tides, to allow the high pressured water to escape towards the low waterside without allowing the earth fill to be washed away with it.

P.76

12- A flexible, wall dam as described in claim 1, having the back of the main flexible wall, facing the water pressure from upstream, supported by loose earth, rubble or any sort of solid material piled behind the flexible wall in a strructurally stable upstanding cross section, where, to have a reversible dam capable of holding a waterhead al-ternetively on both sides of the dam, the said earth fill dam is made with a structurally stable upstanding shape with a cross section allowing the material of the earth wall to rest at its angle of repose at both opposite sides of the cross section, and to help the loose rubble fill hold bet-ter and be better anchored to the waterbed, prior to dump-ing the loose rubble, concrete piles are driven into the waterbed and left protruding up high through the earth wall to be with an inclination towards the vertical center of the cross section of the earth fill wall to be, which means that the concrete piles in each half of the earth fill wall would be inclined against the direction of the water pressure applied at the opposite half of the earth fill dam, and once the concrete piles are in place the earth fill is dumped to fill the area in between the piles and build up the required shape of the earth fill wall that is gradually dampened and allowed to settle and cement the area all around in between the piles, which piles serve the purpose of holding up better the loose earth fill wall block supporting the flexible, impermeable walls and anchor the earth fill block to the waterbed.

13- A flexible, wall dam as described in claim 1, having the lower end of the flexible, impermeable, membrane anchored to concrete piers at the waterbed, capping continuous rows of piles provided with extension wings at opposite sides where the earth space left in between the P.77 adjacent wings, once driven into the ground, is drilled out with a drill or loosened out by means of a high pressure water jet and taken out by means of a pump at the bottom end of a flexible hose or sucked out by means of one high air pressure hose a nd one vacuum hose and replaced with concrete injected in through separate hose, which concrete fills the gap in between the adjacent wings of the concrete piles and create an underground continuous watertight concrete wall that could prevent any water seepage underneath the earth fill wall block and to avoid cracking and sliding of said wall, the concrete pier capping the concrete piles is reinforced with continuous wire cables all along the base of the dam.

14- A flexible, wall dam as described in claim 1, having the lower end of the flexible, impermeable membrane anchored to concrete piers at the waterbed, that are capping continuous rows of concrete piles provided with longitudinal extension wings at opposite sides and with auxiliary, long-itudinal cores at opposite sides of the main core of the pile, ending at short distances before the lower end of the piles, at the end of which auxiliary core, high water pressure nozzles are installed, which nozzles are used to carry high pressure water jet at opposite sides of the pile to excavate the earth from around the bottom of the pile which earth is pumped or sucked away through the main core of the pile after that the earth fill inside the main core is cleared out with a similar process, and new concrete is injected through the excavated area at a short distance above the bottom of the pile where such opposite blocks of fresh concrete are connected through the pile with a section of concrete plate at a short distance above the lower end of the pile which fact gives the pile p.78 a greater carrying capacity and at the same time a greater pulling up capacity of the pile in such a way that a small and short pile could carry or develop a pulling up capacity much greater than simple smooth piles in the ground.

15- A flexible, wall dam as described in claim 1, having the lower end of the flexible, impermeable membrane anchored to concrete piers at the waterbed, and anchoring ties connecting the flexible wall at different heights to additional piers on the waterbed where, to develop high uplifting capacity of the concrete piers, the piers are poured over sets of concrete piles, provided with wings at opposite sides, driven into the ground with their lower ends inclined towards each other to clamp a large mass of earth in a way that, to pull up the pier one has to overcome the skin friction bonding forces on the piles plus the weight of the mass of earth clamped by the inclined concrete piles which fact increases tremendously the pulling up capacity of the simple piles without adding a concrete dish cast in place at about the bottom of the pile.

16- A flexible wall dam as described in claim 1, having an opposite flexible wall anchored at its lower end to the waterbed at a distance parallel to the first main flexible wall and the upper end inclined at opposite direction to the first main flexible wall, and is supported by longitud-inal buoyants together with the upper end of the first main flexible wall facing the upstream water and the area in between the opposite flexible walls is filled with water to a level higher than the level of the upstream water in the dam, and by restraining the opposite flexible walls with anchoring ties to each other and to the ground, the sole formed water filled structure would act as a P.79 substantially solid continuous water wall to support the upstream water pressure in the dam.

17- A flexible wall dam,reservoir etc. as described in claim 1 having the front flexible wall receiving the external water pressure supported directly or indirectly by water contained in an elongated dome-like ,flexible structure with its base larger than its height and with its dome positively and substantially sealingly secured to the base of the water basin at its both ends, where such dome is provided with make up water supply and with pressure relief valves where it is necessary.

18- A flexible wall dam, reservoir,etc. as described in claim 1 having the front flexible wall, receiving the external water pressure supported directly or indirectly by fluid media contained in an elongated dome like, flexible structure with its base larger than its height and with its dome positively and substantially sealingly secured to the base of the water basin at its both ends, which ends are connected with fluid tight sole to prevent any fluid loss from the fluid filling the dome, which dome is also sup-ported at its back on the downstream side with longitudinal cable beams transferring their loads with ties to fixed points on the water basin in the upstream direction, where at the same time the whole dome structure is mounted on an inclined base tilting against the upstream direction of the water to give the dome structure an advantage against the water pressure from upstream, where at the same time the fluid filled dome structure is provided with make up fluid source to compensate for any fluid loss inside the dome, and also provided with pressure relief valves to protect the dome against excessive pressure.

19- A flexible wall dam, reservoir, etc. as described in P.80 claim 1 having the front flexible wall, receiving the external water pressure supported directly or indirectly by fluid media contained in a flexible, tubular structure resting on a fluid filled saddle that is connected to the tubular structure, from one side, and at its base, said saddle is tightly anchored to the base of the water basin, which basin, where such assembled structure is, wherever possible installed in a sinusoidal shape along the line of the dam with its base resting on an inclined platform tilting against the upstream water direction, where at the same time to give an additional advantage to the assembled tubular structure, said fluid filled structure is made higher than the waterhead it has to support and at the same time for large diameter,flexible, tubular structure, the flexible tube is reinforced with belts rolled in opposite spiral ways around a tube to support the skin of the tube and in certain cases said large diameter fluid filled tubs are reinforced with longitudinal cable beams and transversal ties connecting said cable beams to each other,in normal situation, the so-described tubular assembly should be filled with water and be provided with make up water supply and pressure relief valves wherever needed and in addition to that the tubular assembly could be tied with anchoring ties joining the upper parts of the assembly to fixed points upstream and further ties joining the back of the sinusoidal curves, on the down-stream side, to each other to compensate for the sideways water pressure on these curves.

20- A flexible wall dam, dike, reservoir etc. as described in claim 1 having the front flexible wall, receiving the external water pressure supported directly or indirectly by water media contained in a flexible, tubular structure resting on a fluid filled saddle that is connected to the p.81 tubular structure,from one side, and at its base, said saddle is tightly anchored to the base of the water basin, which basin, where such assembled structure is, wherever possible installed in a sinusoidal shape along the line of the dam or the dike with its base resting on an inclined platform tilting against the upstream water direction,where at the same time, to give an additional advantage to the assembled tubular structure,said water filled structure is made higher than the waterhead it has to support, and at the same time to make the above described structure usable for flood water dikes, said structure is brought empty to the river bank where the water flood is to be expected,spread along the river bank in the required shape and either;A-water is pumped in to fill the tubular structure after anchoring the saddle tightly to the river bank, to a height higher than the level that the flooding water is expected to reach and when the flooding water reaches the flexible dike, the dike is there full and ready to contain it or B- that the dike is spread in place and left empty but provided with priming hoses to let in the flooding water inside the tubular assembly, where the level inside the tubular dike rises with the level of the flooding water filling the tubular flexible dike gradually from the flooding water itself where a small air inflated tube installed at the internal top part of the main tubular structure, help keep the top of the flexible, tubular structure floating higher than the flooding water level which fact prevents the flooding water to overpass the flexible dike and keeps the flooding water level above the suction hoses feeding the tubular dike.

21- A flexible wall dam,dike,reservoir etc. as described in claim 1 having the front flexible wall, receiving the external water pressure supported directly or indirectly by fluid media P.82 contained in a flexible, tubular structure resting on a fluid filled saddle that is connected at its upper face to the tubular structure, from one side, and at its base, said saddle is tightly anchored to the base of the water basin, where the assembled fluid filled tubular structure is made continuous ending in a closed in curvaceous shape having the water basin like a pond encircled by the curvaceous water filled, tubular structure, in which case the base of the said pond, if necessary, is lined with an impermeable floor or membrane tightly joined to the base of the assembled tubular structure all around, and once the so-described pond is full of water, the outward water pressure in the pond would counterbalance itself from all around.

22- A flexible wall dam, dike, reservoir etc. as described in claim 1 having the front flexible wall, receiving the external water pressure supported directly or indirectly ?
by fluid media contained in a flexible, tubular structure resting on a fluid filled saddle that is connected at its upper face to the tubular structure, from one side, and at its base, said saddle is tightly anchored to the base of the water basin, for the first layer, where the assembled fluid filled tubular structure is made tapered, beginning at a large diameter and ending with a small diameter, and rolled in a spiral way, layer over layer, ending with thicker layers at the base and thinner layers at the top, which layers are strapped to each other at intervals and lined with a flexible, impermeable membrane ending the ?~
whole assembly in the shape of a pond that when filled with water the outward pressure due to the waterhead counter-balances itself all around.

23- A flexible wall dam,dike, reservoir etc. as described P.83 in claim 1 having the front flexible wall, receiving the external water pressure supported directly or indirectly by fluid media contained in a flexible, tubular structure resting on a fluid filled saddle that is connected at its upper face to the tubular structure, from one side, and at its base, said saddle is tightly anchored to the base of the water basin, for the first layer, where the assembled fluid filled tubular structure is made continuous and rolled in spiral way, layer after layer, over each other to form a cylindrical shape reservoir, where the super imposed layers are strapped to each other, and with transversal walls built of flexible, tubular structures to join and stiffen the so described cylindrical structure and with concentric cylindrical structure to stiffen the transversal walls built equally of flexible, tubular structure built up in spiral way the same as the outer cylindrical structure in a way that the whole assembly ends with multi concentric cylindrical structures stiffened by transversal walls made ?
of fluid filled,flexible tubes, where such assembled structure is lined with a flexible,impermeable membrane lining the different compartments of the structure which compartments could be filled with different liquids and for a certain extent with different levels.

24- A flexible wall dam, dike, reservoir etc. as described in claim 1 having the front flexible wall, receiving the external water pressure supported directly or indirectly by fluid media contained in a flexible, tubular structure that is joined to a broad flexible base where the tubular structure is rolled in a spiral way in the form of multi concentric cylindrical structure built around a main,flexible, upright, tubular, fluid filled skeleton made of multi upright flexible fluid filled poles joined at their base with an equally tubular,fluid filled ring beam and converging at their P.84 upper parts to a main header forming altogether a dome like skeleton with internal concentric skeletons built upright in the same way and connected to each other at the base and at different levels where, around the skeletons horizontal, spiral, flexible tubes are rolled around to form concentric, cylindrical structures covered up to the top of the dome with a spiral, tubular structure and where such concentric, cylindrical structures are stiffened with transversal, flexible walls made of fluid filled flexible tubes ending the whole assembly in the form of dome covered, concentric, cylindrical structures built around upright, flexible, fluid filled skeletons, where the different so-formed compartments are lined with flexible, impermeable, lining where they could be filled with different liquids and to a certain extent at different levels in the different compartments where at the same time the above described flexible concentric domed structure could be converted for an inflated dwelling or shelter by cutting door and window openings through their walls after sealing the tubes and insuring that all inflated parts are subdivided into compartments, and covering the dome with a rain and weather lining which fact makes the structure also a portable inflatable shelter that could be inflated with water and air and could be used as a dwelling, an office, a factory, etc.
in tropical countries and in arctic regions as well.

25- A flexible,wall dam, dike, reservoir, etc. as described in claim 1 having the front flexible wall, receiving the external water pressure supported directly or indirectly by fluid media contained in flexible, tubular structures built over each other in a brick laying pattern with some tubular sections, in both directions, interlocking in between the lower and upper layers with the whole set ending in an P.85 upright longitudinal wall with a trapezoidal cross section shape mounted on a slanting platform inclined against the upstream water direction and with the whole assembly covered with the impermeable front flexible wall, receiving the upstream water pressure which flexible wall is supported by the so-described trapezoidal flexible wall, which wall is tied with straps wrapped around it and anchored at the opposite bases of said trapezoidal flexible wall.

26- A flexible wall dam, dike, reservoir, etc. as described in claim 1 having the front flexible wall, receiving the external water pressure supported directly or indirectly by fluid media contained in flexible, tubular structures stacked in rows over each other, with ties tying the tubes of each row to each other and additional ties tying the rows to the lower and upper ones in a way to form an assembly of fluid filled flexible tubes stacked and tied to each other to form somehow a trapezoidal stable cross section shape that is wrapped with a flexible, impermeable membrane or inserted in a large,flexible,impermeable tube to render the whole assembly of tubes to behave as one unit to support the front flexible wall receiving the upstream water pressure, where at the same time the so-described tubular assembly could be installed in a sinusoidal pattern to carry the pressure of a certain waterhead, with additional ties anchoring the tubular assembly to fixed points upstream and more ties to connect to the back of the sinusoidal curves to each other to resist the sideways water pressure acting on the tubular wall assembly which tubular wall could be also used as flood water dike and also the tubular wall assembly could be made continuous in a circular shape creating a pond inside it which pond could be covered with an impermeable front flexible wall and filled with water where the outward water pressure would P.86 balance itself from all around.

27- A flexible wall dam, dike, reservoir,etc. as described in claim 1 having the front flexible wall, receiving the external water pressure supported directly or indirectly by an upright self standing water wall built by installing opposite impermeable, inextensible, elongated flexible walls tightly anchored at their lower ends to the base of the water wall and inclined towards each other to form opposite arches whose chords form a somehow trapezoidal cross section shape with said chords forming with the base of the trapeze opposite angles of less than 60% with the upper parts of the flexible walls forming the upright sides of the trapeze, are connected at the top to counterbalance the horizontal forces acting on them, which assembly of the opposite walls retaining water in between them forms a self standing water wall that does not require buoyants on the surface of the water to carry the flexible wall and downward resultant of water pressure acting on it due to the fact that the water pressure acting underneath the opposite inclined flexible walls exerts upward vertical pressure on the opposite flexible membranes proportional to the inward inclination of the retaining walls where to reduce the stresses on said retaining walls, said walls are connected with anchoring ties at different levels connecting them in certain cases to each other and in other cases to opposite fixed points at the base of the water wall or beyond it, in a way that the direction of the resultant forces acting on the anchoring ties pass along the line of the anchoring ties so avoiding to generate downward vertical forces on the joints of said anchoring ties with the flexible membrane where the forces acting on the anchoring ties are balanced generally by taking considerations of the smaller arches of the flexible wall created by the intermediate P.87 anchoring ties and the higher water pressure acting on the lower half of each arch than on the upper half of it, ending with an assembly comprising on upstanding water wall with somehow trapezoidal cross section shape resting on its larger base with the opposite upright sides of said trapeze consisting of impermeable,inextensible, flexible walls with their lower edges tightly and firmly connected to the base of the water column, their upper edges connected to each other and at intermediate levels in between the lower and upper edges, said flexible walls, wherever necessary, are tied with anchoring ties to opposite points to reduce the stresses on said flexible walls retaining the water wall making the whole assembly a firm structure holding a self standing water wall and able to support outside water pressure from either side in a comparable way as solid dams are used to support external water pressure.

28- A flexible wall dam, dike, reservoir etc. as described in claim 1 having the front flexible wall, receiving the water pressure, supported directly or indirectly by an upright self standing water column built of impermeable, inextensible, flexible wall rolled to form a troncated, conic shape upright column resting on its larger base with its lower edge tightly connected to the base of the water column, where the water pressure acting on the inward inclined sides of the flexible skin of the conic column, would exert upright vertical forces proportional to the inward inclination of the sides of the cone, which upright vertical forces would uplift the sides of the cone and the related accessories so keeping the skin of the conic column standing up without the need of extra supports where at the same time the horizontal forces acting on the skin of the cone could be supported by ties at different heights of the P.88 cone, anchored internally to opposite points within or outside the base of the cone or that the skin of the cone could be reinforced with rings at different heights that could replace the ties and upon which rings the outward water pressure acting on the skin of the cone, would counterbalance itself from all around in a way that the water column could be considered as a continuous closed in dike where the external water pressure is converted to be an internal pressure, where the whole assembly forms an ?
upright,self standing, water column held mainly by the skin of the water column without the necessity of supporting structures to keep up the water column,and in the case of large diameter water columns with low sidewalls, the rings supporting the back of the flexible wall could be also connected at intervals with anchoring ties to opposite fixed points to prevent the water column from swaying away in one direction or the other.